Intentional Interviewing and Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society 9th Edition Allen E Ivey Mary Bradford Ivey Carlos P Zalaquett Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Focusing the Counseling Session: Contextualizing and Broadening the Story Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide of 2) Awareness and Knowledge ▲ Conceptualize clients as persons-in-relation and persons-in-community ▲ Identify contextual factors affecting clients’ current situation or concern Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide of 2) Skills and Action ▲ Help clients tell their stories and describe their issues from multiple frames of reference, a valuable method for creative change ▲ Increase clients’ cognitive and emotional complexity, thus expanding their possibilities for restorying and resolving issues ▲ Enable clients to see themselves as selves-in-relation and persons-in-community through community and family genograms ▲ Facilitate and clarify client cognitive/emotional processes so that they can take action to address their concerns, issues, and challenges ▲ Include advocacy, community awareness, and social change as part of your counseling or psychotherapy practice Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Focusing Essentials (slide of 2) Meet Nelida… Here I am, a grad student in counseling I did well in college in Miami and thought it was no big deal because I was only four and a half hours away But my first day of class, I raised my hand, made a comment that very first class, and a classmate asked me if I was from America (nervous laugh) or a native (nervous laugh) Yeah, and I said well I’m I was just four and a half hours away, and he just found it very hard to believe So, after that comment was made, it kind of made me a little bit more hesitant to participate in discussions It made me more self-conscious Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Focusing Essentials (slide of 2) Focusing: Intentionally focus the counseling session on the Anticipated result: As the counselor brings in new focuses, the client, theme/concern/issue, significant others (partner/ story is elaborated from multiple perspectives If you spouse, family, friends), a mutual “we” focus, the selectively attend only to the individual, the broader counselor, or the cultural/environmental context as dimensions of the social context are likely to be missed, necessary to gain a broader understanding of client and and counseling and therapy may fail in the long run issue You may also focus on what is going on in the here and now of the session Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Focusing (slide of 2) ▲ Therapy is for the individual client ▲ Focus begins with the client ▲ Focus on the client’s problem or concern ▲ Attending to the theme, or central topic(s), of the session is a second area of focusing ▲ Focus on contextual dimensions ▲ Clients bring to you many community voices that influence their view of self and the world Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Focusing (slide of 2) Significant Others Mutual Focus Immediacy, Here-and-Now Focus Counselor Focus Cultural/Environmental/Contextual (CEC) Focus CEC Counselor Statements Leading to a Positive Conclusion Focus on Physical Health and Therapeutic Lifestyle Issues Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Community Genogram: Bringing Cultural/Environmental/Context into the Session (slide of 7) ▲ “Free-form” activity where the client uses his or her own style to present community ▲ Helps the client generate a sense of connection and how we all develop in a community/cultural context ▲ Helps the therapist more completely understand the client’s cultural background and history ▲ Can provide a better grasp of the developmental history of clients and help identify client strengths for later problem solving Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Community Genogram: Bringing Cultural/Environmental/Context into the Session (slide of 7) Developing Your Own Community Genogram ▲ Select the community in which you were primarily raised ▲ Choose significant symbols to represent key items in relation to:  Yourself/Client  Family(ies)  Influential Community Groups  Items from RESPECTFUL Model Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Community Genogram: Bringing Cultural/Environmental/Context into the Session (slide of 7) Building your community genogram – Basic symbols: living Close MALE Enmeshed deceased Estranged living Distant FEMALE Conflictual deceased Separated Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Community Genogram: Bringing Cultural/Environmental/Context into the Session (slide of 7) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Community Genogram: Bringing Cultural/Environmental/Context into the Session (slide of 7) Identifying Personal and Multicultural Strengths ▲ Post the genogram on the wall during sessions ▲ Focus on a single dimension of the community or family ▲ Help the client share one or more positive stories relating to the community dimension selected ▲ Develop at least two more positives Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Community Genogram: Bringing Cultural/Environmental/Context into the Session (slide of 7) The Family Genogram ▲ The family genogram provides additional information about all-important family history ▲ We use both strategies with clients and hang the genograms on the wall during the session to indicate to clients that they are not alone ▲ Family stories can be a real source of pride and can be central in the positive asset search Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Community Genogram: Bringing Cultural/Environmental/Context into the Session (slide of 7) Debriefing a Community Genogram ▲Helps you learn developmental history and cultural background of client ▲Start by asking client to describe the community and significant events in his or her past development ▲Ask for a story about each genogram element ▲Seek to obtain positive stories Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Focusing (slide of 3) Multicultural Issues and Focusing ▲ From social sciences to biology, research confirms the critical role of context ▲ Bullying and cyberbullying have short- and long-lasting emotional and physical consequences for those targeted ▲ Ostracism makes people depressed, helpless, and likely to engage in suicidal ideation or behavior Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Focusing (slide of 3) Advocacy and Social Justice ▲ Advocacy is speaking out for your clients; working in the school, community, or larger setting to help clients; and working for social change ▲ Whistle-blowers who name problems that others like to avoid can face real difficulty ▲ Advocacy is the only possibility when a client is being abused ▲ Counselors who care about their clients also act as advocates for them when necessary Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Focusing (slide of 3) Counseling Clients Who Have Internalized Oppression ▲ Paulo Freire developed a step-by-step model for working with internalized oppression ▲ Adapted for therapeutic psychology, steps include: (1) Developing a relationship; (2) Build individual, family, and cultural strengths; (3) Body anchoring of positives; (4) Hear the story again; (5) Encourage naming of the negative story; (6) Return to strengths and anchor them again; (7) Plan for generalization Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Action: Key Points and Practice (slide of 2) ▲ The Skill of Focusing ▲ The Importance of the Individualistic “I” Focus ▲ Selective Attention ▲ Draw Out Stories with Multiple Focusing ▲ Seven Focus Dimensions ▲ Community and Family Genograms ▲ Apply Focus to Examine Your Own Beliefs Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Action: Key Points and Practice (slide of 2) ▲ Focusing and Other Skills ▲ The Action Plan ▲ Multicultural Issues ▲ Social Justice and Advocacy Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved  ... necessary to gain a broader understanding of client and and counseling and therapy may fail in the long run issue You may also focus on what is going on in the here and now of the session Copyright.. .Chapter Focusing the Counseling Session: Contextualizing and Broadening the Story Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives... clients’ cognitive and emotional complexity, thus expanding their possibilities for restorying and resolving issues ▲ Enable clients to see themselves as selves-in-relation and persons-in-community