THE LINGUISTIC DIMENSION OF KANT’S THOUGHT THE LINGUISTIC DIMENSION OF KANT’S THOUGHT Historical and Critical Essays Edited by Frank Schalow and Richard Velkley Northwestern University Press Evanston, Illinois Northwestern University Press www.nupress.northwestern.edu Copyright © 2014 by Northwestern University Press Published 2014 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The linguistic dimension of Kant’s thought : historical and critical essays / edited by Frank Schalow and Richard Velkley pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978- 0- 8101- 2996- (cloth : alk paper) Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 Language and languages—Philosophy I Schalow, Frank, 1956– editor of compilation II Velkley, Richard L., editor of compilation B2799.L26L56 2014 193—dc23 2014017250 o The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Contents Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations and Principal Translations ix Preface xi Introduction: Situating the Problem of Language in Kant’s Thought Frank Schalow and Richard Velkley Part The Question of Language The Place of Language: From Kant to Hegel Robert Wood 29 The Language of Time in Kant’s Transcendental Schematism Frank Schalow 53 Language in Kant’s Practical Philosophy Chris W Surprenant 70 Kant’s Philosophy of Language? Michael N Forster 81 Part The Concern for Language in Religion, Politics, and Aesthetics Jupiter’s Eagle and the Despot’s Hand Mill: Two Views of Metaphor in Kant Kirk Pillow Models and “Symbolic Hypotyposis”: Kant on Music and Language Charles Nussbaum Kant’s Apophaticism of Finitude: A Grammar of Hope for Speaking Humanly of God Philip J Rossi, S.J 107 134 154 Nachschrift eines Freundes: Kant on Language, Friendship, and the Concept of a People Susan Shell 174 Part Historical Perspectives on Language 10 11 12 Reason, Idealism, and the Category: Kantian Language in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit Robert Berman 205 The Language of Natural Silence: Schelling and the Poetic Word After Kant Jason M Wirth 237 Language, Nature, and the Self: Language, Psychology, and the Feeling of Life in Kant and Dilthey Eric S Nelson 263 The Inexhaustibility of Art and the Conditions of Language: Kant and Heidegger 288 Richard Velkley Selected Bibliography 311 Contributors 319 Index 321 Acknowledgments We wish to express our gratitude to the friends and colleagues who have encouraged us throughout the period of the genesis and publication of this volume: Ronna Burger, Peter Fenves, Edward Johnson, and Michael E Zimmerman In helping to compile the “Selected Bibliography” for this book, we are indebted to the efforts of Ms Jade Flynn For help in securing funds for the completion of this project, we wish to express gratitude to Provost Michael Bernstein of Tulane University and the Carl Muckley Bequest of the Philosophy department at the University of New Orleans Special thanks also go to the senior editor and director of Northwestern University Press, Henry Carrigan and Jane Bunker, respectively, for lending their time and expertise in bringing this volume to fruition Finally, we wish to thank the editors of the following journals for granting permission to reprint a version of Michael N Forster, “Kant’s Philosophy of Language?,”Tijdschrift voor Filosofie 74/3 (2012); Kirk Pillow, “Jupiter’s Eagle and the Despot’s Hand Mill: Two Views of Metaphor in Kant,” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 59 (2001): 193–212; Susan Shell, “Nachschrift eines Freundes: Kant on Language, Friendshp, and the Concept of a People,” Kantian Review 11/1 (2011): 117–24 vii Abbreviations and Principal Translations The following abbreviations and translations of Kant’s works are cited throughout the text and notes Abbreviations used only within a single chapter are noted on first appearance Abbreviations AA Akademie Ausgabe, i.e., Kants Gesammelte Schriften (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1902–) Gr Grundlegung der Metaphysik der Sitten (AA 4) KpV Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (AA 5) KrV Kritik der reinen Vernunft (AA 3–4) KU Kritik der Urteilskraft (AA 5) MAM Mutmasslicher Anfang der Menschengeschichte (AA 8) MdS Metaphysik der Sitten (AA 6) MpVT Über das Misslingen aller philosophischen Versuche in der Theodicee (AA 8) Pr Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik (AA 4) RGV Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (AA 6) Translations of Kant’s Works Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, general editors Paul Guyer and Allen Wood (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1995–) Critique of Judgment, trans Werner S Pluhar (Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 1987) Critique of Pure Reason, trans Norman Kemp Smith (New York: St Martin’s, 1965) Critique of Pure Reason, trans Werner S Pluhar (Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 1996) Dreams of a Spirit Seer Illustrated by Dreams of Metaphysics, trans E F Goerwitz (New York: Macmillan, 1900) ix 320 c o nt r i but ors books, including Departures: At the Crossroads between Heidegger and Kant (2013), The Incarnality of Being: The Earth, Animals, and Nature in Heidegger’s Thought (2006), and The Renewal of the Heidegger-Kant Dialogue (1992) He is coeditor of the international journal Heidegger Studies susan shell is a professor of political science at Boston College She is the author of several books, including Kant and the Limits of Autonomy (2008), The Embodiment of Reason: Kant on Spirit, Generation, and Community (1996), and The Rights of Reason: A Study of Kant’s Philosophy and Politics (1980) chRis w suRPRenant is an assistant professor at the University of New Orleans He has published articles in a wide range of academic journals, including Kantian Review, The Journal of Social Philosophy, History of Philosophy Quarterly, The Journal of Moral Education, and Topoi He is author of Kant and Cultivation of Virtue (2014), and coeditor of Kant and Education: Interpretations and Commentary (2011) Currently, he is director of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institute for Democratic Ideals at the University of New Orleans RichaRd velKley is the Celia Scott Weatherhead Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University He is the author of Heidegger, Strauss, and the Premises of Philosophy (2011), Being After Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question (2002) and Freedom and the End of Reason: On the Moral Foundation of Kant’s Critical Philosophy (1989) He is also the coeditor of Kant’s “Observations” and “Remarks”: A Critical Guide (2012; with Susan Shell) and editor of The Unity of Reason: Essays on Kant’s Philosophy, by Dieter Henrich (1994) He served as associate editor of the Review of Metaphysics from 1997 to 2006 Jason m wiRth is a professor of philosophy at Seattle University He is the author of The Conspiracy of Life: Meditations on Schelling and His Time (2003) and editor of Schelling Now: Contemporary Readings (2005), as well as author of the forthcoming monograph, Schelling’s Practice of the Wild, Time, Art, Imagination He is associate editor of the journal Comparative and Continental Philosophy RobeRt wood is a professor of philosophy at the University of Dallas He has written several books, including Placing Aesthetics: Reflections on the Philosophic Tradition (1999) He served as editor of the American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly from 1989 to 2009 Index absolutism, 244; in negative philosophy, 241–42, 243 acousmatic experience, 147–48 action(s), 70, 74, 79; moral, 5–6, 75, 153n31; nature and reason and, 72–73 Adorno, Theodor, 267 Aeneid, 237, 238–39 aesthetic(s), 18, 29, 34, 124, 147, 131–32n38, 303, 309n47; analogies of, 110–11; Heidegger on, 288–89, 290– 91; history and, 300–301; and human subject, 126–27; sensus communis and, 35–37; transcendental, 9, 141 aesthetic experience, 3, 31–32, 108 aesthetic friendship, 180 aesthetic ideas, 23, 32, 127, 295–96; and ideas of reason, 134–35; metaphoricity in, 116–22; musical, 136–37 aesthetic judgment, 288–89, 292–94 aesthetic order, 37–38 aesthetic theory, 108, 116 affinity, affinities, 123, 124, 126 Ages of the World, The (Schelling), 248, 251–52, 254–55, 259n17, 261nn32, 35 Albert of Prussia, Duke, 174, 175 Allegory of the Cave, 250 Allison, Henry, 59 alphabetical writing, 45 analogues: models as, 137 analogy, 49–50n19, 100n10, 131n37; language of, 34–35; metaphor and, 112, 122; proportional, 109–10, 128n6, 129nn8, 13; qualitative, 110–11 analytical universal, 140 analytic philosophy, 12 animism: magical, 146 Announcement of the Immanent Conclusion of a Treaty for Eternal Peace in Philosophy (Kant), 179 anthropology, 40, 98, 196; on concept of people, 192–93; of faith and religion, 156–57; of finite reason, 160–61, 163– 64, 166; and Lithuanian language, 177, 187–88; on thought and language, 88, 97 Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (Anthropology with a Pragmatic Intention) (Kant), 29–30, 84, 183, 185, 188, 200n34 Antigone, 229, 230–31 antimony, 294 apophaticism, 170–71n6, 243, 249; theoretical, 160, 161–63 apprehension of presentations, 123 Aquinas, Thomas, 49–50n19, 75; on rational soul, 73–74 Arendt, Hannah, 4, 243; on political discourse, 16–18 Aristotle, 16, 39, 45, 46, 49nn12, 19, 77, 79; on metaphor, 111–12; Metaphysics, 243; Nicomachean Ethics, 72–73; Physics, 74 Armenians: characterization of, 190 art(s), 21, 38, 49n12, 111, 121, 132nn40, 41, 296, 302; and aesthetics, 288–89, 300–301; fine, 306–7; and language, 32–33; as metaphysical, 145–46; as selfaffirmation of God, 245–46; source of, 297–98; and truth, 289–90, 298–99; as word of God, 244–45 articulation, 7, 33 artistic originality, 38 Attempt at a Proof That the First Language Received Its Origin Not from Man but Solely from the Creator (Süßmilch), 89 Aufhebung, 43 Augustine, St., 73, 74 autobiography, 276, 277 321 322 i n de X autonomy, 147, 183–84; and linguistic communication, 37–38; practical, 111, 125; and reason, 75–76 Bach, J S.: Second Orchestral Suite, 140 Baltic languages, 175 Basic Problems of Phenomenology (Heidegger), 66 Bataille, Georges: economy of nature, 253–54 Beaufret, Jean, 65 beauty, beautiful, 36, 50n20, 129n11, 147, 297, 299; aesthetic judgment of, 293–94; and art, 289–90; Schopenhauer on, 291–92; symbolic exhibition of, 110–11 Bedeutung See meaning Beethoven, Ludwig von, 151n11, 153n39; Leonore Overture No 3, 139–40; Ninth Symphony, 138–39; Seventh Symphony, 139; being (Being), 249; logos of, 64–68 belief, 24, 208; justification of, 209–10 biography, 276–77 Black, Max, 113, 127 Böhme, Jakob, 248, 253, 255, 260–61n30 Bonaventure, 239, 243, 247, 260–61n30; The Journey of the Mind to God, 249–50; The Second Sermon on the Nativity, 248 boundaries: species and, 194–95 Brandt, Reinhard, 83 Broch, Hermann, 252, 257; The Death of Virgil, 238–39, 246 Bultmann, Rudolf, 67 Caesar, 247 Campbell, George: Philosophy of Rhetoric, 177 Canticle of the Sun (Francis), 250 Carnap, Rudolf, 270 Carnival Overture (Dvorak), 139 Cartesians, 266 Cassirer, Ernst, 4, 64, 265 cataphatic, 249 categorical imperatives, 76, 77 category, 205 Catholicism, 175 causality, 31, 39 censorship: religious, 86 Cephalus, 229, 230, 236n41 character, characterization: of Lithuanians, 181–83; of peoples, 188–91; of Poles, 183–85 Christianity, 169; on moral character, 182–83; sensus communis of, 290–91 Christiani Zaccaei Telonarchae Prolegomena on the Most Recent Interpretation of the Oldest Document of the Human Species (Hamann), 93–94 citizenship, 188 civic unity, 189; aptitudes for, 190–91 civil society, 79, 194, 199n31 classification: of peoples, 188–89 cogito, 30, 38 cognition, 21, 30–31, 50n20, 86, 108, 171n12, 208, 295, 302, 305; and metaphor, 122–28 Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul, On the (Herder), 93 Cohen, Hermann, 265 coherence, 33 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 127 Collins, James, 156 Collins Ethics, 90, 98, 99 coloration: key changes and, 140 common sense See sensus communis communication, 3, 23, 50–51n23, 191, 305; inter- human, 37–38; through music, 21–22; and nature, 24, 29 community: moral, 24 concept(s), 13, 39, 86, 131–32nn38, 44, 137, 184, 193, 194, 199n31; and aesthetic attributes, 117–18; aesthetic expansion of, 118–19; of God, 157–59; pure, 59–61; religious, 157–58; schematized, 58–59; and thought, 94–95 conduct: moral, 155 Conjectural Beginning of Human History, A (Kant), 93, 164 connotation, 14; and metaphor, 114, 115 consciousness, 7, 222, 232n11, 233– 34nn22, 23, 25; and belief, 209–10; and knowledge, 207–8; reason and, 206–7, 212–13, 218–19, 231, 232– 33n12; self- knowledge and, 217–18 contradictions: in will, 77–78 Contributions to the Study of Individuality (Dilthey), 277 contuition, 239, 243–44 creation: words and, 253 323 i n de X creative imagination: metaphors as, 107–8 creative intelligence, 31 creativity: schematism and, 56, 57 creatures: and God, 248–49 “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment” (Kant), 290 Critique of Practical Reason (Kant), 5, 53, 83, 88, 155, 198n8, 302, 306 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 5, 6, 9, 14, 19, 34, 55, 65, 83, 95, 96, 110, 123, 155, 158, 263, 266, 302; meaning in, 54, 67; thought- language dualism in, 82, 86, 88 Critique of the Power of Judgment (Kant), 3, 4, 6, 16, 21, 24, 29, 48n8, 55, 83, 85, 88, 125, 128, 134, 186, 241, 263, 264, 270, 281, 288, 289, 291, 293, 304; on aesthetic theory, 126–27; cognition in, 30–31; historical importance of, 19–20; music and intuitive understanding in, 140–41; nature in, 266, 268–69; sublime in, 267–68; theory of symbol in, 108–13 culture, 29 Dante, 251; Divina Commedia, 35 Darstellung, 123, 135, 136 death, 242, 245, 252, 258n4; of ego, 250–51; of Virgil, 238–39 Death of Virgil, The (Broch), 238–39, 246 death perception, 244 Debussy, Claude: Nuages, 140 Deleuze, Gilles, 19; Difference and Repetition, 242; on Spinoza’s expressionism, 252–53 Denken, 45 Derrida, Jacques, 45, 52n37 Descartes, Rene, 30, 88, 266 despotic state and hand mill analogy, 109, 135 determination of thought, determinative judgment, 29 determinism, 11; in human freedom, 242–43 dialectic, 7, 11 Dialogue on the Connection Between Things and Words (Leibniz), 88 Difference and Repetition (Deleuze), 242 Diligence in Several Learned Languages, On (Herder), 92 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 15, 23, 24, 67, 285n49, 286n56; Contributions to the Study of Individuality, 277; on facticity of meaning, 281–82; Of German Poetry and Music, 280; Ideas Concerning a Descriptive and Analytic Psychology, 277; Introduction to the Human Sciences, 273–74; Life of Schleiermacher, 275–76; life- philosophy, 265, 271–73; natural scientific inquiry, 269–70; on psychology, 263, 264, 274–76, 278–79; on sensus communis, 280–81 Dilthey: Philosopher of the Human Studies (Makkreel), 265 direct presentation, 135 Discovery, On a (Kant), 84, 85, 86, 97 Divina Commedia (Dante), 35 divine: human relationships with, 155–56, 163–64, 167; and radical evil, 163–64 Doctrine of Virtue (Kant), 180 Dohna-Wundlacken Logic (Kant), 84 Donelaitis, Krisijonas, 176 Dreams of a Spirit Seer Illustrated by Dreams of Metaphysics (Kant), 86, 90, 146, 147 duty: will and, 70–71 Dvorak, Anton: Carnival Overture, 139 ecological psychology, 139 economy of nature, 253–54 ecstatic blindness, 239–40 ego: death of, 250–51 egoism: of God, 255–56 Einbildungskraft See imagination emotion, 8, 21; music and, 139–40 empirical psychology, 264 Empirical Psychology (Wolff), 89 empirical world: and human subjectivity, 126 empiricism, 132n44, 269 engagement: moral, 160 England: civic unity, 189 Enlightenment: thought- language dualism, 81, 85, 88 epistemology, 277–78 equipment: truth of, 298–99 Erinnerung, 45 Erlebnis, 274 eternal, eternity, 138, 248 ethical community, 226–27, 228–29 324 i n de X ethical substance, 222–23 ethics, 75, 78, 90–91 evil, 172n21; and hope, 165–66; radical, 163–65, 170n2, 172n24 exhibition: schematic, 108–9 existence, 15, 39, 254 experience, 34, 108, 138; acousmatic, 147–48; moral, 111 expression: meaning and, 274 expressivity: Bonaventure on, 247–50; human, 252–53 faith, 24, 75, 156 feeling of life (Lebensgefühl), 264–65, 266 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 7, 179, 258n5 figure (Gestalt): art as, 300 finite reason: anthropology of, 160–61, 163–64, 166 first Critique See Critique of Pure Reason First Letter to the Corinthians (St Paul), 244 force: and freedom, 184–85 formal philosophy, 76 Fragments on Recent German Literature (Herder), 89, 92–93, 95, 96 France: civil state and, 186–87, 189 Francis, St.: Canticle of the Sun, 250 Frederick William I, 175 freedom, 11, 31, 48n8, 75, 160, 165, 169, 172n20, 186, 187, 247, 252, 301, 309n47; force and law, 184–85; human, 167, 242–43; human finite, 155–56; and nature, 156–57, 267, 300; Word and, 256–57 Freedom essay (Schelling), 241–42, 248, 252, 253, 254, 260–61n30; egoism of God, 255–56 Free Spirit, 40 Frege, G., 12, 13, 272 French Revolution, 186 friendship, 198n15; Herder and Kant’s, 193–97; Kant on, 178–80; perfect, 180–81 Gabriel, Gottfried, 270 Gadamer, Hans- Georg, 4, 16, 272, 289; the hermeneutic method, 18–19 Gedächtnis, 45–46 Geist See spirit Geisteswissenschaft, 264 German Poetry and Music, Of (Dilthey), 280 Germans: characterization of, 190–91 Gestalt, 300 gesture, gestural style, 29, 33 given, givenness, 213, 214 God, 110, 167, 169, 171nn7, 16, 172n30, 240, 243, 248, 249; art as selfaffirmation of, 245–46; art as word of, 244–45; egoism of, 255–56; human relationships with, 155–56; metaphysics of, 157–58; moral certainty of, 158–59; theoretical apophaticism of, 161–62 Godhead, 242, 249–50, 252, 253, 261n35 God: Some Conversations (Herder), 96 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 270 good(s), 71; human, 72–73 Goodman, Nelson, 113 grammar: of God, 100n10, 162; of hope, 165–66, 167, 168–69, 170; of radical evil, 164 Great Death, 250–51 Great Doubt, 250 Greece: ancient, 75, 185–86, 190 Greek language, 187 grounding words (Grundworte), 16 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Kant), 70, 76, 79 Habermas, Jürgen, 265 Hamann, Johann Georg, 5, 81, 92, 95, 96, 103–4nn58, 61, 261–62n36; Christiani Zaccaei Telonarchae Prolegomena on the Most Recent Interpretation of the Oldest Document of the Human Species, 93–94; Metacritique of the Purism of Reason, 8, 82 Hamann- Herder doctrine, 89, 102–3n40 harmony, 36 Hausman, Carl, 113, 132n41 Hegel, G W F., 11, 15, 30, 33, 38–39, 51n24, 52n36, 170n3, 172n21, 232nn8, 11, 233n21, 235–36nn33, 35, 247; on individuality, 216–21, 227–28; on lawgiving and law- testing reason, 223–24, 226–27, 230, 236n42; on phenomenology, 207–12, 232n5; Phenomenology of Spirit, 7, 46, 47, 205, 232n3, 240; on productive imagination, 127–28; on reason and consciousness, 206–7; on reason and spirit, 228–29, 232n4; on reason’s conception of truth, 325 i n de X 212–13; on spirit, 214, 215, 225, 247; treatment of language, 40–47, 48 Heidegger, Martin, 3, 4, 15, 17, 23, 30, 67, 132n43, 270, 301; on aesthetics, 288–89, 290, 295–96; on art, 297–98, 300, 307; on being and time, 64, 65–66; hermeneutics, 24–25; Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, 16; “The Origin of the Work of Art,” 289–90; rehabilitation of Kant, 291–93, 301–2; on time and imagination, 53–54; on truth, 298–99; “The Will to Power as Art,” 291 Heilsberg, Christoph Friedrich, 175, 177, 178, 181, 182 hell: Schelling’s definition of, 253 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 5, 81, 103– 4nn58, 61, 157, 184; On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul, 93; ; On Diligence in Several Learned Languages, 92; Fragments on Recent German Literature, 89, 92–93; friendship with Kant, 193–97; God: Some Conversations, 96; Ideas for the Philosophy of History of Humanity, 86, 93, 95–96, 193; Metacritique on the Critique of Pure Reason, 82, 196 Oldest Document of the Human Species, 93, 96; on transcendental philosophy, 7–8; Treatise on the Origin of Language, 8, 89, 93 hermeneutics, 4, 15, 16, 23, 31, 67, 101n28, 264, 270; Gadamer on, 18–19; Heidegger on, 24–25 Herz, Marcus, 178 hieroglyphics, 45 History of Modern Philosophy, On the (Schelling), 241 history of philosophy, 15–16, 22 Hobbes, Thomas, 107 Hölderlin, Friedrich: Der Rhein, 256–57; Patmos, 257 Honneth, Axel, 265 honor: love of, 183, 185 hope, 172n30; grammar of, 165–66, 167, 168–69, 170 human agency, 31 humanity, 168; and concept of God, 158–59; moral vocation of, 154–55 human nature: and reason, 74 human race, 188; friendship in, 196–97 human spirit: language and, 177–78 Hume, David, 55, 88, 170n3 Husserl, Edmund, 19, 44, 279; “Philosophy as a Rigorous Science,” 272 hypothetical imperatives, 76–77 hypotyposis, 108; indirect symbolic, 135, 150, 147, 150 Hyppolite, Jean, 240, 241 I as Principle of Philosophy or the Unconditioned in Human Knowledge, On the (Schelling), 243–44 Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View (Kant), 86, 184, 194 idealism, 205, 212, 213, 241 ideas See aesthetic ideas; ideas of reason Ideas Concerning a Descriptive and Analytic Psychology (Dilthey), 277 Ideas for the Philosophy of History of Humanity (Herder), 86, 93; review of, 95–96, 193 ideas of reason, 134–35 Identity- in- Difference, 44 identity: personal, 271 imagery, 140 imagination (Einbildungskraft), 5, 17, 32, 147; creative, 42, 46; Hegel on, 40, 42; musical, 147–48; productive, 113, 121–22, 123–24, 127–28; time and, 53–54; transcendental, 56–58 Imagination and Interpretation in Kant (Makkreel), 265 immateriality: of music, 148–49 imperatives: categorical and hypothetical, 76–77 independent being, 213 indirect presentation, 135, 136 indirect symbolic hypotyposis, 135, 147; music and, 137–38, 140, 142–43 individual(s), 71, 73, 233–34n23, 234–35nn29, 31; Dilthey on, 271–72; historical formation of, 275–76 individuality, 233n20, 234n26, 275, 281, 306; Hegel on, 227–28; law- giving reason and, 223–24; real, 216–21 individuation, 268, 271, 281 intellectual thought (Denken), 45 interactionist theory: in metaphor, 113–16, 118–19 interiority, 281 326 i n de X internal critique, 4–5 internalism, 211 international order: for peace, 169–70 interpretive psychology, 274–75, 276, 277, 278–80 inter- subjective relationships, 42 Introduction to the Human Sciences (Dilthey): psychology in, 273–74 intuitions, 39, 136–37 intuitive understanding, 140 irrationalism, 269 irreducible remainder: Schelling on, 241–42 isomorphism, 136 Jenisch, David, 176, 177–78, 181, 187, 198nn8, 11 Jesus, 169, 248 Jews, East European, 175, 200n34 Job, Book of, 167 John, 248 Johnson, Mark, 136; on metaphor, 113, 140, 144 Johnson, Timothy: on creatures and God, 248–49 journey of the mind, 249–50 Journey of the Mind to God, The (Bonaventure), 249–50 judgment(s), 12–13, 29, 55, 71, 97, 100–101n18, 107, 152n16, 209, 214, 244; aesthetic, 147, 288–89, 292–94; common sense and, 305–6; logic and, 84–85; reflective, 271, 303; selfevaluative, 210–11 justification: of belief, 209–10 just life, 72 Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (Heidegger), 16 key changes: musical movement in, 139–40 Kiesewetter, Johann, 196 Kingdom of Ends, 31 Kitay, Evan, 113 knowing: vs meaning, 67 knowledge, 5, 12–13, 14, 123, 171n15, 235n34, 302; and consciousness, 207– 8; denial of, 166–67; of law, 223–25, 235–36nn33, 35; and self- knowledge, 211–12, 241 Korsgaard, Christine: contradictions in will, 77–78 Lakoff, George: on metaphor, 113, 140, 144 language(s), 3, 4, 8, 10, 14, 22, 24, 30, 71, 97, 136, 174, 192, 199n28, 200n34, 207, 235n33, 244, 246, 256, 261– 62n36, 264; and art, 244–45; and cognition, 86–87; components of, 32–33; expressivity of, 247–50; and freedom, 184–85; Hegel’s treatment of, 40–46; and human spirit, 177–78; thought and, 82–89, 90–91, 92–93, 94–95 law, 299; of ethical community, 226– 27; knowledge of, 223–26, 235– 36nn33, 35 law of cause and effect, 12 Leask, I., 240 Lebensgefühl, 264–65, 266 Lebensphilosophie, 269 Lebenszusammenhang, 272 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 86, 100–101n18, 144, 266, 269, 270, 271, 272; Dialogue on the Connection Between Things and Words, 88 Leibniz- Wolff counter- paradigm, 89–90, 92, 94, 97 Leonore Overture No (Beethoven), 139–40 Letters Concerning the Most Recent Literature, 89, 92 lexical, 44 life, 238, 252, 270 life- nexus/ context (Lebenszusammenhang), 272 Life of Schleiermacher (Dilthey), 275–76 life- philosophy, 265 linguistic communication, 37–38 linguistic prism, 64 Lithuania, 174–75 Lithuanian-German and GermanLithuanian Dictionary (Mielcke), 174, 176–77 Lithuanian language: anthropological importance of, 177, 187–88; preservation of, 174, 175–76 Lithuanians, 175, 187, 200n32; character of, 181–83; civic aptitude of, 190–91 lived- experience (Erlebnis), 274 327 i n de X living well, 73 Locke, John, 88, 107 logic (Logic), 71, 76, 100n10; and judgment, 84–85; and Nature, 39–40; transcendental, 9, 10 logos (λóγος), 237, 244, 248; of being, 64–68 love, 115, 254–55, 261nn32, 35 Makkreel, Rudolf, 122, 129n10; Dilthey: Philosopher of the Human Studies, 265; Imagination and Interpretation in Kant, 265 Marx, Karl, 15 materiality of language, 246 mathematics: of music, 143, 144 matter: and spirit, 194 meaning (Bedeutung) (Sinn), 3, 6, 12, 15, 22–23, 33, 53, 54, 67, 103n57, 114, 133n40, 139, 261–62n36, 274; and aesthetic ideas, 119–20; of being, 67–68; facticity of, 281–82 meaning of being: as historical question, 15–16 mechanical causality, 31 mechanical generation: of organisms, 141–42 memory, 42; Hegel on, 45–46 Mendelssohn, Moses, 89, 146 mental models, 136, 137, 151n8 Metacritique of the Purism of Reason (Hamann), 8, 82, 95 Metacritique on the Critique of Pure Reason (Herder), 82, 196 metaphorical transference: body- in- themind, 149–50 metaphors, 22, 34–35, 43, 49n17, 51n34, 130–31nn24, 27, 29, 41, 132n45, 140; of Aeneid, 238–39; in aesthetic ideas, 116–22; cognitive significance of, 125– 26; as creative imagination, 107–8; and interactionist theory, 113–16; Kantian concepts of, 122–28; in symbolic exhibition theory, 111–12 metaphysics, 11, 24, 91–92, 302; ; art and, 145–46; beauty and, 290, 299; of God, 157–58 inner experience and, 87–88; moral, 75–76; and music, 144–45, 150 Metaphysics (Aristotle), 243 Metaphysics L1, 91 Metaphysics of Morals, The (Kant), 168, 195 Middle East: and United States, 247 Mielcke, Christian Gottlieb: LithuanianGerman and German-Lithuanian Dictionary, 174, 176–77; “Piklainis,” 176 Mielcke, Peter Gottlieb, 176 Mill, J S., 269, 272 mind: journey of, 249–50 Missa Solemnis, 140 models: mental and working, 136–37, 150 modulation, 33 moral character, 182–83 moral cognition, 127 moral community, 24 moral conduct, 155 moral discourse, 79 moral engagement, 160 moral friendship, 180, 181 morality, 5, 6, 70, 72, 80, 167, 171n10, 173n33, 271; beauty as metaphor for, 111, 112, 297; individuals and, 71, 73; metaphysics and, 75–76; religion and, 170n2, 200–201n40 moral order, 37; God and, 158–59 moral reflection, 110 moral theory, 70 moral vocation: humanity’s, 154–55, 161 moral will, 147 movement: musical expression of, 139–40 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeo: Symphony No 29, 139 Mrongovius Metaphysics (Kant), 91 music, 4, 34, 134; aesthetic ideas and, 23, 136–37; communication through, 21–22; and imagination, 147–48; immateriality of, 148–49; indirect symbolic hypotyposis in, 137–38, 142–43; metaphysics of, 144–45; structure of, 143–44; treatment of time in, 138–39 mystical experiences, 146–47 Nachschrift eines Freundes (Kant), 174, 192; on friendship, 178–81, 196–97; on Lithuanian character, 181–83, 187 nation(s), 188, 192; characteristics of, 189–90 328 i n de X nationhood, 188 naturalism: and spiritualism, 271–72 natural philosophy, 265 nature (Nature), 24, 29, 32, 72, 73, 125, 153n31, 222, 237, 239, 241, 243, 299; aesthetic realm, 300–301; economy of, 253–54; and freedom, 156–57, 172n 20, 267; Kant on, 265–67, 268–69; language and, 244, 245; living, 266–67; Logic and, 39–40; and reason, 214, 296–97; scientific investigation of, 269–70; and spirit, 271–72 Naturphilosophie, 267, 269, 270 negative philosophy: absolutism of, 241–42 Neiman, Susan, 162 neo- Kantianism, 265, 286n56; on psychology, 263–64, 275, 278, 279 Neoplatonism, 141 New Testament, 252 Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 72–73 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 15; Heidegger on, 291–93 Ninth Symphony (Beethoven): treatment of time in, 138–39 Nishida Kitaro¯, 241, 242, 258–59n12 Nuages (Debussy), 140 Nuyen, A T., 129nn12, 17, 131–32n38, 248 Objective Spirit, 40, 47 objects, 60, 142, 149, 171n15; schematism, 55–56, 63 Octavian, 246, 247 Oedipus, 256, 261n34 Oldest Document of the Human Species (Herder), 93, 96 ontology, 31 Opus Postumum (Kant), 96, 266, 267 organic causality, 31 organisms: mechanical generation of, 141–42 “Origin of the Work of Art, The” (Heidegger), 289–90 Pathetique Symphony (Tchaikovsky), 139 Patmos (Hölderlin), 257 Paul, St.: First Letter to the Corinthians, 244 peace: international order for enduring, 169–70 people(s): anthropological concept of, 192–93; characterization of, 189–91; classification of, 188–89 peoplehood, 188 perfect friendship, 180–81 perfection: political life and, 306 perfect joy, 250 performance: musical, 148–49 perjury, 238; of language, 244, 251 Perpetual Peace, On (Kant), 183 perspectives: first- person and thirdperson, 276 Phaedo (Plato), 251 phenomenology, 4, 16, 19, 40, 46; Hegel on, 207–12, 232n5 Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 7, 39, 46, 47, 205, 232n3, 240 philosophy, 246, 251 “Philosophy as a Rigorous Science” (Husserl), 272 Philosophy of Art (Schelling), 244–45, 253 Philosophy of Rhetoric (Campbell), 177 phonocentrism, 45, 52n37 phronesis, 16 physics, 75 Physics (Aristotle), 74 Piano Concerto No 23 (Mozart), 139 “Pilkainis” (Mielcke), 176 Plato, 103n48, 251; Republic, 72, 250 Plato’s Sophist, 66 plurality, 37 poetic arts, 120, 237, 260–61n30 poetry, 33–34, 138, 176, 238, 304 Poland, 187, 189 Poles, 175; character of, 183–85 Polish language, 187–88 political discourse: Arendt on, 16–18 political life, 306 positivism, 269, 279 Possibility of a Form of All Philosophy, On the (Schelling), 244 Postscript of a Friend (Kant), 174, 192; on friendship in, 178–81, 196–97; on Lithuanian character, 181–83, 187 power of judgment (Urteilskraft), 16, 20 practical philosophy, 78–79 329 i n de X practical reason, 302–3 Practical Spirit, 40 pragmatic friendship, 180 pragmatism: Goodman’s, 127 predicates, 59 predication, 5, 13, 14 presentation (Darstellung), 123; indirect and direct, 135, 136 present moment: love and, 254–55 Prize Essay (Kant), 86, 87, 90, 103n57 productive imagination, 113, 121–22, 123–24; Hegel on, 127–28 productive memory, 42 profane, 255 Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (Kant), 11, 57 property: and individuality, 220 property regimes: and law- testing reason, 226–27, 229–30, 236n39 proportional analogy, 109–10, 128n6 proposition: as judgment, 97 Protestantism: of Prussian Lithuanians, 174–75; sensus communis of, 280–81 Prussia, 174, 175, 200n34, 247; and Lithuanians, 182, 191 Pseudo- Dionysius, 248 psychologism, 272 psychology, 40, 46, 47, 89, 263–64; Dilthey on, 273–74; interpretive, 274–75, 276, 277, 278–80 purity: and reason, 82 purposiveness, 29 Pythagorean theory: and music, 143, 144, 145 qualitative analogy, 109–11 quantitative analogy, 109, 110 races: classification of, 188 rational activity, 42 rational ideas, 117, 142, 131n36, 142 rationalism, 302 rationality, 73–74, 185 Rational Psychology (Wolff), 89 Rätselwort, 256 reality, 215, 223; and self, 219, 221–22 reason, 9, 12, 20, 21, 38, 44, 55, 79, 82, 95, 96, 97, 102n34, 120, 171nn7, 12, 15, 172n20, 205, 235n34; and actions, 72–73; anthropology of finite, 160–61, 163–64, 166; and autonomy, 75–76; and consciousness, 206–7, 212–13, 218–19, 231, 232–33n12; finite, 160, 165, 167; and individuality, 227–28; law- giving, 223–24, 225–26, 232n4; law- testing, 226–27, 229–30, 232n4, 236nn39, 42; and nature, 296–97; observing, 213–14; practical, 302–3; and recognition, 215–16; and selfknowledge, 219–20; speech and, 98, 102n33; and spirit, 228–29; and truth, 224–25; and virtue, 74, 135 Recension von Herders Ideen zur Philosophie (Kant), 193 reciprocity, 31 recognition, 123; reason and, 215–16 redemption, 169 reflective judgment, 16, 29, 303 relationships: human- divine, 155–56, 167; inter- subjective, 42, 96 religion, 24, 86, 96, 101n19, 170n3, 200–201n40, 259–60n20; art as, 245, 246; function of, 154–55; language used to discuss, 155–56; metaphysics of, 157–58; moral certainty in, 158–59 Religion Within the Bounds of Mere Reason (Kant), 86, 154, 155, 166–67, 169, 170n2, 179; moral character in, 182–83 representation (Vorstellung), 42–43, 135, 208; analogue, 136–37 Republic (Plato), 72, 250 Rhein, Der (Hölderlin), 256–57 Richards, I A., 127 Rickert, Heinrich, 265, 286n72; on psychology, 263–64, 273 Ricoeur, Paul, 113, 276 riddles, 256, 261n34 Rimsky- Korsakov, Nikolai: Scheherazade, 140 Rome: ancient, 185–86, 247; and Aeneid, 238–39 Romeo and Juliet Overture (Tchaikovsky), 139 Ruhig, Philipp: Prussian- Lithuanian dictionary, 177 Russians: autonomy of, 183–84; characteristics of, 189 330 i n de X Sacrifice, The (Tarkovsky), 243 Sartre, Jean- Paul, 46 Scheherazade (Rimsky- Korsakov), 140 Scheler, Max, 265 Schelling, Friedrich W J., 7, 19, 237, 240, 247, 250, 257, 258–59nn5, 12, 259–60n20, 260–61n30, 261–62nn 35, 36; The Ages of the World, 248, 251–52, 254–55, 259n17, 261nn32, 35; Freedom essay, 241–42, 248, 252, 253, 254, 255– 56; On the History of Modern Philosophy, 241; On the I as Principle of Philosophy or the Unconditioned in Human Knowledge, 243–44; Philosophy of Art, 244–45, 253; On the Possibility of a Form of All Philosophy, 244; System of Transcendental Idealism, 127 Schelling, Karl, 245 schema, schemata, 57, 61–62, 135, 150n4 schematic exhibition, 108–9 schematism, 5, 14, 22, 258n10; being and time in, 65–66; and pure concepts, 51–62; time in, 62–63; as translation exercise, 63–64, 67 Schmidt, Dennis J., 20 Schopenhauer, Arthur: on beauty, 291– 92; on music, 144–45 Schubert, Franz: “Unfinished” Symphony, 139 science(s), 259–60n20, 279, 286n72; natural, 269–70 Scruton, R.: acousmatic experience, 147–48 second Critique See Critique of Practical Reason Second Orchestral Suite (Bach), 140 Second Sermon on the Nativity, The (Bonaventure), 248 Sehnsucht, 254, 255, 256 Selbstbesinnung, 270 self, 234–35n31; identification of, 227–28; nature of, 230–31; and reality, 219, 221–22 self- affirmation: art as, 245–46 self- consciousness, 215, 225, 233n21 self- evaluation: and judgment, 210–11 self- expression, 217, 219 self- knowledge, 207–8, 211–12, 221, 241, 263; and consciousness, 217–18; of law, 223–24; reason and, 219–20 self- reflection (Selbstbesinnung), 270 self- understanding, 276 semantic fields, 135–36 semiotics, 145 sensations, 33 sense (Sinn), 274 sensibility, 244; common, 35–37 sensus communis, 24, 35–37, 264, 268, 270, 271, 288, 304–5; Dilthey on, 280–81; judgments of taste in, 305–6; life and, 272–73 Seventh Symphony (Beethoven), 139 sign(s), 13, 33; Hegel on, 43–44 signification, 13, 274 simulation: in musical symbolization, 137–38 sin, 74, 164 Sinn See meaning Sittlichkeit, 47 social space, 161 Socrates, 72, 229, 230, 236n41; Phaedo, 251 soul: rational, 73–74 sound, 44–45; physical events, 149 spatial organization, 141 species, 188; boundaries among, 194–95; designation of human, 195–96 speculative proposition, speech, 6, 8, 44, 66, 134; and reason, 98, 102n33; and writing, 45, 94 Spinoza, Baruch, 270; expressionism, 252–53 spirit (Spirit; Geist), 7, 39–40, 47, 116, 121, 186, 194, 214, 225, 308n39; activity of, 43–44; nature and, 271–72; and reason, 215, 228–29 spiritualism: and naturalism, 271–72 spirit world, 146 Sprachtheorie, Steiner, Rudolf: art as metaphysical, 145–46 subject(s), 33, 247; aesthetically active, 126–27 Subjective Spirit, 40, 42, 47 subjectivity, 22, 239–40, 243, 297 sublime, 268 substance, 39; ethical content of, 222–23 Surber, Jere Paul, Süßmilch, Johann Peter, 92; Attempt at a Proof That the First Language Received Its 331 i n de X Origin Not from Man but Solely from the Creator, 89 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 146 symbol(s), 22, 49n17, 249; Kantian, 120, 121, 124–25, 129–30nn12, 17, 135, 136; metaphor and, 34–35, 49n17; theory of, 108–13 symbolic exhibition, 108, 109; of aesthetics, 110–11; metaphors in, 111–12 symbolic hypotyposis: indirect, 135, 137–38, 140, 142, 150 symbolism, 121, 131n36, 135 symbolization, 129n10; musical, 137–38, 149 Symphony No 29 (Mozart), 139 syntactical, 44 synthetically universal, 140–41 System of Transcendental Idealism (Schelling), 127 Tarkovsky, Andrei: The Sacrifice, 243 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 139 teleology, 29, 31, 141, 269, 303 temporal idioms; and pure concepts, 61–62 theology, 141, 169 Theoretical Spirit, 40 thing: as source of art, 297–98 third Critique See Critique of the Power of Judgment Third Partition of Poland- Lithuania, 175 thought, 8, 33, 37, 45, 240, 242, 278; and concepts, 94–95; and language, 82–89, 90–91, 92–93, 97 thought- language dualism, 82, 86–87 time: and being, 64, 65; and imagination, 53–54; musical treatment of, 138–39; in schematism, 56–57, 62–63, 66; transcendental determination of, 60–62; and transcendental imagination, 57–58 tokens: musical performance as, 148–49 tonality, tone poet, 138 totality, 37 transcendence, 279–80 Transcendental Aesthetic, 9, 141 transcendental affinity, 126 transcendental determination: of time, 60–61 transcendental imagination, 56, 64; and time, 57–58 transcendental index, 55 Transcendental Logic, 9, 10 transcendental philosophy, 4, 5, 54; Herder’s metacritique of, 7–8 transcendental predicates: and concepts of God, 162, 171–72n8 transcendental psychology, 263, 264 translation exercise: schematism as, 63–64, 67 Treatise on the Origin of Language (Herder), 8, 89, 93 Treaty of Melmo, 174 Tree of Life, 40 truth: and art, 289–90, 298–99; and reason, 224–25; reason’s conception of, 212–13; theory of, 210, 211 Turkey: character of, 190 types: in music, 148, 149 understanding (Verstand), 20, 276; and egoism of God, 255–56 “Unfinished” Symphony (Schubert), 139 United States: and Middle East, 247 unity, 37 universal(s), 194; synthetically, 140–41 Universal Principal of Right (UPR), 79–80 University of Königsberg, 81–82, 175, 176 UPR See Universal Principal of Right Urteilskraft, 16, 20 Vaughan, Thomas, 140 Verkündigung (Kant), 179 Vernunft See reason Verstand, 20, 255–56, 276 Verstandesmenschen, 244, 255, 256 Vienna Logic, 84, 97, 100n10; dating, 85–86; evaluation of, 98–99 Virgil: Aeneid, 237, 238–39; death of, 246, 247 virtue(s), 73, 74, 75, 135, 177 vision: mystical, 146–47 vitalism: pseudo- scientific, 269 vocation: moral, 154–55, 161 voelkisch qualities, 189, 190 Volkscharacter, 190 Vorstellung See representation 332 i n de X Waxman, Wayne, 82–83 will: contradictions in, 77–78; and duty, 70–71 “Will to Power as Art, The” (Heidegger), 291 Wolff, Michael, 86; Empirical Psychology, 89; Rational Psychology, 89; on thought and language, 83–84 Wöllner, Gabriel, 86 word(s) (Word), 33, 43, 102n34, 103n57, 240, 248, 251, 253, 261n34; art as, 244– 45; expressivity of, 247–50; freedom and, 256–57; Schelling on, 243, 252 Wordsworth, William, 127 working models, 136; musical symbolization and, 137–38 world citizen, 17 worldmaking: as transcendental act, 126 writing, 45, 94 Zen: Great Death in, 250 zoon politikom, 47 .. .THE LINGUISTIC DIMENSION OF KANT’S THOUGHT THE LINGUISTIC DIMENSION OF KANT’S THOUGHT Historical and Critical Essays Edited by Frank Schalow and Richard Velkley Northwestern... which is otherwise presupposed from the outset of the Critique of Pure Reason The more we unfold the problematic of language, and expand the scope of these questions, we can consider whether Kant... alternative forms of expression Given the backdrop of a “prepredicative” level of “meaning” on the one hand, and the example of aesthetic forms of expression on the other, we can discover the extent