HISTORY OF WIRELESS Tapan K Sarkar Robert J Mailloux Arthur A Oliner Magdalena Salazar-Palma Dipak L Sengupta HISTORY OF WIRELESS This Page Intentionally Left Blank HISTORY OF WIRELESS Tapan K Sarkar Robert J Mailloux Arthur A Oliner Magdalena Salazar-Palma Dipak L Sengupta With Contributions from: Duncan C Baker, John S.Belrose, Ian Boyd, Ovidio M Bucci, Paul F Goldsmith, Hugh Griffiths, Alexei A Kostenko, lsmo V Lindell, Aleksandar Marincic, Alexander I Nosich, John Mitchell, Gentei Sato, Motoyuki Sato, and Manfred Thumm A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 02006 by John Wiley & Sons Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken New Jersey Published simultaneously i n Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (9781 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department John Wiley & Sons, Inc., I River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-601 I, fax (201) 748-6008 or online at http:l/www.wiley.comigolpermission Limit of LiabilityiDisclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publishcr nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800)762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: History of wireless / Tapan K Sarkar (et al.] i with contributions from Duncan C Baker [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical rcferences and index ISBN-I3 978-0-471-71814-7 ISBN-I00-471-71814-9(cloth : alk paper) I Radio-History Wireless communication systernsHfistory Electrornagnetics-Research-History Antennas (Electronics)-History I Sarkar, Tapan (Tapan K.) TK6547.H57 2006 62I.384'09-dc22 2005022232 Printed in the United States of America I Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Chapter 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Chapter Introduction Prologue Development of Magnetism Development of Electricity Development of the Theory of Light Who Was Maxwell ? What Was& Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory ? Conclusions References 1 Chronology of Developments of Wireless Communi ation 53 and Supporting Electronics 53 Introduction 53 Acknowledgments Background 54 Some Crucial Events of the Nineteenth Century 55 Some Crucial Events of the Twentieth Century 92 Epilogue 159 References 160 Evolution of Electromagnetics in the Nineteenth Century Introduction 3.I I Ear& Experiments 3.1.2 Coulomb’s Force Law 3.I Galvanism and Electromagnetism , 3.1.4 Electromagnetic Induction Continental Electromagnetics 3.2 3.2.I Electrostatics and Magnetostatics 3.2.2 Ampere’s Force Law 3.2.3 Ohm Law 3.2.4 Neumann s Vector Potential 3.2.5 Weber’s Force Law 3.2.5.1 The Force Law 3.2.5.2 Potential 3.2.5.3 Neumann’s Inductance 3.2.5.4 Faraday’s Law 3.2.6 Electromagnetic Waves British Electromagnetics 3.3 3.1 20 29 37 50 50 165 165 165 166 167 168 169 169 169 172 172 173 175 176 176 177 178 179 CONTENTS vi Faraday ’sField Concept Thomson Maxwell 3.3.3.1 Electromagnetic Clockwork 3.3.3.2 Electromagnetic Jelly 3.3.3.3 FinalTheory Conclusion References 179 180 181 181 183 184 186 186 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 Chapter The Genesis of Maxwell’s Equations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 On Faraday’s Lines of Force 4.3 On Physical Lines of Force 4.4 A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field References Chapter Maxwell, Hertz, the Maxwellians and the Early History of Electromagnetic Waves 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Speculations of Electromagnetic Propagation Before Maxwell 5.3 Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory of Light 5.4 Acceptance of Maxwell’s Theory 5.4.I Maxwell’s Equations 5.4.2 Electromagnetic Waves 5.5 Hertz and the Maxwellians 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter Oliver Heaviside 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Heaviside’s Life 6.3 Heaviside’s Contributions 6.3.1 Transmission Lines 6.3.2 Maxwell’s Equations 6.3.3 Operational Calculus 6.3.4 The Heaviside Layer 6.4 Conclusions 6.5 Acknowledgments References Chapter Wireless before Marconi 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Conduction Telegraph 7.2.1 Early Ideas , 7.2.2 Morse’s Wireless 189 189 193 198 208 212 215 215 216 217 223 223 224 225 227 227 229 229 229 237 237 24 242 244 245 245 246 247 247 247 247 249 CONTENTS 7.3 7.4 Chapter 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 vii 7.2.3 British and French Experiments 7.2.4 Loomis’s Wireless Telegraph 7.2.5 NewDetector 7.2.6 Last Steps Induction Telegraph 7.3.1 Dolbear s Wireless Telephone 7.3.2 Edison ’s Wireless Telegraph 7.3.3 Stevenson and Preece Electromagnetic Telegraph 7.4.1 Henry 7.4.2 Edison’s Etheric Force 7.4.3 Maxwell and Hertz 7.4.4 Hughes 7.4.5 TheCoherer 7.4.6 Tesla 7.4.7 Lodge and Fitzgerald 7.4.8 The Visionaries 7.4.9 Finally, Marconi References Nikola Tesla and His Contributions to Radio Development Introduction Invention of the Tesla Coil Radio Controlled Vehicle Colorado Springs Laboratory Marconi and Braun Research Long Island Laboratory Conclusions Acknowledgments References An Appreciation of J C Bose’s Pioneering Work in Millimeter and Microwaves 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Historical Perspective 9.3 A 60 GHz Transmission System 9.4 Development of the Receiver 9.5 Demonstration of Propagation 9.6 Demonstration of the Phenomenon of Refraction 9.7 Demonstration of the Phenomenon of Polarization 9.8 Demonstration of the Phenomenon Similar to Photoelectric Effect 9.9 Measurement of Wavelength 9.10 Development of the Galena Detector 9.1 Biological Effects of millimeter Waves Chapter 249 25 25 252 253 254 255 257 258 258 259 260 260 26 263 263 264 264 265 267 267 268 276 27 282 283 286 287 287 291 29 292 292 294 297 298 299 300 300 301 306 CONTENTS viii 9.12 Conclusion 9.13 Epilogue 9.14 Biographical Sketch References Chapter 10 Sir John Ambrose Fleming - His Involvement in the Development of Wireless 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Early Years 10.3 Research of the University Professor 10.4 Scientific Advisor to the Marconi Company 10.5 The Thermionic Valve 10.6 Later Life References Chapter 11 Historical German Contributions to Physics and Applications of Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Chronology of Historical German Contributions 11.2.1 Phillip Reis: First Telephone 11.2.2 Hermann von Hehlmholtz: Unification of Diflerent Approaches to Electrodynamics 11.2.3 Heinrich Hertz: Discovery of Electromagnetic Waves 11.2.4 Karl Ferdinand Braun: Ciystal Diode, Cathode Ray Tube, Wireless Telegraphy 11.2.5 Christian Hiilsmeyer: Rudimentary Form of RADAR 11.2.6 Robert von Lieben: The Triode as an AmpliJier in a TransmitteR 11.2.I Heinrich Barkhausen: First Transit Time Microwave Tube 11.2.8 Manfred von Ardenne: First Integrated Vacuum Tube Circuits 1I 2.9 Hans Erich Hollmann: Multicavity Magnetron, Principle of Reflex Klystron 11.2.10 Oskar Ernst Heil: Field Efect Transistor, Principle of Kbstron 11.2.1I Walter Schottky: Tetrode, Theory of Shot Noise, Schottky Barrier 1I 2.I2 Herbert Kromer: III- V Semiconductor Heterostructures 11.2.13 Jzlrgen Schneider: QE Model of Electron Cyclotron Maser 11.3 Acknowledgments 306 308 308 309 31 311 311 314 315 32 326 326 327 327 328 328 329 33 333 333 335 337 338 339 340 344 344 346 347 INDEX Shangraw, C C., 125 Shannon, Claude Elwood, 138,146 Sharbaugh, 143 shaIp emission, 357 Sharp, C H., 109 Shaw, R F., 154 Shawlow, A., 502 Shevchenko, V., 505 shielding, 118, 119 Shieve, J N., 146 Shinano Maru, 460 ship navigation, 97 ship, 110, 115, 126,444-5 Shockley, William Bradford, 121, 145,147 Shoemaker, Harry, 100 Sholes, Chnstopher Latham, 69-70 short magnetic coil, 123 short wave, 124, 127, 138 short wave radio, 112, 115,568-70 shot effect, 127 Shnitkin, 574 Shunaman, F., 142 Sichak, William, 592 sideband communication, 115 sidelobe, 487, 580, 586, 589, 591 Siegmund, H O., 126 Siemens & Halske Company, 140, 328-9, 344,550 Siemens Brothers and Co Limited, 429-36,438-42,443, 445, 44950 Siemens, Alex, 432 Siemens, Werner von, 64 Siemens-Shuckert Company, 344 Signal Hill, NL, 94,36, 387, 390-2, 393 signal reception, telegraphy, 125 signal transmission, telegraphy, 125 signal, 135, 141, 142, 144, 148, 151, 153,359,363,368, 374, 375-6,393,407,4 11,468; processing, 159,488,578,586; splitting, 569-70; strength, 403,410; -to-noise-ratio, 128, 570, 586 645 signaling, 109, 382,426, dual-tone multiple frequency (DTMF), 152 Silber, L M., 575 silica valve, 112 silicon, 57, 58, 97, 140, 143, 154, 302,562,593 silicon cell, 148 silicon dioxide, 150 Silicon Valley, 156 silver, 370,424 Silver, S., 580 Simon, R W., 416 Simons, 403 simplex, 144 Sinclair, George, 146 Sinding, 105 Singing Arc, 92 single node, 147 single point failure rate, 593 single wave, 357 single-sideband voice channel, 113 Sixtus, 368 skin, 14 Skobelev, 591 skywave, 393 Slaby, Adolf Karl Heinrich, 89, 90, 281,282,286,332,351 Slattery, Marmaduke Marcelus Michael, 79 Slepian, Joseph, 112, 130, 142 sliding wave theory, 11 Slob, Arie, 155 slots, 555 slot antenna, 151 Slutskin, A., 486-7 small aperature theory, 552-3 small obstacle theory, 552-3 small shot effect, 111, see also Schottky effect Smith, Erasmus Peshine, 65 Smith, G C., 115 Smith, George, 154 Smith, Oberlin, 80 Smith, P H., 138 Smith, W V., 144 646 Smith, Willoughby, 70 Smithchart, 138 Smithrose, R L , 118 Smith's Prize, 28 smoke, 133 Snell, Willebrord van Roijen, 22 Snoddy, L B., 130 SNX-100,151 Society Industrielle des Telephone, 436 Society of Telegraph Engineers, 70 Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers, 102, 106 Soddy, Frederick, 77 software, 155 solar cell, 151 solar power, 494 Solari, Marchese Luigi, 365 Soldner, Johann Georg von, 24 solenoid, 75, 103 solid-state, 148, 149,476,492-3, 593-4 Solid State Phased Array (SSPA), 594 Solomon, King, Sommerfeld, Arnold, 92, 103,2234 Sommerfeld, 19 Sommerfeld kernel, 580 Sommering, Samuel Thomas von, 56,248 sonograph, 147 Sony Corporation, 148, 156, 158, 159 SOS, 406 Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR), 412 sound on disk, 123, 127 sound on film recording, 126 Sound Perception, Theory of, 330 sound recording, 75, 80, 121, 123, 128 sound, theory of 545 source-field relation, theory of, 223 South African Broadcasting Corporation, 425 INDEX South Afncan Corps of Signals Museum, 450,45 South African Republic, telegraphy department, 426-7 South Afncan War, 421,425,428-9 Southall, 590 Southworth, George C., 129, 134, 486,545-7,548f, 550 Space Charge Tetrode, 106 space charge, 106, 108, 119, 127,138 space current, 127 space feed, 590-1 space probe, 148, 155 space radio, 132 space tracking, 488 space-time adaptive processing (STAP), 574,586 spacecraft, 148,494-5 spark gap, 19, 117,424, methods, 361-2,484,477,478 spark gap detector, 259,260,261, 262,263 spark gap generator, 84,292-4,308 spark gap receiver, 272 spark gap transmitter, 92, 126,254, 317,332,354,355-362 specific resistance, 18 spectrometer, 298-9,483,492 spectroscopy, 120,492-3 speech, 96 speech transmission, 66, 11 Spence, Dr., Spencer, 575 Spencer, Herbert, 36 Spenke, Eberhard, 344 Speny Gyroscope Company, 107 Sperry Universal Automatic Computer, 147 Spiller, E., 155 Spooner, T., 115 Sprague, Frank Julian, 77, 97 Sprague, R M., 141 spread spectrum system, 159,281 Sprengel, Hermann, 32 Sputmk I, 148 INDEX sputtering, 11 square-law detection, 113 SS Philadelphia, 366,392 stabilizer, 135, voltage stainless steel, 18 Stalin, Joseph, 15 Standard Telecommunications Laboratory, 553 Standard Telephone and Cables, 343 standing wave, 82, 363 Starke, H., 95 stars, 120 State Committee for Atomic Energy (SCAE), 515 Statek, 154 static electricity, 458 static, 101 Statistical Decision Theory, 131 statistical law, 32,34 Staudte, Juergen, 154 steam engine, 378,399 Stear, Ed, 346 Steinheil, Karl August von, 59, 248-9 stellarator, 507 Stephenson, W , 116 stereophonic disks, 131 stereophonic recording, 76 stereophonic reproduction, 130,140 Sterner, R L., 152 Stevens, J J., 112 Stevenson, A F., 580 Stevenson, C A., 85,257 Stewart, Balfour, 77,245 Stibitz, George, 134 Stille, C., 118 Stohr, W., 153 Stokes theorem, 5,28 Stokes, George Gabriel, 15, 27,28, 29,300,456 Stone, John S., 92, 100, 114,274, 283,351 Stoney, George Johnstone, 17 storage battery, 16 stopband, 499 647 storm, 470 Stratton, J., 127,509,521 Strauss, Siegmund, 106 Strecker, 86 stripline, 557-60,561-2, 576,592 Stripline Circuit Design, 559 stroboscope, 134,146 strobotron, 134 Strong, C E., 139 Strowger, Almon Brown, 79,82, 84-5 Strutt, John William, 19, 76, 545-6, see also Lord Rayleigh Strutt, M J O., 138 Stuart, James, 13 Stubblefield, Nathan B., 77, 85 Sturgeon, William, 5, 57 subarray systems, 586, 588, 590-2, subreflector, 488 submarine, 109,110 submarine cable, 60,67,85 Submarine Cables Ltd (STC), 159 Submarine Signaling Company, 415 submillimeter waves, 117,484 Sucher, 576 Sugimoto, Takeo, 464 sulfur, 481,482f Sullivan, 120 Sun, 487 Sulzer, Johann Georg, 9,54 sunspot, 393 super emitron, 134 superconducting material, 144 superheterodyne, 100, 109, 110, 337, 371-2,500, 513 superheterodyne detection principle, 111,344 super-regenerative receiver, 115 surface acoustic wave, 151 see also SAW surface wave, 92 surveying , 112 susceptance, 551,561 susceptibility, susruta, 648 Swan, Joseph Wilson, 75, 321 sweep oscillator, 126 Swinton, Alan Archibald Campbell, 102,104 SWR meter, 491 Symmer, Robert, sympathetic resonance, 79 synchronization, automatic, 114 synchronous clock, 125 SYNCOM, 151 synthesizer, 141 Syracuse Research Corporation, 586 system theory, 556 Systbme hectronique Coueur avec MCmoire (SECAM), 153 Szilard, Leo, 34 T T.F.T., 156 T-1, 151 Taggart, John Scott-, 106, 14 Taheon-Koung, Tainter, Charles Sumner, 79 Tait, Peter Guthrie, 36 Talanov, Vladimir I., 504,520 talking machine, 74 Tamir, T., 556 Tang, 589,592 Tani, Keikichiro, 459,459f tank circuit, 130, 357 tanks, 127 tantalum, 150 tape recording, 134 Taylor, Albert Hoyt, 96, 112, 115 Taylor, J E., 96, 100, 112, 119 Taylor pattern, 580,581f Taylor, T T., 580 TDMA, 146,155; see also multiplexing Tear, J., 485 Tedham, W., 129 teflon, 493,506,513 telautograph, 82,97 telecommunication, 97, 129 telecommunication industry, 149 INDEX Telecommunications Research Establishment, 549,553 Telefunken Corporation, 10.5, 129, 132,335,337,406,485 telegram, 64,425 telegraph, 54,56,57,58,59,60, 62, 64,66,67,69,70,71,76, 86, 89,92,97, 129,260,393,440; -er's equation, 237-8; -ic code, 60; -ists, 427; multiplexer, 70; officer, 461; radio, 102; relay, 432; wireless service, 382 telegraphic medium, early wireless , see ground, water, atmostpheric layer; non-wireless, see transmission line Telegraphing, Improvement in, 352 telegraphone, 90 telegraphoscope, 101 telegraphy, 42,58,66,70,71,74, 82, 85,88, 97, 100, 103, 104, 106,250; wireless, 370, 373,434,435, 405,458, telegraphy, On the application of electricity to ,247-8 Telekine, 97 telemobiloscope, 97,334-5 telephone, 58, 67, 70, 1, 74, 75, 82, 85,97, 101, 105, 108, 115, 116, 121, 124, 126, 127, 129, 143, 144, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159,260-1, 328, 370, 429,486, 546, 570; dialing disk, 79; exchange, 75,77,84,421,424; link, 132, 146 telephone and telegraph service, 114 telephone receiver, 76,25 1-2,254 telephony, 42, 101, 102, 107, 112, 114,127,368,407 INDEX telephony balanced modulator, 116 telephoto, 101, 121 teleprinter, 66, 97, 102, see also teletype telescope, 22; radio, 487-9 teletype, 102, 142 teletypewriter, 105, 106, 128 television, 78, 92, 102, 103, 105, 116, 117, 124, 127, 133, 153, 158,326,470 broadcasting, 102, 116, 124, 127, 129,134,138,140 color, 103, 120, 124, 140, 147, 153,155,156 high definition, 158, 159, see also HDTV Mechanical Television, 78 see also TV televisor, 116, 127 telex system, 66 Tellegen, Bernardus Dominicus Hubertus, 121,145 tellurium, 129 Telstar, 151 TEM mode, 559,562,576 terahertz, 474, 524-5 Terman, F E., 127,132,139 Tesla, Djuka, 267 Tesla, Milutin, 267 Tesla, Nikola, 80-1, 83, 86, 88-93, 97-8, 262-3,267-87,278-9,349, 351,352-3,356-9, 377,382, 392,484,494 Tesla coil, 84,268-75,270,277, 279-8 1,28 1,282 Tesla Electric Light Company, 2678 Tesla oscillator, 93 test set-up, 142 test structure, 157 Tetelbaum, Semion I., 494,495f tetrode, 106, 108, 109, 114, 121, 129,30,131,134,344 Texas Instruments (TI), 149, 151, 154,561,563,593 649 TFT, 15 1,156, see also Thm Film Transistor Thackeray, Desmond, 389,394, 416 Thales of Miletus, 2,7 Theodoric of Freiberg, 22 therapeutics, 83 Therein, L., 118 thermal noise, 111 thermionic diode valve, 98, 11 thermionic emission, 77 thermistor, 139 thermocouple, 113,479,484 thermocouple meter, 126 thermodynamics, second law o f , 34 thermoelectric effect, 12, 13 Thkvenin, Lkon Charles, 77 Thick film resistor, 149 Thiessen, 409 Thin Film Transistor, 151, 156 see also TFT Thmking Machines, Inc., 155 Thompson, Silvanus, 300 Thomson, Elihu, 74,79,92,224, 259,352, 358, 376,382,407, 41 Thomson, Joseph John, 17,34,85, 88,96,234,321,351 Thomson, William, 6, 10, 14-6, 27, 63,65,66, 67,68, 180, 190-1, 193,198-9,330,351,352,456, see also Lord Kelvin Thomson-CSF I, 155 THORN EMI, 129 Thoughts on Ray Vibrations, 217 three-electrode tube, 111 Threlfall, Richard, 84, 264 Thumm, Manfred, 327 thunderstorm recorder, 86-7 thyratron, 125,126,129,131 thyrite, 127 Tiemann, G., 146 Tigerstedt, 111 time base, 116 time delay, 142, 577, 579, 589, 590 Time-division Multiplexing, 142 650 time diversity, 569-70 timepiece, 151 time-slot interchange, 142 tinkertoy, 147 Titanic, 105,406 titanium, 154 TM surface wave propagation constant, 584 TNA-1500,488 Togo, Heihachiro, 47 Tohoku University, 126 Tokamak, 493,494,507,509,5148,515f Tokugawa, Lemochi, 456 Tokyo Military College, 127 toll broadcasting, 115 Tonks, 368 tonsils, 117 toroidal transformer, 125 torpedo, 7, 109 Tosi, A., 102, 105, 282 Tourmaline, 299 Townes, Charles Hard, 147-149, 502 Toyota, 158 TR-55,148 tracking system, 141 traffic control, 141 train, 111,444,462-3 Traite de Lumiere, 24 transatlantic cable, 456 transatlantic communications ,284, 315,316-20,350-1, 366,38794,400, 401-5,416 transducer, 151 transform domain, 580 transformer, 18,77,94, 109,352, 354,359,397; double-lens, 10 transients, 123 transistor, 101, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,151 transistor radio, 148 transit time, 114, 125, 134, 341,337 transmission, 62, 86,92, 93,96, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, INDEX 108, 110, 114, 119, 125, 126, 131, 133, 150, 151, 153, 155, 371,387, 134, 374,407,409, 45 1,458,462, 546, 547; interception of, 433; reliability of, 403-5 transmission line, 80, 109, 125, 126, 132, 134, 146, 139, 147, 237-40,247,249,250, 315, 476,486,489,490,503,505, 508,544, 547, 561,562, 576-7, 574,579,592,593 transmission methods, 524 transmission mode, 584; Hol, 497-500; Hlo, 498-500; H11,488, 500-2; HElI, 510, 512, 513, 518, 520, 21; higher-order, 48 1,496,499, 501,510,584; LMII, 513; principal mode, 483,499 transmit-receive tube, 143 transmit-time tube, 114 transmitter, 74,92,97, 102, 105, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 121, 123, 128, 129, 135, 138, 139, 151,281,359-62,363,372,373, 373-380,388,394, 398-9, 3995 432,435-6,457,459,496 transmitting station, 115 transpacific flight, 125 transponder, 586 transversal inductance cable, 96 transverse magnetic field, 97 Traub, A C., 153 Travis, C., 132 trestle, 157 Treuhafi, 575 tricycles, 97 trigger circuit, 138 Trinitron Color TVSystem, 153 triode, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 128,335-8, INDEX triode, 98, 100, 101, 104, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138, 371, 373, 546, T/R module, 594 troposphere, 146 Trotsenburg, C K van, 426-7,42931,433-4,436,438-43 Trotter, Alexander Pelham, 85,264 Trowbridge, John, 76,252,253-4 True, Thomas T., 155 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E., 494, 495f Tsushma Straits, Sea Battle of the, 460-1,471 tube factor, 112 tuned circuit, 67,85,352-3,354, 374,375, tuned post, 553 tuned window, 553 tuning, continuous wideband, 493 Tunger, 109 tungsten, 492, 1 tuning, 132, 141,433 Turing, Alan, 140 Turner, A., 119 Turner, L B., 113 Tuttle, W N., 135 Tuve, Merle A., 97, 20 TV, 105,116,119-2 , 123,124, 127, 129, 134, 1: 5, 138-40, 144, 146-48, 151-6, 158, 159, see also television twin-triode valve, 118 Twiss, R Q., 150,346 Tykociner, Joseph Tykocinski-, 120 Tyndall, John, 70 typewriter, 101 TYPHON, 588 typhoon, 470 Tyrrel, W A., 144 U U S Navy, 409 Uda, Shintaro, 122, 127,463-5,470 Ufimstev, P., 520 UHF, 143,374,544,594 ultra low frequency (ULF), 394 651 ultrasonic, 74, 140, 146 ultraviolet light, 107 UMTS, 160 see also Universal Mobile Telecommunication System under-sea telegraph cable, 64 underwater detection system, 578 Ungerboeck, G., 158 Union Switch and Signal Company, 109 United Fruit Company, 409 United Wireless, 406 UniversalMobile TelecommunicationSystem, 160 see also UMTS Unlenbeck, G., 551 upper air conducting layer, 245 US Air Force Avionics Laboratory, 593-4 US Bureau of Standards, 125 US Federal Communications Commission, 119 US Navy, 139; ANERD-10, 572-3 US Supreme Court, 98,353 USS Constitution,461 USSR Academy of sciences, 488, 524 USSR Ministry of Communications, 497 USSR Ministry of Radio Industry, 489,509 US-TDMA, 160 V V2-rockets, 144 Vacciacch, F., 128, 129 vacuum, 82 vacuumtube, 70, 100, 101, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 114, 120, 121, 126, 143,335-9,370,3712,377,467,490 Vaganov, R., 497 Vainshtein, L., 520, 522 Valasek, J., 114 Vallauri, G., 113 Valures, 110 INDEX valve, 104, 106, 108, 109, 112, 118, circuit, 105, thennionic, 426 Van Atta, 585f Van Buren, Martin, 61 Van der Pol, B., 121 variable impedence, 132 Varian, Russel H., 135,342 Varian, Sigurd E., 135,342 Varian Associates, 345 varistor, 123 Varley, Samuel Alfred, 84,261 Vaughan, H Earle, 149 vector field, 18; solutions, 521, 524 Vellette, 112 Venus, 487,500 Velocity modulated tube, 114 velocity of electromagnetic waves, 224,234 velocity of light, 33, 37-8, 203, 205, 215,220,222,543 Vennan, La1 C., 127 vertical aerials, 92, 93 vertical antennas, 354 Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI), 149, 155; see also VLSI Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VTLI), 524 vessel navigation, 85 VHF, 134, 143,544 572 videodisc, 155, 158 Vidicon (RCA), 146 Video tape recorder, 149 vircator, 129, 338 virtual reality (VR), 158 Visually Coupled Airborne Systems Simulator (VCASS), 158 vitreous electricity, 7, Vivaldi aerial, 592 Vlasov coupler, 490 Vlasov, S., 490 Vleck, J H Van, 142,144 VLF, 572 VLSI, 155, 156 V-MOS, 155 Vogel, P., 151 voice control, 158 voice recognition, 158 Volkov, A., 493 Volta, Alessandro Guiseppe Antonio Anastasio, 11, 54, 55, 167,258 volta pile, 56, 167-8,258,259 voltage amplification, 128 voltage stabilizer, 126 voltaic cell, 11 voltmeter,, 77, 109, 115, 128, 147 volume control, 110, 121 volume unit meter, 139 von Ardenne, M., 121 Voyager I, 158 VR,158, see also virtual reality Vreeland, F K., 98 Vyvyan, R N., 282,382,391,414 W Wagner, K W., 104 Wait, James, 284,287 Wald, M., 139 Wallers, L C., 132, 143 Wallman, H., 141 Walls, H J., 126 Walton, G., 116 Wanderlich Tube, 106 Wang, 146 War Museum of the Boer Republic, 449-50,45 war, 459-61,468,471,485 WARC, 160, see also World Administrative Radio Conference Warner Brothers, 123 Warner, J C., 121 Warner, Sidney, 140 watch, 157 watchmaker, 13 water, 247-9,250-1 water vapor, 144 Watson, W H., 553 Watson, William, 9,54 INDEX Watt, Robert Alexander Watson-, 113,115,116,130,133,335 wattmeter, 109, 121 Wattson, G N , 111 wave canal, 122,465 wave director, 463-5 wave duct, 465 wave equation, 518,520,521 wave generation, 134 wave interference, 127 wave meter, 105 wave optic effects, 487 wave propagation, 82,85 wave reflective action, 463-4 wave reflector, 465 wave resonance, 126 wave train, 375,382 wave tube, 141 wave velocity, 96 wave-front angle, 114 waveguide, 85, 87,90, 96, 104, 129, 133, 134, 141, 147, 155, 291,293-4,473,480-1,483, 485-6,489,491,492,494, 568, 574,575,580,582-4, 588,593; evolution of electromagnetic, 543-63; hollow dielectric beam, 476, 508-13; metallic, 485, 521, 545, 546, 548; oversized, 496-502; parallel plate, 544, 560, 553; rectangular, 548,555, 556,557, 560-1 waveguide discontinuities, 549-53, 559-62 WaveguideHandbook, 550,552-3 waveguide theory, 545,549 wavemeter, 492, 510, 513, 547 Way, Mary, 232,235 WCDMA, 160, see also Wideband Code Division Multiple Access weak static, 130 weapons, nuclear, 476 Weaver, W., 146 653 Webb, J S., 123 Weber Research Institute (WRI), 556 Weber, Emst, 549,554 Weber, Wilhelm Eduard, 6, 14, 16, 37, 39, 59, 67, 96, 173, 191, 196,208,330 Weber's force law, 165, 173-8, 191, 197 Weber's theory, 330 Wegel, R L., 119 Wehnelt, Arthur, 98,99 Wehnelt cathode, 98 Weimer, P K., 146 Weiner-Hopf technique, 551,554 Weinstein, L A,, 553-4 Weiss, Pierre, 368 Weissfloch, A., 550 West Indies, 41 Western Cold storage Company, 97 Western Electric Company, 108, 112,118,142,156,340,572 Western Union, 106 Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, 112, 113,114,268 Westinghouse, George, 142, 156, 268,272 Wheatstone, Charles, 14, 59, 60, 62, 64,67,70,230,23 1,232 Wheastone Bridge, 14, 121 Wheeler, Harold A., 121, 134 Whinnery, J R., 142,553 Whitaker, J N., 138 White, John Bazley, 11 White, Rev Edward, 311 Whittaker, Edmund Taylor, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, 160, see also WCDMA wideband scanning, 590 Wiemer, P K., 151 Wien, Max Karl Werner, 93, 99, 128,344 Wien, Wilhelm, 344 Wiener, Norbert, 33, 141 Wiener-Hopf, 141, 522 INDEX 654 WI-FI, 160 see also Wireless Fidelity Wilcke, Johan Carl, Wilkins, J W., 64, 250 Wilkins, John, 55 Williams, E M., 144 Williams, N H., 130 Williams, Richard, 152 Willis, C H., 130 Wilson, E., 90 Winckler, Johann Heinrich, wind, 438,446 Winn-Williams, C E., 130 Winter, 592 Winkler, Clemens Alexander, 79 wire, 97 wire photo, 132 Wired Radio Inc., 129 wireless, 84, 86, 87,88,92, 97, 103, 105, 114, 120, 160,476,483-4, 486,586 wireless communication, 54, 79, 85, 252,405-7,416,455,545 wireless energy transmission, 26870 Wireless Fidelity, 160 see also WI-FI Wireless Grows up at Sea, 405 Wireless Institute, 103, 106 Wireless Lighthouse, 115 Wireless Local Area Network, 160 see also WLAN wireless power transmisssion (WPT), 284-5,494-6 wireless regulations, 407 wireless signaling, 95 wireless station, 444 wireless technology, 459 Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company, Ltd., 88 wireless telegraphy, 252, 253-7, 259,263, 354, 366,426,451, 46 1, in South Africa, 42 1-52 Wireless Telegraphy, 38 Wireless Telegraphy Act, 98 wireless telephone, 77, 559 wireless transmission, 76 Witelo, Erazm Ciolek, 21 WLAN, 160, see also Wireless Local Area Network Wolf, 126 Wollaston, William Hyde, 167 Woodruffe, 121 Woodyard, J R., 35,134 workstation, 159 World Administrative Radio Conference, 160, see also WARC World Fair, 272, 1893 World Telegraphy, 283 World War 11, 545, 546, 548-54, 475,572 world wide web, 159 Wozencraft, J M., 153 Wozniak, Steve, 156 Wu, 584 Wullenweber array, 572-3,572f x X-band, 574,575 Xerography, 152, Long Distance (LDX) Xerox Corporation, 152,453 X-ray, 107, 155,274,276,449 Y Yagi array, 468 Yagi, Hidetsugu, 122,458,462-6, 468,470, Yagi-Uda Antenna, 122,567,582 Yampolsky, V., 522 Yanovsky, 10 Yavlinsky, N., 516 yellow spot, 30 Youla, D C, 556 Young, L c., 115 Young, Thomas, 25,26 Yurov, Yuri, 575 Z Zanoni, Louis, 152 INDEX ZAR, 434,442-3, see also Zuid Afiikaansche Rebuliek Zazek, Napsal August, 119,340 Zeiger, H J., 148 Zeil, A Van der, 138 Zender, 85 Zener, Clarence Melvin, 131 Zener diode, 131 Zenneck, Jonathan A., 93, 102, 108, 282,378,385 Zimmermann, 594 zinc, 146 Zipernowski, Kiiroly, 18 Zobel, J , 113,128 Zuid Afiikaansche Rebuliek (ZAR), 426-9, see also South African Republic, see also ZAR Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma, 119, 120,131 655 This Page Intentionally Left Blank This Page Intentionally Left Blank Tatsuo Itoh, Ciuseppe Pelosi, FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE FOR MICROWAVE ENGINEERING and Peter P Silvester reds.) INFRARED TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS T O ELECTROOPTICS, PHOTONIC DEVICES, A N D SENSORS A R /ha SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS T O MICROWAVE, ELECTRO-OPTICS, ELECTRICAL MACHINES, A N D PROPULSION SYSTEMS A R ]ha OPTICAL COMPUTING: A N INTRODUCTION M A Karim and A S Awwal Paul R Karrnel, INTRODUCTION T O ELECTROMAGNETIC A N D MICROWAVE ENGINEERING Cabriel D Colef, and Raymond L Carnisa MILLIMETER WAVE OPTICAL DIELECTRIC INTEGRATED GUIDES A N D CIRCUITS Shiban K Koul MICROWAVE DEVICES, CIRCUITS A N D THEIR INTERACTION C Conrad Dalrnan ADVANCES IN MICROSTRIP A N D PRINTED ANTENNAS Charles A Lee and Kai-Fong Lee and We; Chen (eds.) 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