The regional politics of welfare in italy, spain and great britain

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The regional politics of welfare in italy, spain and great britain

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C O M P A R AT I V E T E R R I T O R I A L P O L I T I C S The Regional Politics of Welfare in Italy, Spain and Great Britain Davide Vampa Comparative Territorial Politics Series Editors Michael Keating University of Aberdeen United Kingdom Arjan Schakel Maastricht University The Netherlands Michaël Tatham University of Bergen Norway Territorial politics is one of the most dynamic areas in contemporary political science Rescaling, new and re-emergent nationalisms, regional devolution, government, federal reform and urban dynamics have reshaped the architecture of government at sub-state and transnational levels, with profound implications for public policy, political competition, democracy and the nature of political community Important policy fields such as health, education, agriculture, environment and economic development are managed at new spatial levels Regions, stateless nations and metropolitan areas have become political arenas, contested by old and new political parties and interest groups All of this is shaped by transnational integration and the rise of supranational and international bodies like the European Union, the North American Free Trade Area and the World Trade Organization The Comparative Territorial Politics series brings together monographs, pivot studies, and edited collections that further scholarship in the field of territorial politics and policy, decentralization, federalism and regionalism Territorial politics is ubiquitous and the series is open towards topics, approaches and methods The series aims to be an outlet for innovative research grounded in political science, political geography, law, international relations and sociology Previous publications cover topics such as public opinion, government formation, elections, parties, federalism, and nationalism Please not hesitate to contact one of the series editors in case you are interested in publishing your book manuscript in the Comparative Territorial Politics series Book proposals can be sent to Ambra Finotello (Ambra.Finotello@palgrave.com) We kindly ask you to include sample material with the book proposal, preferably an introduction chapter explaining the rationale and the structure of the book as well as an empirical sample chapter More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14910 Davide Vampa The Regional Politics of Welfare in Italy, Spain and Great Britain Davide Vampa Department of Politics and Public Policy De Montfort University Leicester, United Kingdom Comparative Territorial Politics ISBN 978-3-319-39006-2 ISBN 978-3-319-39007-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39007-9 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016951266 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Cover illustration: © Terry Mathews / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In recent years, a number of European countries have undergone important processes of territorial reconfiguration in the administration and delivery of social services This has produced substantial divergences in the levels and types of welfare development across regions belonging to the same country As a result, it has become increasingly difficult to talk about ‘national welfare systems’ or ‘national social models’—although most of the mainstream welfare literature continues to so The aim of this study is to explore the political factors that explain cross-regional variation in the development of health care and social assistance policies in three countries that have witnessed the gradual strengthening of regions as arenas of social policy-making: Italy, Spain and Great Britain The research focus is on the effects of two political cleavages, centre-periphery and left-right, on subnational social policy The findings of the quantitative and qualitative analyses presented throughout this research suggest that the main driving force in the construction of sub-state welfare systems is the political mobilisation of territorial identities through the creation and electoral consolidation of regionalist parties Indeed, such parties may use regional social policy to reinforce the sense of distinctiveness and territorial solidarity that exists in the communities they represent, thus further strengthening and legitimising their political role Additionally, the centre-periphery cleavage may also affect relations across different organisational levels of ‘statewide’ parties and further increase the relevance of territoriality in welfare politics at the regional level v vi PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On the other hand, traditional left-right politics does not seem to play the central role that welfare theories focusing on ‘nation-states’ might lead us to expect For left-wing parties, the regionalisation of social governance may present either an opportunity or a challenge depending on the role they play in national politics and on the characteristics of sub-national electoral competitors Generally, mainstream centre-left parties are torn by the dilemma of maintaining uniformity and cohesion in social protection across the national territory and addressing the demands for more extensive and distinctive social services coming from specific regional communities This book is the result of four years of research at the European University Institute I am particularly indebted to the academic and administrative staff of this prestigious institution for their constant support during my doctoral studies In particular, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Stefano Bartolini for his help and advice throughout the duration of my research My approach to the study of the politics of welfare owes a lot to his interest in the territorial boundaries of political competition This book was also inspired by the groundbreaking work of Maurizio Ferrera, who provided excellent feedback and many suggestions for improvement My regret is that some of his suggestions remain unrealised at this stage My future research will be aimed at addressing most of his unanswered questions Among the other persons who over the years read parts or early versions of my work, I am particularly grateful to (in alphabetic order) László Bruszt, David Hine, Liesbet Hooghe, Jonathan Hopkin, Hanna Kleider, Gary Marks, Nicola McEwen, Vassilis Monastiriotis, Luis Moreno, Arjan Schakel, Michael Tatham, Simon Toubeau and Alex Trechsel Finally, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewer of my manuscript for his constructive comments and the editorial team of Palgrave Macmillan for their help and encouragement during the publishing process CONTENTS Introduction Adding a Territorial Perspective to the Study of Welfare Politics: Theories, Hypotheses and Case Studies 5 Territorial Mobilisation and Left-Wing Partisanship: The Two (Parallel) Paths to Welfare Building in the Italian Regions 37 The (Re)emergence and Strengthening of the  Centre-Periphery Cleavage in Italy: (Old and New) Regionalist Parties and Sub-state Welfare Building 57 The Italian Left: Between National Weakness and  Regional Policy Experimentation 83 Spain: Finding a Balance Between Territorial Equality and Strong Regional Identities 95 Ethno-regionalist Parties in Spain: Linking Regional Welfare Governance to ‘Sub-state’ Nation-Building 115 vii viii 10 11 12 CONTENTS The Spanish Left: Statewide Political Dominance and the Regional Challenge 135 Devolution, the Territorialisation of Party Politics and the Transformation of Welfare Governance in Great Britain 149 Scotland: Where Territorial Politics and Social Democracy Meet 169 Wales: Moderate Territorial Mobilisation in a Context of Social Democratic Consensus 189 Comparative Conclusions 205 Bibliography 227 Index 255 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Davide Vampa is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Politics and Public Policy, De Montfort University, UK. Previously he was Assistant Professor at the University of Nottingham, Teaching Fellow at SOAS and Guest Teacher at LSE. He has published several articles and book chapters on the spatial transformation of welfare systems and multilevel party politics ix 244 BIBLIOGRAPHY Llamazares, I., & Marks, G (2006) Multilevel governance and the transformation of regional mobilization and identity in Southern Europe, with particular attention to Catalonia and the Basque country In R.  Gunther, P.  N Diamandouros, & D.  A Sotiropoulos (Eds.), Democracy and the state in the new Southern Europe (pp.  235–262) Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press Llera Ramo, F. J (1994) Los vascos y la política, el proceso politico vasco: Elecciones, partidos, opinión pública y legitimación en el Ps Vasco, 1977–1992 Bilbao: Universidad del Ps Vasco 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Social Politics, 13(2), 286–312 Wollmann, H (2004) Local government reforms in Great Britain, Sweden, Germany and France: Between multi-function and single-purpose organisations Local Government Studies, 30(4), 639–665 Woods, D (1992) The centre no longer holds: The rise of regional leagues in Italian politics West European Politics, 15(2), 56–76 Wyn Jones, R., & Scully, R (2012) Wales says yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh referendum Cardiff: University of Wales Press INDEX A Abruzzi, 41, 44, 53, 54 ageing, demographic vulnerability, 20, 47–9, 50, 53, 105–7, 109, 217 Andalusia, 21, 27, 100, 102–7, 111–13, 117, 130–2, 138, 140, 144–7 Aosta Valley, 21, 25, 37, 41–4, 49, 54, 58, 59, 70, 206, 211, 215 Apulia, 41–4, 54 Aragon, 100, 102, 111–13, 117, 131, 132 Asturias, 100, 102, 104, 105, 111–13, 131, 132 austerity, 5–7, 124, 132, 133, 146, 201, 203, 221–3 Autonomous Community(-ies) (AACC; AC), 99, 106, 117, 121, 125, 129, 130, 143 B Balearic Islands, 99–102, 106, 111, 112, 117, 131, 132 Barnett Formula, Squeeze, 83, 152, 167n1, 200 Basilicata, 41–4, 54 Basque Country, Euskadi, 26, 27, 99–102, 106, 108, 111, 115–17, 120, 121, 125–33, 138–47, 206, 208, 211, 212, 213, 222 Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), 103, 115, 116, 125–30, 133, 143, 147n2, 212 Basque Nationalism, 127, 140 Basque Solidarity (EA), 103, 126, 127 Belgium, 3, 11, 219, 220 Berlusconi, Silvio, 61, 70, 71, 74, 76 Blair, Tony, 154, 161, 176, 177, 182 Bossi, Umberto, 60, 78 C Calabria, 41–4, 53, 54, 56n6 Campania, 41–4, 49, 53, 54, 90 Canary Islands, 100–2, 106, 111–13, 117, 131, 132, 140 Cantabria, 100, 102, 111–13, 117, 131, 132 Castile and Leon, 100–2, 106, 108, 111, 132, 206 © The Author(s) 2016 D Vampa, The Regional Politics of Welfare in Italy, Spain and Great Britain, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39007-9 255 256 INDEX D Democratic Party (PD) Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), 84–8 Italian Communist Party (PCI), 46, 83–8 Left Democrats (DS), 84–8 election general/national, 57, 60, 117, 137, 141, 145, 146, 155, 171, 179, 180, 193, 201; Great Britain, 154, 155, 158, 161; Italy, 57, 60, 145; Spain, 58, 117, 138, 141, 145 regional, 60, 63, 76, 123, 141, 147, 225n3; Basque Country, 26, 27, 99–102, 106, 108, 111, 115–17, 120, 121, 125–33, 138–47, 206, 208, 211, 212, 213, 222; Catalonia, 26, 27, 64, 75, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117–33, 138–47, 207, 211, 212, 213, 215, 222, 223; Lombardy, 21, 25, 41–5, 47, 49, 51, 54, 61–3, 67, 70–9, 88, 90, 91, 119, 158, 206, 211, 212, 214; Scotland, 176, 179, 180, 181; South Tyrol, 25, 37, 41, 43, 44, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61–71, 73, 75, 76, 91, 93, 119, 127, 206, 212, 214, 216; Wales, 194, 195 Emilia Romagna, 27, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 53, 55, 60, 86–93, 208, 213 England, 3, 26–8, 149, 150, 152, 154, 157–9, 161–7, 169, 171, 172, 178, 179, 184, 185, 187, 197–202, 207, 212, 223 European Union (EU), 7, 30–3, 55, 65, 75, 92, 184–6, 222, 225 Europeanisation, 6, 44, 222 Extremadura, 27, 100, 102, 104–6, 111–13, 131, 132, 144, 145 E economic crisis, 6, 123, 131, 132, 184, 221, 222 elderly care, 8, 53, 155, 164, 177, 178, 187, 200, 212 F family, familism, 9, 38, 66, 67, 69, 73, 74, 79, 87, 90, 91, 96, 100, 112, 124, 130, 145, 202, 211, 213, 218 Castile La Mancha, 27, 100, 102, 104–6, 111–13, 145 Catalonia, 26, 27, 64, 75, 100–2, 106, 108, 111–13, 115, 117–33, 138–47, 207, 211, 212, 213, 215, 222, 223 centre-periphery cleavage, 2, 3, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 25, 43, 45, 50, 57–79, 101, 107, 108, 109, 115, 118–20, 126, 136, 161, 174, 175, 195, 206, 222, 223, 224 childcare, 5, 200 Christian Democratic Party (DC) Italy, 38, 46, 70, 77, 83, 84, 86, 89, 118 CiU See Convergence and Union (CiU) Conservative Party – Great Britain, 160, 170–4, 194, 195 Constitution British, 157; Devolution, 157, 158 Italian, 51; Constitutional Reform, 39, 40, 67, 221 Spanish, 95 Convergence and Union (CiU), 103, 115–19, 121–4, 127, 128, 133, 141, 142, 212, 215, 222, 223 INDEX female employment, 20, 49, 50, 52, 53, 105–7, 217 Formigoni, Roberto, 71, 76, 78 France, 3, 24, 38, 145, 218, 219, 220, 224 Friuli Venetia Giulia (FVG), 25, 37, 41, 43–5, 54 257 Italian region(s) ordinary status, 25, 37, 51, 57, 206 special status, 25, 38, 49, 206, 209 Italy, 3, 20–7, 30–2, 37, 38, 40, 43–7, 50–2, 57–79, 83, 93, 95, 98–101, 106–9, 145, 152, 205–10, 218–24 H healthcare or health care, 5, 11, 12, 23, 24, 30, 31, 32, 38–42, 49, 50, 52–6, 65, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 89, 97–101, 106, 107, 111, 113, 120–2, 128–30, 140, 143, 151, 154, 163, 164, 165, 176, 178, 179, 187, 197, 198, 199, 201, 211, 212, 215, 219, 220, 225 National Health System (NHS), 23, 39, 97, 122, 143, 153, 161, 178, 182, 184, 185, 199, 201, 202 L labour market, 5, 20, 23, 30, 31, 39, 52–6, 91, 144 Labour Party, 27, 152, 155, 158–63, 170–81, 185, 187, 191–7, 199–201, 208, 223 La Rioja, 21, 99, 100, 102, 107, 111–13, 117, 131, 132 Latium, 41–4, 54, 90, 158, 206 left-right cleavage, 10, 11, 43, 60, 127, 155, 194 legacies cultural, 21 institutional, 213, 215 political, 21 Liberal Democratic Party – Great Britain Lib Dems, 172, 174 liberal democrats, 117, 160, 173–5, 177, 181, 194 Liguria, 41, 44, 49, 54, 60, 206 LN See Northern League (LN) Lombardy, 21, 25, 41–5, 47, 49, 51, 54, 60–2, 67, 70–9, 88, 90, 91, 119, 158, 206, 211, 213 I Initiative for Catalonia-Greens (ICV), 118, 119 institutional asymmetries, 15, 26, 27, 49–51, 54, 67, 69, 95, 107–10, 133, 206, 207, 209, 211, 216, 222 insurance, social, 1, 6, 24, 38–40, 68, 70, 96, 97, 181, 184, 218–20 M Madrid, 95, 99, 100, 102, 106, 111–13, 119, 125, 128, 130–2, 138, 140–2, 145, 146, 206, 223 Marche, 41, 44, 46, 54, 91 Maroni, Roberto, 76, 77 Molise, 41, 44, 53, 54 Murcia, 100–2, 108, 111–13, 131, 132 G Galicia, 27, 100–3, 106, 111–13, 116, 128, 131, 132, 140, 144 Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG), 103, 109, 116 Germany, 3, 24, 74, 218–20, 224 González, Felipe, 83, 103, 135, 137, 139, 140, 145, 146, 208 Great Britain, 3, 22–8, 31, 149–67, 187, 205–10, 212, 220, 223, 224 258 INDEX N Navarre, 99–102, 106, 111–13, 116, 117, 128, 131, 132 Northern League (LN), 35n11, 44, 45, 51, 60, 61, 62, 64, 70–2, 74, 76–8, 85, 88, 222 P party leadership, 18, 60, 79, 139, 177, 187, 196 membership, 191 organisation, 16, 86, 87, 88, 136, 137, 141, 177, 179 PC See Plaid Cymru (PC) pension, 6, 20, 31, 40, 68–70, 78, 128, 146, 153, 182 People of Freedom (FI-PDL), 64, 71, 78 People’s Party – Spain (PP), 115, 118, 119, 126, 127, 140, 146 Piedmont, 41, 44, 54, 60, 90, 206 Plaid Cymru (PC), 155, 157, 158, 160, 189–91, 194–7, 201, 203 PNV See Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) poverty, 5, 91, 113, 131, 143, 145, 153, 176, 178, 182, 183, 208 R referendum Scotland, 1979 1, 25, 128, 153, 156, 157, 189, 190, 193 Scotland, 1997, 27, 153, 154, 157, 158, 161, 162, 190, 193 Scotland, 2015, 152 Wales, 1979, 153, 156, 157, 189, 190, 193 Wales, 1997, 27, 153, 154, 157, 158, 161, 162, 190, 193 Wales, 2011, 151, 159, 160, 164, 172, 179, 180, 195, 197, 201, 203, 208 regionalist party, 44, 60–70, 78, 190, 194, 222 renta mínima, 99, 113, 130, 131 Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), 109, 118, 119, 223 S Salmond, Alex, 170, 180, 181 Sardinia, 25, 37, 41, 43, 44, 54, 58, 59, 206 Sardinian Action Party (PSdAz), 59 Scotland Scottish government, 30, 152, 176, 178, 181–4, 186, 199, 200, 212 Scottish parliament, 34n6, 151, 167, 174, 178, 180–2, 184, 197, 203 Sicily, 25, 37, 41, 43, 44, 54, 62, 206 social implementation, regional, 2, 7, 9, 12, 16, 42, 95, 99, 101, 132, 163 legislation, regional, 12, 99, 100, 123, 164 spending, regional, 11, 28, 69, 144, 200, 215, 221 Social Assistance, 5, 11, 20, 23, 30, 31, 34n9, 39–43, 49, 50, 52–6, 65, 66, 74, 75, 92, 97–100, 106, 107, 111, 113, 120, 123, 128, 129, 152, 163, 201, 212, 215, 216, 225n2 Socialist Party, Italian (PSI), 70, 83, 94n1 social model market-based, 71, 76, 178, 187 universalist, 1, 88, 89, 130, 143, 153, 172, 184, 198, 200, 212, 213, 214 INDEX socio-economic development, 47–51, 55, 105–7, 216 social capital, 20, 47, 50, 106 South Tyrol, Bolzano, 25, 35n11, 37, 41, 43, 44, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61–71, 73, 75, 76, 91, 93, 119, 127, 206, 211, 213, 215 South Tyrolean People’s Party (SVP), 59–70, 72, 79n2 Spain, 3, 22–7, 31, 58, 95–110, 115–33, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 145, 147, 152, 158, 205–10, 218, 219, 220, 222–4 Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) Basque Socialist Party (PSOE-PSE or PSE), 127, 142 Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSC), 117–19, 141, 142, 147 T taxation, 17, 23, 31, 38, 171, 182, 217 territorial mobilisation, 10, 13–16, 19, 25, 26, 27, 37–56, 60, 62, 67, 71, 75, 77, 79, 88, 101–3, 107–10, 115, 116, 119, 138, 144, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 167, 171, 186, 189–203, 205–8, 211, 212, 216–23, 225 Thatcher, Margaret, 153–5, 164, 170–3, 178, 190, 208 259 trade union, 2, 28, 63, 74, 75, 78, 89, 127, 130, 135, 143, 147, 160, 173, 212, 213, 218 Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT), 61, 69, 79n2 Trento, 25, 37, 41–4, 47, 53, 54, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 206 Tuscany, 27, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54, 60, 67, 73, 86–93, 208, 213 U Umbria, 41, 44, 46, 54, 87, 88, 91 V Valdostan Union (UV), 59–61 Valencian Community, Valencia, 99–102, 111–13, 130–2, 140 Veneto, 25, 41, 43, 44, 45, 51, 54, 60, 77, 78, 88, 90, 91 W Wales Welsh Assembly (or National Assembly for Wales), 151, 156, 164, 192–4, 196–201 Welsh government, 167, 198–201 welfare state, 1–3, 6–8, 18, 20, 29, 38–40, 89, 96–8, 122, 124, 145, 152–5, 159, 170, 171, 184, 219, 220 ... the hypothesis The core of this study is formed of three sections, each focusing on the territorial politics of welfare in three countries: Italy, Spain and Great Britain In the case of the first... More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14910 Davide Vampa The Regional Politics of Welfare in Italy, Spain and Great Britain Davide Vampa Department of Politics and. .. approach © The Author(s) 2016 D Vampa, The Regional Politics of Welfare in Italy, Spain and Great Britain, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39007-9_1 D VAMPA This process of centralisation and standardisation

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  • Preface and Acknowledgements

  • Contents

  • About the Author

  • List of Acronyms

  • List of Figures

  • List of Tables

  • Chapter 1: Introduction

    • Note

  • chapter 2: Adding a Territorial Perspective to the Study of Welfare Politics: Theories, Hypotheses and Case Studies

    • The Transformation of European Welfare Systems

    • Theoretical Framework

      • The Dependent Variable: Development of Regional Welfare System

      • The Impact of Territorial Mobilisation on the Level of Sub-state Welfare Development

      • The Left and the Challenge of Regionalism: A New Arena of Welfare Development?

      • Other Region-Specific Control Variables That May Affect Sub-�national Welfare Building

    • Case Selection

      • Similarities

      • Differences

    • Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses

    • Addendum: Other Social Policies, the EU and the Process of Region-Building

      • Beyond Social Assistance and Health Care

      • The EU and Regional Welfare Systems

      • Not Only ‘Structuring’ but Also ‘Closure’: The Process of Region Building

    • Notes

  • Chapter 3: Territorial Mobilisation and Left-Wing Partisanship: The Two (Parallel) Paths to Welfare Building in the Italian Regions

    • Introduction

    • Transformations and Territorialisation of the Italian Welfare State

    • When Regions Become Arenas of ‘New Welfare Building’: Measuring Territorial Differences in Italy

    • Territorial Mobilisation in Italy Since 1980

    • Left-Wing Mobilisation in Italy Since 1980

    • Background Variables: Socio-economic Development, Ageing (Demographic Vulnerability) and Population Size

    • Building the Multivariate Model

    • Beyond Health Care and Social Assistance: Labour Market Policies, A Preliminary Analysis

    • Conclusion

    • Notes

  • chapter 4: The (Re)emergence and Strengthening of the Centre-Periphery Cleavage in Italy: (Old and New) Regionalist Parties and Sub-­state Welfare Building

    • Old and New Regionalist Parties and the Increasing Saliency of the ‘Decentralisation’ Issue in Italian Politics

    • Old and New Regionalist Parties in Italy

    • An Example of an ‘Alpine’ Regionalist Party: The SVP and the Construction of a South Tyrolean Welfare System

    • Lombardy: The Epicentre of the ‘Regionalist Earthquake’ in the Late 1980s

      • The Venetian Puzzle

    • Conclusion

    • Notes

  • Chapter 5: The Italian Left: Between National Weakness and Regional Policy Experimentation

    • The Italian Left: Past and Present

    • The PCI/PDS/DS/PD and Territorial Politics

      • Attitudes Towards Decentralisation and Regionalism

      • The Territorial Organisation of the Party

      • A Regionally Concentrated Electoral Support: The Red Belt

    • The ‘Red Belt’: Social Democracy at the Local Level?

    • Conclusion

    • Notes

  • chapter 6: Spain: Finding a Balance Between Territorial Equality and Strong Regional Identities

    • Transformations and Territorialisation of the Spanish Welfare State

    • Measuring Regional Welfare Development: Relying on Country-Specific Indicators to Assess Within-­Country, Cross-Regional Variation

    • Territorial Mobilisation in Spain

    • Left-Wing Mobilisation in Spain

    • Background Variables: Socio-economic Development, Ageing (Demographic Vulnerability), Female Employment and Population Size

    • Building the Multivariate Model

    • Conclusions

    • Note

    • Appendix

  • chapter 7: Ethno-regionalist Parties in Spain: Linking Regional Welfare Governance to ‘Sub-state’ Nation-Building

    • Territoriality and Welfare Building in Catalonia

      • The Party System of Catalonia and the Dominance of Convergence and Union (CiU)

      • Building a Distinctive Welfare Model

    • Territoriality and Welfare Building in the Basque Country

      • The Party System of the Basque Country and the Dominance of the PNV

      • Building a Distinctive Welfare Model

    • Conclusion

    • Notes

  • chapter 8: The Spanish Left: Statewide Political Dominance and the Regional Challenge

    • Party Ideology and Organisation

    • The PSOE and the Regional Challenge in the Cases of Catalonia, the Basque Country and Andalusia

      • The Case of Andalusia

    • Conclusions

    • Notes

  • Chapter 9: Devolution, the Territorialisation of Party Politics and the Transformation of Welfare Governance in Great Britain

    • From Unitary State to Devolved State: The New Governments of Scotland and Wales

    • The Welfare State of the UK: Between Functional and Territorial Restructuring

    • The Rise of Regionalist Parties in Scotland and Wales and Its Effect on the Devolution Process

    • The Labour Party and the Challenge of Devolution

    • Assessing the Level of Development of Sub-state Welfare Systems in Post-devolution Great Britain

      • Spending

      • Legislation

      • Implementation

      • Overall Development of Sub-state Welfare Models

    • Notes

  • chapter 10: Scotland: Where Territorial Politics and Social Democracy Meet

    • Converging Paths of Territorial and Left-Wing Mobilisations in Scotland

    • Scottish Politics After Devolution

    • The First Phase: Labour Political Supremacy (1999–2007)

    • The Second Phase: The SNP Government (2007–Present)

    • Closing the Boundaries?

    • Conclusion

    • Notes

  • chapter 11: Wales: Moderate Territorial Mobilisation in a Context of Social Democratic Consensus

    • Converging Paths of Territorial and Left-Wing Mobilisations in Wales

    • Welsh Politics After Devolution: A Dominant Party System

    • Development of Welsh Social Policy Since Devolution: A Moderate Process of Welfare and Region-Building

    • After 2010: Beyond Coordination with London

    • Notes

  • Chapter 12: Comparative Conclusions

    • Territorial Mobilisation and Sub-state Welfare Development in Italy, Spain and Great Britain

    • Left-Wing Mobilisation and Sub-state Welfare Development in Italy, Spain and Great Britain

    • Summary of Empirical Results: The Effects of Territorial and Left-Wing Mobilisation on the Level of Sub-state Welfare Development

    • Emerging Welfare Regimes at the Sub-state Levels: A Qualitative Assessment of Their Distinctiveness

    • The Importance of History and Policy Legacies

    • Territorial Dynamics and Welfare in Other European Countries

    • Regional Welfare in an Age of Economic Austerity

    • Conclusions and Future Implications

    • Notes

  • Bibliography

    • Primary Sources for Qualitative Analysis and References

    • References

  • Index

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