HERE WE ARE ALL BROTHERS: GENDER RELATIONS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINE IDENTITIES IN A NÙNG F N SLÌNG VILLAGE by David B Wangsgard M.A., Oregon State University, 2001 B.S., Utah State University, 1997 DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Sociology and Anthropology © David B Wangsgard 2009 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2009 All rights reserved However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately APPROVAL Name: David B Wangsgard Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: Here We are All Brothers: Gender Relations and the Construction of Masculine Identities in a Nùng F n Slìng Village Examining Committee: Chair: Dr Michael G Kenny Professor of Anthropology Dr Michael C Howard Senior Supervisor Professor of International Studies Dr Marilyn Gates Supervisor Associate Professor of Anthropology Dr Janet Sturgeon Internal Examiner Professor of Geography Dr Hy V Luong External Examiner Professor of Anthropology University of Toronto Date Defended/Approved: July 28, 2009 ii Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available 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including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Last revision: Spring 09 STATEMENT OF ETHICS APPROVAL The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: (a) Human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or (b) Advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research (c) as a co-investigator, collaborator or research assistant in a research project approved in advance, or (d) as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices Inquiries may be directed to those authorities Simon Fraser University Library Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Last update: Spring 2010 ABSTRACT Recent scholarship surrounding questions of masculinity demonstrates that masculinity is not a natural, homogeneous category but a social construction that varies across space and time This ethnography explores what constitutes masculinity among the Nùng F n Slìng (Nùng), a Tai-speaking ethnic minority living in Northeastern Vietnam, through an examination of cultural assumptions that premise social practices and relationships that construct and reproduce gendered identities Data, generated by qualitative ethnographic research methods and interpreted through the interdependent analytic categories of culture, identity, and gender, reveal that Nùng masculinity cannot be characterized as dichotomously opposed to, nor as formed in isolation from femininity Rather, masculinity is reproduced in a system of gendered relations structured around the patrilineage The socialization of boys as permanent and girls as provisional members of patrilineages construct men as primal and women as marginal members of Nùng society Nùng assumptions and practices, such as conceptions of love, flirting, and men‘s and women‘s sexuality reveal that male-female relationships are often marked by distance and contestation Husband-wife relationships show that gendered practices and positions of married men and women are marked by practicality and masculine privilege Men‘s practices, positions, and relationships, including those of Nùng priests, illuminate Nùng masculinity as founded upon permanence and privilege within the patrilineage, rather than on characteristics exclusively associated with men However, men‘s patrilineal privilege is buttressed by assumptions that men have greater capacity than women for the same kinds of characteristics Drawing on Nùng concepts of self and difference, Taoist conceptions of yin-yang, and animist beliefs I argue that the inequalities between men and women, in terms of human characteristics, are overlapping differences of degree Drawing on local iii Confucianist prescripts for ordering hierarchical social relationships I argue that the disparities between men and women in terms of power and privilege are reproduced by gendered positions within the patrilineage Cultural assumptions about the nature of men and women, and gendered practices, positions, and relationships demonstrate that heightened spiritual, mental, and physical capacity taken together with patrilineal permanence constitute the hegemonic form of masculinity among the Nùng Keywords: masculinity; gender relations; culture; identity; Vietnam; Nung Fan Sling Subject Terms: Masculinity—Cross-cultural studies; Masculinity—Asia, Southeastern; Masculinity—Vietnam; Men—Vietnam—Identity; Gender identity—Vietnam; Man-Woman relationships—Vietnam iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my gratitude to my supervisory committee, Dr Michael Howard and Dr Marilyn Gates: this dissertation would not have been possible without your guidance and support You often steered me in what seemed to be opposite directions, which, in the end, provided me with a broader, more balanced and better rounded experience of learning and discovery But I especially thank you both for ultimately allowing me to figure out my own path I also express my thanks to my examining committee, Dr Hy V Luong and Dr Janet Sturgeon, for their thoughtful and constructive feedback on my dissertation I express my gratitude to the residents of D Vãng, who, for the most part, patiently endured and educated a nosey anthropologist I express my gratitude to my wife, Li u Nh Nh ng, for her patient insights into the sociocultural world into which I plunged, and for sticking with me through some stressful times I express my gratitude to my parents, Bill and Michaeline Wangsgard, who have encouraged me to pursue my dreams, and supported me in those pursuits in too many ways to mention here Finally to my daughter, Brooklyn: you kept patient and unwavering faith that I would eventually complete this endeavor, and you kept me grounded in ways that you not know, and when I needed it most— thanks, Kiddo! v TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval ii Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Figures ix List of Tables x List of Maps xi List of Plates xii INTRODUCTION Field Journal Excerpt GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS: PEOPLE AND PLACE The Nùng D Vãng 15 ETHNOGRAHIC BEGINNINGS 18 CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS: AN ORIENTATION 22 RESEARCH METHODS 26 Participant-Observation 27 Naturalistic Inquisitive Dialogue 31 Language .32 Photographs 35 METHODOLOGICAL AND RELATIONAL CHALLENGES 35 REPRESENTATION 44 ORGANIZATION AND OVERVIEW 47 Plates 52 CULTURE, IDENTITY, AND GENDER: A REVIEW 60 CULTURE 61 IDENTITY 72 Defining the Self .73 Cohesive Approaches 76 Fragmented Approaches 78 Selves as Shifting, Synthetic Wholes .88 GENDER 93 Sex Role Theory 94 Feminism .97 Post Approaches 105 MASCULINITY STUDIES 111 vi ENGENDERING DIFFERENCE: PRIMAL SONS, PROVISIONAL DAUGHTERS 122 THE CULTURAL LOGIC OF PROVISIONALITY AND PERMANENCE 125 RITUAL EQUALITY: BIRTH AND T C T N 127 TRAINING TODDLERS 132 OF BIKES AND BOYS 134 SONS ENDURE, DAUGHTERS DESIST 136 Plates 139 GENDER RELATIONS: FLIRTING, LOVERS, AND IMPROPRIETY 145 MALE – FEMALE INTERACTIONS: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY 145 The Good 149 the Bad 156 and the Ugly 158 LOVERS AFTER MARRIAGE 160 Plates 170 GENDER RELATIONS: LOVE, MARRIAGE, AND SEXUALITY 174 GETTING MARRIED 175 Engagements .175 Weddings .176 WOMEN‘S POSITIONS 182 SERFING THE GENDER WAVE 186 Practically Desire 186 Exclusivity of Gendered Social Spheres .192 DIVORCE 197 SEXUALITY AND MASCULINE AFFECTION 200 Sexual Conservation: Masculine Perspectives .201 Sexual Conservation: Feminine Perspectives 205 Masculine Affection 209 Plates 214 MEN AT WORK: MASCULINE PRACTICES, POSITIONS, AND RELATIONSHIPS 225 PLAYING MEN: MASCULINITY AT WORK 226 A Day in the Life of a Man 226 Toiling on Cultural Ground 228 Women are Workers, Men are Players .230 A Playboy Life 232 MASCULINE NETWORKS 234 The Wingman: Intermediaries and Creating Means 238 Women as Ineffectual Intermediaries 243 Relationships Between Sisters-in-Law 245 SCRUTINIZED EQUALITY AND MASCULINE SOLIDARITY 247 Grave Cleaning 251 Praying for Rain 253 Rivalries and Rifts 255 vii Plates 263 MEN AMONG MEN: MASCULINITY CELEBRATED AND EPITOMIZED 271 MASCULINITY CELEBRATED 271 The New Year 271 The Lion Dance 276 Áu H n: Calling the Spirit Home 281 A MAN‘S MAN: PRIESTS AS MASCULINITY EPITOMIZED 285 Entering the Priesthood 286 Intelligence 289 Spiritual Potency and Taboo 294 Patrilineal Permanence 299 Socializing and Networks .302 Plates 309 A LOCALLY ENGAGED THEORY OF GENDERED IDENTITY 323 NÙNG F N SLÌNG CONCEPTS OF SELF AND DIFFERENCE 324 YIN-YANG THEORY 333 SPIRITUAL GENDER 339 CONFUCIANISM 344 GENDER AS HIERARCHICALLY ORDERED SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS 346 NÙNG F N SLÌNG GENDER RELATIONS AND MASCULINITY 355 Tension 355 Imperviousness 356 Transitions? 358 Appendices 368 Appendix 1: Vietnamese Administrative Units 368 Appendix 2: Ethics Approval Letter 369 Appendix 3: Title Change Approval Letter 371 Bibliography 372 viii BIBLIOGRAPHY AAA 1998 Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association American Anthropological Association, 2007 Abadie, Maurice 2001 [1924] Minorities of the Sino-Vietnamese Borderland Bangkok: White Lotus Press Abu-Lughod, Lila 1991 Writing Against Culture In Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present, edited by Richard G Fox, pp 137-162 Santa Fe: School of American Research Press Abu-Lughod, Lila 2000 Locating 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