Thomas powers the killing of crazy horse (v5 0)

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Also by Thomas Powers Intelligence Wars The Confirmation Heisenberg’s War Thinking About the Next War The Man Who Kept the Secrets The War at Home This Is a Borzoi Book Published by Alfred A Knopf Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Powers All rights reserved Published in the United States by Alfred A Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto www.aaknopf.com Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Powers, Thomas The killing of Crazy Horse / By Thomas Powers.—1st ed p cm eISBN: 978-0-307-59451-8 Crazy Horse, ca 1842–1877—Death and burial Oglala Indians—Kings and rulers—Biography I Title E99.03C 7255 2010 978.004′9752440092—dc22 v3.1 [B] 2010016842 For Halley and Finn, Toby and Quinn CONTENTS Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication List of Maps Introduction “We’ll come for you another time.” “When we were young, all we thought about was going to war.” “I have always kept the oaths I made then, but Crazy Horse did not.” “It is better to die young.” “Crazy Horse was as fine an Indian as he ever knew.” “A Sandwich Islander appears to exercise great control in the Indian councils.” “Gold from the grass roots down.” “We don’t want any white men here.” Photo Insert “The wild devils of the north.” “This whole business was exceedingly distasteful to me.” 10 “I knew this village by the horses.” 11 “He is no good and should be killed.” 12 “Crook was bristling for a fight.” 13 “I give you these because they have no ears.” 14 “I found it a more serious engagement than I thought.” 15 “I am in constant dread of an attack.” 16 “General Crook ought to be hung.” 17 “You won’t get anything to eat! You won’t get anything to eat!” 18 “When spring comes, we are going to kill them like dogs.” 19 “All the people here are in rags.” 20 “I want this peace to last forever.” 21 “I cannot decide these things for myself.” 22 “It made his heart heavy and sad to think of these things.” 23 “They were killed like wolves.” 24 “The soldiers could not go any further, and they knew that they had to die.” Photo Insert 25 “It is impossible to work him through reasoning or kindness.” 26 “If you go to Washington they are going to kill you.” 27 “We washed the blood from our faces.” 28 “I can have him whenever I want him.” 29 “I am Crazy Horse! Don’t touch me!” 30 “He feels too weak to die today.” 31 “I heard him using the brave word.” 32 “He has looked for death, and it has come.” 33 “He still mourns the loss of his son.” 34 “When I tell these things I have a pain in my heart.” 35 “I’m not telling anyone what I know about the killing of Crazy Horse.” Afterword “No man is held in more veneration here than Crazy Horse.” Methods, Sources, and Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Photographic Credits A Note About the Author MAPS The Northern Plains in the Great Sioux War Lieutenant Clark’s Map of the Little Bighorn Battlefield The White River Agencies in September 1877 Camp Robinson in September 1877 INTRODUCTION “We’ll come for you another time.” The half-Sioux interpreter William Garnett, who died a dozen years before I was born, rst set me to wondering why Crazy Horse was killed He made it seem so unnecessary I read Garnett’s account of the killing in a motel at Crow Agency, Montana, not two miles from the spot where Crazy Horse in 1876 led a charge up over the back of a ridge, splitting in two the command of General George Armstrong Custer Within a very few minutes, Custer and two hundred cavalry soldiers were dead on a hillside overlooking the Little Bighorn River It was the worst defeat ever in icted on the United States Army by Plains Indians A year later Crazy Horse himself was dead of a bayonet wound, stabbed in the small of the back by soldiers trying to place him under arrest Dead Indians are a common feature of American history, but the killing of Crazy Horse retains its power to shock Garnett, twenty-two years old at the time, was not only present on the fatal day but was deeply involved in the unfolding of events In 1920 he told a retired Army general what happened A transcript of the conversation was eventually published That’s what I read lying on my back on a bed in Crow Agency’s only motel.1 It was Garnett’s frank and thoughtful tone that rst caught my attention He knew the ins and outs of the whole complex story, but even near the end of his life he had not made up his mind how to think about it Garnett was present on the evening of September 3, 1877, when General George Crook met with thirteen leading men of the Oglala Sioux to plan the killing of Crazy Horse later that night A lieutenant who had been working with the Indians promised to give two hundred dollars and his best horse to the man who killed him The place was a remote military post in northwest Nebraska, a mile and a half from the Oglala agency, as Indian reservations were called at the time Pushing events was the Army’s fear that Crazy Horse was planning a new war Then came a report from an Oglala scout named Woman Dress2 that Crazy Horse was planning to kill Crook Something about that story aroused doubts in Garnett when he heard it Crook was a little in doubt himself He wanted to know if Woman Dress could be trusted The answer was close enough to yes to propel events forward In the event, nothing went according to plan Killing the chief that night was altered to arresting him the following day, but that plan ran into trouble as well It was not the Army that nally seized Crazy Horse in the early evening of September 5, 1877, but Crazy Horse who gave himself up to the Army, then walked to the guardhouse holding the hand of the o cer of the day The chief had been promised a chance to explain himself to the commanding o cer of the military post, and he trusted the promise until the moment he saw the barred window in the guardhouse door 21 Letter from the granddaughter of Rattling Stone Woman, Mrs Victoria Conroy of Hot Springs, South Dakota, to James H McGregor, Pine Ridge Superintendent, dictated to Josephine Waggoner, 18 December 1934, Raymond A Burnside Papers, Iowa State Historical Department, quoted in Hardorff, ed., The Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse, 265ff Standing Bear, My People the Sioux, 100 22 “They were afraid”: Victoria Conroy letter; “His father hid his body”: Red Feather interview, July 1930; “Whenever anyone asked her”: Remark of Jennie Fast Thunder, quoted in Standing Bear, Land of the Spotted Eagle, 183; Bu alo Chips and William Garnett: Jensen, ed., The Indian Interviews; told Walter Camp: Walter Camp interview with Horn Chips, c July 1910, quoted in Hardor , ed., The Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse, 88; “just one man know”: Woman Dress letter to James Cook, January 1911, James H Cook Papers; “She helped bury him”: Acquisition note on whetstone given to James Cook by the wife of Red Sack, identi ed as Crazy Horse’s sister, James H Cook Papers; “But it was never told”: Woodrow Respects Nothing to Cleve Walstrom, author, Search for the Lost Trail of Crazy Horse (Dageforde Publishing, n.d.), 117–19 23 “He died awful quick”: Red Feather interview, July 1930; “He did not want any white”: Statement of Howard Red Bear (1871–1968), son of Philip Red Bear, 13 August 1966, quoted in Kadlecek and Kadlecek, To Kill an Eagle, 133 By the late 1870s, the Sioux understood that whites were in the habit of routinely looting burial sites 24 New York Times, 15 September 1879 Carson is identi ed in the diary of Webb Hayes found at the Rutherford B Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, Ohio See also John Collins, My Experiences in the West (Lakeside Press, 1970), 167–78, which relates Schurz’s visit in September 1879 25 “He still mourns”: New York Times, 22 September 1877 Typed notes deposited with Schurz’s papers in the Library of Congress 26 Susan Bordeaux Bettelyoun and Josephine Waggoner, With My Own Eyes, 110 34 “When I tell these things I have a pain in my heart.” The painting was probably intended as a tipi liner The acquisition notes and Webb Hayes’s diary of the trip are found in the Rutherford B Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, Ohio “In what I did”: Little Big Man to President Hayes, August 1878, Letters Received, Office of Indian Affairs, M234/R234, copy in the Fort Robinson Museum files “He always took”: Sickels to W Fletcher Johnson, Life of Sitting Bull and History of the Indian War of 1890–91 (Edgewood Publishing, 1891), 113 The actual text reads, “A Token of regard for gallant services rendered to the whites at the death of Crazy Horse.” It is dated 29 September 1877, and is presented to “Mahtia-Cowa,” an eccentric rendering of the Lakota for Chasing Bear, an alternate name of Little Big Man Riggs spelled the name “Matowakuwa.” The medal was later acquired by the Union Paci c Railroad, which lent it to the Museum of Nebraska History in Lincoln, where it is on display It was rst identi ed by Paul L Hedren, “The Crazy Horse Medal: An Enigma from the Great Sioux War,” Nebraska History, summer 1994 and summer 1996 Scott to Walter Camp, 19 April 1919, Walter Camp Papers, Box 2, Folder Luther Heddon North, Man of the Plains, 278–79 Testimony of Baptiste Pourier, 21 September 1923, Ralph H Case, Black Hills Depositions, 621 , copy provided by Ephraim Dickson See Ralph Case papers, I D Weeks Library, University of South Dakota Hugh L Scott, Some Memories of a Soldier (Century Company, 1928), 110, 123–24 Richard Irving Dodge, The Plains of the Great West (Archer House, 1959), 133 Scott, Some Memories of a Soldier, 123 10 Clark Wissler, Red Man Reservations (Collier Books, 1971), 62 11 W P Clark, The Indian Sign Language, 130 12 “Their sisters,” “are strong and usually healthy,”: Clark, The Indian Sign Language, 208, 279 13 Obituaries appeared in the Army and Navy Journal, 27 September 1884, the Carthage Republican, 14 October 1884, and by A E Bates in the proceedings of The Sixteenth Annual Reunion of the Association of the Graduates of the United States Military Academy, 12 June 1885, 43–48 14 counting the dead: Eli Ricker interview with W A Birdsall, 22 December 1906, Richard E Jensen, ed., The Settler and Soldier Interviews, 45; reunited with his father: Sheridan Post, 20 April 1893; died of alcoholism: Typed note dated 1953, Charles D Humberd, MD, of Barnard, Missouri, tipped into a copy of DeBarthe’s book listed for sale on the Internet, March 2006 15 “What are you going to do”: Eli Ricker interview with William Garnett, Jensen, ed., The Indian Interviews, 77 The interpreter’s job fell open when the incumbent, John Provost, killed a man because his heart was bad He later died in prison See Julia B McGillycuddy, Blood on the Moon (University of Nebraska, 1990), 114ff 16 “I’ve lived all of my life”: Interviews with James Garnett and his sister Joanne Cuny, Sturgis, South Dakota, September 2001 The 1885 meeting with members of the Garnett family is recounted by the widow of General Pickett, southern commander on the occasion when General Richard Garnett was killed at Gettysburg, Cosmopolitan, March and April 1914 17 Raleigh Barker, Tales from a Reservation Storekeeper (American Studies Press, 1979), 22–23 See also Robert H Ruby, The Oglala Sioux (Vantage, 1955), 33 18 “I killed Crazy Horse?”: Eli Ricker interview with William Garnett, Jensen, ed., The Indian Interviews, 66 All other quotes in this section come from Garnett’s a davit for Hugh Scott, 19 August 1920, South Dakota Historical Society 19 Lieutenant Lyman V Kennon, 21 March 1887, Diary 1886–1890, George Crook Papers; “ tted very snugly”: New York World, quoted in Phil Andrew Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army, 370; “The adulations heaped”: quoted in Martin F Schmitt, ed., General George Crook, 134 20 James H Cook papers 21 Charging Girl narrative, James C Cook Papers 35 “I’m not telling anyone what I know about the killing of Crazy Horse.” Rochester Union, quoted in Cheyenne Daily Leader, September 1877 See also Louis S Warren, Bu alo Bill’s America (Knopf, 2005), 192 ; Sandra K Sagala, Bu alo Bill on Stage (University of New Mexico, 2008), 101ff “I wear the uniform”: V T McGillycuddy letter to Elmo Scott Watson, 19 July 1927, Elmo Scott Watson Papers Frances Densmore, Teton Sioux Music, 412 Walker’s introduction to Lakota religion can be found in James R Walker, Lakota Belief and Ritual, passim See especially Walker’s autobiographical statement, 45–50, and the statement of George Sword, September 1896, Bruce Means, translator, 74– 75 Principal sources for the history of the Fast Thunder family include Mathew King and Harvey Arden, ed., Noble Red Man (Beyond Words, 1994); Edward and Mabell Kadlecek, To Kill an Eagle (1981); Barbara Means Adams, Prayers of Smoke (Celestial Arts, 1990); Fast Thunder’s pension le in the National Archives; and interviews with Barbara Adams and Pete Swift Bird “he was the rst Indian”: Statement of Paul Red Star, February 1964, Kadlecek and Kadlecek, To Kill an Eagle, 142; “to put this ghost dance aside”: Raymond J DeMallie, ed., The Sixth Grandfather, 269; fty-six cattle: Je rey Ostler, The Plains Sioux and U.S Colonialism, 139, n 38 “How can I be free”: King and Arden, eds., Noble Red Man, 38–39 “Cousin, you killed me”: Statement of Jesse Romero Eagle Heart, November 1962, Kadlecek and Kadlecek, To Kill an Eagle, 100 King and Arden, eds., Noble Red Man, 40 10 Fast Thunder’s date of death and estate are from his pension le, National Archives Jennie Wounded Horse’s date of death is from statement of Jessie Romero Eagle Heart, born 1906, speaking on November 1962, Kadlecek and Kadlecek, To Kill an Eagle, 11 Eleanor Hinman, introduction to Oglala Sources, 12 Ibid., 13 “You said nothing”: “History of Chief Crazy Horse,” by Rev Joseph Eagle Hawk, Grace Raymond Hebard Papers, University of Wyoming, Laramie This document is a variant of the eleven-page typescript in the Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron, Nebraska, and of the He Dog statement concerning the death of Crazy Horse, Box 4, Folder 3, Don Russell Papers, Buffalo Bill Historical Center 14 “I am an old man”: Hinman, Oglala Sources, 15 “It used to be a disgrace”: Hugh Scott interview with He Dog and Red Feather, 24 July 1931, Hugh Scott Papers; “but when he got ‘there’ ”: Scudder Mekeel, Field Notes, summer 1931, August 1931 16 General Hugh Scott letter, National Archives, quoted by J W Vaughn, With Crook at the Rosebud (Stackpole Books, 1956), 40 Afterword Henry W Daly, American Legion Monthly (April 1927), reprinted in Peter Cozzens, The Long War for the Northern Plains, 250ff Bourke correspondence about Crazy Horse photo, October 1890, John Gregory Bourke Papers; likeness to the “spirit”: Ziólkowski statement of purpose, 29 May 1949, Story Telling in Stone (pamphlet, 1983); “Poor old Crazy Horse”: John Colho letter to George Hyde, May 1949, author’s possession Mathew King and Harvey Arden, eds., Noble Red Man (Beyond Words, 1994), 39–40 Black Elk’s teachings can be found in John Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, Ray DeMallie, ed., The Sixth Grandfather, and Joseph Epes Brown, The Sacred Pipe (University of Oklahoma, 1953) Joseph Epes Brown, The Spiritual Legacy of the American Indian (World Wisdom, 2007), 108, 115 See also Brown, The Sacred Pipe The story of the Fast Thunder family comes from the Fast Thunder pension le; Edward Kadlecek and Mabell Kadlecek, To Kill an Eagle; Barbara Adams, Prayers of Smoke (Celestial Arts, 1990); and interviews with Barbara Adams, September 2001 and 26 April 2004; with Barbara’s mother, Margaret Black Weasel, 24 May 2004; and with Pete Swift Bird by telephone, 13 January and February 2006; in Porcupine, South Dakota, 23 and 24 September 2007, and in Pine Ridge, 26 April 2009 Barney Wickard told me of life in Minatare since the 1930s in interviews on 28 April 2004 and 28 April 2009 Barbara Adams died on 10 August 2005 in the Rapid City, South Dakota, Regional Hospital Her mother, Margaret Black Weasel, died there a few months later BIBLIOGRAPHY Books and Periodicals The literature on the Plains Indians, the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and related subjects is vast, and ne bibliographies abound A good choice for those with a vigorous interest in the Sioux would be Jack W Marken and Herbert T Hoover, Bibliography of the Sioux (Scarecrow Press, 1980) The list that follows is for the convenience of readers It includes only those works frequently cited in this book Many additional sources are identi ed in the notes Much other material, including previously unpublished documents and letters, may be found at www.thekillingofcrazyhorse.com Allen, Charles W From Fort Laramie to Wounded Knee: In the West That Was University of Nebraska Press, 1997 Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux, and Josephine Waggoner With My Own Eyes: A Lakota Woman Tells Her People’s Story University of Nebraska Press, 1988 Blish, Helen H A Pictographic History of the Oglala Sioux University of Nebraska Press, 1968 Bourke, John G On the Border with Crook 1891 University of Nebraska Press, 1971 Bratt, John Trails of Yesterday University of Nebraska Press, 1921 Bray, Kingsley M Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life University of Oklahoma Press, 2006 Brininstool, E A Crazy Horse: The Invincible Oglala Sioux Chief Wetzel Publishing Co., 1949 Brown, Dee Fort Phil Kearny: An American Saga G P Putnam, 1962 Buechel, Eugene Lakota Tales and Texts: In Translation Tipi Press, 1998 Buechel, Eugene, and Paul Manhart, eds Lakota Dictionary University of Nebraska Press, 2002 Buecker, Thomas R Fort Robinson and the American West, 1879–1899 Nebraska State Historical Society, 1999 Buecker, Thomas R., and R Eli Paul, eds The Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger Nebraska State Historical Society, 1994 Burton, Matthew W The River of Blood and the Valley of Death The General’s Books, 1998 Clark, Robert A., ed The Killing of Chief Crazy Horse 1976 University of Nebraska Press, 1988 Clark, W P The Indian Sign Language 1885 University of Nebraska Press, 1982 Cozzens, Peter The Long War for the Northern Plains: Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865–1890 Stackpole Books, 2004 Custer, General George Armstrong My Life on the Plains: Or, Personal Experiences with Indians Citadel Press, 1962 DeBarthe, Joe Life and Adventures of Frank Grouard 1894 University of Oklahoma Press, 1958 DeMallie, Raymond J., ed The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk’s Teachings Given to John G Neihardt University of Nebraska Press, 1984 Densmore, Frances Teton Sioux Music Bulletin of American Ethnology, No 61 Government Printing Office, 1918 Eastman, Charles A Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains Dover, 1997 Finerty, John F War-Path and Bivouac: Or, the Conquest of the Sioux 1890 University of Oklahoma Press, 1961 Graham, W A The Custer Myth Stackpole Books, 1953 Gray, John S Centennial Campaign: The Sioux War of 1876 Old Army Press, 1976 Custer’s Last Campaign: Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Reconstructed University of Nebraska Press, 1991 Greene, Jerome A Battles and Skirmishes of the Great Sioux War, 1876–1877: The Military View University of Oklahoma Press, 1993 Lakota and Cheyenne: Indian Views of the Great Sioux War, 1876–1877 University of Oklahoma Press, 1994 Grinnell, George Bird The Fighting Cheyennes 1915 University of Oklahoma Press, 1956 Hardorff, Richard G., Hokahey! A Good Day to Die: The Indian Casualties of the Custer Fight Arthur H Clark, 1993 _ The Oglala Lakota Crazy Horse: A Preliminary Genealogical Study J M Carroll & Co., 1985 Hardorff, Richard G., ed Cheyenne Memories of the Custer Fight 1995 University of Nebraska Press, 1998 Indian Views of the Custer Fight: A Source Book Arthur H Clark, 2004 Lakota Recollections of the Custer Fight: New Memories of Indian-Military History 1991 University of Nebraska Press, 1997 _ The Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse: A Source Book About a Tragic Episode in Lakota History Arthur H Clark, 1998 Hassrick, Royal B The Sioux University of Oklahoma Press, 1964 Hedren, Paul L Fort Laramie and the Great Sioux War 1988 University of Oklahoma Press, 1998 Hinman, Eleanor H Oglala Sources on the Life of Crazy Horse Nebraska State Historical Society, 1976 Reprint from Nebraska History 57, no (spring 1976) Humfreville, J Lee Twenty Years Among Our Savage Indians Hartford Publishing Co., 1897 Hutton, Paul Andrew Phil Sheridan and His Army 1985 University of Oklahoma Press, 1999 Hyde, George E Red Cloud’s Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians University of Oklahoma Press, 1937 _ Spotted Tail’s Folk: A History of the Brulé Sioux 1961 University of Oklahoma Press, 1976 Jensen, Richard E., ed Voices of the American West Vol 1: The Indian Interviews of Eli S Ricker, 1903–1919 University of Nebraska Press, 2005 Voices of the American West Vol 2: The Soldier and Settler Interviews of Eli S Ricker, 1903–1919 University of Nebraska Press, 2005 Kadlecek, Edward, and Mabell Kadlecek To Kill an Eagle: Indian Views on the Last Days of Crazy Horse Johnson Books, 1982 Krause, Herbert, and Gary D Olson Prelude to Glory: A Newspaper Accounting of Custer’s 1874 Expedition to the Black Hills Brevet Books, 1974 Liddic, Bruce R., and Paul Harbaugh Custer & Company: Walter Camp’s Notes on the Custer Fight University of Nebraska Press, 1998 Mallery, Garrick “Picture Writing of the American Indians.” Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1888–1889 Marquis, Thomas B., trans Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer University of Nebraska Press, n.d.; repr Mattes, Merrill J The Great Platte River Road: The Covered Wagon Mainline via Fort Kearny to Fort Laramie Nebraska State Historical Society, 1969 McCreight, M I Chief Flying Hawk’s Tales: The True Story of Custer’s Last Fight Alliance Press, 1936 _ Firewater and Forked Tongues: A Sioux Chief Interprets U.S History Trail’s End Publishing Co., 1947 McDermott, John D Circle of Fire: The Indian War of 1865 Stackpole Books, 2003 Mekeel, Scudder The Economy of a Modern Teton Dakota Community Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 1936 Mills, Anson My Story Privately published, 1918 North, Luther Heddon Man of the Plains Edited by Donald F Danker University of Nebraska Press, 1961 Olson, James C Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem University of Nebraska Press, 1965 Ostler, Jeffrey The Plains Sioux and U.S Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee Cambridge University Press, 2004 Parkman, Francis The Journals of Francis Parkman Edited by Mason Wade Harper & Brothers, 1947 _ The Oregon Trail Journal Edited by Mason Wade Harper & Brothers, 1947 Paul, R Eli, ed Autobiography of Red Cloud: War Leader of the Oglalas Montana Historical Society Press, 1997 Powell, Peter J Sweet Medicine: The Continuing Role of the Sacred Arrows, the Sun Dance, and the Sacred Buffalo Hat in Northern Cheyenne History University of Oklahoma Press, 1969 Powers, William K., ed “Colhoff Winter Count: 1759–1896,” American Indian Tradition 52, vol 9, no (1963) A second text of the winter count is found in the Elmo Scott Watson Papers This text runs from 1759 to 1945; it is missing entries for the years 1842–1893, but includes much important additional material in entries for the later years Robinson, Charles M III General Crook and the Western Frontier University of Oklahoma Press, 2001 Robinson, Charles M III, ed The Diaries of John Gregory Bourke vols University of North Texas Press, 2003–2010 Sandoz, Mari Crazy Horse: The Strange Man of the Oglalas Alfred A Knopf, 1942 Schmitt, Martin F., ed General George Crook: His Autobiography University of Oklahoma Press, 1946 Scott, Hugh L Some Memories of a Soldier Century Co., 1928 Sheridan, P H Personal Memoirs of P H Sheridan Charles L Webster & Co., 1888 Smith, DeCost Red Indian Experiences George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1949 Standing Bear, Luther Land of the Spotted Eagle Houghton Mifflin, 1933 My People the Sioux 1928 University of Nebraska Press, 1975 Stands in Timber, John, and Margot Liberty Cheyenne Memories Yale University Press, 1967 Tuttle, Edward B Three Years on the Plains: Observations of Indians, 1867–1870 University of Oklahoma, 2002 Utley, Robert M The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull Henry Holt & Co., 1993 Vestal, Stanley Sitting Bull, Champion of the Sioux 1932 University of Oklahoma Press, 1957 Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull 1934 University of Nebraska Press, 1984 _ Warpath and Council Fire Random House, 1948 Walker, James R Lakota Belief and Ritual University of Nebraska Press, 1980 _ Lakota Myth University of Nebraska Press, 1983 _ Lakota Society University of Nebraska Press, 1982 _ The Sun Dance and Other Ceremonies of the Oglala Division of the Teton Dakota Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol 16, pt 2, 1917 Wissler, Clark Societies and Ceremonial Associations in the Oglala Division of the TetonLakota Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol 11, pt 1, 1912 Young, Harry Hard Knocks Laird & Lee, 1915 Manuscripts John Gregory Bourke Papers Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln, NE Luther Bradley Papers U.S Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA Walter Camp Papers Brigham Young University, Provo, UT Walter S Campbell (Stanley Vestal) Papers University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma George Colhoff winter count Elmo Scott Watson Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago, IL Part of this winter count was published by William K Powers in American Indian Tradition, vol 9, no (1963) James C Cook Papers Agate Springs Fossil Beds National Monument, Harrison, NE George Crook Papers U.S Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA Denver Library, Denver, CO Frey Family Papers New-York Historical Society, New York, NY George Bird Grinnell Papers Braun Research Library, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, CA Rutherford B Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, OH Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Vertical files, Fort Phil Kearny Library, Story, Wyoming Scudder Mekeel, Field Notes, 1931–1932 American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY National Archives, Washington, DC John Neihardt Papers University of Missouri, Columbus, MO New York Public Library, New York, NY Don Russell Papers Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody, WY Mari Sandoz Papers Love Library, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE Carl Schurz Papers Library of Congress, Washington, DC Hugh Scott Papers Library of Congress, Washington, DC Walter S Schuyler Papers Huntington Library, San Marino, CA South Dakota State Historical Society, Pierre, SD Josephine Waggoner Papers Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron, NE James Walker Papers Colorado Historical Society, Denver, CO Elmo Scott Watson Papers Newberry Library, Chicago, IL Clark Wissler, Field Notes, 1902, AMNH Expedition to Pine Ridge American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY Western Americana Collection Beinecke Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT Photographic Credits COLOR INSERT i1.1 Man striking a Crow enemy with the butt of his ri e Crazy Horse Gift Ledger, No 1986.581.9, Denver Art Museum i1.2 Tasunka Witko spears a Crow warrior Red Hawk Ledger Book, No 55, Milwaukee Public Museum i1.3 Little Big Man on horseback and on foot National Anthropological Archives, INV 8745501 i1.4 Quick Thunder or Fast Thunder stealing two ponies Red Hawk Ledger Book, No 162, Milwaukee Public Museum i1.5 Crazy Horse at the battle of the Little Bighorn Sioux Indian Painting, Vol 2, Plate 8, “Retreat of Reno’s Command.” University of Cincinnati Libraries Digital Collections i1.6 The bodies of ten warriors at the end of the battle NAA INV 08570100 i1.7 The mutilation of soldiers’ bodies NAA INV 08570400 i1.8 Little Big Man’s e ort to hold Crazy Horse as he struggled to escape Sioux Indian Painting, Vol 2, Plate 18, “The Death of Crazy Horse.” University of Cincinnati Libraries Digital Collections BLACK AND WHITE INSERT i2.1 Fort Laramie, group portrait of Lakota women National Anthropological Archives 3692 A i2.2 Red Cloud Agency in 1876 NSHS digital image 007605 i2.3 William Garnett and Baptiste Pourier Copy in author’s collection i2.4 William Garnett, Fillie, and four of Garnett’s children Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, No x-31493 i2.5 Red Cloud National Anthropological Archives 9851600 i2.6 Spotted Tail with wife and daughter National Anthropological Archives 9851000 i2.7 General George Crook National Anthropological Archives 1604805 i2.8 Lieutenant William Philo Clark and Little Hawk National Anthropological Archives 0209700 i2.9 Frank Grouard at the Pine Ridge Agency Nebraska State Historical Society RG1227– 22–04 i2.10 Woman Dress Photo by W C Cross, author’s collection i2.11 He Dog Photo by D S Mitchell, NSHS RG2955–07 i2.12 American Horse Photo by D S Mitchell, National Anthropological Archives 0210300 i2.13 George Sword with Bu alo Bill Cody and members of Cody’s theatrical troupe Buffalo Bill Historical Center P.69.22 i2.14 Camp Sheridan Photo by Charles Howard, October 1877, National Anthropological Archives 0236900 i2.15 Board fence surrounding traditional sca old, Spotted Tail Agency Photo courtesy of Larry Ness i2.16 Little Big Man National Anthropological Archives 03215a A Note About the Author Thomas Powers is a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist and the author of The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA His other books include Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb; Thinking About the Next War; The War at Home: Vietnam and the American People; and Diana: The Making of a Terrorist He is also the author of the novel The Confirmation He lives in Vermont with his wife ... outside the window of his room on the second oor of the hospital He heard the tug chains rattling, the creak of the wheels, the harness, the hooves of the horses, and the voices of two people One of. .. Afraid of His Horses, Man That Owns a Sword, American Horse, and Crazy Horse The boy William watched as the chiefs in the lodge solemnly named Crazy Horse and the others as the last Ongloge Un the. .. stopping rst at the tipi of one man, then at the tipi of another, calling them to the council lodge As the men on horseback circled the camp, a group of boys were distracted from their play Wanting

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  • Other Books by This Author

  • Title Page

  • Copyright

  • Dedication

  • Contents

  • List of Maps

  • Introduction: “We’ll come for you another time.”

  • Chapter 1 - “When we were young, all we thought about was going to war.”

  • Chapter 2 - “I have always kept the oaths I made then, but Crazy Horse did not.”

  • Chapter 3 - “It is better to die young.”

  • Chapter 4 - “Crazy Horse was as fine an Indian as he ever knew.”

  • Chapter 5 - “A Sandwich Islander appears to exercise great control in the Indian councils.”

  • Chapter 6 - “Gold from the grass roots down.”

  • Chapter 7 - “We don’t want any white men here.”

  • Photo Insert 1

  • Chapter 8 - “The wild devils of the north.”

  • Chapter 9 - “This whole business was exceedingly distasteful to me.”

  • Chapter 10 - “I knew this village by the horses.”

  • Chapter 11 - “He is no good and should be killed.”

  • Chapter 12 - “Crook was bristling for a fight.”

  • Chapter 13 - “I give you these because they have no ears.”

  • Chapter 14 - “I found it a more serious engagement than I thought.”

  • Chapter 15 - “I am in constant dread of an attack.”

  • Chapter 16 - “General Crook ought to be hung.”

  • Chapter 17 - “You won’t get anything to eat! You won’t get anything to eat!”

  • Chapter 18 - “When spring comes, we are going to kill them like dogs.”

  • Chapter 19 - “All the people here are in rags.”

  • Chapter 20 - “I want this peace to last forever.”

  • Chapter 21 - “I cannot decide these things for myself.”

  • Chapter 22 - “It made his heart heavy and sad to think of these things.”

  • Chapter 23 - “They were killed like wolves.”

  • Chapter 24 - “The soldiers could not go any further, and they knew that they had to die.”

  • Photo Insert 2

  • Chapter 25 - “It is impossible to work him through reasoning or kindness.”

  • Chapter 26 - “If you go to Washington they are going to kill you.”

  • Chapter 27 - “We washed the blood from our faces.”

  • Chapter 28 - “I can have him whenever I want him.”

  • Chapter 29 - “I am Crazy Horse! Don’t touch me!”

  • Chapter 30 - “He feels too weak to die today.”

  • Chapter 31 - “I heard him using the brave word.”

  • Chapter 32 - “He has looked for death, and it has come.”

  • Chapter 33 - “He still mourns the loss of his son.”

  • Chapter 34 - “When I tell these things I have a pain in my heart.”

  • Chapter 35 - “I’m not telling anyone what I know about the killing of Crazy Horse.”

  • Afterword: “No man is held in more veneration here than Crazy Horse.”

  • Methods, Sources, and Acknowledgments

  • Notes

  • Bibliography

  • Photographic Credits

  • A Note About the Author

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