System Analysis, Design, and Development Concepts, Principles, and Practices Charles S Wasson A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication System Analysis, Design, and Development System Analysis, Design, and Development Concepts, Principles, and Practices Charles S Wasson A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at 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For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Wasson, Charles S., 1948– System analysis, design, and development : concepts, principles, and practices / by Charles S Wasson p cm “A Wiley-Interscience publication.” Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13 978-0-471-39333-7 ISBN-10 0-471-39333-9 (cloth : alk paper) System design System analysis I Title QA76.9.S88W373 2005 004.2¢1—dc22 2004061247 Printed in the United States of America 10 “If an error or omission is discovered, please notify the publisher with corrections in writing.” Table of Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements System Mission Concepts Series xii Introduction Book Organization and Conventions Part I 13 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications 122 14 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces 135 15 System Interactions with its Operating Environment 146 16 System Mission Analysis 159 17 System Use Cases and Scenarios 167 System Analysis Concepts System Entity Concepts Series What Is a System? 17 System Attributes, Properties, and Characteristics 27 System Roles and Stakeholders 39 System Acceptability 46 The System/Product Life Cycle 59 System Operations Concepts Series 18 System Operations Model 178 19 System Phases, Modes, and States of Operation 189 20 Modeling System and Support Operations 206 System Architecture Concepts Series The Architecture of Systems 67 System Levels of Abstraction and Semantics 76 21 System Operational Capability Derivation and Allocation 217 10 The System of Interest Architecture 86 22 The Anatomy of a System Capability 229 11 The Operating Environment Architecture 97 12 System Interfaces 110 System Capability Concepts Series System Concept Synthesis 23 System Analysis Synthesis 241 v vi Table of Contents Part II System Design and Development Practices System Development Strategies Series 24 The System Development Workflow Strategy 251 25 System Design, Integration, and Verification Strategy 265 26 The SE Process Model 275 27 System Development Models 290 39 Developing an Entity’s Behavioral Domain Solution 451 40 Developing an Entity’s Physical Domain Solution 465 41 Component Selection and Development 480 42 System Configuration Identification 489 43 System Interface Analysis, Design, and Control 507 44 Human–System Integration 524 System Specification Series 28 System Specification Practices 302 45 Engineering Standards, Frames of Reference, and Conventions 544 29 Understanding Specification Requirements 315 46 System Design and Development Documentation 562 30 Specification Analysis 327 31 Specification Development 340 32 Requirements Derivation, Allocation, Flow Down, and Traceability 33 Requirements Statement Development 47 Analytical Decision Support 574 358 48 Statistical Influences on System Design 586 370 49 System Performance Analysis, Budgets, and Safety Margins 597 50 System Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) 615 51 System Modeling and Simulation 651 52 Trade Study Analysis of Alternatives 672 System Development Series 34 Operational Utility, Suitability, and Effectiveness 390 35 System Design To/For Objectives 400 36 System Architecture Development 410 37 Developing an Entity’s Requirements Domain Solution 38 Developing an Entity’s Operations Domain Solution Decision Support Series Verification and Validation Series 430 439 53 System Verification and Validation 691 54 Technical Reviews 710 Table of Contents 55 System Integration, Test, and Evaluation 733 System Deployment, Operations, and Support Series 56 System Deployment 57 System Operations and Support (O&S) Epilogue 758 Index 788 789 vii 773 804 Index Requirement document (ORD) 126, 253, 319, 706 Scenario 167 Site activation 759 States versus physical states 200–202 Suitability 48, 50, 57, 390, 775 Task sequence evaluations 535 Utility 57, 390, 775 Operational Requirements Document (ORD) System development 253, 255 System O & S 783 Operational Test & Evaluation (OT&E) Defined 253 Risk mitigation 261–262 System Development Phase 61 System performance monitoring 776 System validation 56 Validation requirements 319 V & V activity 704 Operating Condition(s) ABNORMAL operations 233 CATASTROPHIC operations 321 Categories 321 EMERGENCY operations 233 Initial 36 NORMAL operations 233 Prerequisite 36 Specification 321 OPERATING CONSTRAINTS System Element Defined 100 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT architecture element 99 System use case 170 Operations Domain Solution Baseline Concept Description (BCD) 447 Challenges 448 Critical Operational Issues (COIs) 447 Critical Technical Issues (CTIs) 447 Defined 276 Dependencies 440 Development 440 Introduced 243–245 Key elements 440 Methodology 441 Objective 440 Optimization 282 Responsibility 440 SE Process Model implementation 280–281 Sequencing 440 Verification and validation 447 Workflow sequences 443 Work products 448 Opportunity Location-based 137 Space (def.) 136 SE Process implementation 278, 279 Targets of (TOO) 123, 133 Time-based 137 Types of 136 Understanding 279 Optimization Behavioral Domain Solution 282, 461 Operations Domain Solution 282 Physical Domain Solution 282, 475, 477 System 575, 578, 611 System performance 461, 578 ORGANIZATION System Element Defined 100 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT architecture element 99 Organizational Accountability 128 Command media 565 Entity relationships 129 Roles and missions 130–133 System Elements (OSEs) 124 Out-of-the-Box Functionality 481 Outputs Acceptable 21, 345, 738 Unacceptable 21, 345, 738 Outsourcing Defined 481 Packaging, Shipping, Handling & Transportation (PHS&T) Support operations 93, 94 Paradigm(s) Bathtub 619–620 Defined 122 Requirements derivation 362 Parameters Key Performance (KPPs) 391 Technical (Performance) (TPPs) 391 Parts Program Reliability 646 Peculiar Support Equipment (PSE) See Equipment PERSONNEL System Element Description 88 Equipment interactions 531 Equipment trade-offs 530 HSI element 532 Performance affecters 157 Roles—MISSION SYSTEM 88 Index Roles—SUPPORT SYSTEM 88 System architecture element 87 Performance Analysis tools 578 Defined 28 Expected or mean approximation 609 Evaluation 776 Human-System Integration (HSI) 782 Human 774, 781 Improvements 612 Level of 28 Measures of (MOP) 47 Monitoring 777–781 Objective 29 Organization System Element (OSE) 124 Pareto ranked 612 Personnel 88 Processing time 605 Safety margins 460, 474 Subjective 29, 34 Trends 781 Verification and validation (V&V) 701–702 Performance Budgets Assignment 474 Allocations 460, 598, 601–602 Documentation 602 Ownership 474, 602 Phases of Operation Allocation of mission operations 192 Defined 111 Mission 192 Objectives 192, 444 of Flight 193 Pre-Mission 192 Post-Mission 192 Entity relationships 191 Phases, Modes and States Entity relationships (ERs) 191, 200, 202 PHS&T Description 93, 94 Implementation 778 Physical Architecture Attributes 469 Baseline 475 Configuration states 473 Development 467 Formulation 470 Physical Configuration Audits (PCA) 56, 253, 255, 256, 260, 571, 696, 729, 752 States 200–202 Physical Entity Relationships Application 73–74 Defined 68 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Domain 100 Levels of abstraction 101 System elements 102 Physical Domain Solution Challenges 476 COIs/CTIs 469, 475 Defined 276 Dependencies 467 Development 465 ESH Compliance 475 Introduced 243–245 Key elements 466 Methodology 470 Modes and states of operation 474 Objectives 466 Optimization 282, 475–477 Performance budgets and margins 474 Professional certification 475 Requirements allocation 471 Responsibility 467 SE Process Model implementation 281 Verification and Validation (V&V) 475 Work Products 477 Plan Environmental mitigation 766 Integrated Support (ISP) 630 Integrated Master (IMP) 697, 705, 764 Operations and Support (O&S) 630 Operational site activation 764–765 Strategic 122 System Integration & Verification 744, 755 System O & S 630 Tactical 123 Technical management 567, 639 Test & Evaluation Master (TEMP) 319, 744 Planning Facility engineering 764 Destructive test sequence 745 Site survey 762 Strategic 123–124 System deployment risk mitigation 769 Tactical 124 Point Critical staging or control 162, 178, 504, 697 Integration (IP) 77, 266, 737 of delivery 160 of origination or departure 160, 193 of termination or destination 160, 193 Point-to-point (def.) 111 805 806 Index Portability Defined 401 Challenges 669 Post-Mission Phase of Operation Objective 192 Power, Balance of 37 Practice Best or preferred 5, 311 Defined SE specification Precedented Systems 21, 266, 332, 457 Pre-Planned Product Improvements (P3I) Releases/upgrades 93, 293 Principle Defined Probability Circular Error (CEP) (def.) 587, 592–594 Density Function (PDF) 587, 622, 625 of occurrence (use case) 172 Problem Reporting 744, 774 Statement 136, 139, 576 Problem Space Boundaries 138, 279 Control 139 Defined 136 Degree of Urgency 140 Dynamics 137 Forecasting 138 Partitioning 140–141, 278 Representation 141 Semantics communications 78 SE Process 278 Solving 71, 137 Space 136, 279, 433, 786 PROCEDURAL DATA System Element Composition 91 Performance affecters 157 System architecture element 87 Process(ing) Defined Decision Support 257 SE 277 Stochastic 653 System Design 267 Technical Management 257 Time 598, 605 Trade study 679 Producer—Supplier Relationships 132 Producibility Defined 402 Design for 405 Product Defined 21 Production Systems Deployment 760 Low Rate Initial (LRIP) 621, 729 Mass or full scale 620–621, 729 Profile Equipment characteristics 647 Failure rate 622 Service life 619 Product Structure Defined 77 Tree 467–468 Pre-Mission Phase of Operation Objective 192 Preservation, Packaging, & Delivery Specification of 312 Producer-supplier Relationships 131–132 Procedures Operating 91 Standard Operating Procedures and Practices (SOPPs) 91, 196, 565, 742 Proof of Concept/Principle Demonstration 262 Properties Defined 28 Dimensional 546 System 27 Prototypes & Demos Design verification support 697 Human Factors Engineering (HFE) 536 Technical demonstrations 701 Provisioning 774 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) 408 System 564 Quality Record(s) Defined 253 SE Process 283 Queue Time 598 Rate Failure 633 Hazard 624 Repair 635 Recommendations Analytical Report 581 Defined 673 Reconfigurability Defined 402 Design for 407 Index Records Engineering Release (ERR) 563 Personal engineering data 565 Quality (QR) 253 Redundancy Architectural configuration 422, 645 Cold or standby 422 Component 645 Compensating provisions 173, 646 Data link 424 Improving reliability 644 K-out-of-n systems 423 Like 423 Operational 422 Processing 423 Service Request 424 Unlike 423 Refurbishment/Reconditioning Test article 754 Regression Data 595 Testing 742 Regulations See ITAR Reliability Bathtub curve 619–620 Challenges 647 Compensating actions 173, 616, 646 Critical items (RCIs) 643 Defined 402 Design for 405 Estimates 643 Estimates versus predictions 629 Function 623 Hazard rate 624 Interface 521 Mission (def.) 160 Mission discussion 160–162, 629, 639 Models 642–643 Parallel network configuration 626 Parts/circuits tolerance analysis 644 Parts program 646 Period of Decreasing Failures 619, 620 Period of Increasing Failures 619 Period of Stabilized Failures 619 Precepts 619 Resource allocations 646 Series network configuration 626 Series-Parallel network configuration 627 Service life profiles 619 Single point of failure (SPF) 645 Software 648 Survival function 623 System/component mortality 621 Unreliability 622 Repair Defined 775 Repairability Defined 775 Replenishment Expendables and consumables 183 Report After Action/Follow-Up 779 Analysis conclusions 581, 583 Discrepancy (DR) 265, 743, 750, 753 Engineering analysis 580 Findings 581, 583, 686 Hardware Trouble (HTR) 744 Problem 774, 779, 782 Recommendations 581, 583, 686 Test Incident 736 Trade Study 673, 678, 684–687 Report(ing) System Analysis 612 System capability 235 Request for Proposal (RFP) Failure to research references 333 Issues and clarifications 336 Interface specification requirements 514 SE Design 267 Specification analysis 327 System performance history 779 System requirements 317 System verification 55 Requirement(s) ABNORMAL operations 320 Allocation 221, 225, 358, 365, 641–642, 651 Baseline (def.) 491 Capability 318 CATASTROPHIC operations 320 Categories 318 Common problems 323 Compliance 337 Compound 382 Conflicting 230, 323–324 Conformance 337 Deficiencies 323–324, 331–335 Defined 316 Derivation 35, 358, 359–365 Derivation methodology 362–365 Derivation paradigm 362 Development 340 Development guidelines 381–383 Duplicated 230, 324 Elicitation (def.) 316, 317 807 808 Index EMERGENCY operations 320 Flow Down 359, 365 Good 371 Hierarchy 322 Interfaces 318 Issues and Clarifications 435 Key characteristics 371–372 Leaf level (def.) 358 Management tools 379 Meet 338 Minimization 385 Misplaced 323–324 Missing 230, 323–324 Modes of operation 320 MOEs, MOSs, MOPs 385 Need for 305 Non-functional 316, 318 NORMAL operations 320 Objective 316, 319 Official (formalization) 372–373 Operational 316, 318 Operational characteristics 382 Optimal 386–387 Origin of 65–66 Outcome-based 372 Performance (def.) 316 PERSONNEL 312 Performance characteristics 365 Phases of operation 320 Primitive 374 Priorities 319 Reliability, Availability, Maintainability (RAM) 640, 642 SE Process 359 Singular 754 Source or originating 303, 317 Stakeholder 316, 317 Stakeholder objectives 317 Statement challenges 590 Statement development 373–375 SUPPORT SYSTEM 312 TBDs and TBSs 349 Technical characteristics 382 Testing 359, 383 Threshold 316, 319 Time 160 Traceability 128, 359, 365, 367–368, 462 Traceability audits 718 Traceability verification 697 Types of 317 Use case-based 371 Use of “all, and/or, etc.” 381–383 Use of “shall” and “will” 381 Validation 258, 316, 319, 359 Validation criteria 258, 383 Verification 316, 319, 359, 754 Verification Matrix (RVM) 375, 378–379, 514 Verification method selection 375–378 Visual configuration (graphics) 364 Writing versus developing 230 Requirements Domain Solution Architecture 432 Baseline 436 Challenges 436–437 Critical Operational Issues (COIs) 435 Critical Technical Issues (CTIs) 435 Defined 276 Dependencies 431 Development 431 Introduced 243–245 Key elements 431 Methodology 432 Objective 431 Responsibility 432 SE Process Model implementation 279 Sequencing 431 V&V 436 Work Products 437 RESOURCES System Element Defined 100 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT domain element 99 Responses Behavioral 92, 150 Return on Investment (ROI) Discussions 16, 18, 23, 41, 46, 48, 52, 128, 132, 161, 691, 780 Review(s) Categories 712 Common types of 719 Conference minutes 711, 716 Contract requirements 713, 715 Critical Design (CDR) 255, 259, 267, 287, 504, 711, 726 Date driven 713 Entry/exit criteria 715, 716 Event driven 713 Formal Qualification (FQR) 504 Hardware/Software Specification (SSR) 504, 711, 722–724 In-Process Review (IPR) 711, 729–730 Items 718 Integrated Baseline Review (IBR) 720 Location 716 Objective 712 Peer reviews 583, 711 Index Preliminary Design (PDR) 711, 723, 725 Presentation / handout materials 259, 504, 711, 716, 723, 725 Production Readiness (PRR) 504, 711, 728–730 Quality records (QRs) 715 Ready-to-Ship Review (RTSR) 712, 728–729 Software Specification (SSR) 259 System Design (SDR) 259, 504, 712, 721, 723 System Requirements (SRR) 331, 332, 336, 352, 504, 712, 720–721 System Verification (SVR) 56, 504, 712, 728 Technical direction 717 Technical reviews 711, 727 Test Readiness (TRR) 504, 712, 727, 755 Verification 697 Work products 715 Risk 711 COIs/CTIs 461 Design 259 Mission 164 Mitigation (DT&E and OT&E) 261–262 Reducing 481 System 164 Specification reuse 332 Trade studies 687–688 Roles MISSION SYSTEM 40 SUPPORT SYSTEM 40 ROLES AND MISSIONS System Element Defined 100 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT domain element 99 Rules Operational capability analysis 237 System decomposition/integration 81–83 Safety Critical (def.) 525 Design for 408 HSI issue area 539 HSI subject of concern 538 System (def.) 402 Safety Margin Application 599–602 Defined 598 Sanity Check 575 SE Process Model 277 Application 285 Behavioral Domain Solution 281 Characteristics 283 Decision support 282 Defined 276 Entry criteria 277 Iterative characteristic 276, 283 Methodology 277 Objective 277 Operations Domain Solution 280 Physical Domain Solution 281 Quality Records (QRs) 283 Recursive characteristic 276, 285 Requirements Domain Solution 279 Specification development 350 Work products 283 Scenario Consequences 171, 173 Operational (def.) 167 Use case (def.) 168 What if 219 Schedule Master Program (MPS) 705 Integrated Master (IMS) 417, 705 Security Communications 32 Deployment 766 Design for 408 System (def.) 402 Types of 32 Semantics Frame of reference 77 Levels of abstraction 76 Opportunity versus problem 137 Sensitivity Analysis Defined 673 Description 684 Services Acceptable 345 Unacceptable 345 Serviceability Defined 402 Similarity See Verification Methods Simplicity Defined 402 Simulate Defined 741 Simulation Discussion 658 Failure investigation 662 System 658 Time (def.) 653 Virtual reality (def.) 664 Simulator Concurrency 783, 785 Fixed/motion platforms 664 Single-use applications Design for 404 809 810 Index Site—Deployment Data collection 763 Installation (def.) 759 Operational Site Activation (def.) 759 Preparation and development (def.) 765 Selection (def.) 759 Survey (def.) 759, 762–763 Visits 763 Software Configuration Control Board (SCCB) Behavioral Domain Solution 453 Deviations and waivers 752 Operations Domain Solution 440 Requirements baselines 432 SOFTWARE System Element Change Requests (CRs) 744 Description 90 System architecture element 87 Solution(s) Behavioral Domain 451 Candidate 143 Domain (def.) 276 Generalized 406, 532 Operations Domain 439 Physical Domain 465 Requirements Domain 430 Specialized 406, 532 Solution Domains Introduced 244–245 Defined 276 Sequencing 244 Solution Space Bounding 279 Defined 136 Partitioning 278 Requirements Domain 433 SE Process 278 System O & S 786 Space Opportunity 136, 279 Problem 136–141, 278, 279, 433, 786 Solution 136, 141–142, 278, 279, 433, 786 Specification(s) Acquirer perspective 328 Ambiguity 333 Analyzing 327 Applicable documents 333 Baseline control 306 Broad references 333 Change management 324, 325 Common deficiencies 323, 331 Compliance 337 Conflicting requirements 323–324 Conformance 337 Content 310 Defined 303 Design and construction constraints 311 Detail (def.) 303 Developer perspective 328 Development (def.) 303 Development checklist 354 Development paradigm 349–352 Development sequencing 313 Deviation (def.) 303, 752 Effectivity-based 335, 498 Evolution 313 Facility Interface (FIS) 764, 770 Feasibility 307 General attributes 306–307 General standard outline 306, 332, 342–343 Generalized structure 312 Graphical analysis 329 Hardware Requirements (HRS) 496 Hierarchical analysis 329 Interface (def.) 303 Interface Requirements (IRS) 514–515 Issues and concerns 336 Key elements 310–312 Language 307, 371 Misplaced requirements 323–324 Missing requirements 323–324 Model-based structured analysis 346–349 Model fidelity 657 Modeling & simulation analysis 329 Notes & assumptions 311 Objectives of 304 Over/under 334 Ownership and accountability 306, 309, 318, 333 Packaging 312 Performance (def.) 303 Performance criteria 312 PERSONNEL requirements 312 References versus applicable docs 333 References 333, 335 Requirements categories 318–319 Requirements duplication 324 Requirements structure 371 Requirements vs CSOW tasks 305 Reviews 341, 355 SE Practices 311 SE Process Model application 350 Sections 352–353 Sequencing 313 Software Requirements (SRS) 496 SUPPORT SYSTEM Requirements 311 Tailoring (def.) 303 TBDs and TBSs 349 Index Technology analysis 329 Traceability 307 Traceability to CWBS 310 Types of 307, 308 Use case relationship 175 Verification method 311 Waivers (def.) 303 Writers versus developers 335 Specification Development Architecture-based approach 341 Feature-based approach 341, 343–344 Performance-based approach 341, 345–346 Reuse-based approach 341, 344–345 Reuse risks 332 Specification Tree Defined 303 Implementation 307, 309, 498 Ownership and control 309 Tree alignment with CIs 498 Spiral Development Model Description 294–296 Strategy (def.) 291 Staging or Control Points 162, 178, 504 Stakeholder Defined 39 Requirements 317 Roles 42–45 Standard(s) Application 559 Atmosphere 557 Authorities 546 Conflicts 559 Defined 545 Deviation 586 Informative clauses 546 Lessons learned 558 Normative clauses 546 Open (def.) 545 Specification references 311 Subject matter 546 Technical (def.) 545 Weights and measures 546 Standard Operating Practices & Procedures (SOPPs) 91, 196, 565, 641, 742 State(s) Defined 190 Diagram 190 Entity relationships 202 Final 10, 170 Initial 10, 36, 170 Machine 190 of equilibrium 36 811 State Machine Defined 190 of operation 190, 199 Operational 200 Physical configuration 201, 473 Physical versus operational 200–202 Statement Mission Needs (MNS) 126, 160, 253 of Objectives (SOO) See Contract SOO Problem 136, 576 Statics 36 Statistical Data Application 590 Dispersion 591 Statistical Distributions Normal (Gaussian) 587 Logarithmic (LogNormal) 587 Variance 587 Statistical Process Control (SPC) 587 Stimulate Defined 741 Stimulation Defined 653 Stimuli Behavioral response model 148 External inputs 92, 172 Modal transition dependency 197 Test environment 661 Use case 172 Strategic Plan 122 Planning 123 Threats 147 Strategy Evolutionary development 291 Grand Design 291 Incremental development 291 Mission 162 SE design 269 System Integration, Test, & Evaluation 268, 745 Spiral development 291 System development V & V 253–261 System development workflow 251 System Design Process 266 System vs component development 299 Waterfall development 291 Strengths Human performance 527 Machine performance 527–528 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, & Threats (SWOT) 44, 122, 126, 133 Subcontract Data Requirements List (SDRL) Defined 563 References 565 812 Index Suboptimization Defined 575 Description 578 Subphases of Operation 191, 193 Subsystems Mission specific 500–502 Infrastructure 500–502 Suitability Measures of (MOS) 51 Operational 48, 50, 775 Supply Chain Producer—supplier 130–132 Support and handling equipment 90 Contract Logistics (CLS) 631 Design for mission 406 Equipment 775 Supply 94 System 92–94 SUPPORT SYSTEM Computer resources support operations 94, 778 Decision support operations 93, 778 Elements 87–88 Facility operations 778 Introduced 40 Maintenance operations 93, 778 Manpower and personnel operations 93–94, 778 Organizational roles and missions 130–133 Performance affecters 157 Personnel roles 88 PHS&T operations 94, 778 Publications support operations 94, 778 Roles 40 Supply chain 131 Supply support operations 94, 778 System architecture element 69, 87 System elements 88 Technical data operations 94, 778 Training and training support operations 94, 778 Types of operations 93–94 Supportability Defined 402 Survivability Defined 402 Design for 406 Susceptibility Defined 402 Sustainability Defined 402 Symptom Solving 137 System(s) Abuse 168, 173 Acceptability challenges 48 Adaptation 147 Affordability 49 Allowable actions 202 Analytical representation 22 Application/misapplication 168, 173 Application types 211–212 Attributes 30–33 Availability 636 Balance of power 37 Benign 164 Bounding 98 Business 105 Capabilities matrix 217 Capability construct 231 Certification 760 Characteristics 34–35 Checkout 767 Complexity reduction 71 Concept of operations (ConOps) 446 Context 20 Cooperative 164 Cost 481 Cultural 105 Deactivation 183 Decomposition rules 81–83 Dedicated use 211 Defined 18 Deployment 758 Educational 105 Effectiveness 48, 53 Element 68, 70 End User/User 39 Engagement 147 Equilibrium 36 Fault tolerant 421–422 Feasibility 49 Frame-based 611 Friendly or cooperative 164 Government 105 Historical or heritage 104 Hostile or adversarial 164 Initial operating conditions 316 Installation 767 Integration 767 Integration rules 81–83 Introduced 70 Latency 598 Legacy (def.) 481 Levels of abstraction 76 Life cycle phases 60 Maintainability 629 Index Malfunction 234 MISSION 40 Mission critical 159 Mission dynamics 36 Objectives 127 of Interest (SOI) 40, 68 of Systems (SoS) 74, 77 of Units 546 Operational capability (def.) 217 Operations (def.) 179 Operations dictionary (def.) 179, 184, 221 Operations Model (def.) 179 Optimization 575, 578, 611, 651 Performance optimization 461, 578 Phase-out 183 Precedented 179, 266, 457 Prohibited actions 202 Production deployment 760 Quality 564 Real-time 611 Reliability 618 Repairability 775 Resources 100 Responses 92 Roles 40 Safety and security 402, 766 Shadow operations 768 Simulation 658 Software 90 Software intensive 412, 782 Sphere of influence 30, 135 Stabilization 37 Stakeholders 39, 42–45 Statics 36 State of equilibrium 36 Suboptimization 578 SUPPORT 40 Tactics 152 Threat 147 Transportation 105 Types of 20 Unanticipated/unscheduled events 445 Unprecedented 21, 179, 266, 457 Urban 105 Use/misuse 168, 173 Use cases 166–167, 444, 446 Verification and Validation (V & V) 54 Validation 56–57, 260, 699 Verification 55–56, 260, 694 Weights & Measures 546–547 System Applications General use 211 Multi-purpose/use 211, 404 813 Reusable 211–212, 214 Single-use 211–212, 214 Types of system 211–212 System Documentation Design 568 Export control Refer to ITAR Integration and Test 568–569 Issues 571–572 Plans 567 Posting Acquirer / vendor data 571 Sanity check 575 Specifications 568 System Engineering Defined 24 System Engineering and Integration Team (SEIT) Performance budgets and margins 602 RAM reviews 646 Specification development 349 Specification ownership 309, 349, 366 V & V 701 System Elements Classes 70 Defined 68 EQUIPMENT 70, 88–90, 641 FACILITIES 70, 94–95, 641 HARDWARE 89 INDUCED ENVIRONMENT 101, 106 Interactions 87, 91, 95 Introduced 70 Higher Order Domain 69 HUMAN-MADE SYSTEMS 100, 104–105 MISSION RESOURCES 70, 91–92, 641 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 102–104 PERSONNEL 70, 88, 641 Performance 610 Physical Environment Domain 69 PROCEDURAL DATA 70, 91, 641 OPERATING CONSTRAINTS 70, 100 ORGANIZATION 70, 100, 124 RESOURCES 70, 100 ROLES AND MISSIONS 70, 100 SOFTWARE 90 System 68, 70 SYSTEM RESPONSES 70, 92, 641 System Integration, Test, & Evaluation (SITE) Activities 738 Challenges & issues 751 Data integrity 751 Defined 737 Design for 407, 737 814 Index Deviations and waivers 752 Elements of 739 Fundamentals 737 Guiding philosophy 739 Objective 737–738 Planning 744, 762 Preparation 740 Procedures 742 Process strategy 745 Selection 759, 762–764 Tasks 749 Task sequencing 738 Time allocations 753 Work products 744 SITE Roles Acquirer test representative 746 Lab manager 746 QA representative 746 Security representative 746 Test director 745 Test safety officer 746 Tester 746 System of Interest (SOI) Architecture construct 87 Architectural system elements 87–95 MISSION SYSTEM role 40, 87 Specifying 311 SUPPORT SYSTEM role 40, 87 System Operations Defined 179 Dictionary (def.) 179 Dictionary description 184, 221 Model (def.) 179 Model description 180–186 System Performance Acceptability 588 Affecters 157 Analysis 603 Benchmark 780 Cumulative effects 591 Evaluation 776–780 Monitoring 778 V & V 701–702 System Performance Specification (SPS) Defined 303 Discussions 78, 307 System Requirements Document (SRD) 225, 254, 317, 327, 352 SYSTEM RESPONSES Element 92 Description 92 Performance affecters 157 System architecture element 87 SysML Tactics System 152 Tactical Plan (def.) 123 Planning 124 Threats 148 Tailoring Specification (def.) 303 Targets of Opportunity (TOO) 123, 126, 133 Task(ing) Analysis 526, 535 Attributes 540–541 Defined Human-System tasking 538, 540–541 Mission 604 Modeling and simulation 610 Multi 607 Post-Mission 604 Pre-Mission 604 Order (def.) 160 Statistical characteristics 606 System 603 Time approximation estimation 609 Taxonomy Defined 68 Technical/Technology Demonstrations 701–702 Technical Data Package (TDP) Defined 563 Technical Performance Measurement (TPM) Challenges 397–398 Defined 392 Plotting 396 TPM selection 397 Technical Performance Parameters (TPPs) Defined 391 Test & Evaluation (T&E) Defined 735 Developmental (DT&E) 252, 261–262, 738, 745 Operational (OT&E) 253, 262, 738, 776 Working Group (TEWG) 735, 755 Test(ing) Acceptance 734 Alignment 754 Alpha (def.) 734 Alignment 754 Anomaly 734, 755 Article 735 Beta (def.) 734 Case (def.) 735 Challenges and issues 751–755 Configuration (def.) 735 Conflicts 755 Index Coverage (def.) 735 Criteria (def.) 735 Data 751, 752 Daily Operational Readiness (DORT) 233 Data correlation 594–595 Data dispersion 591 Defined 735, 736 Destructive 735, 741, 745 Discrepancy Reports (DRs) 743, 750–751 Environment (def.) 735, 741 Equipment and tools 753 Equipment calibration 753, 754 Field trails 702 Formal (def.) 735 Functional 741 Incident report (def.) 736 Instrumentation (def.) 736 Independent Test Agency (ITA) 56, 61, 253, 262, 702, 707, 752, 776 Issue resolution 755 Markets 702 and measurement equipment 736 Multiple requirements 742 Non-destructive 735, 741 Operating environment 740, 741 Organization 745 Personnel qualification 742 Personnel roles 745–747 Qualification 702, 735, 741 Range (def.) 736 Readiness Review (TRR) 727 Regression (def.) 735, 742–743 Repeatability (def.) 736 Responsibility 742 Resources (def.) 736 Scenarios 755 Sequence planning 745 System Verification (SVT) 56, 61, 260, 269, 313, 702 Transient error 736 Types of 741 Unit Under (UUT) 739 Verification method (def.) 693 Work products 742 Test Article Defined 735 Discussions 687, 739, 752 Failure 687 Hooks 755 Refurbishment / reconditioning 754 Unit Under Test (UUT) 739 Utilization 752 815 TEST (Verification Method) See Verification Methods Testability Defined 402 Testbed Application 664–668 Environment 664 Threat(s) Alliances 151 Behavior 152 Countermeasures 152 Counter-countermeasures (CCM) 152 Encounters 152 Environment 151–152 Sources 151 Strategic (def.) 147 System 147 Tactical (def.) 148 Types of 151 Time Administrative Delay (ADT) 633 Corrective Maintenance (CMT) 634 Delay (def.) 616 Estimate approximation (nominal) 609 Logistics Delay (LDT) 634 Maintenance Down (MDT) 633 Mean Active Maintenance (MAMT) 636 Preventive Maintenance (PMT) 633 Process(ing) 598, 605 Queue 598, 605 Requirements 160 Simulation (def.) 653 Transport 598, 605 Turn around (def.) 775 Timeline Analysis (def.) 160 Event-based 170 Mission Event (MET) 129–130, 163, 279, 444, 460 Tool Defined 21 Requirements management 379 Traceability Audits 254, 718 CWBS 463 Specification requirements 128, 307, 462 Trade Space Cost—schedule 678 Defined 673 Performance—cost 678 Performance—schedule 678 Utility 673 816 Index Trade Study Analysis of alternatives (AoA) 672 COIs/CTIs 675 Conclusion (def.) 673 Conclusions 686 Decision areas 674 Decision criteria 673 Decision factors 673, 680–681 Defined 673 Dependency sequencing 676 Findings (def.) 673 Findings 686 Methodology 680, 688 Objectives 674 Outline 685–686 PERSONNEL-EQUIPMENT Trade-Offs 530 Process 679 Recommendation (def.) 673 Recommendations 686 Report 673 Resource constraints 688 Risk areas 687 Selection criteria 688 Semantics 674 Sensitivity analysis (def.) 673 Suggestions 688 Trade space (def.) 673 Report (TSR) 575, 673, 684–687 Utility function 681, 681–684 Utility space (def.) 673 Viable alternative (def.) 673 Trade(s) Cost—schedule 678 Performance—cost 678 Performance—schedule 678 Space 54, 673, 677–679 Training Challenges 783–784 Design for 406 Devices 783 Device concurrency 785 Operator 781, 782 Scoring 784 Task Lists (TTL) 784 Levels of 784 HSI element 533–534 Transaction Analysis (def.) 452 Defined 452 Transitions Triggering event based 195–196 Modal 197–198 Transportability Defined 403 Design for 404 Tree Specification 303, 309–310 Product structure 467–468 Triggering Event 190 Transition 195–196 UML™ Activation box 10 Activity 10 Actor 11, 174 Decision block 10, 11 Event 10 Final State 10, 11 Fork 11 Interaction diagram 9, 458 Initial State 10 Lifeline 174 Join 11 References 6, 8, 172, 177, 453–463, 470 Sequence diagrams 10, 167, 172–173, 463 Swimlane 174 Synchronization bar 10, 11 Use case diagram 168, 172 Units British Engineering System (BES) 547 International System (SI) of 547 Metric System (mks) 547 System of 546 Unprecedented Systems 21, 266, 457 Usability Defined 403 Design for 404 Use Case(s) Analysis 174 Attributes 169–173 Consequences 171 Defined 168 Event-based timeline 170 Diagram (def.) 168 Operational use cases 512 Optimal quantity 175 Priorities 170 Preceding circumstances 170 Problem of occurrence 172 Resources 170 Scenario 168, 444 Specification requirements 175 System 167, 444, 446 Index System interactions 156 Thread 366 User/End User Defined 39 Moments of truth ix–x, 126 System 77 Training 767 Utility Bounding value ranges 682 Function 673, 681–684 Operational 50, 775 Space (def.) 673 Validation Defined 693 Methods 700 Model 655 Requirements 258 Responsibility 700 System 56–57, 699–700 V-Model 266 Value Design to (DTV) 403 Variance (Statistical) Defined 587 Deviation, waiver, departure 491, 693, 752 Verification Acceptance Test Procedures (ATPs) 742 Acceptance Test(ing) 701, 734 Authenticate System Baseline 695 Simulation (Method) 699 Component procurement and development 695 Control points 697 Defined 693 Design for 407 Methods 269, 698 Modeling and simulation 697 Multi-level application 696 OT&E 695 Requirements 375–378 Requirements traceability 697 Responsibility 696 SITE 695 System 55–56 System Design 695 System Verification Test (SVT) 56, 61, 260, 269, 313, 702 Verification & Validation (V&V) Authenticate System Baseline 260–261 Behavioral Domain Solution 461 Benefits 694, 707 Certification 706 817 Challenges and issues 704–706 Classification of defects 692 Component Procurement/Dev 259 Defined 693 Independent 692 Introduced 54 Myth 693 Operations Domain Solution 447 Physical Domain Solution 475 Practices 694, 699–700 Requirements Domain Solution 436 Responsibility 700 SE Design strategy 259 Solution to program challenges 694 System 54, 260, 691 System IT&E strategy 259 SPS strategy 258 System performance 701 V & V Strategy Authenticate System Baselines 260–261 Component Procurement and Development 259 SE Design 259 System Development Phase 254–255 System Integration, Test, & Evaluation (SITE) 259–260 System Performance Specification (SPS) 258 System Procurement Phase 253–254 Validate system 260 Verification Method(s) ANALYSIS (def.) 692 ANALYSIS method description 698 ANALYSIS method selection 377 Cost factors 699 DEMONSTRATION (def.) 692 DEMONSTRATION method 698 DEMONSTRATION selection 377 INSPECTION / EXAMINATION 693 INSPECTION method description 699 INSPECTION method selection 377 Method selection process 376 TEST (def.) 693 TEST method description 698 TEST method selection 377 Similarity 377, 693, 698 Validation of records 699 View Architectural 411, 413 Logical/Functional 415 Operational architecture 415 Physical architecture 415 Requirements architecture 415 818 Index Viewpoint Architectural 411, 413 Vulnerability Defined 403 Design for 406 Interface 521 System success 97 Waiver Defined 303 Variance, deviation, waiver, departure 491, 693, 752 Wasson’s Law 335 Task Significance Principle 689 Waterfall Development Model Application 267 Development strategy (def.) 291 Description 292 Waypoint Defined 160 Mission timeline 162 Weibull Distribution 620 Weights and Measures 546–547 Work Product(s) Behavioral Domain Solution 463 Physical Domain Solution 477 Operations Domain Solution 448 Requirements Domain Solution 437 Review 715 SE Process 283 System Integration, Test, & Evaluation 744 Testing 742 Workflow System development 251 Working Groups Interface Control (ICWG) 516 Test & Evaluation (TEWG) 735 ... Electrical Engineering • Human Factors Engineering • Industrial Engineering • System Safety Engineering • Mechanical Engineering • System Security Engineering • Nuclear Engineering • Reliability Engineering. .. Engineering • Software Engineering • Maintainability Engineering • Systems Engineering Figure 2.1 Book Scope Part II: System Design and Development Practices Part II builds on the system analysis concepts. . .System Analysis, Design, and Development Concepts, Principles, and Practices Charles S Wasson A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication System Analysis, Design, and Development System Analysis,