Giao trinh tieng anh chuyen nganh TTN

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TAY NGUYEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES ENGLISH FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS DakLak, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT CELLS UNIT BACTERIA UNIT TISSUES: CELL SPECIALIZA TION 12 UNIT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM .16 UNIT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 20 UNIT THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM .26 UNIT THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 32 UNIT THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM .37 UNIT DISEASE: ITS SYMPTOMS AND CURES 41 UNIT 10 COMMON DISEASE AND AILMENTS 45 UNIT 11 SURGERY 49 UNIT 12 GOING TO THE MEDICAL CENTER .52 FURTHER READINGS GLOSSARY 56 68 UNIT CELLS There are several criteria for differentiating living from non-living things One of these is the presence of protoplasm This jelly like material is always present in living things and never in non-living things Protoplasm is usually transparent and colourless It often has the appearance and consistency of the inside of a chicken egg Protoplasm is present only in cells and as necessary as cytoplasm Without it, all cells would stop living Most cells can be seen only with a microscope They are microscopic in size A few relatively large and can be seen without a microscope Cells are of various kinds and properties Some cells, for example, can move around the tissue, i.e they are motile They move like the amoebae: they have the property of amoeboid movement Let's study the properties of the two most common cells: red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes) Both erythrocytes and leukocytes are flexible In other words they can bend into many shapes Neither of them is adhesive Leukocytes are phagocytic, i.e they can destroy bacteria, whereas erythrocytes are not Leukocytes can pass through the capillary walls, however, veins, which are muscular, are impermeable to them Platelets, or thrombocytes are small, regularly-shaped clear cell fragments (i.e cells that not have a nucleus containing DNA) The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just to days Platelets play a fundamental role in hemostasis and are a natural source of growth factors They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots Cells differ in shape as well as in size But they are similar in composition and structure All cells are made up of protoplasm, and most of them have a nucleus, which control the life activities in the cells The nucleus determines whether a cell shall be a bone cell, a muscle cell, or any of many kinds which make up the structure of the body In the cell nucleus lie the genes which pass on certain traits from one generation to another The protoplasm outside the nucleus is the cytoplasm In plants and some animals, cytoplasm often contains vacuoles A vacuole is a cavity that is filled with watery liquid Vacuoles hold food until it is digested and help eliminate excess water from the cell A cell Another structural similarity of all cells is the cell membrane that encloses the protoplasm Food entering the cell and wastes leaving it always pass through this membrane Some cells have cell walls outside their membranes Composed of cellulose, cell walls give strength and protection to the cells The body grows through cell division, each kind of cell dividing to take more of its own kinds, and only its own kind Cells also control, through a mechanism not yet understood, the stopping of the growth at maturity COMPREHENSION A TRUE/FALSE Cells are always round Protoplasm is not always colorless Only cells contain protoplasm Cytoplasm is found outside the nucleus The cytoplasm in plants often contains cavities that are filled with liquid A platelet has a nucleus Plant cell walls are made of cellulose Not all cells are motile Erythrocytes are flexible whereas leukocytes are not 10 Veins are permeable to leukocytes B COMPLETION Protoplasm is not present in (animals, plants , cells, rocks) There is usually an absence of in protoplasm (material, colour, life, consistency.) The inside of an egg and protoplasm often have the same ( consistency, shape , size, liquid ) Some cells not have ( protoplasm, cytoplasm, a nucleus, membrane) A nucleus is found in most (membranes, cavities, material, cells) Before it is digested, food is held in the cell by the : ( nucleus, vacuoles, cellulose, protoplasm) All cells are similar in that they each (are microscopic, contain vacuoles, have a cell membrane, have a nucleus.) Some white blood cells can destroy bacteria, i.e leukocytes are (motile, adhesive, phagocytic, flexible ) Leukocytes are phagocytic erythrocytes are not (as well as , on the other hand, yet, whereas.) 10 All cells are .in size (big, similar, alike, different) 11 The gene lie in (the stomach, the cell, the heart, the cell's nucleus) 12 The body grows through (cell classification, an unknown mechanism, cell division, cytoplasm) C QUESTION What is one of the criteria for differentiating living from non-living things? What is the protoplasm? What are some special properties of cells? What are some common kinds of cells that you know? What does the word ' phagocytic" mean? How are the cells alike? What's the important function of the nucleus of the cell? What pass on certain hereditary traits from parents to children? How does the body grow? 10 How cells control the stopping of growth at maturity? D WORD MEANING: Choose the words or phrases which have the closest meaning to the word underlined Glass is a transparent material a dark b clear c hard d soft Living things are composed of many cells a separated by b covered by c made up of Vacuoles help to eliminate excess water from the cell a draw in b remove c cut out d aspirate Food can pass through the cell membrane a move from b stay c go away from d go through Vacuoles hold food until it digested a make b use c contain d eat E GRAMMAR: Adjectives to describe properties Noun phrase + be+ adjective Both erythrocytes and leukocytes are flexible Elastoplasts sticks to the skin It is adhesive The skin can bend into many shapes It is flexible I Fill the following sentences with the given words bend flexible pass through phagocytic adhesive amoeboid motile stretch permeable elastic impermeable Some cells can pass through capillary walls In other words capillaries are ………… Some white blood cells can destroy bacteria They are Platelets are very small particles which stick together to stop bleeding, i.e they are Erythrocytes can to get through narrow blood vessels and then return to their original shape In other words, erythrocytes are ……… Blood cells cannot pass through artery walls This means that arteries are Leukocytes can pass through capillary walls This means that capillary walls are .to leukocytes Leukocytes can move around in the tissues In other words, they are …………… Veins are wide blood vessels with some muscle in their walls, i.e veins are ……………… (blood vessels) Some cells move like the amoebae: they have the property of movement 10 Arteries are long, tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch, i.e they are ………… and ……… 11 Erythrocytes cannot pass through capillary walls In other words, capillary walls are usually II Using the above information, complete the following table flexible phagocytic motile adhesive erythrocyte leukocyte platelets permeable impermeable muscular elastic arteries capillaries veins III Linking words Both… and, neither… nor, but, whereas, however, on the other hand Both erythrocytes and leukocytes are flexible Neither erythrocytes nor leukocytes are flexible Leukocytes are phagocytic, whereas erythrocytes are not but Leukocytes are phagocytic Erythrocytes, however, are not on the other hand Complete the following sentences Both arteries and …………… impermeable 6 Arteries are elastic blood vessels but ………………… Capillaries have very thin walls whereas ………………… muscular walls Neither ………………………………………… are phagocytic Platelets are …………………………… erythrocytes are not Skin is ……………………… Bone …………… is rigid …………… not have the ……………… of amoeboid movement leukocytes ……… can …… tissues Capillaries are permeable to ……… Erythrocytes, on the other hand …………… UNIT BACTERIA Very small organisms that can be seen only with a microscope are called microorganisms Some microorganisms are classified as animals, some as plants Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are examples of microorganisms that are considered plants by most of biologists Although they are very small, bacteria are present in most places than any other kind of organisms They live in the ocean, on the desert and in the snow They have been found many kilometers high in the air, as well as at the bottom of rivers and lakes Bacteria also live in and on animals and plants Although an individual bacterium cannot be seen without a microscope, groups or colonies of bacteria can often be seen with the naked eye Most bacteria have only one cell This cell is spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped, and it is usually covered by a strong cell wall Most bacteria have a slimy capsule surrounding their cell wall for additional protection Many rod and spiral-shaped bacteria have taillike extensions of cytoplasm called flagella (singular, flagellum), which they use for swimming Most spherical bacteria not have flagella A few kinds of bacteria are able to get the energy they need from certain chemicals like iron and sulfur However, most bacteria get their energy from plants and animals Bacteria that live on dead organism or on substances produced by living plants or animals are called parasites The organism on which the parasite lives is called the host Although some bacteria cause disease, most bacteria are very helpful For instance, when saprophytes feed on dead organism, they break down the organic material into elements and compounds that can be used in the synthesis of protoplasm by other organisms Without bacteria, all life would eventually cease because these elements and compounds would be tied up in the bodies of dead organism COMPREHENSION I Yes/ No answers Are bacteria classified as animals by most scientists? Can bacteria live in water? Can group of bacteria ever be seen without a microscope? Different kinds of bacteria have different shapes, don't they? Are bacteria cells ever covered by anything other than a cell wall? Are the host and the parasite the same organism? Do saprophytes get their energy from iron and sulfur? Most bacteria don't get their energy from inorganic substances, they? II Completion Choose the best answer Bacteria that live in living things are a host b flagella c dead d parasites The capsule outside the cell wall of some bacteria helps a protect the cell b give it energy c it swim d them avoid anger Some bacteria a are organic b have no cells c are called hosts d can cause disease Most bacteria depend on for their food a other organism b flagella c saprophytes d slimy capsules Flagella are used for a digesting food b attacking c eating d moving Certain bacteria feed on organic material that other living things a are helpful b are dangerous to c are synthesized by d are not microorganism Without bacteria, all life would ,,,., a free of sickness b depend on photosynthesis c slowly stop d by synthesized III QUESTIONS Where can bacteria be found? When can bacteria be seen with the naked eye? What is the use of slimy capsule surrounding the cell walls of bacteria? Do all bacteria have flagella? What are flagella and what are they used for? What are parasites? What is the host? What would happen to life if there were no bacteria? IV/ COMPLETION Although bacteria are very small, they are other life on earth a unimportant to b less interesting to c- necessary to d smaller than Trees are organic materials, but are not a animal bodies b dead plants c hosts d iron and sulfur When the heart cease all activities, a person a need medicine b is healthier c dies d gets thin Most are rod-shaped a mountains b pencils c clocks d roads .move their tails when they are pleased a people b children c dogs EXTENSION USEFUL BACTERIA Most of us think of bacteria as "germs" unseen threats to our health and welfare But for each of the few disease-producing kinds which can live in the human body, there are hundreds of others upon which we depend for our very existence Bacteria help us digest our food Without bacteria we would have no food They belong to the vegetable world, being minute one-celled colorless plants so small that the dot over this "i" can cover nearly a million of some kinds Some are rodshaped, some are round, some are corkscrew or spiral-shaped, and some have hair-like whip-like filaments with which they swim actively in fluids Most kinds multiply by simply splitting in two: each bacterium dividing into two equal “daughter" bacteria every 20 or 30 minutes, under favorable conditions Though microscopic in size, they can multiply so fast that, after a day and a half, the billions of billions of offspring of a single one would load a long freight train if it were possible to feed so many Under unfavorable conditions, some kinds form thick-walled spores which can withstand prolonged drying, extreme cold, and even boiling; and may lie inactive for days or even years All animals depend upon plants, directly or indirectly Plants depend upon the fertility of the soil, which in turn depends upon bacteria Inconceivable numbers of them inhabit the soil roughly a billion per teaspoonful where some convert plant and animal remains into humus and plant food, and others make the minerals in the soil available as plant food All decomposition and decay in the dead bodies of plants and animals are caused by bacteria and their close relatives: molds, fungi and yeasts Our huge garbage dumps are decomposed by them Our modern methods of sewage disposal employ speeded-up bacterial action to rapidly break down and oxidize household and industrial wastes Nothing escapes these scavengers They are in the ground, in the water, in the air everywhere Nitrogen in the form of nitrates is an essential plant food frequently lacking in soils Nitrogen from the air is inert and difficult to change and combine with other substances, but certain bacteria have the rare ability to absorb it and change it into 10 et al:[4] "A gene is a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products" Organs in the Human Body An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose Some organs in the human body include (alphabetical order): • • • • • • • • • • • • • • adrenal glands anus appendix bladder bones brain bronchi ears esophagus eyes gall bladder genitals heart hypothalamus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • kidneys larynx (voice box) liver lungs large intestine lymph nodes meninges mouth nose pancreas parathyroid glands pituitary gland rectum salivary glands • • • • • • • • • • • • skin skeletal muscles small intestine spinal cord spleen stomach thymus gland thyroid tongue trachea ureters urethra BONE IS A LIVING TISSUE Bone is a hard substance that forms the framework around which the body is built This framework, or skeleton, contains over 200 separate bones that support and give shape to the body and protect its vital organs Contrary to a common misconception, bone is a living substance! In fact, bone is one of the most active tissues in the body It is constantly being broken down and being rebuilt in a process remodeling and, like any other living tissue, needs nourishment to stay strong and healthy How Bone is Formed To begin the process of bone formation, bone cells use proteins and other building blocks to produce a substance know as collagen Collagen fibers develop quickly to form an organic mesh, or net, that calcium, phosphorus, and numerous other minerals attach to Over a period of days and weeks (and through a crystallization processinvolving substitution and addition of various minerals) the mixture of different minerals attatching to this organic net changes, producing the finished product called hydroxyapatite crystals These hydorxyapatite crystals are what makes bone so hard It is easy to appreciate that bone (pictured in the illustration on the reverse side of this sheet) is much more than just calcium Other cells facilitate the nourishment of bone by participating in the exchange of nutrients between the bone and the blood Still other bone cells help to shape, or remodel, the bone by digesting any extra unneeded pieces Why Strong Bones Depend on Proper Nourishment There are three ways that strong bones are dependent on proper nourishment: 1) To keep the bone cells healthy and active 2) To supply the variety of important nutritional building blocks needed to form the organic matrix of bone 59 3) To supply the complex of minerals that need to be placed on that organic net making up the finished, hardened component of bone know as hydroxyapatite crystals With proper nourishment, a healthy life style, and favorable genetics, healthy bones can last a lifetime! Types of Calcium Supplements: Their Advantages and Disadvantages Types Advantages Disadvantages Microcrystalline Hydroxyapatite Concentrate 25% Calcium 1.Well Absorbed calcium None source 2.Comprehensive bone nourishment Provides organic constituents and mineral components Calcium Citrate 24% calcium Well absorbed 2.Reduces risk of kidney stones 3.Absorbed by those with poor digestion Not a complete bone food Calcium Aspartate 20% Well Absorbed Not a complete bone food Calcium Amino Acid Chelate 10-20% calcium Well Absorbed Not a complete bone food Often incorrectly made as a soy blend Calcium Ascorbate 10% Well Absorbed Non-acidic vitamin C source.f Not a complete bone food Calcium Lactate 15% Well Absorbed Not a complete bone food 2.May contain milk and/or yeast byproducts Made from fermentation of molasses, whey, starch, or sugar with calcium carbonate Calcium Carbonate 40% Cheapest source of calcium Not a complete bone food May be malabsorbed by those with poor digestion Antacid effect, may interfere with digestion, cause gas Bone Meal 39% Contains multiple minerals needed for bone May contain high lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc Organic constituents substantially destroyed by heating processing 60 Microcrystalline Hydroxyapatite Concentrate: Exceptional Bone Nourishment! Microcrystalline hydroxyapatite concentrate (MCHC) is derived from whole bone and is available as a nutritional supplement It provides much greater nourishment than just calcium MCHC contains protein and other ingredients that comprise the organic portion of bone, as well as calcium and other minerals in the normal physiological proportions found in raw bone There is no doubt that calcium is essential for healthy bone formation; however, trace minerals and organic factors are also important Because bone is a complex, highly mineralized tissue, a number of trace mineral deficiencies can impair bone formation and remodeling Trace minerals also act as cofactors for several enzymes involved in the production of the organic portion of bone Because MCHC is actual bone, it contains these vital components, which are important for a healthy skeleton It truly is comprehensive bone nourishment Good Mineral Absorption With MCHC As we age, our ability calcium and other minerals may decline The calcium in MCHC is bioavailable and may be well absorbed MCHC'c Benefits A number of benefits related to MCHC are summarized in the list below: A long with regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle, may help reduce the risk of osteoporosis Bioavailable calcium source Contains collagen protein and the intact organic portion of bone Contains minerals other than calcium that are involved in bone formation and skeletal metabolism: phosphorus, fluoride, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, etc Assuring the Purity of MCHC All MCHC products are not created equal There are many synonyms for the word "hydroxyapatite" that are commonly, yet erroneously, equated with "microcrystalline hydroxyapatite concentrate." They lack the full complement of minerals, organic factors, and the microcrystalline structure so important to the effectiveness of true MCHC Modern laboratory analysis can now be conducted to confirm the presence of authentic MCHC in a nutritional supplement 61 BONE DISEASES Your bones help you move, give you shape and support your body They are living tissues that rebuild constantly throughout your life During childhood and your teens, your body adds new bone faster than it removes old bone After about age 20, you can lose bone faster than you make bone To have strong bones when you are young, and to prevent bone loss when you are older, you need to get enough calcium, vitamin D and exercise There are many kinds of bone problems: • Osteoporosis makes your bones weak and more likely to break • Osteogenesis imperfecta makes your bones brittle • Paget's disease of bone makes them weak • Bone disease can make bones easy to break • Bones can also develop cancer • Other bone diseases are caused by poor nutrition, genetic factors or problems with the rate of bone growth or rebuilding Calcium You have more calcium in your body than any other mineral Calcium has many important jobs The body stores more than 99 percent of its calcium in the bones and teeth to help make and keep them strong The rest is throughout the body in blood, muscle and the fluid between cells Your body needs calcium to help muscles and blood vessels contract and expand, to secrete hormones and enzymes and to send messages through the nervous system It is important to get plenty of calcium in the foods you eat Foods rich in calcium include diary products such as milk, cheese and yogurt, and leafy, green vegetables The exact amount of calcium you need depends on your age and other factors Growing children and teenagers need more calcium than young adults Older women need plenty of calcium to prevent osteoporosis People who not eat enough highcalcium foods should take a calcium supplement Osteoporosis Osteoporosis makes your bones weak and more likely to break Anyone can develop osteoporosis, but it is common in older women As many as half of all women and a quarter of men older than 50 will break a bone due to osteoporosis Risk factors include • Getting older • Being small and thin • Having a family history of osteoporosis • Taking certain medicines • Being a white or Asian woman • Having osteopenia, which is low bone mass Osteoporosis is a silent disease You might not know you have it until you break a bone A bone mineral density test is the best way to check your bone health To keep 62 bones strong, eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, exercise and not smoke If needed, medicines can also help Paget's Disease of Bone Also called: Osteitis deformans Paget's disease of bone causes your bones to grow larger and weaker than normal They also might break easily The disease can lead to other health problems, too, such as arthritis and hearing loss You can have Paget's disease in any bone, but it is most common in the spine, pelvis, skull and legs The disease might affect one or several bones, but not your entire skeleton More men than women have the disease It is most common in older people Many people not know they have Paget's disease because their symptoms are mild For others, symptoms can include • Pain • Enlarged bones • Broken bones • Damaged cartilage in joints No one knows what causes Paget's disease In some cases, a virus might be responsible It tends to run in families You can treat Paget's disease with medicine and sometimes surgery A good diet and exercise might also help Fractures Also called: Broken bone A fracture is a break, usually in a bone If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture Fractures commonly happen because of car accidents, falls or sports injuries Another cause is osteoporosis, which causes weakening of the bones Overuse can cause stress fractures, which are very small cracks in the bone Symptoms of a fracture are • Out-of-place or misshapen limb or joint • Swelling, bruising or bleeding • Intense pain • Numbness and tingling • Limited mobility or inability to move a limb You need to get medical care right away for any fracture You may need to wear a cast or splint Sometimes you need surgery to put in plates, pins or screws to keep the bone in place CA NCER Cancer that starts in a bone is rare Cancer that has spread to the bone from another part of the body is more common There are three types of bone cancer: • Osteosarcoma - develops in growing bones, usually between ages 10 and 25 • Chondrosarcoma - starts in cartilage, usually after age 50 • Ewing's sarcoma - begins in nerve tissue in bone marrow of young people, often after treatment of another condition with radiation or chemotherapy 63 The most common symptom of bone cancer is pain Other symptoms may vary depending on the location and size of the cancer Surgery is often the main treatment for bone cancer Other treatments may include amputation, chemotherapy and radiation Osteogenesis Imperfecta Also called: Brittle bone disease, OI Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder in which bones break easily Sometimes the bones break for no known reason OI can also cause weak muscles, brittle teeth, a curved spine and hearing loss The cause is a gene defect that affects how you make collagen, a protein that helps make bones strong Usually you inherit the faulty gene from a parent Sometimes, it is due to a mutation, a random gene change OI can range from mild to severe and symptoms vary from person to person A person may have just a few or as many as several hundred fractures in a lifetime There is no cure, but you can manage symptoms Treatments include exercise, pain medicine, physical therapy, wheelchairs, braces and surgery 64 WHAT IS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE? High blood pressure (HBP) is a serious condition that can lead to coronary heart disease (also called coronary artery disease), heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, and other health problems "Blood pressure" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways Overview About in adults in the United States has HBP The condition itself usually has no symptoms You can have it for years without knowing it During this time, though, HBP can damage the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other parts of your body Knowing your blood pressure numbers is important, even when you're feeling fine If your blood pressure is normal, you can work with your health care team to keep it that way If your blood pressure is too high, treatment may help prevent damage to your body's organs Blood Pressure Numbers Blood pressure is measured as systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-a-STOL-ik) pressures "Systolic" refers to blood pressure when the heart beats while pumping blood "Diastolic" refers to blood pressure when the heart is at rest between beats You most often will see blood pressure numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic number, such as 120/80 mmHg (The mmHg is millimeters of mercury—the units used to measure blood pressure.) The table below shows normal blood pressure numbers for adults It also shows which numbers put you at greater risk for health problems Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults (measured in millimeters of mercury, or mmHg) Category Systolic (top number) Diastolic (bottom number) Normal Less than 120 And Less than 80 Prehypertension 120–139 Or 80–89 140–159 Or 90–99 High blood pressure Stage Stage 160 or higher Or 100 or higher The ranges in the table apply to most adults (aged 18 and older) who don't have shortterm serious illnesses Blood pressure doesn't stay the same all the time It lowers as you sleep and rises when you wake up Blood pressure also rises when you're excited, nervous, or active If your numbers stay above normal most of the time, you're at risk for health problems 65 All levels above 120/80 mmHg raise your risk, and the risk grows as blood pressure numbers rise "Prehypertension" means you're likely to end up with HBP, unless you take steps to prevent it If you're being treated for HBP and have repeat readings in the normal range, your blood pressure is under control However, you still have the condition You should see your doctor and follow your treatment plan to keep your blood pressure under control Your systolic and diastolic numbers may not be in the same blood pressure category In this case, the more severe category is the one you're in For example, if your systolic number is 160 and your diastolic number is 80, you have stage HBP If your systolic number is 120 and your diastolic number is 95, you have stage HBP If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, HBP is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher HBP numbers also differ for children and teens (For more information, go to "How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?") Outlook Blood pressure tends to rise with age Following a healthy lifestyle helps some people delay or prevent this rise in blood pressure People who have HBP can take steps to control it and reduce their risk of related health problems Key steps include following a healthy lifestyle, having ongoing medical care, and following your treatment plan Revised April 2011 How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed? High blood pressure (HBP) is diagnosed using a blood pressure test This test will be done several times to make sure the results are correct If your numbers are high, your doctor may have you return for repeat tests to check your blood pressure over time If your blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher over time, your doctor will likely diagnose you with HBP If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg or higher is considered HBP The ranges for HBP in children are different, as discussed below How Is Blood Pressure Tested? A blood pressure test is easy and painless This test is done at a doctor's office or clinic To prepare for the test: • Don't drink coffee or smoke cigarettes for 30 minutes prior to the test These actions may cause a short-term rise in your blood pressure • Go to the bathroom before the test Having a full bladder can change your blood pressure reading • Sit for minutes before the test Movement can cause short-term rises in blood pressure To measure your blood pressure, your doctor or nurse will use some type of a gauge, a stethoscope (or electronic sensor), and a blood pressure cuff Most often, you will sit or lie down with the cuff around your arm as your doctor or nurse checks your blood pressure If he or she doesn't tell you what your blood pressure numbers are, you should ask Diagnosing High Blood Pressure in Children and Teens Doctors measure blood pressure in children and teens the same way they in adults Your child should have routine blood pressure checks starting at years of age 66 Blood pressure normally rises with age and body size Newborn babies often have very low blood pressure numbers, while older teens have numbers similar to adults The ranges for normal blood pressure and HBP generally are lower for youth than for adults To find out whether a child has HBP, a doctor will compare the child's blood pressure numbers to average numbers for his or her age, gender, and height For more information, go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's "A Pocket Guide to Blood Pressure Measurement in Children." What Does a Diagnosis of High Blood Pressure Mean? If you're diagnosed with HBP, your doctor will prescribe treatment You'll need to have your blood pressure tested again to see how the treatment affects it Once your blood pressure is under control, you'll still need treatment "Under control" means that your blood pressure numbers are in the normal range You also will need regular blood pressure tests Your doctor can tell you how often you should be tested The sooner you find out about HBP and treat it, the better Early treatment may help you avoid problems such as heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure 67 GLOSSARY ability(n) khả bend(v) : gập lại biopsy (n): sinh thiết Abrasion (n): xây xát bladder (n):bàng quang Bleed (v) chảy máu abnormal (adj) bất trhường absolutely = completely = very absorb (v): hấp thu block (v) gây tắc nghẽn blood clot (n) cục máu Accompany (v) kèm action(n) :hành động activate (v) làm hoạt động active (adj) động blood vessel (n) mạch máu bone / bony (adj) bone marrow (n) : activity(n) hoạt động administer (v) thực breathe (v) ; breath (n): thở brittle (adj) dễ gãy broken = fractured : gãy bronchiole (n) bronchus , bronchi (n) phế quản bubonic plague (n):nạn dịch hạch affect (v) : ảnh hưởng afflict (v): làm ưu phiền, khổ sở ailment (n) =disease= illness: bệnh tật air sac (n) allergic (adj) dị ứng campaign (n) chiến dịch allergy (n) dị ứng alveolus, alveoli (n): phế nang: túi phổi cancer (n): ung thư capillary (n) mạch máu carcinoma (n) ung thư biểu mô anatomy (n) : giải phẫu cartilage (n)= gristle (n) cause (v) gây antibiotic drug (n): kháng sinh aorta (n) động mạch chủ sụn cell: tế bào arise (v): xuất phát central nerve system: Hệ thần kinh trung ương arteriosclerosis (n) xơ cứng động mạch as common belief: người ta thường nghĩ associative= connecting: liên kết chamber(n): ngăn characteristic (n): tính chất chemically (adv) mạt hóa học atrium, atria (n): tâm nhĩ chemotherapy (n) hóa trị attach (v) đính chặt attention (n) ý automatic (adj) =involuntary (adj) : tự động available (adj) sẵn có chest (n) lồng ngực chickenpox: bệnh thủy đậu choke (v): sặc cholera (n) bệnh tả chop (v) = cut awareness (n) nhận biết cilia axon (n): sợi trục (n) lông rung circulate (v): lưu thông, tuần hoàn circulation (n) cleanse (v) làm sạch, tẩy backache (n) đau lưng ball socket joints: khớp nối hình cầu be composed of = be made up of be lined with: tủy xương brain (n) não Codeine (n): collarbone (n) đựơc lót be made up of = be composed of be subject to : khó tránh khỏi, dễ bị 68 xương đòn communicable disease (n) bệnh truyền nhiễm Disorder (n) : rối loạn distinguish (v) : phân biệt divide(v) phân chia Dizziness (n) chống váng draft(n) gió lùa compared to so sánh với completely (adv): hoàn toàn complex (adj)>< simple: phức tạp , đơn giản conduct (v) : dẫn truyền droplet (n) giọt nhỏ duct(n) :ống dẫn Congested (adj)\ tức ngực due to = because of: Duration (n) = period (n): thời gian Dysentery (n) : lỵ effective(adj) : có hiệu eliminate (v) : xóa bỏ connect (v) connective (adj) conspicuous (adj): dễ thấy Consult (v) tư vấn, tham khảo ý kiến consume (v) : tiêu dùng, tiêu hoá Contend with (v) :đương đầu với continuation (n) tiếp nối emphasize(v) ý nhấn mạnh encase(v)= suround (v) contract>< relax (v) co lại, giãn contracted: bị mắc phải coronary thrombosis: chứng nghẽn động mạch vành Enduring (adj) : có tính chịu đựng, bền bỉ energy (n) lượng enigma (adj) điều bí ẩn entire= whole (adj): toàn covering membrane (n) màng bao phủ cranial (adj): thuộc sọ cranium (n): hộp sọ environmental changes: thay đổi môi trường epidermis ( n) : biểu bì criterion (n), criteria (plural form) cross (v) crush (v) : nghiền nát epiphysis (n)= bone shaft: đầu xương, mấu băng qua epithelial (adj) Epithelium (n) cure (n) Treat (v) treatment (n): = remedy curve(v) uốn cong cytoplasm: (n) tế bào chất Era ((n): kỷ nguyên Eradicate (v) :trừ tiệt exchange(v) : trao đổi excrete(v) = secrete (v) damage (n) tổn thương expel (v): tống Expert (n) chuyên gia expiration (n)= breathing out damage (v) : làm hại, làm hư hỏng decrease (v)>< increase: giảm > < decrease (v) màng microscopic (adj)=very small mineral (adj) khoáng chất minimal (adj) : nhẹ, xoàng minute (adj) very small moisten (v) làm ẩm Indicate = show (v): ra, chứng tỏ Indigestion (n) : Sự khơng tiêu hóa individual (adj) : riêng lẻ, cá nhân infection (n ) : (n) moisture (n) : độ ẩm truyền nhiễm motor nerve (n) dây thần king vận động movable(adj)>< general (adj) chung chung remarkable (adj): đặt biệt, đáng ý removal (n) remove (v) loại bỏ passage (n) hành lang , lối pelvis (n) : xương chậu perception (n) tiếp nhận perform (v): thực renal hemodialysis machine (n) máy chạy thận repair (v) sữa chữa, hàn gắn reproduce (v): tái tạo require (v) yêu cầu, đòi hỏi resemble (v) giống, tương tự resistance (n) : kháng cự peripheral (adj): ngoại biên pevic (adj) , pelvis (n): xương chậu pharynx (n) hầu họng Phlegm (n) = sputum: đờm pick up (v): thu nhặt pivot joint (n) khớp trục plate (n) đĩa respiration (n) : hô hấp respiratory (adj): thuộc hô hấp respond to: đáp ứng, trả lời poliomyelitis (n) bệnh bại liệt ribcage (n): khung sườn root (n) rễ, gốc Portion (n) = part predict (v) đoán prescription (n) đơn thuốc runny nose : chảy mũi prevention (n) : ngăn chặn , phòng bệnh Scale :thang độ saliva (n), salivary gland (n) nước bọt sarcoma: xa côm , bướu thịt prevalent (adj) thưòng thấy secrete (v): tiết 71 Self-limited : tự hạn chế send order: lệnh sensation (n) cảm giác sweating: đổ mồ hôi symptom: triệu chứng synapse (n): khớp thần kinh take note of: ghi nhận take over : đảm nhận sense organ (n) quan cảm giác sensory nerve: dây thần kinh cảm giác serious, severe (adj) nặng, nghiêm trọng set off: gây task (n) : nhiệm vụ taste bud (n): gai vị giác temperature (n) nhiệt độ tendency (n) khuynh hướng, settle (v) : cư trú Severe (adj) Severity (n) tính nghiêm trọng sinus (n) tendon(n) gân tetanus: uốn ván Therefore= so xoang skeleton (n) khung xương skull (n) : hộp sọ Thermometer (n): nhiệt kế thicken (v) bị dày lên Smallpox (n) : bệnh đậu mùa thigh(n): thoracic soft(adj) mềm mại solidly (adj) : chắn sorethoat (n) viêm họng xương đùi (adj.) (thuộc ) ngực thorough (adj) : hoàn hảo, kỹ lưỡng Special (a): đặt biệt specialization (n) chun hóa specialize (v) : chun mơn hóa spinal cord (n) tủy sống spine/ backbone= spinal column threat (n) mối đe dọa throat (n) họng spongy mass: khối xốp Spongy(adj), sponge (n) tough (n) dai, trachea (n) : khí quản train (v) đào tạo, huấn luyện time consuming : tốn thời gian Tissue: mô touch (v) (n): đụng chạm stage (n) giai đoạn starch (n): tinh bột transplant (v) cấy ghép transplantation (n) transport (v) vận chuyển Sternum (n)= breastbone: xương ức sticky (adj) : dính, bám stimulus, stimuli (n): kích thích stomach(n) dày trouble (n) vấn đề tube (n) ống store (v) dự trữ strain (n) filter (n) lọc String (n) stringy band : dải dây stroke (n) : đột quỵ stuffiness (n) ngạt mũi subdivide(v) : phân nhỏ tubercle bacillus (n) vi trùng lao tuberculosis (n) bệnh lao tumor (n): khối u ulcer (n) : loét dày undertake (v): thực hiên, đảm nhận undesirable(adj) khơng mong muốn unrestrained (adj) khơng bị kìm chế substance(n) chất substitute (v) thay urge to cough (n) ho suck (v) (lozenges) ngậm urination (n) việc tiểu urine (n) nước tiểu supply (v) useless (adj) : vô dụng suffer (v) chịu đựng, bị bệnh cung cấp uterine cervix (n) cổ tử cung utilize (v) = use : support (v) : nâng đỡ Suppress (v)ngăn chặn surgically : bắng phẫu thuật various (adj) đa dạng surrounding world: giới xung quanh Susceptible (adj) dễ mắc phải swallow(v) nuốt vertebra vibrate ventricle(n) tâm thất 72 (n) vertebrae (pl): đốt sống (v): rung vibration (n) vocal cord (n): dây Vomit (n): nôn vigorous (adj) mãnh liệt virtually (adv) : thật vital (adj) = essential (adj) : thiết yếu wear out (v) hao mòn whooping cough: ho gà 73

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Từ khóa liên quan

Mục lục

  • UNIT 1 CELLS

  • UNIT 2 BACTERIA

  • UNIT 3 TISSUES: CELL SPECIALIZA TION

  • UNIT 4 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  • UNIT 5 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

  • UNIT 6 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  • UNIT 7 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  • UNIT 8 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  • UNIT 9 DISEASE: ITS SYMPTOMS AND CURES

  • UNIT 10 COMMON DISEASE AND AILMENTS

  • UNIT 11 SURGERY

  • UNIT 12 GOING TO THE MEDICAL CENTER

    • FURTHER READINGS

    • GLOSSARY

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