Early Childhood Education: An International Encyclopedia, Volumes 1-4 Edited by Rebecca S New Moncrieff Cochran PRAEGER EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION An International Encyclopedia Volume A–D Edited by Rebecca S New and Moncrieff Cochran Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Early childhood education [four volumes] : an international encyclopedia / edited by Rebecca S New and Moncrieff Cochran p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0–313–33100–6 (set : alk paper)—ISBN 0–313–33101–4 (vol : alk paper)— ISBN 0–313–33102–2 (vol : alk paper)—ISBN 0–313–33103–0 (vol : alk paper)— ISBN 0–313–34143–5 (vol : alk paper) Early childhood education—Encyclopedias I New, Rebecca Staples II Cochran, Moncrieff LB1139.23.E272 2007 372.2103—dc22 2006035011 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available Copyright © 2007 by Rebecca S New and Moncrieff Cochran All rights reserved No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006035011 ISBN: 0–313–33100–6 (set) 0–313–33101–4 (vol 1) 0–313–33102–2 (vol 2) 0–313–33103–0 (vol 3) 0–313–34143–5 (vol 4) First published in 2007 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984) 10 Contents Alphabetical List of Entries vii Guide to Related Topics xi Preface Acknowledgments Introduction xix xxiii xxv The Handbook, Volume 1, A–D The Handbook, Volume 2, E–N 307 The Handbook, Volume 3, O–Z 567 The Countries, Volume Introduction to Volume Australia Brazil China The Czech Republic France Italy Japan South Africa Sweden United Kingdom 861 861 867 914 971 1017 1063 1110 1155 1194 1240 1281 Bibliography 1319 Index 1323 Editorial Advisory Board and International Coordinators 1365 List of Editors and Contributors 1367 Alphabetical List of Entries VOLUME Abecedarian Program Academics Accreditation of Early Childhood Programs Act for Better Child Care (ABC) Action Research Addams, Jane Adoption Advocacy and Leadership in Early Childhood Education Almy, Millie American Associate Degree Early Childhood Educators (ACCESS) Antibias/Multicultural Education Ashton-Warner, Sylvia Assessment in Early Childhood Assessment, Visual Art Association for Childhood Education International (ACEI) Association for Constructivist Teaching (ACT) Atelier Attachment Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Autism Bandura, Albert Bank Street Behaviorism Behavior Management and Guidance Biculturalism Bilingual Education Binet, Alfred Black Caucus (NAEYC) Blow, Susan Elizabeth Bowlby, John Bronfenbrenner, Urie Bruner, Jerome Bullying Center for the Child Care Workforce (CCW) Cerebral Palsy (CP) Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse and Neglect, Prevention of Child Art Child Care Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) Child Care and Early Education Research Connections Child Care Development Block Grant (CCDBG) Child Care Subsidies and Tax Provisions Child Development Associate (CDA) National Credentialing Program Child Development Group of Mississippi (CDGM) Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) Children’s Media Children’s Museums Child Study Movement Classroom Discourse Classroom Environments Comenius, John Amos Computer and Video Game Play in Early Childhood Constructionism Constructivism Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) Corporal Punishment Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) The Creative Curriculum for Preschool Creativity Culture Curriculum Curriculum, Emergent viii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES Curriculum, Emotional Development Curriculum, Literacy Curriculum, Mathematics Curriculum, Music Curriculum, Physical Development Curriculum, Science Curriculum, Social Curriculum, Social Studies Curriculum, Technology Curriculum, Visual Art Day Nurseries Deaf Children Department of Defense (DoD) Child Development System Development, Brain Development, Cognitive Development, Emotional Development, Language Development, Moral Development, Social Developmental Delay Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood, A Taxonomy of Developmental-Interaction Approach Developmentally Appropriate Practice(s) (DAP) Developmental Systems Theories Dewey, John Direct Instruction Model Disabilities, Young Children with Division for Early Childhood (DEC) Documentation Domestic Violence Down Syndrome VOLUME Early Care and Education Programs, Administration of Early Child Development and Care Early Childhood Connections Journal of Music- and Movement-based Learning Early Childhood Education Journal (ECEJ) Early Childhood Environment Rating Scales (ERS) Early Childhood Music Education Commission (ECME) Early Childhood Research & Practice (ECRP) Early Childhood Research Quarterly (ECRQ) Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) Early Head Start Early Intervention Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development Ecology of Human Development Education 3-13 Eliot, Abigail Adams Environmental Assessments in Early Childhood Education Environmental Health Erikson, Erik H European Early Childhood Education Research Journal (EECERJ) Even Start Exchange Families Family Child Care Family Literacy Family Systems Theory (FST) Fathers Feminism in Early Childhood Education Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Frank, Lawrence Kelso Freud, Anna Freud, Sigmund Froebel, Friedrich Gay or Lesbian Parents, Children with Gender and Gender Stereotyping Gesell, Arnold Gifted and Talented Children Good Start, Grow Smart Gordon, Ira J Grade Retention Grouping Hailmann, Eudora Lucas Hailmann, William Nicholas Hall, G(ranville) Stanley Hawkins, David and Hawkins, Frances Pockman Head Start High/Scope High/Scope Perry Preschool Study Hill, Patty Smith History of U.S Early Childhood Care and Education Hunt, Joseph McVicker Hymes, James L., Jr IEA Preprimary Project Immigration Incarcerated Parents, Children of Inclusion Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Infant Care Intelligence Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Intelligence Testing ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES ix Interagency Education Research Initiative (IERI) International Journal of Early Childhood (IJEC) International Journal of Early Years Education International Journal of Special Education International Kindergarten Union (IKU) International Reading Association (IRA) Isaacs, Susan Journal of Children and Media Journal of Early Childhood Research Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education (JECTE) Journal of Early Intervention (JEI) The Journal of Special Education Leadership Jumpstart Kindergarten Kohlberg, Lawrence Laboratory Schools Language Diversity Learning Disabilities (LD) Literacy Literacy and Disabilities Lowenfeld, Viktor Luria, A R Malaguzzi, Loris Mann, Horace Maslow, Abraham Mathematics Maturationism McCormick Tribune Center for Early Childhood Leadership McMillan, Margaret McMillan, Rachel Mental Health Mitchell, Lucy Sprague Mixed-Age Grouping in Early Childhood Education Montessori, Maria Montessori Education Mothers Multiple Intelligences, Theory of Narrative National Association for Regulatory Administration (NARA) National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Academy for Early Childhood Program Accreditation National Association of Childcare Resource and Referral Agencies (NACCRRA) National Association of Early Childhood Teacher Educators (NAECTE) National Black Child Development Institute (NBCDI) National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) National Coalition for Campus Children’s Centers (NCCCC) National Committee on Nursery Schools National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) National Education Goals Panel (NEGP) National Even Start Association (NESA) National Head Start Association (NHSA) National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development Naumburg, Margaret NHSA Dialog No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) North American Reggio Emilia Alliance (NAREA) Nutrition and Early Childhood Education VOLUME Obesity Open Education Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Osborn, D Keith Owen, Grace Owen, Robert Parental Substance Abuse Parenting Education Parents and Parent Involvement Parker, Francis W Parten, Mildred Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer Pedagogy Pedagogy, Activity-Based/ Experiential Pedagogy, Child-Centered Pedagogy, Play-Based Pedagogy, Social Justice/Equity Peer Culture Peers and Friends Pestalozzi, Johann Philanthropy and Young Children Piaget, Jean Play Play and Gender Play as Storytelling Play and the Teacher’s Role Playgrounds Play Therapy Portage Project Poverty, Family, and Child 1368 LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Marina Umaschi Bers Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Christopher Brown University of Texas Austin, Texas Kathryn Castle Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma Srilata Bhattacharyya New York Institute of Technology New York, New York Mark Brundrett University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom Corinne G Catalano Montclair State University Montclair, New Jersey Camille L.Z Blachowicz National-Louis University Evanston, Illinois Eric S Buhs University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Helen Blank National Women’s Law Center Washington, D.C Marianne Bloch University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Paula Jorde Bloom National-Louis University Wheeling Campus Wheeling, Illinois Maria Pelzer Bundy University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Barbara M Burns University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Barbara Bodner-Johnson Gallaudet University Washington, DC Meena Cabral de Mello Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland Elena Bodrova Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning Aurora, Colorado Beth Cady International Reading Association Newark, Delaware Mary Boscardin University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts Stephen N Calculator University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire Barbara Bowman Erikson Institute Chicago, Illinois Gaile S Cannella Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Sue Bredekamp Council for Professional Recognition Washington, D.C Nancy Carlsson-Paige Lesley University Cambridge, Massachusetts Susan Jane Britsch Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Margaret Caspe New York University New York, New York Susan Catapano University of Missouri–St Louis St Louis, Missouri Stephen Ceci Cornell University Ithaca, New York Sylvia Chard University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Clement Chau Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Yi Che Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Jie-Qi Chen Erikson Institute Chicago, Illinois Soo-Hyang Choi UNESCO Paris, France Shunah Chung Sookmyung Women’s University Seoul, South Korea Ann-Marie Clark Appalachian State University Boone, North Carolina Douglas Clark National-Louis University Wheeling Campus Wheeling, Illinois LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 1369 Sydney Gurewitz Clemens New College of California San Francisco, California Cynthia R Davis Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Douglas H Clements University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo, New York Carol Brunson Day Council for Professional Recognition Washington, D.C Eve Essery Texas Woman’s University Denton, Texas Louise Derman-Sparks Pacific Oaks College Pasadena, California Demetra Evangelou Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Moncrieff Cochran Cornell University Ithaca, New York Judith A Colbert Early Care and Education Consultant London, Ontario, Canada Kathy Conezio The Warner School University of Rochester Rochester, New York Karen Diamond Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Nancy DiMarco Texas Woman’s University Denton, Texas Adrienne Dixon Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Abby Copeman Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Diane Trister Dodge Teaching Strategies Inc Washington, D.C Marg Csapo University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Joan Riley Driscoll Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Stacey D Cunningham National Black Child Development Institute Washington, D.C Lori Custodero Columbia University New York, New York Yasmine Daniel Children’s Defense Fund Washington, D.C Kim Davenport Child Care Network at Beansprout Networks Chelmsford, Massachusetts M Ann Easterbrooks Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Caroline Ebanks National Center for Education Research U.S Department of Education Washington, D.C Linda M Espinosa University of Missouri–Columbia Columbia, Missouri Roy Evans Brunel University Uxbridge, United Kingdom Stephanie Feeney University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii David Henry Feldman Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Sue Fernandez Montclair, New Jersey David Fernie Wheelock College Boston, Massachusetts Peter J Fisher National-Louis University Evanston, Illinois Catherine Twomey Fosnot The City University of New York (CUNY) New York, New York Susan Douglas Franzosa University of Washington–Bothell Bothell, Washington Carolyn Pope Edwards University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Nancy K Freeman University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina Mary Eisenberg Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Lucia French University of Rochester Rochester, New York 1370 LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Doris Pronin Fromberg Hofstra University Hempstead, New York Stacie G Goffin Education Consultant Washington, D.C Michael J Guralnick University of Washington Seattle, Washington Joe L Frost University of Texas Asutin, Texas Dale Goldhaber University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont Maria Rosario T de Guzman University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Jeanne Galbraith Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Jeanne Goldhaber University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont Kathleen Cranley Gallagher University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Elizabeth Graue University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Alice Galper University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Lella Gandini University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts Lori Geismar-Ryan Clayton Schools Family Center Clayton, Missouri Celia Genishi Columbia University New York, New York Steinunn Gestsdottir Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Calvin Gidney Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Kelly Graydon University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California Polly Greenberg National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Washington, D.C Susan Grieshaber Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Queensland, Australia James A Griffin National Center for Education Research U.S Department of Education Washington, D.C Eric Gidseg Arlington Center School District Poughkeepsie, New York Lori Grine Heidelberg College Tiffin, Ohio Mark R Ginsberg National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Washington, D.C Amita Gupta The City University of New York (CUNY) New York, New York Ellen Hall Boulder Journey School Boulder, Colorado Susan Hall University of the Incarnate Word San Antonio, Texas Rena Hallam University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Patrice Hallock Utica College Utica, New York Sia Haralampus Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Thelma Harms University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina J Amos Hatch University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Robert Leibson Hawkins New York University New York, New York Kisha M Haye University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Judy Harris Helm Best Practices Inc Brimfield, Illinois LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 1371 Sue Henry National Even Start Association San Diego, California Dorothy W Hewes San Diego State University San Diego, California William Bryan Higgins University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Marilou Hyson National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Washington, D.C Eunsook Hyun Kent State University Kent, Ohio Hatice Zeynep Inan Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Toni L Hill-Menson University of Nebraska—Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Joan Isenberg George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Blythe Hinitz The College of New Jersey Ewing, New Jersey Sonia Susan Issac Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Hollie Hix-Small University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon Mary Jalongo Editor, Early Childhood Education Journal Indiana, Pennsylvania Jim Hoot University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo, New York Amy Hornbeck Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, New Jersey Sherri L Horner Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio John Hornstein University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire Carol S Huntsinger College of Lake County Grayslake, Illinois Terry Husband Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Shane R Jimerson University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California Elizabeth Jones Pacific Oaks College Pasadena, California Jacqueline Jones Educational Testing Service Princeton, New Jersey Sharon Judge University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Michael Kalinowski University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire Constance Kamii University of Alabama–Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama Elizabeth Kane National Head Start Organization Alexandria, Virginia Rebecca Kantor Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Margot Kaplan-Sanoff Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Yasuhiko Kato Sophia University Tokyo, Japan Laurie Katz Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Lilian G Katz University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Kristie Kauerz Columbia University New York, New York Lucy Kachmarik Williamsburg, Virginia Ko Eun Kim University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Sharon Lynn Kagan Columbia University New York, New York Anna Kirova University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Barbara Kaiser Education Consultant Grand Pre, Nova Scotia, Canada Jane Knitzer National Center for Children in Poverty New York, New York 1372 LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Heather Koball National Center for Children in Poverty New York, New York Pauline Koch National Association for Regulatory Administration (NARA) Newark, Delaware Derry Koralek National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Washington, D.C Carol Kranowitz Editor-in-chief SI Focus Magazine Bethesda, Maryland Lee Kreader National Center for Children in Poverty New York, New York Mara Krechevsky Project Zero Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge, Massachusetts Maria K E Lahman University of Northern Colorado Greeley, Colorado Susan Laird University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma J Ronald Lally WestEd Center for Child and Family Studies Sausalito, California Stephanie F Leeds Cazenovia College Cazenovia, New York Dafna Lemish Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel Kelly Brey Love University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Amy E Lowenstein Columbia University New York, New York Deborah Leong Metropolitan State College of Denver Golden, Colorado Alison Lutton Northampton Community College Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Richard M Lerner Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Samara Madrid Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Sarah A Leveque Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Bruce L Mallory University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire Diane E Levin Wheelock College Boston, Massachusetts Robert A LeVine Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts Cathy Grist Litty Western Carolina University Cullowhee, North Carolina Carrie Lobman Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, New Jersey Mary Ellin Logue University of Maine Orono, Maine Faith Lamb-Parker Columbia University New York, New York M Elena Lopez Senior Consultant Harvard Family Research Project Mountain View, California Martha Latorre Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville, Illinois John M Love Mathematica Policy Research Inc Princeton, New Jersey John P Manning University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Ben Mardell Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Hermine Marshall San Francisco State University San Francisco, California Kamilah Martin National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Washington, D.C Linda C Mayes Yale Child Study Center New Haven, Connecticut Lisa McCabe Cornell University Ithaca, New York Sarah-Kathryn McDonald Data Research and Development Center Chicago, Illinois LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 1373 Gillian D McNamee Erikson Institute Chicago, Illinois Anissa Meacham University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Kim Means NAEYC Academy for Early Childhood Accreditation Washington, D.C Daniel Meier San Francisco State University San Francisco, California Claudia Miranda Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Jayanthi Mistry Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Mary Ruth Moore University of the Incarnate Word San Antonio, Texas Mary Jane Moran University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Gwen Morgan Wheelock College Boston, Massachusetts Dori Mornan Center for the Child Care Work Force Washington, D.C Taryn W Morrissey Cornell University Ithaca, New York Sarah A Mulligan NAEYC Academy for Early Childhood Accreditation Washington, D.C Nancy Nager Bank Street College of Education New York, New York Pam Oken-Wright St Catherine’s School Richmond, Virginia Joanna K Nelson Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Maril Olson National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Washington, D.C Bonnie Neugebauer Co-Editor, Child Care Information Exchange Redmond, Washington Carole J Oshinsky Columbia University New York, New York Roger Neugebauer Co-Editor, Child Care Information Exchange Redmond, Washington Stacey Neuharth-Pritchett University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Michelle J Neuman Columbia University New York, New York Rebecca S New Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts John Nimmo University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire Jan Nisbet University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire Vey M Nordquist University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Veronica Pacini-Ketchabaw University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Vivian Paley Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin Boyoung Park University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Rod Parker-Rees University of Plymouth Plymouth, United Kingdom Christine Pascal University College Worcester Worcester, United Kingdom Alan Pence University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Ellen C Perrin Tufts-New England Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Maryann O’Brien Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Gail Perry National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Washington, D.C Samuel Odom Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana Nancy L Peterson University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 1374 LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Rae Pica Moving and Learning Center Barnstead, New Hampshire Ellen E Pinderhughes Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Alison Pitzer Jumpstart Boston, Massachusetts Sarah Pletcher University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California Toni Porter Bank Street College of Education New York, New York Patricia G Ramsey Mount Holyoke College South Hadley, Massachusetts Frances Rust New York University New York, New York Edna Ranck Westover Consultants Inc Washington, D.C Sharon Ryan Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, New Jersey Judy Sklar Rasminsky Westmount, Quebec, Canada Aisha Ray Erikson Institute Chicago, Illinois Stuart Reifel University of Texas Austin, Texas Gretchen Reynolds Algonquin College Ottawa, Canada Martha Pott Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Shannon S Rich Texas Woman’s University Denton, Texas Douglas R Powell Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Elizabeth Rigby Columbia University New York, New York Laurel Preece University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Christine Rioux Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Larry Prochner University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Jeri Robinson Boston Children’s Museum Boston, Massachusetts Elizabeth S Pufall Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Alison Rogers Early Childhood Mental Health Consultant Ashfield, Massachusetts Peter B Pufall Smith College Northampton, Massachusetts Diane Rothenberg University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Helen Raikes University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Melanie S Rudy University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Tom Salyers Zero to Three Washington, D.C Ingrid Pramling Samuelson Gă oteborg University Gă oteborg, Sweden Charlotte Sanborn Texas Woman’s University Denton, Texas Cornelia Santschi Saint Barnabas Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery West Orange, New Jersey Wendy Sapp Visual Impairment Education Services Cohutta, Georgia Julie Sarama University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo, New York W George Scarlett Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Melissa Schultz University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio Charles Schwall St Michael School St Louis, Missouri LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 1375 Lawrence J Schweinhart High/Scope Educational Research Ypsilanti, Michigan Murray A Straus University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire Marissa McClure Vollrath Penn State University University Park, Pennsylvania Dorothy G Singer Yale University Family Television Research and Consultation Center Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Beth Blue Swadener Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Alice Wakefield Old Dominion University Norfolk, Virginia Jerome L Singer Yale University Family Television Research and Consultation Center Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Susan M Swearer University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Iram Siraj-Blatchford University of London London, United Kingdom Barbara J Smith University of Colorado—Denver Denver, Colorado Patricia Snyder Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee Antoinette Spiotta Montclair State University Montclair, New Jersey Barbara Sprung Academy for Education Development Washington, D.C Mallory I Swartz Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Louisa Banks Tarullo Mathematica Policy Research Inc Washington, D.C Jane Thomas Harper College Palatine, Illinois Christine Marm´e Thompson Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Candra Thornton Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Joseph Tobin Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Sandra Twardosz University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Vickie D Stayton Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky Lynda Van Kuren Council for Exceptional Children Arlington, Virginia Kate Stimmel University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire Cheri A Vogel Mathematica Policy Research Inc Princeton, New Jersey Charlotte Wallinga University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Michelle Banyai Walsh Child Development Specialist Santa Barbara, California Cixin Wang University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Dorothy E Warner Harvard Medical School Waltham, Massachusetts Valora Washington Unitarian Universalist Service Committee Cambridge, Massachusetts Tara N Weatherholt University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Graham F Welch University of London London, United Kingdom Edyth J Wheeler Towson State University Towson, Maryland Marcy Whitebook University of California Berkeley, California Marian Whitehead Educational Consultant Norwich, United Kingdom 1376 LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Gay Wilgus City College of New York (CCNY) New York, New York Susan Grieshaber Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia Marina C´elia Moraes Dias Faculty of Education University of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, Brazil Meredith Willa National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) New York, New York Alan Hayes Director, Australian Institute of Family Studies Melbourne, Australia Arthur E Wise National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education Washington, D.C Susan Hill University of South Australia Magill Campus Magill, South Australia, Australia Adriana Friedmann Research Director and Teacher at NEPSID Center of Studies and Research in Symbolism, Childhood and Development S˜ ao Paulo, Brazil Janice Witte Office of the Secretary of Defense Washington, D.C Nicola Yelland Victoria University Melbourne, Australia Marci Young Center for the Child Care Workforce Washington, D.C Mary Kalantzis RMIT University Melbourne, Australia Anna Kilderry Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia Libby Lee Murdoch University Perth, Australia Francie Zimmerman Education Consultant Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Felicity McArdle Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia CONTRIBUTORS—VOLUME Maureen O’Rourke Victoria University Melbourne, Australia AUSTRALIA Lenira Haddad Federal University of Alagoas Macei´ o, Al, Brazil EDUCERE–Training Center for Early Childhood Education S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Tizuko Morchida Kishimoto Faculty of Education University of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Marieta L´ ucia Nicolau Machado Faculty of Education University of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Maria Let´ıcia Nascimento Mackenzie Presbyterian University S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Mindy Blaise Monash University Peninsula Campus Frankston, Victoria, Australia Nicola Yelland Victoria University Melbourne, Australia Jennifer Bowes Associate Professor Head, Institute of Early Childhood Macquarie University Sydney, Australia Angela Rabelo Barreto Interforums Movement for Early Childhood Education Bras´ılia, Brazil Zilma Ramos de Oliveira Faculty of Education University of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Maria Malta Campos Senior Researcher–Carlos Chagas Foundation Catholic University of S˜ ao Paulo F´ ulvia Rosemberg Senior Researcher–Carlos Chagas Foundation Professor of Social Psychology Bill Cope RMIT University Melbourne, Australia BRAZIL Mˆ onica Appezzato Pinazza Faculty of Education University of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 1377 Catholic University of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Marie Claire Sekkel Institute of Psychology University of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Ana Paula Soares da Silva Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeir˜ ao Preto University of S˜ ao Paulo Ribeir˜ ao Preto, SP, Brazil Sandra Unbehaum Researcher, Carlos Chagas Foundation S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Sonia Larrubia Valverde Municipal Secretariat of Education–Prefecture of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Cl´audia Vianna Faculty of Education University of S˜ ao Paulo S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Telma Vit´ oria General Coordenadora for Early Childhood Education Centers Santo Agostinho Association S˜ ao Paulo, SP, Brazil Lan Gao Professor Department of Early Childhood Education South China Normal University, Guang Zhou, China Meiru Tu Professor Department of Early Childhood Education Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Wei Li-Chen Researcher Yew Chung Education Foundation, Hong Kong Wen Qian Associate Professor Department of Early Childhood Education East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Xin Zhou Professor Department of Early Childhood Education East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University in Brno Eva Opravilov´a Associate Professor Faculty of Education Charles University in Prague Milada Rabuˇsicov´a Associate Professor Department of Educational Sciences Faculty of Arts Masaryk University in Brno Kl´ara ˇSed’ov´a Assistant Professor Department of Educational Sciences Faculty of Arts Masaryk University in Brno Kateˇrina Smol´ıkov´a Senior Researcher Research Institute of Education, Prague Jana Uhl´ıˇrov´a Associate Professor Faculty of Education Charles University in Prague CHINA Xueqin Qiu Associate Professor Department of Early Childhood Education Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing, China Brigitte Belmont Ing´enieurs de recherche (CERLIS, University Paris 5) Bisheng Lou Associate Professor Department of Early Childhood Education Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Yunfei Ji Doctoral student Department of Early Childhood Education Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Catherine Bouve Trainer (ITSRS, Montrouge) and associate researcher (CERLIS, University Paris 5–REEFI, University Paris X) Jingbo Liu Associate Professor Department of Early Childhood Education Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China THE CZECH REPUBLIC V´eronique Francis Maˆıtre de conf´erences (IUFM Orl´eans-Tours) Lucie Koz´akov´a Doctoral student Department of Educational Sciences FRANCE Pierre Moisset (CERLIS, University Paris 5) 1378 LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Alexandra Moreau Ph.D student (GREC-University Paris 13) Lilia Teruggi Researcher in Didactics University of Milan-Bicocca Sylvie Rayna Maˆıtre de conf´erences (INRP-University Paris 13) JAPAN Kazuko Matsumura Professor, Department of Human Studies Director, University Kindergarten Bunkyo Gakuin University, Saitama Junko Enami Professor, Department of Early Child Education and Care Tokiwa Junior College, Ibaraki Takako Noguchi Assistant Professor, Department of Early Childhood Education Jumonji University, Saitama Aliette V´erillon Ing´enieurs de recherche (CERLIS-University Paris 5) Marie-Laure Vitali Ing´enieur d’´etudes (CRF-CNAM), Ph.D student (CNAM-University Paris 13) ITALY Anna Bondioli Professor of Pedagogy University of Pavia Battista Quinto Borghi Director, Early Childhood Education Services City of Torino Chiara Bove Researcher in Education University of Milan-Bicocca Aldo Fortunati Research Director Istituto degli Innocenti Firenze Keiko Gondo Professor, Department of Early Childhood Education St Margaret’s Junior College, Tokyo Tomohisa Hirata Professor, Department of Early Childhood Education Jumonji University, Saitama Miwako Hoshi-Watanabe Professor, Department of Developmental Psychology Jumonji University, Saitama Kyoko Imagawa Associate Professor, Department of Early Childhood Education St Margaret’s Junior College, Tokyo Susanna Mantovani Professor of Pedagogy University of Milan-Bicocca Reiko Irie Professor, Department of Child Science Kyoritsu Women’s University, Tokyo Tullia Musatti Senior Researcher Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies National Research Council, Rome Nobuko Kamigaichi Professor, Department of Early Childhood Education Jumonji University, Saitama Elisabetta Nigris Associate Professor in Teaching Methodologies University of Milan-Bicocca Takako Kawabe Associate Professor, Department of Education University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo SOUTH AFRICA Eric Atmore Director, Center for Early Childhood Development Linda Biersteker Head of Research, Early Learning Resource Unit Carole Bloch Co-ordinator of Early Literacy Unit, Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa (PRAESA) University of Cape Town Laetitia Bră ummer Training CoordinatorInclusive Education Western Cape Andrew Dawes Research Director, Child Youth and Family Development Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa Beryl Hermanus Antibias and Human Rights Project Manager Early Learning Resource Unit Annie Leatt Child Poverty Programme Manager LIST OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 1379 Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town Ian Moll Education Specialist, Teacher Education and Early Childhood Development South African Institute for Distance Education Mary Newman Educational Associate, Early Learning Resource Unit Patsy Pillay Chairperson, South African Training Institute for Early Childhood Development Ann Short Early Childhood Development Consultant Victoria Sikhakhana Training and Resources in Early Education (TREE) SWEDEN Maj Asplund Carlsson Department of Education Gă oteborg University Bjă orn Flising Department of Education Gă oteborg University Lisbeth Flising Department of Education Gă oteborg University Lars Gunnarsson Department of Education Gă oteborg University Karin Gustafsson Department of Education Gă oteborg University Eva Johansson Department of Education Gă oteborg University Maelis Karlsson Lohmander Department of Education Gă oteborg University Johannes Lunneblad Department of Education Gă oteborg University Elisabeth Mellgren Department of Education Gă oteborg University Ingrid Pramling Samuelsson Department of Education Gă oteborg University Pamela Calder Visiting Fellow University of the South Bank Peter Elfer Principal Lecturer Roehampton University Eva Lloyd Senior Lecturer University of Bristol Helen Masterton Principal Lecturer University of East London Berry Mayall Institute of Education University of London Peter Moss Institute of Education University of London Helen Penn University of East London Raymonde Sneddon Visiting Fellow University of East London UNITED KINGDOM Lynn Ang Senior Lecturer University of East London Angela Underdown Senior Lecturer Warwick University ... 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