Also by Laura Hillenbrand SEABISCUIT Copyright © 2010 by Laura Hillenbrand All rights reserved Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Hillenbrand, Laura Unbroken : a World War II story of survival, resilience, and redemption / Laura Hillenbrand p cm eISBN: 978-0-679-60375-7 Zamperini, Louis, 1917– World War, 1939–1945—Prisoners and prisons, Japanese Prisoners of war—United States—Biography Prisoners of war—Japan—Biography World War, 1939–1945—Aerial operations, American World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—Pacific Area United States Army Air Forces Heavy Bombardment Group, 307th Long-distance runners—United States—Biography I Title D805.J3Z364 2010 940.54′7252092—dc22 [B] 2010017517 www.atrandom.com v3.1 For the wounded and the lost What stays with you latest and deepest? of curious panics, Of hard-fought engagements or sieges tremendous what deepest remains? —Walt Whitman, “The Wound-Dresser” CONTENTS Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication Map Epigraph Preface PART I Chapter The One-Boy Insurgency Chapter Run Like Mad Chapter The Torrance Tornado Chapter Plundering Germany Chapter Into War PART II Chapter The Flying Coffin Chapter “This Is It, Boys” Chapter “Only the Laundry Knew How Scared I Was” Chapter Five Hundred and Ninety-four Holes Chapter 10 The Stinking Six Chapter 11 “Nobody’s Going to Live Through This” PART III Chapter 12 Downed Chapter 13 Missing at Sea Chapter 14 Thirst Chapter 15 Sharks and Bullets Chapter 16 Singing in the Clouds Chapter 17 Typhoon PART IV Chapter 18 A Dead Body Breathing Chapter 19 Two Hundred Silent Men Chapter 20 Farting for Hirohito Chapter 21 Belief Chapter 22 Plots Afoot Chapter 23 Monster Chapter 24 Hunted Chapter 25 B-29 Chapter 26 Madness Chapter 27 Falling Down Chapter 28 Enslaved Chapter 29 Two Hundred and Twenty Punches Chapter 30 The Boiling City Chapter 31 The Naked Stampede Chapter 32 Cascades of Pink Peaches Chapter 33 Mother’s Day PART V Chapter 34 The Shimmering Girl Chapter 35 Coming Undone Chapter 36 The Body on the Mountain Chapter 37 Twisted Ropes Chapter 38 A Beckoning Whistle Chapter 39 Daybreak Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes About the Author 30, 1944; Walt Dobbins, “I May Be Wrong,” Lincoln (Neb.) Journal, January 6, 1944 17 Louie not allowed food, clothes: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 18 Louie assessed by physicians: “Lou Zamperini Has Won Final Race on Track,” Olean (N.Y.) Times-Herald, September 13, 1945 19 “It’s finished”: “Zamperini Drifted 1,200 Miles on Raft,” Stars and Stripes, September 14, 1945 20 “Darling, we will”: Sylvia Zamperini, letter to Louis Zamperini, August 31, 1945 21 Pete learns Louie free: “Lou Zamperini’s Release Thrills Brother at NTC,” Hoist (U.S Naval Training Center, San Diego), September 14, 1945 22 Preparing for homecoming, family quotations: “Zamperini’s Mother Sheds Tears of Joy,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN 23 Freeing Rokuroshi: George Steiger, “Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary,” http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html (accessed October 2, 2009); Emerson, pp 86–87; Giles, pp 155–65; Kerr, Surrender, pp 288–89 24 History of American flag: Giles, pp 156–57 25 Kelsey Phillips learns Allen is free: “Lt Allen Phillips Back in Care of U.S Army, Mother Informed,” Terre Haute Star, September, 1945 26 “That day”: Ibid 27 Louie remains in Okinawa: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946 28 Hospital parties: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 29 Louie startling USC recruiter: Ibid 30 Typhoon: Ibid 31 Louie flies in B-24: Ibid.; Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946 32 Overloaded B-24 crashes: Martindale, p 243 33 “This is Kwajalein”: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 34 One tree left on island: Ibid 35 Hospitalization mandatory: Bernard M Cohen and Maurice Z Cooper, A Follow-up Study of World War II Prisoners of War (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955), p 40 36 Garrett and Louie stay together: Ibid 37 Louie loses beloved shirt: Ibid 38 Louie and Garrett wrestle on beach: Ibid 39 “I just thought I was empty”: Ibid 40 Wade goes home: Wade, p 179; Tom Wade, letter to Louis Zamperini, August 20, 1946 41 Phil’s homecoming: Kelsey Phillips, “A Life Story,” unpublished memoir; telegram and photographs from Phillips scrapbook 42 Pete and Louie meet: Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, October 19, 2004; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 43 Louie flown home: Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946; “Lou Zamperini Back in L.A.,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN; Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, October 19, 2004 44 “Cara mamma mia”: “Lou Zamperini Back in L.A.,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN PART V Chapter 34: The Shimmering Girl “This, this little home”: “Lou Zamperini Back in L.A.,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN Homecoming: Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, October 19, 2004; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004 Louie hears record: Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004 Nightmare about the Bird: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview Wade named Watanabe: Wade, p 176 MacArthur arrest list: “MacArthur’s Round Up of Criminals,” Argus (Melbourne), September 25, 1945; “Tojo Shoots Self to Avoid Arrest; MacArthur Orders 39 Other Criminals Arrested,” Port Arthur News, September 11, 1945 Tojo suicide attempt: “Think Tojo Had Planned Suicide,” Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil, September 11, 1945; “Blood of Men He Sought to Destroy May Save Life of Man Ordering Pearl Harbor Attack,” Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil, September 11, 1945; Robert Martindale, telephone interview, January 2, 2005 Watanabe flees: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese Watanabe hears name listed with Tojo, resolves to disappear: Ibid 10 Manhunt: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP 11 Fake letter: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese 12 Watanabe said he’d rather die than be captured: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols 1–3, 1945– 1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP 13 Wave of suicides: Philip R Piccigallo, The Japanese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945–1951 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979), p 45 14 Affidavits: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331,0020NACP 15 Two thousand letters: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 5, 1946 16 Ringing phone, ninety-five speeches: Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946 17 “It was like he got hit”: Payton Jordan, telephone interviews, August 13, 16, 2004 18 Louie drives to forest: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 19 Los Angeles Times dinner, drinking: Ibid 20 Zamperini Invitational Mile: “Hero Takes Mile Without Running,” Kingsport (Tenn.) News, March 4, 1946 21 Louie meets Cynthia: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, letters to Cynthia Applewhite, April 15 and May 9, 1946; Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008; Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004 22 “I want to see you again”: Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008 23 Cynthia dating Macs, first date: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 24 Cynthia’s history: Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008 25 Drinking gin at sixteen: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 8, 1946 26 Louie throws toilet paper down hotel wall: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 27 Louie proposes: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 9, 1946 28 Engagement concerns Applewhites: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 13, 1946; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 29 Cynthia ignorant of POW experiences: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 30 Easy on rice, barley: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 2, 1946 31 Louie gets drunk on date: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 32 Louie warns Cynthia: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 23, 1946 33 “We have got to set”: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 15, 1946 34 “If you love me enough”: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 23, 1946 35 Louie prepares for wedding: Louis Zamperini, letters to Cynthia Applewhite, April 5, 9, 27 and May 8, 1946 36 Cynthia wants a home: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 23, 1946 37 Sleeping on floors: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 10, 1946 38 Concerns about Applewhites: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008; Louis Zamperini, letter to Eric Applewhite, April 1946; Eric Applewhite, letter to Louis Zamperini, April 16, 1946 39 Louie trains: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 13, 1946; Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946 40 Cynthia’s deal with parents: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 25, 1946; Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008 41 Ric’s fears: Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008 42 Louie, Cynthia argue: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 43 Cynthia calls home, Louie drinks: Ibid Chapter 35: Coming Undone Garrett upset over rice: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview Toll of captivity: Norman S White, MD, letter to the editor, Hospital and Community Psychiatry, November 1983; Bernard M Cohen and Maurice Z Cooper, A Follow-up Study of World War II Prisoners of War (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955); D Robson et al., “Consequences of Captivity: Health Effects of Far East Imprisonment in World War II,” JM: An International Journal of Medicine, vol 102, no 2, 2009, pp 87–96; Robert Ursano, MD, and James Rundell, MD, “The Prisoner of War,” War Psychiatry (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, 1995), pp 431–56 Nightmares, sleeping on floors, ducking, hallucinations: Knox, pp 461, 463, 478–79 McMullen speaking Japanese: Milton McMullen, telephone interview, February 16, 2005 Weinstein’s urges to scavenge in garbage cans: Weinstein, p 316 Weinstein housing complex: “Georgia: No Shenanigans,” Time, January 2, 1950 Halloran’s experience: Raymond Halloran, email interview, March 3, 2008 Former POW spitting at Asians: Burke, p 184 Former POWs try to attack hospital staffer: Knox, p 465 10 McMullen after Japan: Milton McMullen, telephone interview, February 16, 2005 11 “a seething, purifying”: Jean Améry, At the Mind’s Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), p 40 12 “You must look”: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 4, 1946 13 Louie’s torment, resumption of running: Louis Zamperini, telephone interviews 14 Louie injured: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946; John P Stripling, “Striptees,” Torrance Herald, November 28, 1946 15 Louie’s nightmares, drinking, decline, resolution to kill the Bird: Louis Zamperini, telephone interviews Chapter 36: The Body on the Mountain Manhunt: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP Officer’s visit: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese Watanabe’s flight and quotes in this section: Ibid Conviction rates: John W Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: Norton, 1999), p 447 Ofuna convictions: “Jap Officers to Be Hanged for POW Brutality,” San Mateo (Calif.) Times, October 13, 1948; William R Gill and Davis P Newton, “A Compilation of Biographical Source Documents Concerning Major William Herald Walker, U.S Army Air Force (1919–1945), a Prisoner of War in Japan During World War II,” 1999; “8th Army Commission Court Gives Sentence to POW Torturers,” Pacific Stars and Stripes, February 29, 1948 Naoetsu convictions: Lyon, pp 49–51 Sasaki’s capture, trial, imprisonment: Kunichi Sasaki and James Kunichi Sasaki records from RG 331, RAOOH, WWII, 1907–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Administration Division and Prosecution Division, NACP: Kunichi Sasaki, Isamu Sato, Kazuo Akane, 1945–1948, Investigation and Interrogation Reports; Nakakichi Asoma et al., trial, exhibits, appeal, and clemency files; Nakakichi Asoma et al., 1945–1952, POW 201 File, 1945–1952, Charges and Specifications, 1945–1948 Kano: Martindale, pp 230, 240; Gamble, p 339; Yukichi Kano, “Statement of Yukichi Kano, Tokio P.O.W Camp H.Q (Omori),” undated, from papers of Robert Martindale; Yukichi Kano, SCAP, Legal Section, Administration Division (10/02/1945–04/28/1952), File Unit from RG 331: RAOOH, WWII 1907–1966, Series POW 201 File, 1945–1952, NACP Kato accused of kicking a man nearly to death: Martindale, p 141 10 “Cross my heart”: Yukichi Kano, “Statement of Yukichi Kano, Tokio P.O.W Camp H.Q (Omori),” undated, from papers of Robert Martindale 11 “I thought I”: Yukichi Kano, letter to Robert Martindale, December 23, 1955 12 Watanabe in hiding: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese 13 Intensified manhunt: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP 14 Watanabe goes to Tokyo: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese 15 “You have plenty of room”: Ibid 16 Watanabe approached for arranged marriage: Ibid 17 “if she liked books”: Ibid 18 “a burden which would make her unhappy”: Ibid 19 Watanabe becomes cowherd: Ibid 20 Bodies found on Mitsumine: “From Chief of Hyogo Prefectural Police Force,” November 21, 1950, report, from papers of Frank Tinker; Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP 21 Shizuka taken to body: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese 22 Watanabe’s death announced: Ibid Chapter 37: Twisted Ropes Louie plans to go back to Japan: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview Louie’s decline, troubled marriage: Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Payton Jordan, telephone interviews, August 13, 16, 2004; Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, October 22, 2004; Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004 “nails every one of us”: Améry, p 68 Shizuka sees dead son: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese Chapter 38: A Beckoning Whistle Relatives think dead man is Mutsuhiro: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese Shizuka believes Mutsuhiro is alive, Mutsuhiro promises to return: Ibid Authorities question identity of body, tail family: “From Chief of Hyogo Prefectural Police Force,” November 21, 1950, report, from papers of Frank Tinker; Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese Meeting at restaurant: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese Shizuka refers to deaths at Mitsumine: “From Chief of Hyogo Prefectural Police Force,” November 21, 1950, report, from papers of Frank Tinker Rumors: Martindale, p 248; Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005; Johan Arthur Johansen, Krigsseileren, issue 1, 1991, translated from Norwegian by Nina B Smith if I am alive: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese Billy Graham history: Cliff Barrows, Graham musical director, telephone interview, February 22, 2007; Billy Graham, Just as I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham (HarperSanFrancisco and Zondervan, 1997), pp 92–158 Los Angeles campaign: Graham, pp 143–158; “Billy Graham Acclaimed: Crusade Continues as Over 300,000 Attend,” Van Nuys (Calif.) News, November 17, 1949; “Old Fashioned Revival Hits Los Angeles,” Gettysburg (Pa.) Times, November 2, 1949 10 Movie contract: Virginia MacPherson, “Preacher Laughs Off Film Offers to Make Him Star,” San Mateo (Calif.) Times, November 12, 1949 11 Louie and Cynthia meet neighbor: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 12 Cynthia goes to Graham: Ibid.; Cliff Barrows, Graham musical director, telephone interview, February 22, 2007 13 Dinner at Sylvia’s: Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004 14 Cynthia talks Louie into seeing Graham: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 15 Graham exhausted, doesn’t recognize daughter: Graham, pp 156–57 16 Train whistle: Billy Graham, “The Only Sermon Jesus Ever Wrote,” Los Angeles, October 22, 1949, audio recording, BGEA 17 Louie’s impression of Graham: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 18 Graham’s sermon, Louie’s reaction: Billy Graham, “The Only Sermon Jesus Ever Wrote,” Los Angeles, October 22, 1949, BGEA; Louis Zamperini, telephone interviews 19 Cynthia gets Louie to return to Graham: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 20 Graham’s second sermon, Louie’s reaction: Ibid.; Billy Graham, “Why God Allows Communism to Flourish and Why God Allows Christians to Suffer,” Los Angeles, October 23, 1949, BGEA 21 Louie’s last flashback: Louis Zamperini, telephone interviews 22 Louie and Cynthia return home: Ibid 23 Louie at park, new view of his life: Ibid Chapter 39: Daybreak Louie goes to Sugamo: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hollywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA Shizuka goes to see son: “From Chief of Hyogo Prefectural Police Force,” November 21, 1950, police report “Mutsuhiro,” Shizuka had said: Ibid Shizuka’s shrine: Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005 Louie at Sugamo: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview Epilogue Victory Boys Camp: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hollywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA Louie’s postwar life: John Hall, “Lou and Pete,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1977; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hollywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA; Morris Schulatsky, “Olympic Miler at 19, Skateboards at 70,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Cynthia Zamperini Garris, telephone interview, December 13, 2008 “When I get old”: National Geographic Channel, “Riddles of the Dead: Execution Island,” October 13, 2002 “When God wants”: Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, December 12, 2006 Not angry for forty years: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview Falls down stairs, stays in hospital: Ibid.; Cynthia Zamperini Garris, telephone interview, December 13, 2008 “I never knew anyone”: Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, October 17, 2004 Phil’s postwar years: Karen Loomis, telephone interview, November 17, 2004; Monroe and Phoebe Bormann, telephone interview, June 7, 2005 Phil’s irritation: Karen Loomis, telephone interview, November 17, 2004 10 This Is Your Life: Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hollywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA 11 “Dad must have”: Karen Loomis, telephone interview, November 17, 2004 12 “a little grin underneath”: Ibid 13 Life, death of Harris: Katey Meares, email interviews, March 14, 17, 18, 27, 2008; Whitcomb, pp 286–87; Edwin H Simmons, Frozen Chosin: U.S Marines at the Changjin Reservoir (Darby, Pa.: Diane Publishing), p 94; “Jamestown Man Gets Navy Cross,” Newport Daily News, December 6, 1951; “Marine Officer Missing in Korea,” Newport Mercury and Weekly News, December 29, 1950 14 Pete’s life, death, Cynthia’s death: Peter Zamperini, telephone interviews, October 15, 17, 19, 22, 2004; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 15 Louie learns the Bird is alive: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 16 Watanabe’s return: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese 17 Pressure to resolve war-crimes issue: Piccigallo, p 47; Daws, p 373; Awaya Kentaro, “The Tokyo Tribunal, War Responsibility and the Japanese People,” Shukan Kinboyi, December 23, 2005, translated by Timothy Amos; Ernie Hill, “Japan’s Revival,” Oakland Tribune, March 17, 1953 18 “Christmas amnesty”: “Amnesty for 17 Top Jap War Suspects,” Lowell (Mass.) Sun, December 24, 1948; Dower, p 454 19 Kishi: Michael Schaller, “America’s Favorite War Criminal: Kishi Nobusuke and the Transformation of U.S.-Japan Relations,” This Is Yomiuri, August 1995 20 Many defendants believed to be guilty: “Amnesty for 17 Top Jap War Suspects,” Lowell (Mass.) Sun, December 24, 1948 21 Last man tried: Tom Lambert, “Last Trial Held on War Crimes by U.S Tribunal,” Stars and Stripes, October 20, 1949; “All Known Japanese War Criminals Brought to Trial,” Independent (Long Beach, Calif.), October 20, 1949 22 Sentences reduced: “War Criminal Is Due Parole,” Lubbock Evening Journal, March 7, 1950 23 Treaty of Peace and reparations: Gary Reynolds, U.S Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan, Congressional Research Service, December 17, 2002, pp 3–9, 9–10 24 Order for apprehension revoked: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese 25 War criminals paroled, amnesty declared: Daws, p 373; “U.S Pardons Last 83 Japan War Criminals,” Stars and Stripes, December 31, 1958 26 Watanabe blames war, not self: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese 27 “I was just in a great joy”: Ibid 28 Watanabe’s postexile life: Lyon, p 63; Martindale, p 250 29 Visited America, rumors that the Bird is alive: Draggan Mihailovich, email interview, August 3, 2007; Martindale, p 249 30 Daily Mail interviews with the Bird, Wade: Peter Hadfield and Clare Henderson, “Deathcamp Monster Finally Says I’m Sorry,” Daily Mail (London), August 20, 1995 31 Naoetsu park movement: Yoshi Kondo, email interview, February 14, 2009; Shoichi Ishizuka, “About Naoetsu POW Camp,” Gaiko Forum, June 2006 32 Mihailovich seeks the Bird, interview: Draggan Mihailovich, email interview, August 3, 2007; CBS Television, “48 Hours: Race to Freedom,” 1998 33 Louie writes to the Bird: Louis Zamperini, letter to Mutsuhiro Watanabe, May 19, 1997; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview 34 The Bird refuses to see Louie: Draggan Mihailovich, email interview, August 3, 2007 35 Watanabe dies: Yuichi Hatto, written interview, July 16, 2004 36 Louie runs with torch: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Chris Boyd, “Legendary Zamperini Carries the ‘Eternal Flame,’ ” Palos Verdes Peninsula News , March 5, 1998; R J Kelly, “Olympic Torch Relay Rekindles Ex-POWs Flame of Forgiveness,” Stars and Stripes, January 30, 1998; “Zamperini: War Survival Was a Matter of Miracles,” Stars and Stripes, January 26, 1998 ABOUT THE AUTHOR LAURA HILLENBRAND is the author of the #1 New York Times bestseller Seabiscuit: An American Legend, which was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award, won the Book Sense Book of the Year Award and the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award, landed on more than fifteen best-of-the-year lists, and inspired the film Seabiscuit, which was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture Hillenbrand’s New Yorker article, “A Sudden Illness,” won the 2004 National Magazine Award, and she is a two-time winner of the Eclipse Award, the highest journalistic honor in thoroughbred racing She and actor Gary Sinise are the co-founders of Operation International Children, a charity that provides school supplies to children through American troops She lives in Washington, D.C Visit www.LauraHillenbrandBooks.com to watch a video featuring Laura Hillenbrand and Louis Zamperini, read a personal note from Laura, view photos, and much more Also by Laura Hillenbrand: Seabiscuit: An American Legend ... of war United States—Biography Prisoners of war Japan—Biography World War, 1939–1945—Aerial operations, American World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—Pacific Area United States Army Air Forces Heavy... said in Italian In California, Anthony landed a job as a railway electrician and bought a half-acre field on the edge of Torrance, population 1,800 He and Louise hammered up a one-room shack with... lay across a small raft, drifting westward Slumped alongside him was a sergeant, one of his plane’s gunners On a separate raft, tethered to the first, lay another crewman, a gash zigzagging across