Also by G J Meyer A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914–1918 For Rosie Contents Map Family Tree A Tudor Timeline Introduction Prologue: August 22, 1485 The Battle of Bosworth: An exile returns PART ONE An Excess of Good Fortune: 1485–1532 1: The Luck of Henry Tudor The king who had (almost) everything Background: The Origin of the Tudors 2: The King’s Great Matter His pursuit of an annulment—and of Anne Boleyn Background: The Spanish Connection 3: Frustration and Embarrassment Queen Catherine resists, and finds support Background: England Then 4: Radical Departures Moving the line between church and state Background: The Old Church 5: Another Way Devised A policy of winning by intimidation—and terror Background: The Royal Horn of Plenty 6: A Revolution in the Making Henry raises the stakes Background: Windows of Opportunity 7: A Thunderbolt Falls The royal ultimatum Background: Parliament 8: Submission The archbishop of Canterbury surrenders Background: Other Reformations 9: Consummation The king beds, then weds, Anne Boleyn PART TWO Monster: 1533–1547 10: First Blood The destruction of the Nun of Kent Background: The Tower 11: Supremacy Parliament acknowledges the king’s new powers Background: Monks, Nuns, and Friars 12: “We Will All Die” Destruction of the Charterhouse monks, and of John Fisher Background: Best Sellers 13: “Preserve My Friends from Such Favors” Trial and execution of Thomas More; the monastic visits Background: Popes 14: All but Godlike Anne Boleyn is replaced; the smaller monasteries destroyed Background: They Were What They Ate 15: Rebellion and Betrayal Explosion: the Pilgrimage of Grace; King Henry gets his son Background: The Sport of Kings 16: The Last of Henry Three more wives, money trouble, a final torrent of killings PART THREE A King Too Soon and a Queen Too Late: 1547–1558 17: A New Beginning Evangelicals triumph; Edward Seymour assumes command Background: Instruments of Power 18: England’s Second Reformation Henry VIII’s church dismantled; the fall of Seymour Background: Calvin 19: A Revolution and a Coup The rise of John Dudley, the death of Edward VI, the brief reign of Jane Grey Background: The Making of Mary 20: Another New Beginning Mary I and the restoration of the old religion Background: Schooling and the Schools 21: And Another Early End Dreams turn to dust PART FOUR Survivor: 1558–1603 22: Yet Another New Beginning The return to Protestantism Background: The Council of Trent 23: The Succession, Again Robert Dudley and the hope for an heir Background: The Fall and Rise of English Theater 24: A Torrent of Miseries Religion, the succession, and Mary, Queen of Scots Background: The Turks 25: Actions, Reactions, Provocations Trouble in France, trouble with Spain; rebellion in the Netherlands Background: Torture 26: A Horrific Tangle—And War at Last Years of meddling produce war in the Netherlands Background: The Punishment of the Innocent 27: The Last Favorite The Rise of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex Background: Winning Big 28: A Seat at the Table The rivalry of Essex and Robert Cecil Background: A Diamond of England 29: The Last Act The fall of Essex; the dismal final decade of the Tudor Age An Epilogue in Two Parts Sources and Notes (Hodder & Stoughton, 2001) Europe’s leading humanist… : Gasquet, Henry and Monasteries, p 1:120 He had been drafting, presumably for delivery Marius, Thomas More, p 421 Knowing little of who Cranmer Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 310 Cromwell was ready with an answer…: Elton, England Under, p 132; Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 357; and Guy, Tudor England, p 132 This happened on March 30 A detailed account of the oddities of Cranmer’s installation ceremony is in Lingard, History of England, p 5:6 By all accounts the news…: Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 313 But when he wrote to the king Fraser, Wives, p 190 PART TWO Monster W G Hoskins’s The Age of Plunder (Longmans, 1971) delivers what its title promises: a trenchant study of the price paid by the population of England for the innovations of Henry VIII David Starkey’s The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics (Vintage, 2002) is rich in insights about the last two decades of Henry’s life Much detail about the end of the reign is to be found in Jesse Childs, Henry VIII’s Last Victim (Jonathan Cape, 2006), and Robert Hutchinson, The Last Days of Henry VIII (William Morrow, 2006) Notes The first victim The story of Elizabeth Barton is told in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 321, and in much greater detail in Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 87 It is not certain that these reported confessions…: Fraser, Wives, p 211, writes that Barton “was said” (italics added) to have recanted, and Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 94, refers to her “scaffold speech” as having been “put into her mouth” by an unfriendly writer There Barton, perhaps because she was…: Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 94 The act’s assertion that Henry was to be succeeded …: The 1534 Succession Act appears in its entirely in Elton, Tudor Constitution, p Conveniently, Parliament neglected to specify …: Marius, Thomas More, p 459 Cromwell continued to take care…: Guy, Tudor England, p 135 A special version of the succession oath …: Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 157 The results of the visits were Ibid., p 157 Several were clearly unhappy Ibid., p 178 To be guilty of high treason Elton, Tudor Constitution, p 61 This probably explains the insertion The intent behind the inclusion of “maliciously,” and the word’s signi cance for the king, are in Guy, Tudor England, p 139, and Marius, Thomas More, p 480 It was called the Act of First Fruits…: The act is explained in Elton, Tudor Constitution, p 42, and it appears in full on page 53 of the same book The resulting increase in Crown revenue is detailed in Guy, Tudor England, p 136 He was given a traditional levy …: Taxation on the basis of “ fteenths and tenths” is explained in Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 353 The king’s gambling, his many luxuries… : Fraser, Wives, p 211, and Hoskins, Age of Plunder, p 208, provide details on Henry’s spending on palaces Even the most reform-minded of the bishops…: Lingard, History of England, p 5:51 Background: Monks, Nuns, and Friars: An excellent introduction to the religious orders of England is C H Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism (Longmans, 1993) Nothing of the kind can be said …: The story of the Carthusians is in Lingard, History of England, p 5:39, and in much greater detail in Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 160 An entire chapter on the subject, with many of the statements about Sir John Gage and John Houghton and others in the pages that follow, appears in Gasquet, Henry and Monasteries, pp 1:202ff It is possible that the king himself was present… : This and Houghton’s words “I call almighty God to witness” are attributed to Eustace Chapuys in Gasquet, Henry and Monasteries, p 1:224 “Lo, dost thou not see, Meg …”: Marius, Thomas More, p 491 “Now I have in good faith discharged my mind …”: Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 145 The new pope, Paul III, unwittingly way unusualway unusual…: Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 328 He warned that the pope could send Lingard, History of England, p 5:40 He told the court that when the king Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 123 “What a monstrous matter is this!”… : Ibid., p 124 He asked the people to pray…: Ibid., p 125 228 What Rich had to say…: Ibid., p 146 “Can it therefore seem likely …”: Marius, Thomas More, p 506 Being a good lawyer, More Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 149 “God preserve all my friends …”: Lingard, History of England, p 5:45 In January he had been given Ibid., p 5:51, and Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 245 What Cromwell and the king intended Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 376 The men Cromwell chose …: The character, motives, and conduct of the monastic visitors are subjected to critical scrutiny in Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 254; Elton, England Under, p 144; Lingard, History of England, p 5:54; and Geo rey Moorhouse, The Pilgrimage of Grace (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002), p 27 However, Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 247, argues that the original intent of Cromwell’s visitations was entirely honorable Two of the most active …: Citing the reports and correspondence of the visitors themselves, Gasquet, Henry and Monasteries, p 1:286, details the astonishing number of monasteries examined by Layton, Legh, and others in only a few weeks “Thanks for excusing my getting up…” : Ibid., p 1:278 When Chancellor Audley could find no basis…: Ibid., pp 1:278–80 There is no reason to think that Eustace Chapuys…: Ibid., p 1:265 Nor was there any acknowledgment …: Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 258 “Lastly, I make this vow…”: Catherine’s words and the autopsy results are in Fraser, Wives, pp 228 and 229 Henry, remembering the restraint …: That and “Much scratching and by-blows” are in Carolly Erickson, Anne Boleyn (Macmillan, 1984), p 242 According to one story, she tried …: Henry’s jousting accident is in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 485, the story of Jane Seymour on the king’s knee in Fraser, Wives, p 233 All the larger and richer houses …: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 376 He began to complain that Anne …: Fraser, Wives, p 233; Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 379 On May 19, in the moment before Fraser, Wives, p 257 Two days after Anne was found guilty …: Neville Williams, Henry VIII, p 146 The information gathered by Cromwell’s visitors …: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 378, put the number of smaller monasteries at 399—372 in England and 27 in Wales—and estimated that 220 of these were eliminated in the rst round of suppressions Writing half a century later, Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 271, put the total at 419 and said 243 were dissolved Some of the confiscated land was sold …: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 378 “We beseech your favor…”: This letter, and the appeal for the Carmarthan house, are in Gasquet, Henry and Monasteries, p 2:34, giving Chapuys’s reports as source The monks inside, informed that …: Gasquet, Henry and Monasteries, p 2:37 After comparing Henry not only to Richard III …: Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 220 He wrote to Mary, calling her Lingard, History of England, p 5:80 Still later, sufficiently rehabilitated Neville Williams, Henry VIII, p 152 In a truly extraordinary step Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 381 Even today scholars disagree Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 281, says that the Articles expressed Henry’s search for a “middle way.” Elton, England Under, p 153, says similarly that they were a “compromise” between the demands of conservatives and evangelicals By contrast Guy, Tudor England, p 179, emphasizes their “reformed” character, and Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 399, their “Lutheran” content But Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 382, notes that even Reginald Pole found little to object to in them This is unmistakable in the preface Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 277 The dedication o ered to that king Neville Williams, Henry VIII, p 162; Penry Williams, The Tudor Regime (Oxford, 1979), p 361 Sixteenth-century Europe was a world See Alison Sim, Food and Feast in Tudor England (Sutton, 1997) The story of how Succinct but detailed accounts of the Pilgrimage of Grace are in Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 293; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 339; and Lingard, History of England, p 5:82 Moorhouse, Pilgrimage of Grace, is of course a much fuller account This was in no way unusual…: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 387 Wherever such men fell into the hands…: Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 306 The king denounced Lincolnshire Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 342 He would have been overwhelmed Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 388 Meanwhile King Henry, whose situation Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 343 Aske received a letter from the king Words from the letters exchanged by Henry and Aske are in Gasquet, Henry and Monasteries, p 2:131 When they nished in mid-July Extensive treatments of the Institution are in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 399, and Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 475 The evangelicals hated much of it…: The bishops’ groveling preface, and the message from the king, are in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 404 The Bishops’ Book as first published Henry’s changes are in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 405 A more plausible explanation is…: Chris Skidmore, Edward VI: The Lost King of England (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007), p 19 In rather short order he was reported Erickson, Great Harry, p 282 Such memories were freshened by Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 397 His once-powerful constitution Perspectives on Henry’s health problems are in Smith, Mask of Power, pp 15 and 264; Erickson, Great Harry, pp 328 and 360; and Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 485 But he was a frail reed …: Smith, Mask of Power, p 94 But Henry proved a dangerous partner …: The story of the near-arrest of Catherine Parr is in Fraser, Wives, p 388 A farce was played out…: Lingard, History of England, p 5:189 The valuables hauled away Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 396 Quite apart from the colossal sums…: Lingard, History of England, p 5:97 294 He would be able to expand the ranksIbid., p 5:99 In the last eight or nine years…: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 400 He squandered his riches at home first…: Guy, Tudor England, p 184 The French and Scottish campaigns…: The nancial gures in this paragraph are all from Guy, Tudor England, p 192 Students of the subject have calculated Lingard, History of England, p 5:195 In 1542 Henry borrowed £112,000 The forced loans of this period are in Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 411 The nancial consequences of the campaigns in France are in Elton, England Under, p 198, and Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 453 Next Henry demanded and got…: Smith, Mask of Power, p 244 Two London aldermen dared to object… : Lingard, History of England, p 5:193, and Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 411 Foreign loans totaled some £272,000 Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 413 Soon its coins were only half gold Erickson, Great Harry, p 352 Henry reaped £373,000 Smith, Mask of Power, p 172 Prices rose some 25 percent…: The in ation rate and the “holy anchor” quote are in Erickson, Great Harry, p 353 Under this law, anyone who “lived idly…”: Hoskins, Age of Plunder, p 106 298 Those impressed into bondage in this way Lingard, History of England, p 5:258 The king’s word literally became law Ibid., p 5:129 The penalty in connection with these doctrines…: Ibid Thus in 1543 he drew out of Parliament…: The Act for the Advancement of True Religion, with the condemnation of Tyndale’s translation, is in Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 429, and Lingard, History of England, p 5:159 It was not to be opened by “prentices …”: Guy, Tudor England, p 194 Almost simultaneously with the Act …: Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp 399 and 407 Angrily, even tearfully, he complained Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 433, and Lingard, History of England, p 5:202 Still later it was reported Bernard, King’s Reformation, pp 157 and 489 In the same year that Forest perished …: Erickson, Great Harry, p 294 “Answer neither out of St Augustine …”: Smith, Mask of Power, p 154 On December Montague and Exeter Erickson, Great Harry, p 288 Contrary to what has often been asserted …: Bernard, King’s Reformation, p 574; Guy, Tudor England, pp 178 and 186; and Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 376 The endlessly useful Richard Rich Neville Williams, Henry VIII, p.195 308 “No,” she said, “my head never …”: Lingard, History of England, p 5:126 308 The executioner had to chase her …: Fraser, Wives, p 342 308 Every place of habitation was to be destroyed …: Erickson, Great Harry, p 334 This time he demolished …: Data about the destruction in Scotland and the quote about Henry’s “not misliking” the plan to assassinate Beaton are in Lingard, History of England, p 5:184 PART THREE A King Too Soon and a Queen Too Late T he author is grateful to have been able to make use of: Erickson, Carrolly Bloody Mary: The Life of Mary Tudor Robson, 1995 Loades, D M Mary Tudor National Archives, 2006 Two Tudor Conspiracies Cambridge, 1965 MacCulloch, Diarmaid Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation Penguin, 1999 Skidmore, Chris Edward VI: The Lost King of England Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007 Wilson, Derek The Uncrowned Kings of England: The Black Legend of the Dudleys Constable, no date given Notes The main points of dispute were familiar…: Religious divisions as of the start of Edward’s reign are examined in MacCulloch, Church Militant, pp and 63; Skidmore, Edward VI, p 7; and Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 426 This had become more true than ever The di culties faced by the more ambitious reformers late in Henry’s reign are addressed in Smith, Mask of Power, pp 147 and 159, and Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 429 Even if they had been left free to express…: MacCulloch, Church Militant, p 59 Surrey, whose hopes for a military career Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 420 They ensnared Gardiner in a clumsy Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p 490 It was by no means clear that the jury Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 422 Thereafter Norfolk, in an effort… : DNB entry on Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk So was anyone too closely Henry’s rejection and distrust of Gardiner is in Erickson, Great Harry, p 371 It is not certain that this was a usurpation Lingard, History of England, p 5:235 He was given four manors …: DNB entry for Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset Overall this splendid payday Guy, Tudor England, p 199 He also empowered himself to assemble Skidmore, Edward VI, p 66 Edward was a lad of above-average intelligence Skidmore, Edward VI, p 62, and Lingard, History of England, p 5:237 “Peace and concord” were promised Skidmore, Edward VI, p 61 It was, “as God’s viceregent and Christ’s vicar…”: Lingard, History of England, p 5:238 It is more pathetic than impressive …: Skidmore, …: Edward VI, p 149 The coronation of the new king…: MacCulloch, Church Militant, p 126, and Skidmore, Edward VI, p 69 Even more provocatively, the visitors …: Lingard, History of England, p 5:251; MacCulloch, Church Militant, p 70; and Skidmore, Edward VI, p 89 In the six years following Henry VIII’s death …: The numbers in this paragraph are from Guy, Tudor England, p 203 Statistical precision is impossible …: Ibid., p 204 According to various reports he set his sights…: Skidmore, Edward VI, p 71 At Seymour’s direction, Edward wrote a letter…: DNB entry for Thomas Seymour Gardiner, accused of disobeying his instructions…: Lingard, History of England, p 5:264 The number of bishops who followed …: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 518 It would also explain his fumbling Skidmore, Edward VI, p 113, and Roger Turvey and Nigel Heard, Edward VI and Mary (Hodder Murray, 2006), p 48 Though they accomplished little or nothing Skidmore, Edward VI, p 91 None of which might have mattered …: Lingard, History of England, p 5:285 In Devon in the far west …: MacCulloch, Church Militant, pp 43 and 119, and Guy, Tudor England, p 208 As many as four thousand men were dead …: Lingard, History of England, p 5:289 An extraordinary gure named Robert Kett …: The demands are in Turvey and Heard, Edward and Mary, p 135; Kett’s words are in Lingard, History of England, p 5:290 With one proclamation he condemned destruction …: Skidmore, Edward VI, p 113 When Somerset cried out …: The duke’s concessions to the rebels are in ibid., p 45 And so Dudley advanced on Norwich …: Lingard, History of England, p 5:290 After first and briefly allying himself…: MacCulloch, Church Militant, p 95 The conservatives were required to absorb Lingard, History of England, p 5:342 Francis van der Delft, the Catholic Skidmore, Edward VI, p 162 The narrowness of its base is suggested …: MacCulloch, Church Militant, p 163 He achieved perhaps the greatest triumph… : Elton, Tudor Constitution, p 396 Harsh penalties were imposed…: MacCulloch, Church Militant, p 141, and Lingard, History of England, p 5:342 Once again it was made treason to deny …: Skidmore, Edward VI, p 82 Henceforth the death penalty could be imposed…: Ibid Seven of Henry’s bishops were replaced MacCulloch, Church Militant, pp 96 and 154 He had never been an impressive physical specimen …: Skidmore, Edward VI, p 240 In the rst, a draft in Edward’s own hand …: Ibid., p 247, and Lingard, History of England, p 5:357 Two days later, in reporting to the Privy Council …: Lingard, History of England, p 5:358 “He has not the strength to stir…”: Skidmore, Edward VI, p 255 He died in the arms of a Dudley son-in-law Wilson, Uncrowned Kings, p 226 The crown, Jane declared DNB entry for Jane Grey When Mary sent a messenger to the council…: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 527 Quite the contrary: the French ambassador Loades, Mary Tudor, p 26 She said disingenuously…: Loades, Elizabeth I, p 28 One of the most poignant scenes…: Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 118 When Parliament’s passage Loades, Mary Tudor, p 41 Nothing came of this …: This and “grief and despair” are in the DNB entry for Mary I She wrote directly to the king …: Loades, Mary Tudor, p 47 Therefore, though he removed members of the Privy CouncilIbid., p 48 Ordered to provide the names…: Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 242, and Lingard, History of England, p 5:80 (In fact Henry, in futile pursuit …: Loades, Mary Tudor, p 52 386 Under the terms of her father’s will… : Ibid., p 66 By 1549, when the new reign’s first Act of Uniformity Ibid., p 75 Mary declared that she “wished to constrain …”: Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 309 When that old champion of reform Lingard, History of England, p 5:390 By 1553 he had had ready for Parliament’s attention Skidmore, Edward VI, p 232 Anyone accused of such offenses…: Lingard, History of England, p 5:462 Cranmer exploded in rage when informed …: This and the following statement about Cranmer “spreading abroad seditious bills” are in Lingard, History of England, p 5:401 Pole was so well respected …: Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 389 397 Two days before, in an even more forceful …: Ibid., p 320 By repealing Henry VIII’s Succession Act…: Guy, Tudor England, p 233 If Mary and Philip had a son…: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 537 Philip himself, when he learned Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 348, and DNB notes for entry on Philip II “As for this marriage,” she said Lingard, History of England, p 5:425 In all some 480 men were convicted Loades, Two Tudor Conspiracies, p 127 Not only when put on trial but before Ibid., p 16 London, where there had been only three Penry Williams, Life, p 129 “His way with the lords is so …”: Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 380 “If the English nd out how hard up…”: Ibid., p 382 416 Mary even allowed herself…: Loades, Mary Tudor, p 168 Protestant preachers who had not fled Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 397 What is clear is that it was controversial… : Lingard, History of England, p 5:469 It was long and widely believed Ibid., p 5:464 Something on the order of three hundred individuals…: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 553 She had more success in restoring Lingard, History of England, p 5:494 Mary and Gardiner wanted to introduce Loades, Tudor Conspiracies, p 260 But Pole’s position was still … : DNB entry for Reginald Pole This gathering, by the time of its adjournment…: Mackie, Earlier Tudors, p 555 Philip, inevitably but unfairly …: Loades, Mary Tudor, p 175; Guy, Tudor England, p 248; Lingard, History of England, p 5:521; Loades, Mary Tudor, p 175, and Guy, Tudor England, p 248 Elizabeth had only recently repeated her assurances…: Lingard, History of England, p 5:525, and Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 480 PART FOUR Survivor Though the enormous number of biographies of Elizabeth I continues to grow decade by decade, no single work is recognized as de nitive Three generations have brought a movement from J E Neale’s Queen Elizabeth I (Jonathan Cape, 1934), regarded originally as authoritative but now as hagiographic, to gradually less worshipful and finally rigorously critical works Biographies of value include: Haigh, Christopher Elizabeth I, 2nd ed Longman, 1998 Hibbert, Christopher The Virgin Queen Viking, 1990 Loades, David Elizabeth I Hambledon & London, 2003 Neale, J E Queen Elizabeth I Pelican, 1960 Smith, Lacey Baldwin Elizabeth Tudor Little, Brown, 1975 Williams, Neville Elizabeth I Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972 Notes Her decline began with a refusal…: An exceptionally detailed and vivid account of Elizabeth’s last days appears in the opening pages of Evelyn Waugh’s Edmund Campion (Little, Brown, 1946) When begged to get some sleep …: Lingard, History of England, p 6:647 At a time when the Crown’s ordinary revenues …: Elton, England Under, p 362 Even the most glorious event of the reign The cost figure is in Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 138 Ferocious in ation has combined with falling wages…: Data on living standards and death sentences are ibid., p 166 Though of course we have no data …: As noted above, Du y’s Stripping of Altars is an exhaustive demonstration of the lingering popularity of the old religion Queen Mary herself suspected Erickson, Bloody Mary, p 346 The coronation took place on January 15…: The cost gure is in the DNB entry for Elizabeth I The Privy Council opened the legislative …: Elton, England Under, p 271 When Parliament reconvened on April 3…: The change to supreme “governor” is in Hibbert, Virgin Queen, p 92 A uniformity bill outlawing the mass…: Elton, Tudor Constitution, presents the words of the bill on p 401 and a brief discussion of it on p 388 Thanks to the breakdown in relations …: Loades, Elizabeth I, p 134 She found, however, that almost to a man Lingard, History of England, pp 6:9 and 14 The point of conflict …: Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 47 She allowed the Diocese of Ely to remain without a bishop Ibid., p 49 Out of the eight thousand priests in England Elton, England Under, p 276 The persecution was relaxed as soon as …: Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 42 Elizabeth herself, though she never forgave Hibbert, Virgin Queen, p 67 Even people close to the queen Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 16 Henry Sidney, Dudley’s brother-in-law Milton Waldman, Elizabeth and Leicester (Collins, 1946), p 103 What appears to have happened …: Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 16 481 It was perhaps in response …: Elton, England Under, p 298 It was a monumental blunder nevertheless…: Ibid., p 303; Lingard, History of England, p 6:225; and Loades, Elizabeth I, p 169 They were exasperated, therefore, when Elizabeth Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 38 491 The worst of their mistakes was to overreact…: Elton, England Under, p 279 The Privy Council then fell into an angry dispute …: Wilson, Uncrowned Kings, p 303 Anjou de nitely had no interest…: Hibbert, Virgin Queen, p 181, and Lingard, History of England, p 6:241, note In that same year the increasingly discontented …: Elton, England Under, p 300 In actuality it was all talk Loades, Elizabeth I, p 176, and Smith, Elizabeth Tudor, p 143 Somewhat oddly for a Protestant …: Guy, Tudor England, p 262 It was her good fortune to have two …: Lingard, History of England, p 6:328 Much of the trouble grew out of the determination Smith, Elizabeth Tudor, p 172; Haigh, Elizabeth I, pp 122 and 149; and DNB entries on Francis Walsingham and Mary, Queen of Scots As early as 1581 Walsingham was asking…: Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 76 An innovation called “compounding” …: Loades, Elizabeth I, p 234 Her navy had barely broken off its pursuit…: Smith, Elizabeth Tudor, pp 66 and 72 Her admiral, Lord Howard of E ngham …: Howard’s words are in Loades, Elizabeth I, p 252 Here she supposedly delivered …: Loades, Elizabeth I, p 252, observes that the queen “is alleged to have made” the Tilbury speech During the period when invasion seemed imminent…: Hibbert, Virgin Queen, p 220, and Lingard, History of England, p 6:505 Between July and November twenty-one imprisoned priests…: Lingard, History of England, p 6:520 Though theologically Whitgift was …: Elton, England Under, p 428 When the eet nally set out again …: Drake’s instructions, and the number of lives lost on the expedition, are in Guy, Tudor England, p 349 Getting the queen’s approval was di cult …: Loades, Elizabeth I, p 265, and Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 142 The Dutch rebels, he observed sourly …: The words in quotes are in the DNB entry for Robert Cecil He stormed out proclaiming …: The words in quotes are in the DNB entry for Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex Five Parliaments had had to be called …: Loades, Elizabeth I, p 292; Elton, England Under, pp 362 and 461; and Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 166 Prices of necessities soared …: Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 166 In 1534, at the dawn of the English Reformation …: The numbers in this paragraph are from ibid (At thirty, upon being told Smith, Elizabeth Tudor, p 73 The show went on—her wardrobe Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 90 Lingard, History of England, p 6:657, says the number of the queen’s gowns was in the thousands She was allowing her world …: The number of Privy Council members is in Haigh, Elizabeth I, p 107 It was long customary to interpret…: Loades, Elizabeth I, p 274 He had already been talking recklessly …: Lingard, History of England, pp 6:597 and 600, and DNB entry on Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex Elizabeth showed a marked aversion …: DNB entry for Robert Devereux This has often been represented Lingard, History of England, p 6:629, suggests that the queen’s “victory” lay in the fact that the royal prerogative on monopolies had not been positively surrendered Revenues from the land sales totaled …: Smith, Elizabeth Tudor, p 203 In 1601 and 1602 he became the leading…: Hibbert, Virgin Queen, p 244; Elton, England Under, p 411; and Guy, Tudor England, p 396 About the Author G J MEYER is a professional writer whose bylines have appeared in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, Harper’s, and many other newspapers and magazines While working for the St Louis Post-Dispatch, he was awarded a Nieman Fellowship by Harvard University He is the author of A World Undone, as well as The Memphis Murders (recipient of an Edgar Award for non ction) and Executive Blues Meyer lives in England Copyright © 2010 by G J Meyer All rights reserved Published in the United States by Delacorte Press, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York DELACORTE PRESS is a registered trademark of Random House, Inc., and the colophon is a trademark of Random House, Inc Map and family tree copyright © 2010 by Daniel R Lynch Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Meyer, G J The Tudors : the complete story of England’s most notorious dynasty / G J Meyer.—1st ed p cm eISBN: 978-0-440-33914-4 Tudor, House of Great Britain—History—Tudors, 1485–1603 Great Britain—Politics and government—1485– 1603 Monarchy—Great Britain—History—16th century I Title DA315.M477 2010 942.05—dc22 2009040032 www.bantamdell.com v3.0 ... VI, the brief reign of Jane Grey Background: The Making of Mary 20: Another New Beginning Mary I and the restoration of the old religion Background: Schooling and the Schools 21: And Another... forgoing it brings a gain too The story of the whole dynasty is not only bigger in obvious ways than any biography—encompassing more personalities, more drama, more astoundingly grand and ugly... with his sword, bringing down the banner of the red dragon by instantly killing William Brandon, and sending the biggest of Henry’s knights crashing to the ground with a clang of armor plate His