God’s Fury, England’s Fire MICHAEL BRADDICK God’s Fury, England’s Fire A New History of the English Civil Wars ALLEN LANE an imprint of PENGUIN BOOKS ALLEN LANE Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England www.penguin.com First published 2008 Copyright © Michael Braddick, 2008 The moral right of the author has been asserted All rights reserved Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book 978-0-14-044757-6 For Karen, Cora and Melissa Contents List of Illustrations Maps Preface The Crisis of the Three Kingdoms, 1637–1642 From the Bowels of the Whore of Babel The Scottish Prayer Book Rebellion and the Politics of Reformation Self-Government at the King’s Command Politics and Society in Caroline England Drawing Swords in the King’s Service The English and the Bishops” Wars We Dream Now of a Golden Age The Long Parliament and the Public Sphere Barbarous Catholics and Puritan Populists The Irish Rising and the Politics of Fear Paper Combats The Battle for the Provinces Raising Forces The Slide into War War, 1642–1646 Armed Negotiation The Battle of Edgehill and Its Aftermath Military Escalation, Loyalty and Honour The English War Efforts in 1643 10 The War of the Three Kingdoms The Irish Cessation and the Solemn League and Covenant, 1643 11 Marston Moor The Victory of the Covenant? 12 A Man Not Famous But Notorious Death and Its Meanings 13 Naseby and the End of the War The Triumph of the New Model Army 14 Winners and Losers The Costs and Benefits of Civil War 15 Remaking the Local Community The Politics of Parishes at War Revolution, 1646–1649 16 Post-War Politics Print, Polemic and Mobilization 17 Military Defeat and Political Survival Attempts at Settlement from Newcastle to Newmarket 18 The Army, the People and the Scots Putney, the Engagement and the Vote of No Addresses 19 To Preserve That Which God Hath Manifestly Declared Against Charles, the Scots and the Second Civil War 20 The Occasioner, Author, and Continuer of the Said Unnatural, Cruel and Bloody Wars The Trial and Execution of Charles I 21 Epilogue England’s Freedom Acknowledgements Picture Credits Abbreviations Note on Authorship and Dating of Pamphlets Note on Dates and Quotations Notes and References Bibliography of Secondary Works Index the four estates 33–4, 529 France and 12, 89, 90–91 Montrose’s campaign, 1644–5 335–6, 348, 353, 374–5, 386–7 Orkneys/Shetland 316 Prayer Book rebellion see Prayer Book rebellion Revocation scheme 26–7 See also Covenanters Scottish bishops 12, 14, 15, 16, 17–18, 23–4, 28, 29, 88, 448 distrust of 28, 29–30 Scottish General Assembly 38–9, 88, 89, 104 Scottish nobility 33, 37 Scottish Parliament 104, 529, 537 Scottish Prayer Book reform C’s support for 3, 6, 12, 17, 23–4, 26, 27–30, 31–2, 33, 36–9; his withdrawal of 38 opposition to see Covenanters; Covenanters purpose 27 See also Prayer Book rebellion Scottish Privy Council 28, 37, 38 Scottish Prayer Book and 30, 31–2, 33, 36 Scottish Reformation 12–18, 30 Scottish Reformed Church (Presbyterian) xxiii bishops see Scottish bishops Book of Common Order 17 Books of Discipline 12, 14, 15 as Calvinist 6, 14, 18, 36 denouncing of, by Cheney Culpeper 344, 347 Five Articles of Perth 17, 24, 31 form of worship 16–18 General Assembly 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24 institutional structure 13–14, 17–18, 29–30, 311 Jure divino 60 the kirk 13, 14, 15–17, 18, 24, 28, 32, 88, 310 Negative Confession 14–15, 34, 36, 107 Scottish settlers, in Ulster 162, 163, 165, 166-7, 175 Scottish troops 83, 84, 319 Engagers (royalists) in Second Civil War 529, 537, 541–5 in Ireland 469–70 in parliamentary army 235, 242 See also Covenanter army scriveners 53 scrofula see King’s Evil Scrope, Sir Adrian 246 Scudamore, Barnabas 414 sectarianism 146–7, 149–51, 204, 339–46, 432–3 dangers of 176–7, 310–11, 445–8, 451–2 fear of 149, 152, 153, 452, 468, 534 women’s influence on 409–10, 411, 434 See also Independent churches sedition 148, 459–60, 487, 510, 540, 531 Selby 326 Self-Denial proposals, 1644 350–51, 373 Self-Denying Ordinance, 1644 351-2, 353, 370, 371, 412, 540 Cromwell exempted from 370, 372 significance 353–4, 479 Sequestration Ordinance 1643 270, 281 implementation 396, 404–5, 46 settlements see peace negotiations Sexby, Edward 512 Seymour, Sir Francis 91, 228 Sharpe, Thomas 579 Sheppard, Thomas 579 Sherborne Castle 216, 222, 253, 385 Sherfield, Henry 314 ship money 68–70, 71, 86, 87, 98, 127, 394 opposition to payment 119, 132 as unlawful 140, 141 shipping, commercial 399 Mother Shipton 368 Short Parliament, 1639 89–96, 111 Additional Instructions to, on Irish rebellion 168–9, 170, 178, 181 business 90–91 dissolution 93, 96; disturbances following 93–5; measures against 94–5 grievances presented to 90, 91–3, 107 John Pym in 125 Shrewsbury 221, 223, 241 Shropshire 65–6, 219, 401, 406, 413 clubmen in 413, 414, 415, 417 as royalist 224, 268, 389–90 Shrove Tuesday, significance of 116, 482 Shute, Richard 117 Sibthorpe, Robert 48, 86 siege warfare 391–4 See also individual sites Signes and wonders from Heaven 431–2, 433 Simpson, Sidrach 338–9, 339 Simpson, William 579 Skippon, Philip 185, 332, 371, 491, 541 at Naseby 376, 377 slavery 194–5 Slingsby, Sir Henry 117, 297 Smith, Anne 461 Smith, Francis 462 Smith, John (Rainborough’s guard in Doncaster) 548 Smith, Captain John 218 Smithfield Market, London 399 riot at, 1647 484–5 social structure 54, 57–8, 62–3 class divisions 232, 233–6 the court see the court gentlemen/gentry 54, 58–9, 61, 62, 396, 405–6 Lords Lieutenant 64, 66, 67, 68, 99 middling sort 32, 57–8, 59, 62, 137 nobility see nobility the poor 57–8, 59, 61, 184, 233–6, 428, 429, 455, 456, 483, 484–5 working people 61, 233–6, 483; See also trades/industries ‘Solemn Engagement’ (civilian), 1647 500–501 Solemn Engagement (New Model Army), 1647, 495, 507 Solemn League and Covenant, 1643 310–13, 319, 320, 321, 323, 338, 348 contents 310, 311, 350, 371, 525 national subscription to 324, 446–7, 449, 464 purpose 310, 312 requirement to sign 372, 481; by C, under Newcastle Propositions 465, 492; his continuing opposition to 520, 522, 523, 529 Somerset 130, 152, 406, 419, 424 clubmen in 413, 414, 415, 417–18 militia in 215–16, 231, 279 Somerset House, Henrietta Maria’s chapel 73 purgation of 274, 274 Souldiers Catechisme 460 South Eastern Association (parliamentarian) 321 Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl 228 Spain as a Catholic country 73 C’s secret visit, 1623–4 49, 116 England and 10, 21, 45, 49, 73, 84; Cadiz expedition 45, 46, 242 England, war with 45, 65 France and 472 Ireland and 163 speech, freedom of 196, 342–3, 458 in Parliament 460, 487–8 Spencer, John 344 Spenser, Edmund: View on the Present State of Ireland 162, 163 Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch) de 453 Staffordshire 172, 219, 254 Stamford, Earl 255, 264 Stanley, Sir Thomas 217 Stapleton, Sir Philip 481, 494, 503 New Model Army and 488, 491, 498, 500 Star Chamber, Court of 66, 67, 71, 77, 86, 131, 141, 153, 235 abolition of 121, 141, 153 See also legal system Starker, Captain 390 Stationers” Company 294–5 Stearne, John 429, 430, 434, 463 Stitchberry, Anne (sister of Richard Stitchberry) 202 Stitchberry, Richard 201–2 Stow-on-the-Wold engagement at, 1643 290 battle of, 1646 388, 467 Stradling, Sir Edward 224, 385 Strafford, Earl of see Wentworth, Sir Thomas Strange, Lord see Derby, James Stanley, 7th Earl Strange Newes from Scotland… 504–5, 505 Strangways, Sir John 228 Stratton, battle of, 1643 287 subsidies 132–3, 140, 269 See also finance/revenues Sudeley Castle 327 Suffolk 63, 184, 219, 222, 427–8 iconoclasm 314, 428 purgation of churches 428, 433 witch trials 430 See also East Anglia Sunday observance(s) 279–80, 340, 393, 482 See also holy days supernatural wonders phenomena 255–6, 364–5 See also monsters/monstrous births; providence; Supplicants 28–30, 29, 31–4 as Covenanters see Covenanters the Tables and 33–4 as traitors 33, 35, 36 supralapsarian theology 7, 19 Surrey 43, 99, 103, 171, 404, 539 Surrey Trained Band 249 Sussex 396, 405 clubmen in 413, 414, 416, 417, 428, 421 Swanley, Vice-Admiral Richard 318 Sydenham, Lady 227–8 the Tables 33–4, 36, 111 Tadcaster 326 Tate, Zouch 351, 381 Taunton, siege of, 1645 374–5, 384 taverns see alehouses/taverns tax collectors 403, 404, 422–4, 483 taxation 47, 56, 95, 132, 253, 269–70, 285, 323, 403 Assessment Ordinances 253, 273, 281, 321–2, 323, 394, 396 double (parliamentarian/royalist) 396–7, 403–4 poll tax 140 resentment of 422–4, 425–6 See also finance/revenues Taylor, Jeremy 521 The Liberty of Prophesying 490 Taylor, John 196, 340 The World turn’d upside down 411, 505–6, 505 Temple, Sir Peter 69 Ten Propositions, 1641 142, 183 Tew, Nicholas 488 Tewkesbury 265 battle of, 1644 327 Thirty Nine Articles 163, 164, 309, 311 Thirty Years War, 1618–48 18, 22, 36, 45, 49, 53, 73, 75, 157, 395, 546 as Armageddon 75 Thomas, John 173, 206, 410, 449 A Bloody Plot, Practised by some Papists… 197–9, 198, 449 The Discovery Of a late and Bloody Conspiracie… 173, 174 Heads of Severall Proceedings 172, 173 Thomason, George 149, 153, 172, 173, 175, 196, 197, 338, 357, 489, 510 as collector xxii, xxiii, 583–4 as publisher 583, 584 Thomond, Barnabas O’Brien, Earl 306 Thomson, Maurice 117, 458 Tilbury Fort 402 Tippermuir (Scotland), battle of, 1644 335 tonnage and poundage 133–4, 140 See also customs revenues Tonnage and Poundage Act 1641 140, 142 Torrington, battle of, 1646 388 torture, judicial 95 Tourneur, Timothy 66 Tower of London 178, 181, 186, 199 tracts see pamphlets/tracts trade 47, 113–14, 184, 455, 458 trade regulation 458 trades/industries 114, 397–9, 403, 455 arms/ordnance 397–9, 398, 403 butchers 483–4 cloth/clothing 184, 233, 251, 399, 403, 454 tin mining 233 Trained Bands 64, 85, 98–9, 215, 216, 231, 242, 243, 249, 267, 374 administration/control 64, 65–7, 85 in London see London Trained Bands as local in sympathy 267 muster masters 64–5, 242 mustering of/payment for 64–5, 85, 87, 96–101, 215, 216; opposition to 65–7, 71, 98–9; by royal prerogative 81–2, 83, 84, 86, 106 in parliamentary army 243, 248–9, 290, 320, 349 pressed men 85–7 reform of 64–5 royalist disarming of 223 substitutes for members of 85, 87, 98 See also militia transport 399, 542 Traquair, John Stewart, Earl (Lord Treasurer) 27, 30–31, 32, 33, 89 treason 179–80, 300, 356 changes of allegiance seen as 233, 295, 297–9, 300–301 C accused of 449 definition 449, 450 Triennial Act 1641 132, 140, 499 A true and perfect picture Of our present reformation 534 truth 454, 458, 459, 463 Tulidah, Major 488 Turnham Green engagement, 1642 248–9, 251 typhus 294, 395 See also disease(s) tyrannicide 257, 535 tyranny 453 Ulster 135, 162, 530 Black Oath 135, 164–5 in Irish Rebellion 166, 175 Scottish settlers in 162, 163, 165, 166–7, 175 See also Ireland Ussher, James, Archbishop of Church of Ireland 127, 163 utopian ideals 156, 157–8 Uxbridge negotiations, 1645 350, 352–3, 417 terms 348–9, 352; C’s reaction to 348, 349, 352–3, 381; his rejection of 353, 354 vagrancy see the poor Van Dyke: portraits of C 24, 25, 26, 474, 526, 580 Vane, Sir Henry 310, 371, 555 Vaughan, Reece 389 Venice 545 Venn, Captain John 117 Verney family 226–8, 247, 255 Vindiciae, contra tyrannos 257 translated by William Walker 535 Violet, Maptid 277 voting/voters 60, 90, 118, 519, 565 for Common Council 178, 179 parliamentary representation 515, 516–17, 519 property qualification for 118 by women 408 Vow and Covenant, 1643 288, 293–4, 297 wage levels 57, 99, 398, 400–401, 402, 483 Wakefield 102 Wales 59, 152, 172, 197, 200 clubmen in 413, 415 Glamorganshire 538 legal system 405–6 Marches 223, 224, 230 Monmouthshire 212, 224, 265, 415 New Model Army in 538 the ‘Peaceable Army’ 538 Pembrokeshire 82, 538, 542–3 as royalist 216, 223–4, 252, 385, 388 royalist rising, 1648 538–9 See also Welsh troops Walker, William 535 as possible executioner of C 580 Vindiciae, contra tyrannos, translated by 535 Waller, Sir William 216, 222, 320, 327 at Arundel 301 Commons, report to, 1645 350 Ralph Hopton, correspondence with 227 at Newbury, 1644 333 as a parliamentarian 227, 242, 252, 265, 287, 288, 289, 321, 326, 327–8, 331, 333, 349, 351, 370 reputation 265, 266, 3127 as ‘William the Conqueror’ 265 Waller plot (Edmund Waller) 291–3, 291, 292 Wallington, Nehemiah 109, 121, 136, 137, 179, 204 Walwyn, William 195, 442, 463, 488 The Araignement of Mr Persecution… 442, 443 on Thomas Edwards: Gangraena 448 England’s Lamentable Slaverie 443 A Helpe to the right understanding… 442 William Lenthall and 440 as a Leveller 195 John Lilburne and 440, 441–2, 444 Parliament, his attacks on 507–8 A Remonstrance… (with Richard Overton) 487 religious beliefs 440, 486, 507–8 Wantage 98 war, laws of 285, 300, 395–6 See also atrocities A Warning for all the Counties of England 488 warning pieces (literary genre) 450–51 Warwick, Robert Rich, 2nd Earl 105, 152, 541 as deputy Lord High Admiral 191–2, 214–15, 331, 351; resignation 372, 540; reinstatement 540, 545, 563 Warwickshire 172, 214, 224, 232, 254, 397, 425, 460 legal system 405–6 parliamentary supporters 222, 232, 241, 247, 579 weapons/ordnance 63, 87, 119, 211 arsenals: Cambridge 229; Hull 182, 191–2; Kingston-on-Thames 182; Portsmouth 191, 216; control of 182, 191–2, 209–11, 215, 541 See also arms industry Webb, John 527, 528 Webb, Thomas 98, 344 Weekly Account 484 Weldon, Sir Anthony 205 Welsh troops 223–4, 252, 289, 319, 326 Wentworth, Lord 388 Wentworth, Sir Thomas (Earl of Strafford) 77, 78, 84, 95, 96, 110, 297 Denzil Holles and 253 as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 84, 135, 164–5 opposition to 124, 127, 135–8; bill of attainder of 135, 137 as President, Council of the North 84, 135 impeachment/execution 96, 131, 134–9, 138, 148, 189, 433; C and 135, 136, 139, 159; criticism of 135, 139; escape attempts 136, 159; Western Association (royalist) 353 Westminster Abbey 20, 274, 275, 358 Westminster Assembly 294, 296, 309, 338, 339, 348, 442, 501, 522 C and 492, 521 on confession of faith 311 on military failure 351 on Solemn League and Covenant 311, 312, 313 on Thirty-Nine Articles 309, 311 See also religious reform/settlement Westminster Hall/Yard 129, 129, 293 C’s trial held in 569, 570 Westmorland 200 Weymouth 327, 331 Whalley, Edward 286–7, 495, 541 Wharton, George 366, 367, 583 An Astrological Judgement upon His Majesties present March… 366, 367 Micro-chronicon, Wharton as probable author 450 Wharton, Philip, 4th Baron 501 White, Major Francis 511, 512 White, John (Northamptonshire royalist) 218 White, John, his attack on Essex’s effigy 478–9 White, Robert 195 White Lion prison, London 93, 116 Whitehall Palace/Banqueting House 527, 528 C’s execution in 577–8 Whitelocke, Bulstrode 209, 210 Wight, Sarah 410 Wilde, Sergeant 540 Wildman, John 512, 519, 559 A Call to All the Soldiers…, Wildman as probable author of 517 Williams, Richard: Peace and No Peace 256 Williams, Roger 343, 369, 443, 458, 534 Bloudy Tenent of Persecution 340–41, 460 Queries of Highest Consideration 341 Willis, Humphrey 424 Times Whirligig… 424, 425 Willoughby (a scrivener in London) 53 Willoughby of Eresby, Lord 228 Willoughby of Parham, Francis, 1st Lord 220 Wilmore, John and Mary 202–3 Wilmot, Henry (later 1st Earl of Rochester) 244 Wilson, Arthur 430 Wiltshire 63, 99, 100, 288, 387, 531 clubmen in 413, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419 Winceby engagement, 1643 321 Winchester 265, 387 Winchester, John Paulet, 5th Marquess 387, 405, 477 Windebank, Francis (son of Sir Francis Windebank) 99 Windebank, Sir Francis 91, 98 Windsor 182, 185 Wiseman, Richard 390–91, 457–8 Chirurgicall treatises 474–5 on scrofula 474–5 Treatment of Wounds 391 witches/witch trials 428–34, 435, 463 witchfinders 429–30, 432, 434 women 217, 403, 545 as camp followers 317, 378, 387, 408, 434 care of the wounded, payment for 403, 408 childbirth 202–3 churching of 76, 102 as Levellers 410, 411 as prophets 410, 566–7 rape of 387, 396 role of 184–5, 408–11, 429, 434–5 sectarianism and 409–10, 411, 434 women preachers 344–5, 409, 410 women writers 411 wonders 111, 113, 201-2, 255–6, 504–6, 592–3 See also monsters/monstrous births; providence; supernatural phenomena Wood, William 255 Woodford, Robert 121 Worcester 327, 388, 483 Worcester, battle of, 1651 390 Worcester/Powick Bridge engagement, 1642 241, 250, 251 Worcester, Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess and 6th Earl 212, 224, 285 Worcestershire 212, 213, 214, 221, 287 clubmen in 413, 414, 417–19 militia in 219, 220 taxation in 403–4 Worse and worse newes from Ireland 167 Worsley, Henry 526 Wrinkles, Thomas 218 York 83, 86, 212, 221, 326 C and 187, 190, 475 Clifford Tower 498 Great Council meeting, 1640 105 Sydenham Poyntz in 493, 498 royalist capture of 251; siege of, 1644 326–7, 328, 346; significance of 329; C’s letter to Prince Rupert on 328–9; lifting of 329, 331 See also Marston Moor Yorkshire 210, 235, 462, 548 East Riding 221 neutralism in 220–21 parliamentarians in 221, 222, 251 royalist campaign 251, 289, 297, 298, 326, 386 West Riding 172, 184, 221, 251, 288–9, 297 ... the benefit of a national audience (Title page, anon., 1642) 24 Royalist propaganda about the actions of the ‘Colchester plunderers’ and other parliamentarian barbarities: a later compendium... disguised as a servant A week later, after some apparently hesitant wanderings in the company of his chaplain and one personal friend, he surrendered to a Scottish army camped at Southwell, Nottinghamshire... (Engraving, William Marshall, 1649) 52 The equestrian statue of Charles I at Charing Cross pictured soon after it was erected (Drawing, anon., c 17 00) 53 The Cromwell statue in Parliament Square