UNESCO Report Engineering: Issues Challenges and Opportunities for Development Produced in conjunction with: • World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) • International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) • International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) UNESCO Publishing United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T Published in 2010 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO, 2010 All rights reserved ISBN 978-92-3-104156-3 The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of UNESCO and not commit the Organization The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries Cover photos: Drew Corbyn, EWB-UK; Paula West, Australia; flickr garion007ph; Angela Sevin, Flickr; imageafter; Tony Marjoram; SAICE; UKRC; Joe Mulligan, EWB-UK All full-page images from chapter introduction pages are by kind courtesy of Arup Typeset and graphic design: Gérard Prosper Cover design: Maro Haas Printed by: UNESCO Printed in France 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 14/09/10 15:33:55 Advances in engineering have been central to human progress ever since the invention of the wheel In the past hundred and fifty years in particular, engineering and technology have transformed the world we live in, contributing to significantly longer life expectancy and enhanced quality of life for large numbers of the world’s population Yet improved healthcare, housing, nutrition, transport, communications, and the many other benefits engineering brings are distributed unevenly throughout the world Millions of people not have clean drinking water and proper sanitation, they not have access to a medical centre, they may travel many miles on foot along unmade tracks every day to get to work or school As we look ahead to 2015, and the fast-approaching deadline for achieving the United Nations’ eight Millennium Development Goals, it is vital that we take the full measure of engineering’s capacity to make a difference in the developing world Foreword Containing highly informative and insightful contributions from 120 experts from all over the world, the report gives a new perspective on the very great importance of the engineer’s role in development Irina Bokova, Director-General, UNESCO This landmark report on engineering and development is the first of its kind to be produced by UNESCO, or indeed by any international organization The goal of primary education for all will require that new schools and roads be built, just as improving maternal healthcare will require better and more accessible facilities Environmental sustainability will require better pollution control, clean technology, and improvements in farming practices This is why engineering deserves our attention, and why its contribution to development must be acknowledged fully If engineering’s role is more visible and better understood more people would be attracted to it as a career Now and in the years to come, we need to ensure that motivated young women and men concerned about problems in the developing world continue to enter the field in sufficient numbers It is estimated that some 2.5 million new engineers and technicians will be needed in sub-Saharan Africa alone if that region is to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of improved access to clean water and sanitation The current economic crisis presents challenges and opportunities for engineering The risk is great that cuts in education funding will reduce training opportunities for potential engineering students However, there are encouraging signs that world leaders recognize the importance of continuing to fund engineering, science and technology at a time when investments in infrastructure, technology for climate change mitigation and adaptation in such areas as renewable energy may provide a path to economic recovery and sustainable development Engineering is often the unsung partner to science – I hope Engineering: Issues Challenges and Opportunities, UNESCO’s first report on engineering, will contribute to changing that 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 14/09/10 15:33:55 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 14/09/10 15:33:55 The Report, one of the most cost-effective reports UNESCO has published, is based almost entirely on voluntary contributions from the international engineering community I would like to begin by thanking the over hundred contributors I would also like to commend the coordinating and editorial team for their efforts – Tony Marjoram, Andrew Lamb, Francoise Lee, Cornelia Hauke and Christina Rafaela Garcia, supported by Maciej Nalecz, Director of UNESCO’s Basic and Engineering Sciences Division I would also like to offer my heartfelt appreciation to our partners – Tahani Youssef, Barry Grear and colleagues in the World Federation of Engineering Organisations, Peter Boswell, John Boyd and colleagues in the International Federation of Consulting Engineers, Bill Salmon, Gerard van Oortmerssen and colleagues in the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences I also thank the members of the editorial advisory committee, and especially the co-chair, Kamel Ayadi, for their help in getting the Report off the ground This Report is a worthy partner to four UNESCO Science Reports, the first of which was published in 1998 Although engineering is considered a component of “science” in the broad sense, engineering was not prominent in these reports This opened the door to increasing calls from the international engineering community for an international study of engineering, and particularly of the role of engineering in international development This Report helps address the balance and need for such a study As the Director-General has noted, the future for engineering at UNESCO is also looking brighter following the proposal for an International Engineering Programme that was adopted at our recent Executive Board and General Conference in October 2009 Preface Engineering as a human endeavour is also facing numerous additional challenges of its own, including attracting and retaining broader cross-sections of our youth, particularly women; strengthening the educational enterprise; forging more effective interdisciplinary alliances with the natural and social sciences and the arts; enhancing our focus on innovation, entrepreneurship and job creation, and; promoting increased public awareness and support for the engineering enterprise This volume, the first UNESCO Report on engineering, is an attempt to contribute to greater international understanding of the issues, challenges and opportunities facing engineering, with a particular focus on contributions of our discipline to sustainable development Gretchen Kalonji, Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences, UNESCO The critical roles of engineering in addressing the large-scale pressing challenges facing our societies worldwide are widely recognized Such large-scale challenges include access to affordable health care; tackling the coupled issues of energy, transportation and climate change; providing more equitable access to information for our populations; clean drinking water; natural and man-made disaster mitigation, environmental protection and natural resource management, among numerous others As such, mobilizing the engineering community to become more effective in delivering real products and services of benefit to society, especially in the developing world, is a vitally important international responsibility Given its pervasiveness, engineering is indeed a deep and diverse topic, as this report illustrates We have tried to cover the breadth and depth of engineering as best we can, given the constraints we faced, and indeed Tony Marjoram and his team have done a wonderful job in pulling it all together We hope the Report will prove useful to a broad community, and are committed to continue to work together with our partners in the design of appropriate follow-up activities 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 14/09/10 15:33:55 Executive Summary An agenda for engineering This is the first UNESCO report on engineering, and indeed the first report on engineering at the international level With a focus on development, the Report has been produced in response to calls to address what was perceived as a particular need and serious gap in the literature The Report has been developed by UNESCO, the intergovernmental organization responsible for science, including engineering, in conjunction with individual engineers and the main international engineering organizations: the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) and the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Many distinguished engineers and engineering organizations were invited to contribute to the Report, and responded overwhelmingly with articles, photographs and their time on an entirely voluntary basis – underlining the commitment and enthusiasm of the engineering community to this pioneering enterprise The Report is a platform for the presentation and discussion of the role of engineering in development, with particular reference to issues, challenges and opportunities Overall global issues and challenges include: the need to reduce poverty, promote sustainable social and economic development and address the other UN Millennium Development Goals; globalization; and the need to bridge the digital and broader technological and knowledge divides Specific emerging issues and challenges include: climate change mitigation and adaptation and the urgent need to move to a low-carbon future; the recent financial and economic crisis and recession – the worst since the 1930s; and calls for increased investment in infrastructure, engineering capacity and associated research and development At the same time, many countries are concerned about the apparent decline in interest and enrolment of young people, especially young women, in engineering, science and technology What effect will this have on capacity and development, particularly in developing countries already affected by brain-drain? The Report sheds new light on the need to: ■ develop public and policy awareness and understanding of engineering, affirming the role of engineering as the driver of innovation, social and economic development; ■ develop information on engineering, highlighting the urgent need for better statistics and indicators on engineering (such as how many and what types of engineers a country has and needs – which was beyond the scope of this Report); ■ transform engineering education, curricula and teaching methods to emphasize relevance and a problem-solving approach to engineering; ■ more effectively innovate and apply engineering and technology to global issues and challenges such as poverty reduction, sustainable development and climate change – and urgently develop greener engineering and lower carbon technology The Report shows that the possible solutions to many of these issues, challenges and opportunities are interconnected For example, a clear finding is that when young people, the wider public and policy-makers see information and indicators showing that engineering, innovation and technology are part of the solution to global issues, their attention and interest are raised and they are attracted to engineering The Report is an international response to the pressing need for the engineering community to engage with both these wider audiences and the private sector in promoting such an agenda for engineering – and for the world 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 22/09/10 9:45:16 Barry J Grear AO, President WFEO 2007–09 This Report presents an important opportunity As the first ever international report on engineering, it gives the world’s engineering community a chance to present the significant contribution that engineering makes to our world I congratulate and thank all who have contributed to the development of the book and particularly the editor, Dr Tony Marjoram, who has been an encourager to the engineering community through his role at UNESCO The Report explores the main issues and challenges facing engineering for development – for the development of engineering and the crucial role of engineering in international development The World Federation of Engineering Organizations was founded by a group of regional engineering organizations and in 2008 we celebrated forty years of its existence as an international non-governmental organization WFEO brings together regional and national engineering organizations from more than ninety countries, representing approximately fifteen million engineers; we are honoured to be associated with the production of this first UNESCO Engineering Report The concerns, ideas and examples of good practice captured in this Report provide valuable information for government policymakers, engineering organizations, international development organizations, engineering colleagues and the wider public to understand the future of engineering, capacity needs, engineering and technical education, and engineering applications Statements World Federation of Engineering Organizations International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences Gerard van Oortmerssen, President CAETS, 2008 CAETS, the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences, recognizes the importance of revitalizing engineering as a profession Engineers are responsible for technological development that has created our modern society; they have built infrastructure, industrial production, mechanized agriculture, modern transportation systems, and technological innovations such as mass media, computers and communication systems Technological development is continuing at an ever-increasing pace, especially in new areas such as information and communication technology, nanotechnology and biotechnology These developments are exciting, require increased engineering capacity and deserve public acclaim Technological innovations have created wealth, facilitated our life and provided comfort developments for which engineers are responsible: the depletion of natural resources, environmental problems and climate change Talented engineers are needed to provide solutions for these problems through greater efficiency in production processes and transportation systems, new sustainable energy sources, more efficient use of materials, the recovery of materials from waste the list is long There is growing demand for engineering talent from a growing and developing global population And the nature of engineering is changing Engineering has always been multi-disciplinary in nature, combining physics, chemistry and mathematics with creative design, invention and innovation; but its scope is increasing Engineers, more and more, have to be aware of the social and environmental impacts of technology, and have to work in complex teams, interacting and cooperating with society For some But not for all Prosperity and economic development are not distributed equally over the world Realization of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals will require significant effort by engineers, but also creativity because the contexts of developing countries often requires new ways of doing things or the rediscovery of traditional techniques In addition, there are new challenges for engineers Our society is facing problems, which, to some degree, have been caused by It is unfortunate that, under these circumstances of growing need for multi-talented engineers, the interest in engineering among young people is waning in so many countries Awareness of the importance and the changing nature of engineering should be raised in circles of government as well as the general public CAETS therefore very much welcomes this UNESCO effort to explore the current state of engineering, and the issues and challenges for its development and for global development 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 14/09/10 15:33:56 E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T International Federation of Consulting Engineers John Boyd, President FIDIC 2007–09 The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) is the international organization that represents the business of consulting engineering worldwide This Report deals with issues that are key to the ongoing success of our industry, profession and society, and we are very pleased to have participated in its preparation It comes at an important time The profession of engineering is diminishing particularly in developed countries where our services, like our profession, have become invisible We have in many ways created this problem ourselves Ironically, this has come at a time when the need for engineering innovation has never been more apparent to learn to broaden our design brief beyond the traditional objectives of schedule, cost and conventional scope We have to learn to include broader societal necessities such as minimizing water, energy and materials use, respecting human and cultural rights, and looking out for health and safety, not only within the work but also in its impacts Issues of sustainable development, poverty reduction and climate change are fundamentally engineering issues We have This is our challenge, and this is our opportunity This is a challenge that needs true engineering innovation Leadership in this issue requires us to go beyond our comfort zone, to engage in the debates of our society, and to stand up for values regardless of their popularity Ä Wright brothers, first © Wikimedia commons powered aircraft flight, 1903 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 14/09/10 15:33:56 Work on the Report began with invitations to and discussions with Bill Salmon and colleagues from the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS), Peter Boswell and colleagues at the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC), whose support as partner organizations is gratefully acknowledged An editorial advisory committee was then formed, drawn from engineering organizations around the world, and consulted on an actual and virtual basis regarding the structure and format of the Report The editorial advisory committee consisted of co-chairs Walter Erdelen, then Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences at UNESCO and Kamel Ayadi, together with Peter Boswell (FIDIC), George Bugliarello, Brian Figaji, Monique Frize, Willi Fuchs, Issié Yvonne Gueye, Charlie Hargroves, Yumio Ishii, Paul Jowitt, Andrew Lamb, Eriabu Lugujjo, Najat Rochdi, Bill Salmon (CAETS), Luiz Scavarda, Mohammed Sheya, Vladimir Yackovlev, Tahani Youssef, Miguel Angel Yadarola, Zhong Yixin and Lidia Żakowska Many were also invited to contribute and all are thanked for their help in organizing the Report The Report consists essentially of invited contributions, submitted on an honorary basis, and the generous support of the following contributors is highly appreciated: Menhem Alameddine, Sam Amod, Felix Atume, Margaret Austin, Kamel Ayadi, Gérard Baron, Conrado Bauer, Jim Birch, Peggy Oti-Boateng, Nelius Boshoff, Peter Boswell, David Botha, John Boyd, Damir Brdjanovic, George Bugliarello, Lars Bytoff, Jean- Claude Charpentier, Tan Seng Chuan, Andrew Cleland, Regina Clewlow, Daniel D Clinton Jr., Jo da Silva, Mona Dahms, Cláudio Dall’Acqua, Darrel Danyluk, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Erik de Graaff, Cheryl Desha, Allison Dickert, Christelle Didier, Gary Downey, Xiangyun Du, Wendy Faulkner, Monique Frize, Willi Fuchs, Jacques Gaillard, Pat Galloway, P.S Goel, Barry Grear, Phillip Greenish, Peter Greenwood, Yvonnne Issié Gueye, Leanne Hardwicke, Charlie Hargroves, Rohani Hashim, Sascha Hermann, Bob Hodgson, Hans Jürgen Hoyer, Youssef Ibrahim, Azni Idris, Yumio Ishii, Mervyn Jones, Russ Jones, the Jordan Engineers Association, Paul Jowitt, Jan Kaczmarek, Marlene Kanga, Anette Kolmos, Sam Kundishora, Andrew Lamb, Allyson Lawless, Leizer Lerner, Antje Lienert, Simon Lovatt, Juan Lucena, Eriabu Lugujjo, Takaaki Maekawa, Don Mansell, Tony Marjoram, Petter Matthews, Jose Medem, Jean Michel, James R Mihelcic, Ian Miles, Victor Miranda, Włodzimierz Miszalski, Mokubung Mokubung, Jacques Moulot, Johann Mouton, Solomon Mwangi, Douglas Oakervee, Gossett Oliver, Rajendra Pachauri, Beverley Parkin, Stuart Parkinson, Waldimir Pirró e Longo, Arvind K Poothia, Krishnamurthy Ramanathan, Tony Ridley, Badaoui Rouhban, Bill Salmon, Luiz Scavarda, David Singleton, Vladimir Sitsev, Jorge Spitalnik, Catherine Stansbury, Neill Stansbury, Don Stewart, Mario Telichevsky, Leiataua Tom Tinai, Susan Thomas, K Vairavamoorthy, Charles Vest, Kevin Wall, Iring Wasser, Ron Watermeyer, Philippe Wauters, Andrew West, John Woodcock, Vladimir Yackovlev, Miguel Angel Yadarola and Zhong Yixin Gunnar Westholm and Alison Young consulted on the complexities of statistics and indicators relating to science and engineering, and their contribution helped identify some of the issues and challenges regarding the urgent need for more detailed data collection and disaggregation The UNESCO Institute of Statistics provided data for this Report, and their role in developing data is of obvious importance Further details of the contributors are listed separately Acknowledgements The inception, development, and production of this UNESCO Report was facilitated, supported, and promoted by more than 150 individuals, organizations and institutions in the professional, public and private sectors Without their voluntary generosity, commitment and support, this world-first international Report may not have been possible All are to be warmly congratulated on behalf of the engineering and wider communities for their enthusiastic patronage of a project attempting to fill the gap in the paucity of information regarding the important role of engineering in sustainable social and economic development Initial acknowledgements are therefore due to the Executive Board and colleagues of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), including Bill Rourke, Peter Greenwood and Barry Grear, who discussed and endorsed the idea of an international engineering report in 2005, to Kamel Ayadi, WFEO President in 2006–07, who presented a proposal for a UNESCO Engineering Report to UNESCO in 2006, and to Koïchiro Matsuura, former DirectorGeneral of UNESCO, who approved the proposal, leading to the beginning of work on the Report in October 2006 Barry Grear, WFEO President in 2008–09, and Maria Prieto-Laffargue, President from 2010, are also acknowledged as enthusiastic supporters of the Report, as is Director-General Irina Bokova, who has emphasized the important role of engineering in sustainable social and economic development Several of the above and other contributors also contributed photographs and other materials to illustrate the text, and special thanks in this context go to Arup, a global technical consulting company, for the use of photographs of some of their projects around the world and their Drivers of Change publication, developed to help identify and explore issues facing and affecting our world, to the South African Institution of Civil Engineers (SAICE) and the UK Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) – no report on engineering would be complete without a photograph of Isambard Kingdom Brunel – one of the most famous founders of modern engineering The editorial team was based in the Engineering Sciences programme of the Basic and Engineering Sciences Division in the Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO, and consisted of Tony Marjoram, Senior Programme Specialist responsible for the engineering sciences as coordinator and editor, Andrew Lamb, consultant technical editor and editorial advisor, 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 14/09/10 15:33:56 APPENDICES 2002 and has led the development of the current programme of EAP After working as a construction manager in the UK, Petter first became involved in international development in 1989, when he worked as a Project Manager for the Government of Tuvalu Since then he has worked for a number of NGOs and community based organizations in Africa and Asia on issues related to the built environment In his last position, he was the CEO of a Community Development Trust in South Africa José Medem Sanjuan José Medem Sanjuan is a Past President of the World Council of Civil Engineers, Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, President of the Foundation of Aragón for the Promotion of Infrastructure, Vice-president of the Committee of International Affairs of the Instituto de la Ingeniería de Espa, and a member of the World Federation of Engineering Organisations’ (WFEO) Anti-Corruption Standing Committee He is Past President of WFEO, the European Council of Civil Engineers, the European Federation of National Engineering Associations, and the German-Spanish Engineering Association Jean Michel Professor Jean Michel is an information engineer, engineering educator and proponent of women in engineering, retired from Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, and former Chairman of the World Federation of Engineering Organisations Standing Committee on Information and Communication, Vice-President of WFEO, founding Editor of the European Journal of Engineering Education and senior consultant in engineering education and in information management Jean was instrumental in establishing EJEE as a respected journal in the international engineering community In 2007 Prof Michel was selected as one of the five top personalities that have marked the information management field in France in the last 20 years James R Mihelcic Dr James R Mihelcic is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of South Florida where he directs the Master’s International Program that allows students to combine their graduate engineering education and research with service in the developing world in partnership with the U.S Peace Corps James’ teaching and research interests include green engineering, sustainable development, reform of engineering education, and development issues related to water, sanitation and health Ian Miles Professor Ian Miles graduated in psychology from the University of Manchester and is Professor of Technological Innovation and Social Change, Manchester Business School (MBS) at the University of Manchester After working at the Science Policy Research Unit at Sussex University for eighteen years, Ian joined PREST (Policy Research in Engineering, Science and Technology) in 1990 and is a director of PREST - which has now become part of the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research within MBS His particular interests include foresight analysis and service innovation Victor Miranda Victor Miranda is an electrical engineer with work experience in both electrical and telecommunications engineering He was President of the Association of Professional Engineers of Belize and Manager of Integrated Service and Line Plant at Belize Telemedia Limited Włodzimierz Miszalski Professor Wlodzimierz Miszalski is computer and electronics engineer and Director of the Institute of Organization and Management in the Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland Wlod is also a member of the State’s Accreditation Committee and was the Chair of the Standing Committee of Education and Training of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations and Chairman of the Committee on Professional Development of the Polish Federation of Engineering Associations (PFEA) Mokubung Mokubung Dr Mokubung Mokubung has a background in economics and PhD in science and technology policy, and is a principal economist at the Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC) BOTEC is a research and technology organization established by the Botswana Government in 1979, and supports the national development goals in the application of research, science and technology innovation, products and services for economic development and improvement of the quality of life in Botswana in line with the Vision 2016 ideals and National Development Plans Jacques Moulot Dr Moulot has a PhD in electrical engineering, works for the UN Economic Commission for Africa and was formerly Senior Programme Specialist for Science and Technology in the UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology in Africa (ROSTA), based in Nairobi He has nearly 20 years experience in teaching, research, project development and management and policy with the private sector, NGOs and policy makers Before joining UNESCO he served as scientific affairs officer and energy and energy efficiency specialist at UNECA where his work involved advocacy and policy for energy, science, technology, innovation and development issues He was the coordinator of the secretariat of UN-Energy/Africa and focal point of UN-Energy, a UN interagency cluster in energy in support of the African Union and its NEPAD programme 383 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 383 14/09/10 15:35:30 E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T Johann Mouton Professor Johann Mouton has a BA, MA and PhD in philosophy (with a thesis on the philosophy of science), and is Director of the Centre for Research on Science and Technology and Professor in the Department of Sociology and social Anthropology at Stellenbosch University, South Africa Johann’s areas of specialization include philosophy and methodology of the social sciences; research design and programme evaluation; research management and research ethics; research evaluation and science policy Solomon Mwangi Dr Solomon Mwangi is a civil engineer and specialist in appropriate building technologies (ABT) He has over 25 years experience developing, promoting and disseminating ABTs in developing countries, especially in Africa and with particular reference to post-conflict, post disaster situations Such technologies include stabilized soil blocks, rammed earth, microconcrete roofing tiles and ferro-cement technologies ABTs are environmental friendly, create employment and are cost effective – and therefore most appropriate for applications in the developing world Solomon is also the Managing Director of Comac Ltd - a Construction Company based in Nairobi Douglas Oakervee Douglas Oakervee is one of the UK’s most distinguished civil engineers with broad international experience in the delivery of major projects, including overseeing construction of the new Hong Kong International Airport Doug has been President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in the UK, and in 2008 was awarded the prestigious ICE Gold Medal in recognition of over fifty years outstanding contribution to the civil engineering profession He is Executive Chairman of Crossrail - the new high frequency, convenient and accessible railway for London and the South East, and Chairman of Engineers Against Poverty Dr R K Pachauri Rajendra Kumar Pachauri has been the chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 2002, and has also been Director General of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in New Delhi and Chancellor of TERI University, Chairman of the governing council of the National Agro Foundation, Chairman of the board of Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society and is Head of Yale University’s Climate and Energy Institute (YCEI) He has a degree in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and began his career in diesel locomotives, has an MS degree in Industrial Engineering and joint PhD in Industrial Engineering and Economics He represented the IPCC when the IPCC was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize jointly with Al Gore in 2007 Beverley Parkin Beverley Parkin is a public affairs and communications specialist and the Director of Policy and Public Affairs at the Royal Academy of Engineering, which works to promote excellence and increase understanding of engineering She was previously Director of public affairs and communications for the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Stuart Parkinson Dr Stuart Parkinson has a degree in physics and electronic engineering and PhD in mathematical modeling of global climate change Stuart was a researcher on climate and energy policy, and environmental systems analysis at the Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES) at the University of Surrey, where he became an expert reviewer for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and provided advice to UK negotiators to the UN climate change convention With an interest in the ethics of science and technology, Stuart has worked for Friends of the Earth coordinating research and policy work highlighting the link between environmental problems and social injustice, and became Executive Director of Scientists for Global Responsibility, a UK-based campaign organization, in 2003 Gossett Oliver Professor Gossett Oliver has BSc, MSc and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering and is a Professor of Engineering and Vice President, School of Graduate Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship at the University of Technology, Jamaica (UTech) He has lectured in the UK and Nigeria before returning to Jamaica to join the University of Technology, and holds the distinction of being the first professor to be appointed from within the ranks of faculty at UTech Professor Oliver is a recognized scholar and researcher committed to the promotion of science and technology-based industry in Jamaica, and his innovative research on wear systems, physical and welding metallurgy and advanced manufacturing processes includes the surface hardening of mild steel using Blue Mountain coffee shells and enhancing the life of sugarcane rollers Waldimir Pirro e Longo Waldimir Pirro e Longo is an engineering educator in Brazil and member of the Pan American Academy of Engineering In honour of his dedication and his achievements in science and engineering he was awarded the Medal and Diploma of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit from the Government of the Republic of Brazil Arvind K Poothia Commander Poothia is an electronics and telecommunication engineer, with specialization in law and management, and retired Indian Naval Commander He is presently the Secretary and Director General of the Institution of Engineers, India, involved in the areas of energy, environment and qual- 384 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 384 14/09/10 15:35:30 APPENDICES ity engineering, and former Chairman and Managing Director of a Government of India Shipyard, Hooghly Docks and Port Engineers Ltd Krishnamurthy Ramanathan Dr Krishnamurthy Ramanathan has degrees in mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and management and is the Head of the Asia and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), based in New Delhi, India He is responsible for planning and implementing mandated technology capacity building programmes in the Asia-Pacific region He is a Senior Member of the American Institute of Industrial Engineers and has professional interests in technology management, particularly international transfer of technology and management of innovation Tony Ridley Professor Ridley, CBE, FREng, FICE, FCIT, has a PhD in transportation engineering and degrees in civil engineering and is Emeritus Professor of Transport Engineering in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College He was a former Head of the department and Director of the University of London Centre for Transport Studies Tony was responsible for the development of a number of urban rail systems, including board membership of London Transport, Chairman and Chief Executive of London Underground, Managing Director of the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation, Director General of the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive and Managing Director of the Eurotunnel Project Badaoui Rouhban Dr Badaoui Rouhban has degrees in disaster and civil engineering and is Director of the Section for Disaster Reduction in the Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO Badaoui manages and coordinates international activities related to the scientific, engineering and educational aspects of natural disaster studies and prevention, and is responsible for coordinating UNESCO’s contribution to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction He is also the UNESCO focal point for the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction William C Salmon Dr Bill Salmon is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with advanced degrees in mechanical engineering, Master degree in management science and is a fellow at the MIT Sloan School of Management Bill is the Secretary Treasurer of the International Council of Academies of Engineering & Technological Sciences (CAETS) - an international non-governmental assembly of national academies of engineering He previously served as Executive Officer of the National Academy of Engineering and was senior advisor for science and technology to the Under Secretary for Security Assistance, Science, and Technology at the US State Department Prior to that Bill was a practicing engineer, conducting engineering research for the Dynatech Corporation of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the Sloan Automotive Laboratory at MIT Andrew Scott Andrew Scott has a background is in economics and has worked extensively in the social sciences field, focusing on concepts relating to science, technology and development, small enterprise development, the environment, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and the development impacts of modern new technologies He is the Director of Policy at Practical Action, established in 1966 by Dr EF Schumacher and colleagues as ITDG (the Intermediate Technology Development Group) – one of the leading international NGOs committed to poverty reduction, environmental conservation and technology choice Luiz Scavarda Carmo Professor Luiz Carlos Scavarda Carmo has an electrical engineering degree, MSc and PhD degrees in physics from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – PUC-Rio He is Vice-President for Administrative Affairs at PUC-Rio, and was formerly the Director for Development Projects and Dean of the PUC-Rio School of Sciences and Technology He is also Full Professor in the Physics Department of PUC-Rio, a visiting scholar of the Politecnico of Bari and the University of Roma III, and was a visiting scholar of the Russian Science Academy He was one of the main organizers of the World Engineers’ Convention, held in Brazilia in 2008 David Singleton David Singleton is a civil engineer, Director and Group Board member of Arup Group - the global design, technology and management consultancy, chairs the Global Infrastructure Business and leads the Corporate Social Responsibility Portfolio of Arup He has particular experience in the strategic integration of professional resources, inception, evaluation and planning of major infrastructure projects and sustainable business development David also has interests in climate change adaptation and mitigation, focusing on the contribution from the built environment and poverty alleviation and the role of engineering in these areas He is a member of advisory boards related to the built environment and sustainability leadership and has previously chaired a number of industry bodies and business associations in the built environment Vladimir Sitsev Dr Vladimir Sitsev is Secretary General of the Russian Union of Scientific and Engineering Associations (RUSEA) and a member of the Executive Council the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) 385 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 385 14/09/10 15:35:30 E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T Jorge Spitalnik Jorge Spitalnik has degrees in mechanical and nuclear power engineering He is a Vice-President of FEBRAE (the Brazilian Federation of Engineering Associations), UPADI (Pan American Union of Engineering Associations) and the World Federation of Engineering Organizations, and Chair of the WFEO Standing Committee on Energy Jorge was formerly Deputy Manager of Nuclear Technology and Safety Co-ordination for Eletronuclear and Superintendent at Nuclear Power Plant Engineering in Brazil, Executive Director of UPADI, National Director of UNDP/Brazil Project for Manpower Qualification and Training, Director of the Nuclear Research Center Project at the University of Uruguay, Chair of the International Nuclear Societies Council and Chair of the International Nuclear Energy Academy Catherine Stansbury Catherine Stansbury is a construction lawyer qualified in both England and Hong Kong, and specializes in dispute resolution, bribery and fraud She has a Masters degree from Oxford University and practiced as a lawyer from 1980 to 2002, and was involved in numerous major construction projects in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Sri Lanka (including airport, road, bridge, power station, industrial, commercial and residential projects) She is a co-founder and Director of the Global Infrastructure Anti-Corruption Centre (GIACC) Neill Stansbury Neill Stansbury is a lawyer who has worked for over 25 years in the international infrastructure, construction and engineering sectors Since 2002 Neil has worked full time on the development and promotion of anti-corruption measures in these sectors He is co-founder and director of the Global Infrastructure Anti-Corruption Centre (GIACC), a member of the Standing Committee on Anti-corruption of the World Federation of Engineering Organization and co-founder and co-ordinator of the UK Anti-Corruption Forum Don Stewart Professor Don Stewart is Principal Fellow in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Melbourne Previously he held the posts of Assistant Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Director of the International Development Technologies Centre of the University of Melbourne, and was Head of the International House at the University Don was one of the founders of the International Development Technologies Centre at the University of Melbourne – one of the pioneering university departments focused on the role of engineering and technology in development Mario Telichevsky Mario Telichevsky is a civil engineer and is the President of UADI, the Argentine Union of Associations of Engineers He is also the President of the Central Executive Committee of the World Engineering Congress and Exhibition ‘Engineering 2010-Argentina’ in Buenos Aires in October 2010 Susan Thomas Susan Thomas is an Associate Director of Arup in the UK, and is the lead researcher on urbanization for the Arup Drivers of Change research-based publication This was developed as a planning tool to help Arup and its clients identify and explore leading factors that will affect our world The publication consists of a series of cards based on themes including energy, waste, climate change, water, demographics, urbanization and poverty Leiataua Tom Tinai Leiataua Tom Tinai has a degree from the University of New South Wales and over 30 experience in civil and structural engineering He is the Vice-President of the Institute of Professional Engineers in Samoa (IPES), a member of Engineers Australia, is the CEO and co-owns Gordon and Associates – a civil and structural engineering consulting company in Samoa Tom was also elected the inaugural President of the newly formed South Pacific Engineers Association or SPEA – established in March 2010 with membership from Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu, Cook Islands, Papua New Guinea and Samoa, and strong support from New Zealand and Australia Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy Professor Vairavamoorthy has a PhD in Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, an MSc in Environmental Engineering and degree in Civil Engineering, and is a Chartered Engineer and Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers (UK) Prof Vairavamoorthy holds the Chair of Water Engineering at the University of Birmingham in the UK, a Chair appointment at UNESCO-IHE (20%) and at the Technical University of Delft (zero-appointment) in the Water Management Group Prof Vairavamoorthy is the Scientific Director of SWITCH, an EU Integrated Project for Sustainable Urban Water Management, worth €25 million SWITCH is one of the largest EU research projects in the area of water Charles Vest Charles “Chuck” Vest has BS, MS and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering He is the President of the National Academy of Engineering and was President of MIT from 1990 to 2004 Prior to his ascension to the MIT presidency, he served as the provost and professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan His interests include science, technology and innovation policy, building partnerships between universities, government and industry, and championing the importance of open communication and cooperation in science and engineering – the MIT OpenCourseWare initiative was launched during his tenure, and he co-founded the Alliance for Global Sustainability 386 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 386 14/09/10 15:35:30 APPENDICES Kevin Wall Dr Kevin Wall is a registered civil engineer and town planner, and is the manager of Urban Management and Infrastructure of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Built Environment in South Africa Kevin was the Assistant City Engineer responsible for the development of low-cost housing areas for the City of Cape Town, and CEO of a non-profit housing development company He is a member of South African Planning Institute and Past President of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering Much of his recent work has been on policy and strategy formulation and implementation, support of service delivery by national government, and on effectiveness of government spending on infrastructure Iring Wasser Dr Iring Wasser is the Managing Director of the Accreditation Agency for Degree Programs in Engineering, Informatic/ Computer Science, the Natural Sciences and Mathematics (ASIIN) in Germany, CEO of ASIIN Consult, Vice President of the European Network for the Accreditation for Engineering Education (ENAEE), Vice President of the European Network for the Accreditation of Informatics Education (EQANIE) and Chairman of the ‘EUR-ACE’ - label committee of ENAEE Ron Watermeyer Ron Watermeyer is a civil and structural engineer and director of Soderlund and Schutte, consulting civil and structural engineers Ron has been at the forefront of many development initiatives in South Africa since the early 1990s including building regulations, the classification of sites, changing construction methods, technologies and practices to facilitate socio-economic development and the implementation of a construction procurement system He has developed many South African National Standards and is currently developing ISO standards for construction procurement In 2009 he was awarded a Doctor of Engineering from the University of the Witwatersrand for his contributions over time to the delivery of infrastructure He is an associate of the Construction Industry Development Board, a trustee of Engineers Against Poverty and a past president of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering Philippe Wauters Philippe Wauters has BSc and MSc degrees in Electrical Engineering and had a career with Siemens in various functions in Belgium and Germany He has been the Secretary General of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations (FEANI) since 2000 Andrew West Dr Andrew West has a PhD in Microbial Ecology and has a career as a researcher and in science management, policy development and strategic planning in New Zealand He played a major role in the Government’s science reforms, including the design and establishment of the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology and Foundation for Research, Science and Technology, Crown Research Institutes and the Crown Company Monitoring Advisory Unit He is Chief Executive of AgResearch Ltd, former Convenor of the Ministerial Task Group on Crown Research Institutes (1991) and former fulltime Chair of the Tertiary Education Commission Gunnar Westholm Gunnar Westholm graduated from the Stockholm School of Economics in business administration and economics and worked for more than 20 years for the OECD in the Economic Analysis and Statistics Division-EASD (and its predecessors), Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI), involved in most aspects of the development of internationally comparable R&D and S&T statistics and indicators and corresponding data collection, analysis, diffusion and policy reviews, conferences and training After early retirement from the OECD, Gunnar maintained close contact with OECD S&T indicators services and national experts and consulted to national authorities around the world, including Brunei, Swaziland and Lesotho, in the preparation of STI plans, and contributed to major UNESCO reports and conferences, including the preparation of an annex for the OECD Frascati Manual on the measurement of R&D in developing countries John P Woodcock Prof John P Woodcock has an MSc and MPhil in physics and mathematics, and a PhD on the physics of the circulation from Guy’s Hospital Medical School Prof Woodcock’s research interests are in medical imaging and physics and the analysis of ultrasound Doppler shift data in normal and diseased arteries and veins, and data from malignant tumours John’s major contribution is to the study of the peripheral circulation using ultrasound Doppler-shift flowmeters and ultrasound imaging, authoring the standard work on blood flow measurement and co-authoring the first monograph on Doppler ultrasound He was Professor of Bioengineering at the Welsh National School of Medicine, researches at the Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics of Cardiff School of Engineering and is Clinical Director of the Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering at the University Hospital of Wales Vladimir Yackovlev Professor Vladimir Yackovlev has BSc, MSc and PhD degrees in civil engineering and is the Vice President of the National Academy of Engineering in Venezuela Dr Yackovlev is a former President of the Pan American Academy of Engineering, Coordinator of the Petróleos de Venezuela Educational Programs for Corporate Executives, head of the OAS Science and Technology Division and Professor of Civil Engineering at the Central University, Caracas, Venezuela 387 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 387 14/09/10 15:35:30 E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T Miguel Angel Yadarola Yixin Zhong Professor Miguel Yadarola graduated as a civil engineer at the National University of Cordoba, Argentina, and was Chair and Professor Department of Physics (UNC) for forty years, retiring as Consulting Professor of the University He was also Plenary Professor University of Belgrano, Buenos Aires, member of the National Academy of Education and the Academy of Engineering Buenos Aires, President of the Pan American Academy of Engineering, Vice President of UPADI and Advisor to the Ministry of Education (Argentina) for Engineering Accreditation Standards, and has received several national and international awards He was a member and chair of the WFEO Committee on Education and Training, and twice National Member of the WFEO Executive Committee Dr Yixin Zhong is Professor in Information Engineering and Academic Committee Chairman of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT) in Beijing, China He also serves as President of Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI), Chairman of CAST-UN Consultative Committee on IT (CCIT), Vice-President of World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), Chairman of WFEO Committee on Information and Communication He was Vice President of BUPT (1992-2001), President of Asia-Pacific Neural Network Assembly (2001-2002), Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks (1993-2005) He has made many contributions to Information Engineering and received a number of awards from government and the engineering profession 388 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 388 14/09/10 15:35:30 APPENDICES 9.3 List of acronyms abbreviations Acronym Stands for ASEE American Society for Engineering Education A&E Architecture and Engineering ASIBEI AAAE Asian Association for Agricultural Engineering Ibero-American Association of Institutes of Engineering Education AAEE American Academy of Environmental Engineers AT Appropriate Technology AAESEE Association of Agricultural Engineering of South Eastern Europe ATDA Appropriate Technology Development Association ABET Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (USA) ATPS African Technology Policy Studies Network AU African Union ABENGE Brazilian Association for the Teaching of Engineering AUBES African Union of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences ACEA Association of Consulting Engineers Australia BEST Board of European Students of Technology ACEC Association of Canadian Engineering Companies BLS Bureau of Labour Statistic (USA) AC Alternating Current BOTEC Botswana Technology Centre ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States CACEE AEESEAP Association for Engineering Education in Southeast, East Asia and the Pacific Chinese Association for Continuing Engineering Education CAE Canadian Academy of Engineering AEESP Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors CAE Chinese Academy of Engineering CAETS AEF African Engineers Forum International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences ALIA Latin American and Caribbean Association of Agricultural Engineering AMCOST African Ministerial Council on Science and Technology CAST Chinese Association of Science and Technology ANIH National Academy of Engineering and the Habitat (Venezuela) CAST Conference on the Application of Science and Technology ANSTI African Network of Scientific and Technological Institutions CCMAU Crown Company Monitoring and Advisory Unit AOAD Arab Organization for Agricultural Development CCT Centre for Communication and Transport (Laos) APCTT Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology CDH Career of Doctorate Holders CEC Commonwealth Engineers Council Cariscience Network of Research and Development and Postgraduate Programmes in the Basic Sciences in the Caribbean APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation CFC Consumption of Fixed Capital APESMA Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers, Australia CFES Canadian Federation of Engineering Students CIGR API Pan-American Academy of Engineering International Commission of Agricultural Engineering ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers CIV College of Engineers Venezuela CNEE Cartagena Network of Engineering Education ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers CNISF ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations National Council of Engineers and Scientists of France 389 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 389 14/09/10 15:35:30 E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T CONDEFI Council of Deans of Engineering Faculties of Chile Euro-CASE European Council of Applied Sciences, Technologies and Engineering CONFEDI Federal Council of Engineering Deans EWB Engineers Without Borders COP15 Fifteenth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FATS Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services CORE Corporate Responsibility Coalition FCF Fixed Capital Formation CREW Career Review of Engineering Women FDI Foreign Direct Investment CRI’s Crown Research Institute FEANI CSEE Chinese Society for Engineering Education European Federation of National Engineering Associations CSR Corporate Social Responsibility FEBRAE Brazilian Federation of Engineering Associations CST Construction Sector Transparency FEIAP CWTS Centre for Science and Technologies Studies (The Netherlands) Federation of Engineering Institutions of Asia and the Pacific FEISEAP Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand) Federation of Engineering Institutions of Southeast Asia and the Pacific FEPAC Federation of Pan American Engineering Consultants Department of Science and Technology (South Africa) FIACI Federation of Engineering Organizations German Association of Technical and Scientific Associations FIDIC International Federation of Consulting Engineers FIE Fiji Institution of Engineers E4SD Education for Sustainable Development FMECA Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis EA Engineers Australia FRST EAAAE Euro-Asian Association of Agricultural Engineers Foundation of Research in Science and Technology EAAP European Association for Animal Production FTA Fault Tree Analysis EAP Engineers Against Poverty FTA Free Trade Agreements EATPS Eastern Africa and Southern Africa Technology Policy Studies Network G8 Group of countries G77 Group of 77 countries EBOPS Extended Balance of Payments Services GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services ECOSOC Economic and Social Council GDP Gross Domestic Product ECSA Engineering Council of South Africa GEDC Global Engineering Deans Council EESD Engineering Education for Sustainable Development GERD Gross Expenditure on Research and Development EIC Engineering Institute of Canada GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation EIT Engineering Institute of Thailand GHG Greenhouse Gas EPAs Economic Partnership Agreements GNP Gross National Product ESPF Economic and Social Performance Framework GRI Government Research Institution ESW Engineers for a Sustainable World HEMIS ETB Engineering and Technology Board (UK) – now Engineering UK Higher Education Management Information System (South Africa) HIPS Heavily Indebted Poor Countries European Society of Agricultural Engineers HRST Human Resources in Science and Technology DSIR DST DVT EurAgEng 390 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 390 14/09/10 15:35:30 APPENDICES IAAMRH International Association of Agricultural Medicine and Rural Health ISCED International Standard Classification of Education IACET International Association for Continuing Education and Training ISCO International Standard Classification of Occupation ICC International Chamber of Commerce ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Relief ICE Institution of Civil Engineers (UK) ISEL Ibero-American Science and Technology Education Consortium ICID International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage ISES International Solar Energy Society ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions ISHS International Society for Horticultural Science ICT Information and Communication Technology ISIC International Standard Classification of Industrial Activities IDP Internally Displaced Person/People ISM International Scientific Migration IDS Institute of Development Studies (University of Sussex, UK) ISO International Organization for Standardization IEA International Engineering Agreements ISTRO International Soil Tillage Research Organisation IEAus Institute of Engineers Australia (‘Engineers Australia’) IT Information Technology IUFRO International Federation of Engineering Education Societies International Union of Forest Research Organizations JABEE Japan Accreditation Board for Engineering Education International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering Sciences in Medicine JEA Jordan Engineers Association International Fund for the Technological Development of Africa JIPSA Joint Initiative for Priority Skills Acquisition JSCE Japan Society of Civil Engineers IGF Internet Governance Forum JSEE Japan Society for Engineering Education IGIP International Society for Engineering Education KPIs Key Performance Indicators IHL Institution of Higher Learning KSEE Korean Society of Engineering Education IIT Indian Institute of Technology KazSEE Kazakhstan Society of Engineering Education ILO International Labour Organization LACCEI Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions IME Institution of Mechanical Engineers LCA Life Cycle Analysis IMF International Monetary Fund LCC Life Cycle Cost INES International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility LCF Life Cycle Profit INES International Network of Engineering Studies LED Light-Emitting Diode INWES International Network for Women Engineers and Scientists MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (New Zealand) IP Intellectual Property MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPEJ Institution of Professional Engineers Japan IPENZ Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand MOSTI Ministry of Science and Technology and Innovation (Malaysia) IPES Institution of Professional Engineers Samoa MSMEs Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises IFEES IFMBE IFTDA MINESPOLs Conference of Ministers of European Member States responsible for Science Policy 391 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 391 14/09/10 15:35:30 E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T NAE National Academy of Engineering (USA) S&T Science and Technology NACE Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community SADC Southern African Development Community SAICE South African Institution of Civil Engineering NAICS American Industry Classification System SAPs Structural Adjustment Programmes NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development SCJ Science Council of Japan NESTI National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators SEASAE South and East African Society of Agricultural Engineering NGO Non-Governmental Organization SEFI European Society for Engineering Education NIBE Nigerian Institute for Biomedical Engineering SET Science, Engineering and Technology NIT National Institute of Technology (India) SIC Standard Industrial Classification NSF National Science Foundation (USA) SIDBI Small Industries Development Bank of India NSOF Non-Specific Output Funding OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SNA System of National Accounts OPS Open Pan Sulphitation SOE’s State Owned Enterprises PFEA Polish Federation of Engineering Associations SPEA South Pacific Engineers Association PII Institution of Engineers Indonesia SPEED PLA Participatory Learning and Action Student Platform for Engineering Education Development PPP Purchasing Power Parity SPRU Science Policy Research Unit (University of Sussex, UK) PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal STAC Science and Technology Advisory Committee PRSPs Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics PTD Participatory Technology Development PV Photovoltaic STEMARN Science and Technology Management Arab Regional Network R&D Research and Development STEP Science & Technology Expert Panel RAE Royal Academy of Engineering (UK) STEPAN Science and Technology Policy Asian Network RAEE Russian Association for Engineering Education TBSE Technology Bureau for Small Enterprises RCM Reliability Centred Maintenance TEDC Turkish Engineering Deans Council RCTT Regional Centre for Technology Transfer (Belarus) TF10 Task Force Number Ten: Science, Technology and Innovation (UN Millennium Project) TI Transparency International TPM Total Productive Maintenance UADI Argentine Union of Associations of Engineers UIPE Uganda Institute of Professional Property MDG Millennium Development Goal UATI Union of International Technical Associations UN United Nations UN-CSD United Nations Commission of Sustainable Development Red-CienciA Network of Research and Development for Postgraduates in Science in Central America Red-POP Network for the Popularization of Science and Technology in Latin American and the Caribbean RedR Register of Engineers For Disaster Relief RIA Russian Engineering Academy RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal RS&T Research in Science and Technology RTS Russian Technical Society 392 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 392 14/09/10 15:35:30 APPENDICES UNCSTD United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development WFEO-CIC World Federation of Engineering Organizations Committee on Information and Communication WFEO-CT World Federation of Engineering Organizations Committee on Technology UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme WFEO-CWE World Federation of Engineering Organizations Committee on Women in Engineering UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific WHO World Health Organization UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WOIP World Organization for Intellectual Property WSSD World Summit for Sustainable Development WTO World Trade Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNISIST United Nations Information System for Science and Technology UNISPAR University-Industry-Science Partnership UN-SNA United Nations Systems of National Accounts UPADI Pan American Union of Engineering Organizations USEA International Union of Scientific and Engineering Public Associations VDE Association of Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies VDI Association of German Engineers VITA Volunteers in Technical Assistance VSNTO All Union Council of Scientific Engineering and Technical Societies (Russia) WAITRO World Association of Industrial and Technological Research Organizations WATPS Western Africa Technology Policy Studies Network WCCE World Council of Civil Engineers WFEO World Federation of Engineering Organizations WFEO-CAC World Federation of Engineering Organizations Committee on Anti-Corruption WFEO-CCB World Federation of Engineering Organizations Committee on Capacity Building WFEO-CE World Federation of Engineering Organizations Committee on Energy WFEO-CEE World Federation of Engineering Organizations Committee on Engineering and the Environment WFEO-CET World Federation of Engineering Organizations Committee on Education and Training 393 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 393 14/09/10 15:35:30 E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T 9.4 Index A B accreditation 20, 21, 24, 31, 34, 124, 126, 135, 136, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 206, 207, 219, 220, 222, 228, 243, 259, 308, 309, 312, 315, 332, 337, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 358, 360, 361, 363, 364, 365, 379 Bologna Accord 20, 33, 308, 363 Africa 3, 19, 20, 34, 35, 36, 40, 42, 47, 64, 70, 81, 86, 87, 92, 93, 98, 99, 104, 105, 110, 111, 116, 117, 126, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 142, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, 160, 161, 173, 175, 181, 182, 184, 206, 208, 209, 210, 213, 214, 217, 218, 229, 248, 256, 257, 258, 265, 267, 275, 277, 278, 280, 281, 283, 300, 301, 302, 303, 308, 311, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, 333, 334, 336, 350, 353, 355, 361, 362, 365, 370, 375, 376, 377, 381, 383, 384, 387, 390, 391, 392, 393 Agricultural engineering 25, 132 alternative technology 277, 278 Americas and the Caribbean, engineering in 20, 31, 136, 227, 308, 360, 361, 379 anti-corruption 19, 70, 163, 184, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 315, 386 APEC Engineer (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 20, 31, 136, 227, 308, 360, 361, 379 appropriate technology 20, 138, 154, 158, 162, 216, 248, 257, 277, 278, 279, 315, 356 Arab states, engineering in the 19, 83, 89, 95, 101, 107, 113, 206, 210, 218 Asia and the Pacific, engineering in 19, 34, 70, 84, 90, 96, 102, 108, 114, 137, 146, 147, 149, 206, 379, 380, 385, 389, 390, 393 asset management and maintenance 295 Australia, case study of engineering in 19, 20, 59, 60, 61, 70, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 88, 94, 100, 106, 112, 126, 132, 136, 148, 160, 161, 182, 184, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 248, 258, 275, 277, 278, 295, 300, 301, 304, 305, 306, 308, 326, 327, 328, 336, 341, 349, 350, 351, 352, 362, 376, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 386, 389, 390, 391 Botswana, case study of engineering in 20, 86, 92, 98, 104, 110, 116, 308, 349, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 383, 389 brain drain 20, 207, 215, 222, 243, 308, 310, 311, 312, 315, 328, 332, 334, 355 building technologies 20, 248, 279, 281, 384 business integrity 70, 196 C CAETS (International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences) 1, 7, 9, 19, 64, 70, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 240, 368, 385, 389 Canberra Manual (OECD) 70, 74, 75, 76, 79, 174, 312 capacity building 134, 150, 248, 262, 265, 308, 381, 385 chemical engineering 25, 128, 129, 131, 183, 209 civil engineering 25, 39, 66, 73, 124, 125, 209, 321, 381 climate change 3, 5, 7, 8, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 26, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64, 71, 126, 138, 139, 146, 147, 158, 162, 163, 166, 174, 175, 207, 225, 226, 227, 231, 248, 250, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 278, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 309, 310, 311, 312, 326, 341, 343, 344, 359, 368, 370, 376, 377, 379, 384, 385, 386 codes and standards 176 communications 3, 20, 33, 38, 43, 54, 58, 63, 64, 65, 71, 74, 128, 134, 138, 144, 150, 153, 159, 162, 163, 199, 213, 226, 227, 228, 236, 237, 238, 245, 248, 251, 275, 279, 294, 295, 305, 317, 349, 353, 368, 369, 375, 381, 383, 384, 388, 389, 391, 393 consulting engineering 8, 70, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 193, 195, 196, 240, 241, 250, 314, 335, 376, 378 continuing engineering education 20, 308, 309, 332 cooperation See international cooperation corporate social responsibility 50, 385, 390 continuing professional development (CPD) 24, 136, 146, 207, 318, 329, 330, 331, 332 curricula 32, 126, 128, 147, 152, 166, 169, 198, 215, 219, 238, 239, 243, 260, 261, 309, 317, 326, 332, 338, 346, 347, 351, 352, 370, 377 curriculum 20, 36, 148, 153, 162, 178, 187, 199, 211, 218, 219, 222, 239, 243, 308, 322, 327, 330, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 358, 360, 369, 379, 381 D disaster 5, 20, 38, 43, 56, 127, 147, 160, 190, 207, 225, 248, 255, 256, 258, 262, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 294, 295, 299, 309, 315, 345, 377, 379, 381, 384, 385 E economic crisis 3, 20, 21, 38, 51, 207, 225, 227, 258, 272, 278 economic development 7, 9, 19, 28, 30, 32, 39, 47, 58, 126, 131, 147, 152, 153, 173, 175, 206, 212, 216, 218, 230, 236, 243, 245, 246, 248, 255, 256, 259, 264, 265, 266, 278, 294, 299, 300, 313, 314, 321, 353, 355, 357, 368, 369, 370, 375, 382, 383, 387 education 3, 7, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 47, 49, 54, 55, 56, 59, 62, 64, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 180, 191, 197, 198, 199, 200, 206, 207, 208, 211, 394 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 394 14/09/10 15:35:31 APPENDICES 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 251, 253, 255, 256, 259, 260, 261, 271, 272, 274, 276, 279, 289, 294, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320, 322, 325, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 358, 359, 360, 361, 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 370, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383 electrical engineering 73, 127, 128, 162, 213, 230, 234, 310, 378, 383, 385 emergencies 20, 38, 62, 127, 207, 248, 255, 256, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 293, 294 Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF) 361, 379 employment statistics 79 energy 3, 5, 7, 8, 20, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 71, 72, 80, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 141, 149, 157, 159, 161, 162, 166, 167, 171, 174, 176, 177, 189, 192, 207, 211, 213, 222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 243, 246, 248, 250, 255, 256, 258, 262, 263, 270, 271, 272, 278, 279, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 298, 299, 300, 303, 305, 310, 311, 312, 313, 319, 341, 345, 351, 353, 368, 376, 377, 379, 383, 384, 386 engineering applications 7, 30, 36, 126, 128, 327 engineering ethics 184, 185, 186 engineering, science and technology policy 19, 70, 382 engineering studies 19, 70, 81, 124, 167, 168, 170, 185, 208, 218, 242, 308, 309, 318, 370, 378 Engineers Against Poverty 19, 34, 52, 70, 127, 137, 164, 254, 278, 381, 382, 384, 387, 390 Engineers for a Sustainable World 19, 70, 137, 166, 377, 390 Engineers Without Borders 19, 32, 34, 70, 127, 137, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 228, 256, 260, 261, 278, 315, 381, 390 human development 16, 17, 19, 58, 163, 168, 223, 231, 246, 252, 300, 313, 321, 337, 350, 368 enrolment 20, 54, 81, 174, 199, 206, 207, 215, 218, 221, 243, 259, 260, 308, 312, 327, 345, 350, 368 I environmental engineering 26, 131, 189, 209 ethics 19, 24, 27, 43, 46, 65, 70, 124, 136, 152, 153, 162, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 195, 196, 226, 239, 240, 244, 259, 260, 309, 359, 375, 378, 384 European Engineer (Eur Ing) 145 Europe, engineering in 19, 31, 33, 54, 78, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 94, 95, 100, 101, 106, 107, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 132, 135, 136, 144, 145, 146, 154, 172, 187, 206, 210, 211, 217, 219, 220, 229, 237, 263, 301, 308, 310, 332, 341, 347, 348, 358, 359, 363, 364, 389 Eurostat indicators 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88, 94, 100, 106, 112, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123 indicators See statistics and indicators infrastructure 3, 7, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 64, 66, 71, 125, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 161, 165, 168, 172, 175, 176, 177, 192, 193, 194, 200, 206, 207, 208, 213, 215, 217, 218, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 245, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 326, 327, 328, 346, 352, 354, 356, 357, 368, 369, 370, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381, 385, 386, 387 F Infrastructure Report Cards 20, 248, 299, 305 FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) 1, 8, 9, 19, 20, 70, 137, 138, 140, 141, 193, 195, 196, 228, 229, 248, 250, 335, 336, 341, 368, 376, 390 innovation 5, 7, 8, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 63, 64, 67, 74, 77, 126, 130, 133, 137, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 163, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 180, 181, 207, 208, 212, 213, 214, 216, 220, 221, 222, 224, 227, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 244, 245, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 264, 272, 279, 287, 289, 290, 293, 299, 309, 311, 312, 322, 337, 338, 343, 346, 347, 357, 358, 359, 368, 369, 370, 375, 376, 377, 378, 382, 383, 385, 386 forecasting 54, 55, 294, 313 foresight 19, 54, 55, 383 Frascati Manual (OECD) 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 174, 312, 387 G gender issues in engineering See women and gender issues in engineering Ghana, case study of engineering in 19, 20, 38, 86, 92, 98, 104, 110, 116, 135, 206, 208, 209, 216, 217, 308, 333, 349, 356, 357, 375 international cooperation 19, 37, 70, 127, 132, 207, 259, 290, 309, 373 M mechanical engineering 26, 125, 126, 183, 209 engineers in government 175 engineers Mobility 20, 31, 136, 228, 308, 360, 361, 379 information and communication technologies (ICTs) 7, 33, 134, 138, 224, 232, 245, 375 H medical engineering 19, 70, 134, 135 history of engineering 19, 30, 31, 135, 227 Millennium Development Goals (and internationally-agreed development goals) 3, 7, 20, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 50, 395 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 395 14/09/10 15:35:31 E N G I N E E R I N G : I S S U E S C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R D E V E LO P M E N T 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 244, 246, 250, 255, 257, 259, 262, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 294, 295, 301, 304, 308, 311, 312, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 325, 331, 334, 337, 338, 340, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 369, 373, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387 52, 54, 137, 139, 161, 163, 174, 187, 206, 248, 250, 251, 255, 257, 259, 261, 264, 284, 289, 299, 308, 313, 315, 317, 325, 352, 355, 356, 370 mobility of engineers 20, 227, 240, 308, 314, 358, 363, 365 N New Zealand, case study of engineering in 19, 70, 82, 88, 94, 100, 106, 112, 126, 148, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184, 228, 229, 277, 315, 336, 351, 362, 375, 376, 380, 381, 382, 386, 387, 390, 391 O OECD 32, 45, 51, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88, 94, 100, 106, 112, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 142, 153, 172, 174, 181, 196, 211, 212, 263, 311, 312, 334, 375, 387, 392 Oslo Manual (OECD) 75, 79, 174, 312 P Pacific Islands, engineering in the 174 poverty reduction 8, 16, 17, 19, 20, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 50, 51, 54, 154, 156, 158, 162, 172, 174, 175, 206, 207, 213, 216, 231, 248, 254, 256, 257, 259, 263, 265, 308, 309, 313, 319, 352, 356, 359, 368, 370, 375, 385 Practical Action (formerly ITDG) 19, 70, 137, 154, 157, 158, 278, 356, 385 problem-based learning 20, 32, 260, 308, 369 R reform and transformation 260 renewable energy 3, 28, 32, 33, 35, 45, 46, 60, 61, 64, 71, 127, 132, 149, 171, 207, 211, 223, 258, 263, 290, 291, 311, 312, 353 research 20, 24, 27, 32, 34, 35, 41, 45, 47, 49, 54, 58, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 124, 130, 132, 137, 143, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, 196, 200, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, sustainable development 3, 5, 8, 16, 17, 19, 20, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47, 48, 49, 71, 124, 126, 138, 139, 146, 151, 152, 153, 158, 164, 166, 168, 174, 186, 189, 190, 195, 206, 207, 208, 212, 213, 223, 226, 231, 241, 242, 248, 251, 252, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 274, 278, 289, 290, 291, 297, 308, 309, 340, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 359, 368, 370, 376, 377, 380, 383, 385 research in engineering 20, 186, 308 research in engineering education 20, 308 T technical capacity building 308 S science and technology policy 19, 32, 70, 71, 76, 152, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 218, 378, 382, 383 science policy 173, 374, 383, 391, 392 science, technology and innovation policy 386 social development 152, 165, 175, 255, 266, 315 social responsibility of engineers 30, 127 society 5, 7, 8, 19, 25, 30, 32, 33, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 124, 125, 131, 133, 137, 138, 146, 152, 153, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 177, 178, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221, 224, 226, 231, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 245, 250, 252, 254, 257, 260, 263, 264, 268, 269, 271, 274, 275, 288, 291, 294, 295, 300, 302, 303, 305, 308, 310, 312, 313, 329, 337, 340, 341, 343, 347, 348, 349, 355, 358, 359, 363, 370, 379 standards 20, 27, 28, 34, 43, 47, 48, 51, 55, 57, 58, 65, 66, 72, 75, 77, 124, 125, 134, 135, 138, 139, 145, 147, 152, 156, 157, 167, 175, 176, 177, 182, 185, 186, 189, 190, 191, 195, 200, 206, 207, 213, 214, 216, 219, 221, 225, 228, 229, 230, 236, 240, 245, 246, 248, 250, 251, 255, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 272, 276, 280, 281, 283, 287, 290, 292, 295, 297, 298, 306, 308, 309, 313, 315, 317, 318, 330, 331, 332, 335, 343, 346, 353, 355, 358, 360, 361, 363, 364, 365, 375, 387 technicians 3, 19, 27, 28, 33, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 124, 134, 135, 148, 168, 185, 207, 210, 212, 213, 219, 232, 275, 301, 310, 311, 318, 320, 326, 327, 360, 361, 365 technologists 19, 27, 28, 33, 66, 73, 147, 149, 181, 207, 252, 301, 310, 311, 318, 320, 327, 334, 360, 361, 365 telecommunications 31, 42, 44, 51, 57, 80, 126, 127, 128, 179, 213, 220, 228, 241, 245, 349, 383 transportation 5, 7, 20, 25, 38, 41, 56, 57, 58, 71, 125, 134, 139, 166, 192, 207, 223, 226, 237, 240, 246, 248, 255, 256, 258, 262, 270, 272, 279, 289, 291, 295, 300, 312, 313, 354, 379, 385 W Washington Accord 20, 31, 126, 136, 147, 148, 222, 227, 228, 229, 243, 308, 360, 361, 362 water supply and sanitation 38, 39, 127, 207, 248, 255, 256, 279, 284, 285, 287, 313 WFEO (World Federation of Engineering Organisations) 1, 7, 9, 17, 18, 19, 20, 34, 70, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 146, 147, 151, 189, 228, 230, 244, 259, 299, 308, 309, 313, 315, 329, 340, 341, 368, 375, 377, 379, 382, 383, 385, 386, 388, 393 women and gender issues in engineering 19, 33, 70, 138, 207 statistics and indicators 9, 16, 19, 70, 71, 74, 208, 312, 368, 370, 387 396 1035_ENGINEERING_INT indd 396 14/09/10 15:35:31 ... consulting engineering industry 4.7 Women and gender issues in engineering 4.7.1 Women in engineering: Gender dynamics and engineering – how to attract and retain women in engineering 4.7.2 Women in engineering: ... 82 4.1.8 Engineering indicators – Tables 124 4.2 Fields of engineering 124 4.2.1 Civil engineering 30 2.1.1 A very short history of engineering 125 4.2.2 Mechanical engineering 32 2.1.2 Engineering. .. of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) Engineering: Emerging Issues and Challenges 54 3.1 Engineering, foresight and forecasts of the future 56 3.2 Emerging and future areas of engineering