THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THE TUNG TOPIC TITLE: “HOUSEHOLD’S WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT IN VAN PHUC HANDICRAFT VILLAGE – HA NOI USING CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD (CVM)” BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2011-2015 Thai Nguyen, Sept 2015 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Nguyen The Tung Student ID DTN1153150089 Thesis Title Household’s willingness to pay for environmental improvement in Van Phuc traditional handicraft village – Ha Noi using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) Supervisor Ph.D Nguyen Nghia Bien Abstract: This research investigated the willingness to pay for environmental quality improvement in Van Phuc handicraft village - Ha Dong - Ha Noi using the contingent valuation method According to the survey result, Van Phuc handicraft village is affecting by the environmental pollution Moreover, the environmental pollution in Van Phuc handicraft village often contaminated by the waste, mostly comes from handicraft village activities and industrial activities However, the villagers are aware of the environmental pollution in the locality and willing to pay money for environmental improvement On average, 88.3% of the households are willing to pay for improved environmental quality and the average of willingness to pay is 227.641 VND/household/year The willingness to pay of villager affected by education level, income, occupation and the amount of household members In particular, amount of household member has the clearest impact to the willingness to pay of people living in Van Phuc handicraft village Keywords Willingness to Pay, Environmental good, Contingent Valuation Method ; Regression Model Number of pages 49 Date of Submission 30/9/2015 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION Rationale Aim and Objectives Scope and limitation Research structure CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 1.1 Environment 10 1.2 The total economic value of environmental resources 12 1.3 The methods for valuation of environmental resources 14 1.4 Consumer surplus 15 1.5 Willingness to Pay 17 1.6 Contingent Valuation Method 19 CHAPTER II: RESEARCH METHODS 28 2.1 Methods of data collection 28 2.1.1 Secondary data collection 28 2.1.2 Primary data collection 28 2.2 methods for data analysis 29 2.2.1 Descriptive statistical method 29 2.2.2 Comparative statistical method 29 2.2.3 Contingent Valuation Method 30 2.2.4 WTP regression model 32 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35 3.1 Basic information about Van Phuc Handicraft village 35 3.1.1 Location, physical and socio-economic condition 35 3.1.2 Major economic features 36 3.1.3 Current environmental status 38 3.2 sample household reated information 40 3.2.1 Income 40 3.2.2 Age and educational level 41 3.2.3 Number of household members 41 3.2.4 Gender 41 3.2.5 Occupation 42 3.3 The information related to household willingness to pay for environmental improvement status: 42 3.3.1 Current environmental situation 42 3.3.2 The awareness of responder 44 3.3 estimation of The household willingness to pay for environmental improvement 48 3.4 analysis of factors affecting people’s WTP in van phuc handicraft village 52 3.5 Analyzing the statistical significance 55 3.5.1 Education Level 55 3.5.2 Income 56 3.5.3 Amount of household member 57 3.5.4 Occupation 57 3.5.6 Improving the education and raising the awareness of the people 60 3.5.7 Increasing people income and their living standards 61 3.5.8 Strengthening the population - family planning 62 3.5.9 Propagating measures in various forms to people 62 CONCLUSION 63 REFERENCES 66 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Categories of economic values attributed to environmental assets 13 Figure 1.2 Consumer surplus illustrating consumer (red) and producer (blue) surpluses on a supply and demand chart 16 Figure 1.3 The willingness to pay and consumer surplus 18 Figure 3.1 Artisan and weaving loom 36 Figure 3.2 Untreated wastewater has been directly discharged into the environment 38 Figure 3.3 Silk making process 40 Figure 3.4 The rating of interviewees about the environmental situation (Unit: percentage) 42 Figure 3.5 Responder’s awareness of environmental services and payments for environmental services (Unit: people) 44 Figure 3.6 Proportion of people were participate in training in environmental services and payments for environmental services (Unit: percentage) 46 Figure 3.7 Result of the Regression Analysis using 53 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 The information related to the interviewees 41 Table 3.2 Source of pollution 43 Table 3.3 Impact of environmental pollution 44 Table 3.4 Some environmental services has been known 45 Table 3.5 Incoming source of information about environmental services 46 Table 3.6 Awareness of interviewees on paying the fee for environmental services 47 Table 3.7 Forms of benefit from environmental services 47 Table 3.8 Number of agree and disagree for payments for environmental services 48 Table 3.9 Reason for not willingness to pay 48 Table 3.10 The reasons for the willingness to pay for environmental services 49 Table 3.11 The level of willingness to pay of household 49 Table 3.12 The reason for the chosen level of WTP 51 Table 3.13 Forms of payment for environmental improvement 51 Table 3.14 Correlation matrix between the independent variables 52 Table 3.15 Summarized result of the Regression Analysis using STATA 11.0 54 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BV : Bequest Value BOD : Biological oxygen demand CS : Consumer Surplus CVM : Contigent Valuation Method COD : Chemical oxygen demand DUV : Direct Use Value IUV : Indirect Use Value EV : Existence Value MP : Market Price MoF : Ministry of Finance MoST : Ministry of Science and Technology MARD : Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development NUV : Non Use Value OV : Option Value PFES : Payment for Enviroment Services TEV : Total Economics Value TUV : Total Use Value UV : Use Value IUV : Indirect Use Value WTP : Willingness To Pay ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I wish to express our sincere thanks to the boards of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Dean of Advanced Education Program for providing us all the necessary facilities and all the teachers who built us the scientific knowledge to complete the research In particular, I would like to thank my principal supervisor Ph.D Nguyen Nghia Bien, Director of Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, who guided me wholeheartedly when I implement this research project I would like to thank the leaders of People's Committee of Van Phuc ward and people of Van Phuc handicraft village for help and provide valuable information to me in the process of the project implementation Last but not least, I take this opportunity to express my deepest thank to my family and my friends Due to the limitations of the time and experience, so my own thesis inevitably have shortcomings I would like to receive the comments of the teachers and all of you for the excellent thesis I sincerely thank you Thai Nguyen, June 30, 2015 Nguyễn Thế Tùng INTRODUCTION RATIONALE Van Phuc handicraft village has a long tradition of weaving, with over 700 establishments involved in the silk production Moreover, there are more than 22 establishments have responsibility for bleaching and dyeing for the entire village every day In the early years of the 90s, traditional looms crafts were replaced by industrial looms, making the production increased several times in comparison with the textile craft Along with to the immediate benefits, it also has long-term effects on the health of people Typical of these are rancid noise pollution In the past, the artists often use dyes or bleaches made of plants, leaves, flowers or fruits Today, villagers are using chemical materials instead of folk materials The main materials are silk ranked by category and woven fabric Specifically, polyester, cotton and fibers mixed with PE/Co are used for weaving coarse, towel, gauze… In the process of weaving, dyeing and printing, villagers use a lot of chemicals, dyes such as: Javen, CH3COOH, H2S, acid dyes, sulfur dyes (rock, Na2S), direct dyes and a lot of water The hazardous waste is being discharged into the environment directly without going through any remedial measures, including the use of rudimentary filtering tank The BOD and COD in the effluent discharged from Van Phuc village hundreds of times higher than the standard allow The amount of untreated wastewater production and domestic wastewater directly flows into Nhue River Another factor that contributes to environmental pollution as components in silk, by the stage of bleaching which emit 25% impurities, meter of silk with the weight of 80 grams discharges 20 grams of water contaminants… It is evidenced that, in the village of weaving, dyeing the common diseases of the respiratory tract is 10 - 20%, 10-20% of eye diseases, 1030% of gynecological diseases, and 10- 20% of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract The noise pollutant also is a big problem in Van Phuc village, the observation noise results measured at Van Phuc is 100 dB The noise mainly generated by operating textile and strand machines, the collision of the wheel spindle and fiber to fiber tube The need of improving environmental conditions in Van Phuc handicraft village has become essential and critical In this regard, the concept of willingness to pay (WTP) and contingent valuation method (CVM) are used WTP is an important concept of economic valuation in environmental goods The concept is “if good is worth having, then it is the maximum amount that a person state they are willing to pay for a good (DFID, 1997)” This principle is conceptually simple and intuitive, even if not always easy to undertake, and its theoretical foundations can be located in conventional economic theory As WTP values benefits in monetary terms, outcomes are comparable across all principles and are directly commensurate with costs By way of precedent, environmental economists have already found the approach helpful in quantifying gains and losses in circumstances where, for whatever reason, market prices cannot be assigned to economic activities (Emma J Frew, et al 2005) The concept extends to environmental resources like water quality and natural resources like trees The key assumption is that environmental values are anthropogenic Whatever people evaluate the environment is worth is what it is worth Economic methods can be used to attach estimates of willingness to pay to changes in the level of environmental quality and natural resource use The use of the willingness-to-pay (WTP) technique as a means of - The more of household members, the decrease of willingness to pay, or the amount of household member is inversely proportional to with the WTP - The differences between careers also affect the WTP, this study compared the differences between the handicraft/weaving and other job And the results showed that the handicraft/weaving willingness to pay is lower than other job However, the study did not show how the age and gender influence the WTP for environmental services for people in Van Phuc Handicraft village, may be due to sample size is not large enough There are four statistically significant variables were found, as well as one of the basis for the propose solutions to improve the quality, protection and development of environmental resources in Van Phuc Handicraft village 3.3 POLICY RECOMMENDATONS AND IMPLICATIONS Sustainable development is a common vision for the development of the country, including craft villages Sustainable development has been confirmed in the industrialization and modernization policies of the country For rural craft development, sustainable development has been confirmed in the Decree No 66/2006/ND-CP dated 07 July 2006 of the government This policy should be translated into development policies and implementation measures Craft villages should develop sustainably and contribute to economic development, provide jobs, contribute to poverty alleviation and hunger eradication, guarantee social welfare and improve rural environment Focus on sustainable development policy in craft villages: production development needs to take into consideration environmental protection and 59 improvement, ensure that the environment is not sacrificed for short-term profits and production benefits need to contribute to/with environmental protection activities Responsibilities of stakeholders include: - Develop and propose mechanisms and policies on promoting rural crafts and environmental protection (MARD will be focal point); - Develop mechanisms and policies that enable craft village enterprises to have preferential loans for production development, applying environmentally friendly technologies and cleaner production techniques, treatment technologies for waste water, emission and solid wastes (MoF); - Develop more detailed financial support policies for craft village zones to build wastewater treatment plants and landfill (MoF); - Research on environmentally friendly technologies, suitable waste treatment technologies and transfer to enterprises (MoST); - Explore outlets for craft products for promoting exports such as pottery, wood, rattan, silk etc (Ministry of Industry and Trade) Following the result of this study, we also have specific recommends to attack people to participate in environmental services by strengthening/weakening the affecting factor of WTP: 3.5.6 Improving the education and raising the awareness of the people The research result showed that the education level affects the willingness to pay of people In Van Phuc handicraft village, education stands at average 9.4 years, corresponding to the rank of junior high school So we proposed a number of measures to improve the education level of people in Van Phuc handicraft village as follow: 60 * Building various types of training in order to improve education: -Encouraging to open the public school, semi-public and private school -Education and vocational but focusing not only on learning to have a degree, but also guide students to choose appropriate careers in the case of not want or cannot afford to learn more -Expanding the charitable classes to attack poor people cannot afford to go to school -Expanding the learning while working, enabling them not only to have more income while attending school or learning culture with vocational training, but also to attract more students to participate, in order to create more job opportunities students after graduation * Improving the teaching quality : -Improving the number of schools meeting the national standards, encouraging the emulation movement of good teaching, good learning throughout the city, there are adequate incentives for collective and individual achievements in teaching *Villagers need to know about the Mandatory regulations and law enforcement! 3.5.7 Increasing people income and their living standards After all, we know that the income is the most influential factor to the willingness to pay of people and income proportional to the WTP It means that when income increases, people would be willing to spend some more money to improve habitat quality or WTP increases Normally in practice, the low-income families are less interested in environmental issues and particularly on environmental issues as presented above Thus, increasing the income of the people is necessary, so we proposed a number of measures to improve the peoples’ income as follow: 61 -Restructuring the sector towards industrialization-modernization, building a comprehensive rural structure and reasonable, increasing the proportion of industrial sectors and services, reducing the proportion of agriculture and promote local strengths Attracting investment projects, construction of industrial parks, open vocational training courses - Technological improvement and introduction of modern technology in textile processing to villagers also is a necessary way to improve the income - Stepping up the alleviation of poverty 3.5.8 Strengthening the population - family planning With a slogan “Stop at children for better upbringing” to encouraging families in better performing the family planning - The communication and education should focus on the rural class, small traders, housewives, especially the youth class - Schools should bring the family planning into the education, because of children are the future foundation of the country 3.5.9 Propagating measures in various forms to people There are a lot of people not know the payments for environmental services and how necessary it is to improve the environmental around them So the payments for environmental services need to be disseminated to people in various ways We have to actively propagate in different forms such measures as through television, newspapers, radio, internet and communicating to people-to-door if possible 62 CONCLUSION Finding out the status of payments for environmental services in Van Phuc handicraft village shows us that the environment needs to be protected from the current state of the current recession According to field survey, we found that the environmental situation at Van Phuc is pretty bad The environmental pollution in the village is often contaminated by the waste, mostly come from handicraft village activities and industrial activities The environmental already had a direct and indirect impact on the lives and health of people The disease that which people live in area often have is: skin diseases, respiratory infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhea…Thus, the question is we must have the appropriate solutions to reduce the consequences of environmental pollution; and to improve and enhance environmental quality with the aim of sustainable development However, the people lived in Van Phuc handicraft village already have their own awareness about the current environmental status of the village and they are willing to pay money for environmental improvement The obtained results over the study showed that the average willingness to pay for environmental services of people live in Van Phuc handicraft village is 201.083VND/household/year The factor that affecting WTP includes: age, education level, income, number of household members, Gender, and Occupation of the interviewee In particular factors: education level, income, occupation and number of household members have significantly influenced to WTP By learning about the WTP to improve environmental quality by means of CVM shows that the usability of CVM in improved environmental issues are less hampered 63 when carried out, because people understand the unpredictable consequences that may occur if the environmental conditions continues to be polluted; and hypothetical situations in the study were consistent with the fact that people of Van Phuc handicraft village are facing Then, we may have the improvement measures to avoid the regrettable consequences may occur In particular income has the most obvious influence on the willingness to pay of the people From the results of research and analysis, the study has proposed a number of measures to strengthening the attraction of people to participate in payments for environmental service in Van Phuc handicraft Although the given contribution is different, more or less, there are still some people who not agree to pay, but also showed that the majority of people is already realized the importance of the environment, recognize the need to something to contribute to protecting natural resources, improving environmental quality Although we have obtained certain results, but the topic still has some limitation such as: - Due the limited length of conduct so the study sample size is not large enough to reflect more accurately the factors that affecting people’s WTP So, inevitably the wrong number of research results is high - The CVM still has some limited and process of crawler has faced many difficulties due to people are not familiar with the way of investigation, cannot properly understand the question asked when hypothetical situations are given Just like ourselves who asked have not experienced, so there is still some unavoidable flaws 64 - Otherwise, the regression model only implemented in the form of a linear model, not yet taking into nonlinear models With this study, we hope that environmental issues should be considered comprehensively, assessed fairly and reasonably Especially those resources without regenerating From there, people will become more aware of preserving and protecting the environment, especially in the mining and sustainable use 65 REFERENCES Alemu,M (2000) Valuation of community 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Journal of Economic Perspectives, (4), pp 45–64 doi:10.1257/jep.8.4.45 JSTOR 2138338 Edward, R.M and Vijaya, R.S (2001) Estimating Malaria Patients’ Household Willingness to Pay for Health Care Proposals in Rural Nepal Etzioni, Arnitai and Frederic L D., eds (1970) Comparative Perspectives: Theories and Methods Boston: Little, Brown An, L.T (2006) Household willingness to pay for improved water quality in Duong Lieu - Hoai Duc - Ha Tay by CMV method Markandya, Anil, Patrice, H., Lorenzo, G.B., Vito, C (2002) Economic principles and overview of valuation methods(Part 9), Stated preference: contigent valuation mrthods, Enviromental Economics for Sustainable Growth( Part 12), Edwad Ergal, Northampton, MA, USA Mitchell, R.C and Cason, R.T (1989) Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C Moffat B., Motlaleng G.R and Thukuza Household willingness to pay for improved water quality and reliability of supply Chobe ward, MAUN Mohan, M (1993) Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, Analytical Framework (Chapter I), Framework for Environmental-Economic Decisionmaking ( Part 3), USA Munasinghe, M (1992) Biodiversity protection policy: environmental valuation and distribution issues, AMBIO National Assembly (2014) The law of environmental protection Nunes, P.A.L.D and Schokkaert, E (2003) Identifying the warm glow effect in contingent valuation, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol 45, pp 231-245 66 Nunes, P.A.L.D and Van Den Bergh J.C.J.M (2004) Valuing non-market benefits for protection against exotic marine species in the Netherlands using TC and CV data Environment and Resource Economics, 28, pp 517-532 Nunes, P.A.L.D and Nijkamp, P (2007) Contingent Valuation Method in M Deakin Mitchell,G Nijkamp,P and Vreeker,R (Eds.), Sustainable Urban Development (Volume 2): The Environmental Assessment Methods, Chapter 8, Routledge, UK TCarson, R.T., Mitchell, R.C., Hanemann, W M., Kopp, R J., Presser, S.and Ruud, P A (1992) A Contingent Valuation Study of Lost Passive Use Values Resulting from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Report prepared for the Attorney General of the State of Alaska, Washington (Carson et al 1992) Wei, W (2014) Farmers’ willingness to pay for breeding sow insurance: evidence from China’s Hubei province White, P.C.L., Lovett, J.C (1999) Public preferences and willingness-to-pay for nature conservation in the North York Moors National Park UK, Journal of Environmental Management Whittington, D., Lauria,D and Mu, X (1991) A study of Water Vending and Willingness to pay for Water in Onitsha Nigeria, World Development, 19(2) 67 APPENDIX INTERVIEW LETTER Research topic: “Household’s willingness to pay for environmental improvement in Van Phuc traditional handicraft village – Ha Noi using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)”” This letter was conducted for the purpose of collecting necessary information for the graduation research of a student in Advanced Education Programs - Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry The informations in the questionnaire are confidential and only for research purposes We respectfully request that Mr (Ms.) provide accurate information so that we can make good research We sincerely thank you! I Basic Information of the interviewee: Address of the interviewees (groups / wards):…………………………… The gender of the interviewee: [ ] Male (1)[ ] Female (0) Age:…… Educational level (recorded in years of schooling):… …………… Number of household member………………………………………………… Ethnic: [ ] Kinh (1)[ ] Other (0) Job: [ ] Personnel officer [ ] Farmer [ ] Handicraft/Weaving [ ]Other……………………………… ………………… The total annual income of the family (million VND)………………………… including: - Income from agriculture (million VND) - Income from traditional craft villages (million VND) - Income from other sources (million VND)……………………………… 68 As assessed by the localities, your housegold is classified as? [ ] Rich [ ] Good [ ] Medium [ ] Nearly poor [ ] Poor 10 You are the decision maker for the main activities of your family? [ ] Yes [ ] No 11 If not, who is the decision maker decision maker ? [ ] Wife/Husband[ ] Father/Mother [ ] Other……………………………………………………… 12 Is there any of your household’member involved in protecting the environment? [ ] Yes [ ] |No II Information relating to the payment of environmental services at local 13 How you think about the environmental situation in the locality in general today? [ ] Good [ ] Normal [ ] Bad [ ] Dont know / No comment 14 If you choosed "Bad" in question 13, please specify polluted environment is caused by? [ ] Pollution caused by waste from villages [ ] Pollution caused by waste from livestock operations [ ] Pollution caused by waste from industrial activities [ ] Pollution caused by daily [ ] Other (Interpretation: ……………………………… .……….…… ……) 15 In your opinion, how does the contaminated environments affect to lives? [ ] Affecting the health [ ] Affecting the job [ ] Lost environmental landscape [ ] Other ……………………………………………………… 69 16 Do you know "the environmental services"? [ ] Yes [ ] No[ ] Dont know [ ] No comment 17 If you choosed "Yes" in question 16, how you know “the environmental services"? [ ] Television, radio [ ] Books, newspapers [ ] Propagation [ ] Other…………… 18 List some environmental services that you know ? [ ] Development of environmental monitoring reports periodically [ ] Establish the proposals for environmental protection [ ] Environmental impact assessment [ ] Other……………………………………………………… 19 Do you know "the payment for environmental services? [ ] Yes [ ] No[ ] Dont know [ ] No comment 20 If you choosed "Yes" in question 19, please give yor opinion about the content of "payment for environmental services"? [ ] Paying for the environmental protection [ ] Pay for state [ ] Other……………………………………………………… 21 The payment for environmental services is the task of: [ ] The governments [ ] Hydroelectric companies, water companies, ecotourism [ ] Everybody [ ] Other ……………………………………………………… 22 In you viewpoint, what are the benefits of premium payment for environmental services? [ ] Reduce environmental pollution [ ] Protecting the air source [ ] Protecting the water resources [ ] Other ……………………………………………………… 70 23 Do you think you benefited from the service environment? [ ] Yes [ ] No[ ] Dont know [ ] No comment 24 If you choosed "Yes" in question 23, what are the benefirte from the service environment ? [ ] Have fresh water [ ] Have fresh air [ ] Disaster Mitigation [ ] Other…………………………………………………… [ ] No comments / no answer 25 You have been participated in the training, meetings about protect the environment? [ ] Yes [ ] No [ ] No comment III Information related to the willingness to pay for environmental services at local Currently prescribed by the State, the trading company of clean water, and environmental companies are the majority paying "environmental services" Suppose that in the incoming period, to improve the living conditions for people living in the area, People’s Committee of the city has advocated charging for environmental services and to implement this policy, it requires funds the contribution of the people 26 Are you willing to pay a certain sum of money to improve the current environmental situation in the locality? [ ] Yes [ ] No → move to question 31 27 Please indicate the reason that you are willing to pay to improve the situation in the local environment? [ ] Contribute to reducing environmental pollution locally [ ] Better health 71 [ ] Reducing the burden to the community [ ] Other……………………………………………………… 28 Amount of money that you are willing to contribute to pay for improving the environmental situation? [ ] 50.000 VND/household/year[ ] 100.000 VND/household/year [ ] 150.000 VND/household/year [ ] 200.000 VND/household/year [ ] 250.000 VND/household/year [ ] 300.000 VND/household/year [ ] 350.000 VND/household/year [ ] 400.000 VND/household/year [ ] 450.000 VND/household/year [ ] 500.000 VND/household/year [ ] 550.000 VND/household/year [ ] 600.000 VND/household/year [ ] 650.000 VND/household/year [ ] 700.000 VND/household/year [ ] 750.000 VND/household/year [ ] 800.000 VND/household/year [ ] 900.000 VND/household/year [ ] 1.000.000 VND/household/year [ ] Other……………………………………………………… 29 Please give the best form of payment [ ] Paying through the population group leader [ ] Home collection [ ] Submit to the trusted peers [ ] Other……………………………………………………… 30 Please indicate the reason that you are not willing to pay to improve the situation in the local environment? [ ] Environmental protection is the responsibility of the government [ ] Environmental situation in the locality had nothing serious [ ] The program cost too much [ ] Other……………………………………………………… 31 In your oppinion, to attract more people to participate in improving the environmental situation in the locality, the government should implement which policies / measures? 72 32 Do you have any suggestions or recommendations to authorities or state administration agencies on environment? Thank you for the information you have provided !!! 73 ... to pay for environmental improvement in Van Phuc handicraft village – Ha Noi Specific objectives are: a) To identify environmental issues emerging in Van Phuc handicraft village – Ha Noi b) To. .. weaknesses The study Household’s willingness to pay for environmental improvement in Van Phuc handicraft village – Ha Noi using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is carried out to understand people’s... research investigated the willingness to pay for environmental quality improvement in Van Phuc handicraft village - Ha Dong - Ha Noi using the contingent valuation method According to the survey