Advances in immunology, volume 129

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Advances in immunology, volume 129

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ASSOCIATE EDITORS K Frank Austen Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Tasuku Honjo Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Fritz Melchers University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Hidde Ploegh Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA Kenneth M Murphy Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 125 London Wall, London, EC2Y 5AS, UK First edition 2016 © 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN: 978-0-12-804799-6 ISSN: 0065-2776 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ CONTRIBUTORS Hisashi Arase Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan Ameya Champhekar Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Huai-Chia Chuang Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, and Research and Development Center for Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC Marie-Dominique Filippi Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Hidetoshi Inoko GenoDive Pharma Inc., Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan Alain Lamarre Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRSInstitut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada Pascal Lapierre Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRSInstitut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada Satoko Morishima Division of Hematology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan Yasuo Morishima Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aiichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan Armstrong Murira Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada Ellen V Rothenberg Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA Takehiko Sasazuki Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan Advances in Immunology, Volume 129 ISSN 0065-2776 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804799-6.09986-X # 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved ix x Contributors Luis J Sigal Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Tse-Hua Tan Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Research and Development Center for Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC, and Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Jonas Ungerbaăck Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Link€ oping University, Link€ oping, Sweden Xiaohong Wang Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA CHAPTER ONE Rheumatoid Rescue of Misfolded Cellular Proteins by MHC Class II Molecules: A New Hypothesis for Autoimmune Diseases Hisashi Arase*,†,1 *Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan † Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan Corresponding author: e-mail address: arase@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp Contents Introduction Transport of ER-Misfolded Proteins to the Cell Surface by MHC Class II Molecules 2.1 MHC Class II Molecules Induce Cell Surface Expression of Misfolded MHC Class I Molecules 2.2 MHC Class II Molecules Function as a Molecular Chaperon to Transport Misfolded Cellular Protein to the Cell Surface Function of Protein Antigens Presented by MHC Class II Molecules 3.1 MHC Class II Molecules Present Protein Antigens to B Cells 3.2 Misfolded Cellular Proteins Rescued from Protein Degradation by MHC Class II Molecules Might Be Pathogenic 3.3 Aberrant MHC Class II Expression on Autoimmune-Diseased Tissues Misfolded Proteins Presented on MHC Class II Molecules Are Targets for Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Diseases 4.1 IgG Heavy Chain Presented on MHC Class II Molecules Is a Specific Target for Autoantibodies in RA 4.2 β2-Glycoprotein I Associated with MHC Class II Molecules Is a Specific Target for Autoantibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome Susceptibility to Autoimmune Diseases Is Associated with the Affinity of Misfolded Proteins for MHC Class II Molecules 5.1 MHC Class II Alleles and Autoimmune Disease Susceptibility 5.2 Autoantibody Binding to Misfolded Protein/MHC Class II Complex Is Associated with Autoimmune Disease Susceptibility Involvement of Misfolded Protein–MHC Class II Molecule Complexes in Autoantibody-Mediated Pathogenicity 6.1 Pathogenesis of Autoantibodies in RA and APS 6.2 B Cell Removal Are Effective Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases Advances in Immunology, Volume 129 ISSN 0065-2776 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2015.09.005 # 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved 3 6 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 Hisashi Arase Misfolded Cellular Proteins Rescued from Degradation by MHC Class II Molecules May Abrogate Immune Tolerance 7.1 Misfolded Proteins Associated with MHC Class II Molecules as “Nonself”Antigens 7.2 Misfolded Protein Complexed with MHC Class II Molecules as Primary Autoantigens for Autoantibodies Misfolded Proteins Presented on MHC Class II Molecules as a Therapeutic Target for Autoimmune Diseases Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 14 14 16 17 18 19 19 Abstract Misfolded proteins localized in the endoplasmic reticulum are degraded promptly and thus are not transported outside cells However, misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum are rescued from protein degradation upon association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and are transported to the cell surface by MHC class II molecules without being processed to peptides Studies on the misfolded proteins rescued by MHC class II molecules have revealed that misfolded proteins associated with MHC class II molecules are specific targets for autoantibodies produced in autoimmune diseases Furthermore, a strong correlation has been observed between autoantibody binding to misfolded proteins associated with MHC class II molecules and the autoimmune disease susceptibility conferred by each MHC class II allele These new insights into MHC class II molecules suggest that misfolded proteins rescued from protein degradation by MHC class II molecules are recognized as “neo-self” antigens by immune system and are involved in autoimmune diseases as autoantibody targets INTRODUCTION Specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alleles affect susceptibility to many autoimmune diseases Recent genome-wide association studies have confirmed that the MHC class II loci are the genes most strongly associated with susceptibility to many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Because MHC class II molecules present peptide antigens to helper T cells, an abnormal helper T cell response has been considered to be the main cause of MHC class II gene-associated autoimmune diseases However, the pathogenic peptide antigens associated with the autoimmune disease susceptibility conferred by each MHC class II allele have not yet been identified; therefore, it remains unclear how the MHC class II gene controls susceptibility to autoimmune diseases On the other A New Hypothesis for Autoimmune Diseases hand, our recent analyses of MHC class II molecules have revealed that proteins misfolded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are transported to the cell surface without being processed to peptides upon association with MHC class II molecules ( Jiang et al., 2013) Furthermore, misfolded proteins presented on MHC class II molecules appear to be involved in autoimmune disease susceptibility as specific targets for autoantibodies ( Jin et al., 2014; Tanimura et al., 2015) These novel functions of MHC class II molecules provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying autoimmune diseases that will help us answer questions regarding why autoantibodies against autoantigens are produced in patients with autoimmune diseases and why MHC class II genes are strongly associated with susceptibility to many autoimmune diseases TRANSPORT OF ER-MISFOLDED PROTEINS TO THE CELL SURFACE BY MHC CLASS II MOLECULES 2.1 MHC Class II Molecules Induce Cell Surface Expression of Misfolded MHC Class I Molecules The MHC class I molecule comprises a trimolecular complex that includes a heavy chain, β2-microglobulin, and a peptide MHC class I molecules are not expressed on the cell surface in the absence of β2-microglobulin or transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), the latter of which transports proteasome-derived peptides to the ER where they are acquired by MHC class I molecules, indicating that both β2-microglobulin and peptide, are required for the cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules On the other hand, some unique monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are specific for human MHC class I molecules lacking β2-microglobuin and peptide antigens, such as HC10 and L31, have been identified (Giacomini et al., 1997; Stam, Spits, & Ploegh, 1986) These mAbs not recognize normal MHC class I molecules associated with β2-microglobulin and peptide antigens (Sibilio et al., 2005) Interestingly, the epitopes recognized by these mAbs are localized on the α1- and α2-domains of MHC class I, which are not located within the β2-microglobulin-binding region, suggesting that these mAbs recognize a certain unique conformation of MHC class I molecules that is induced in the absence of β2-microglobulin and peptide antigens (Arosa, Santos, & Powis, 2007) These incomplete MHC class I molecules fail to achieve a correct conformation and are not expressed on the cell surface However, certain cells, such as B cell lines, are recognized Hisashi Arase by these mAbs specific for unusual or misfolded MHC class I molecules lacking β2-microglobulin and peptides This phenomenon suggests the existence of a molecular chaperon that transports misfolded MHC class I molecules lacking β2-microglobulin and peptides to the cell surface Expression cloning to identify molecules that would permit expression of MHC class I proteins on the cell surface unexpectedly revealed that MHC class II molecules induce the cell surface expression of unusual or misfolded MHC class I molecules ( Jiang et al., 2013) Upon further analysis, some MHC class II alleles induced misfolded MHC class I expression on the cell surface but others did not, and this difference depended on the amino acid residues present within the peptide-binding groove of the MHC class II molecule Furthermore, the MHC class II-induced expression of misfolded MHC class I molecules was almost completely blocked by a peptide covalently attached to MHC class II molecules Indeed, some MHC class II-positive cells express misfolded MHC class I molecules that are recognized by HC10 or L31 mAbs, and the direct association of MHC class I molecules with MHC class II molecules is detectable in these cells Therefore, MHC class II molecules appear to be involved in the expression of misfolded MHC class I molecules on the cell surface (Fig 1) Figure Misfolded major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression facilitated by MHC class II molecules MHC class I molecules normally are expressed in association with β2-microglobulin and peptide antigens (right) In the absence of peptide antigens or β2-microglobulin, MHC class I molecules are not folded correctly and are not expressed on the cell surface However, when the misfolded MHC class I molecule is associated with an MHC class II molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum, it is directly transported to the cell surface by the MHC class II molecule without undergoing peptide processing (middle) A New Hypothesis for Autoimmune Diseases 2.2 MHC Class II Molecules Function as a Molecular Chaperon to Transport Misfolded Cellular Protein to the Cell Surface The cell surface expression of misfolded MHC class I molecules by MHC class II molecules raised the possibility that other misfolded proteins might also be transported to the cell surface by MHC class II molecules Hen egg lysozyme (HEL) is a well-characterized secreted protein, the correct folding of which requires S–S bonds (Ohkuri, Ueda, Tsurumaru, & Imoto, 2001) When a mutant HEL in which two cysteine residues were substituted with alanine was co-expressed with MHC class II molecules, the mutant HEL protein, which was neither secreted nor expressed on the cell surface, was induced on the cell surface in the presence of MHC class II molecules ( Jiang et al., 2013) Furthermore, the full-length HEL protein was co-precipitated with MHC class II molecules These findings, together with the analyses of MHC class I molecules, suggest that ER-misfolded proteins are transported to the cell surface by MHC class II molecules upon association with their peptide-binding grooves In other words, MHC class II molecules function as a molecular chaperon to transport ER-misfolded proteins to the cell surface The presentation of whole proteins by MHC class II molecules may seem unusual because it is widely accepted that MHC class II molecules present short peptide antigens However, several papers have reported the association of large proteins with the peptide-binding grooves of MHC class II molecules (Aichinger et al., 1997; Anderson, Swier, Arneson, & Miller, 1993; Busch, Cloutier, Sekaly, & Hammerling, 1996; Lechler, Aichinger, & Lightstone, 1996) When MHC class II molecules were expressed with an invariant chain lacking the endosomal localization signal, the invariant chain was directly transported to the cell surface in association with MHC class II molecules (Anderson et al., 1993) In addition, association of MHC class II molecules with large proteins was observed in the absence of invariant chain (Aichinger et al., 1997; Busch et al., 1996) Therefore, the transport of ER-misfolded proteins to the cell surface is an intrinsic function of MHC class II molecules In addition, antigens captured by the endocytic pathway form large molecular complexes with MHC class II molecules in antigen-presenting cells (Castellino, Zappacosta, Coligan, & Germain, 1998) These observations suggest that MHC class II molecules exhibit the capacity to present large molecular antigens derived not only from misfolded proteins in the ER but also from antigens captured by the endocytic pathway However, the immunological functions of large proteins associated with MHC class II molecules were not extensively analyzed; therefore, these functions remained unclear Hisashi Arase FUNCTION OF PROTEIN ANTIGENS PRESENTED BY MHC CLASS II MOLECULES 3.1 MHC Class II Molecules Present Protein Antigens to B Cells The presentation of whole proteins instead of peptides by MHC class II molecules suggests that MHC class II molecules might be involved in an as yet unknown immune response B cells expressing a high-affinity antigen receptor can be stimulated with soluble antigens However, these antigens must be associated with certain cell surface molecules to stimulate B cells with lowaffinity antigen receptors, such as those expressed on naăve B cells (Batista & Harwood, 2009; Qi, Egen, Huang, & Germain, 2006) The presentation of whole proteins by MHC class II molecules suggests that these proteins might be involved in B cell activation Indeed, B cells expressing a low-affinity antigen receptor against HEL protein can be stimulated with HEL protein presented on MHC class II molecules but not by soluble HEL protein alone ( Jiang et al., 2013) This indicates that MHC class II molecules might be directly involved in the antigen-specific B cell response 3.2 Misfolded Cellular Proteins Rescued from Protein Degradation by MHC Class II Molecules Might Be Pathogenic The invariant chain, which is associated with newly synthesized MHC class II molecules, transports MHC class II molecules to endolysosomal compartments, where they acquire peptide antigens (Germain, 2011) However, the affinities of MHC class II molecules for the invariant chain are known to differ in an MHC class II allele-dependent manner (Davenport et al., 1995) It is possible that MHC class II molecules will preferentially associate with misfolded proteins rather than the invariant chain if the former has a stronger affinity for MHC class II molecules than the latter Indeed, the efficiency of the invariant chain to block the association of misfolded proteins with MHC class II molecules differs in an allele-dependent manner, as described above ( Jiang et al., 2013; Jin et al., 2014; Tanimura et al., 2015) As most misfolded proteins not possess a lysosomal targeting signal, MHC class II molecules associated with misfolded proteins instead of invariant chain are directly transported to the cell surface without going to the endolysosomal compartments 324 Volume 88 CD22: A Multifunctional Receptor That Regulates B Lymphocyte Survival and Signal Transduction Thomas F Tedder, Jonathan C Poe, and Karen M Haas Tetramer Analysis of Human Autoreactive CD4-Positive T Cells Gerald T Nepom Regulation of Phospholipase C-γ2 Networks in B Lymphocytes Masaki Hikida and Tomohiro Kurosaki Role of Human Mast Cells and Basophils in Bronchial Asthma Gianni Marone, Massimo Triggiani, Arturo Genovese, and Amato De Paulis A Novel Recognition System for MHC Class I Molecules Constituted by PIR Toshiyuki Takai Dendritic Cell Biology Francesca Granucci, Maria Foti, and Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli The Murine Diabetogenic Class II Histocompatibility Molecule I-Ag7: Structural and Functional Properties and Specificity of Peptide Selection Anish Suri and Emil R Unanue RNAi and RNA-Based Regulation of Immune System Function Dipanjan Chowdhury and Carl D Novina Index Volume 89 Posttranscriptional Mechanisms Regulating the Inflammatory Response Georg Stoecklin Paul Anderson Negative Signaling in Fc Receptor Complexes Marc Daeăron and Renaud Lesourne Contents of Recent Volumes The Surprising Diversity of Lipid Antigens for CD1-Restricted T Cells D Branch Moody Lysophospholipids as Mediators of Immunity Debby A Lin and Joshua A Boyce Systemic Mastocytosis Jamie Robyn and Dean D Metcalfe Regulation of Fibrosis by the Immune System Mark L Lupher, Jr and W Michael Gallatin Immunity and Acquired Alterations in Cognition and Emotion: Lessons from SLE Betty Diamond, Czeslawa Kowal, Patricio T Huerta, Cynthia Aranow, Meggan Mackay, Lorraine A DeGiorgio, Ji Lee, Antigone Triantafyllopoulou, Joel Cohen-Solal Bruce, and T Volpe Immunodeficiencies with Autoimmune Consequences Luigi D Notarangelo, Eleonora Gambineri, and Raffaele Badolato Index Volume 90 Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting: The Roles of Immunity in Suppressing Tumor Development and Shaping Tumor Immunogenicity Mark J Smyth, Gavin P Dunn, and Robert D Schreiber Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Tumors Charles G Drake, Elizabeth Jaffee, and Drew M Pardoll Development of Antibodies and Chimeric Molecules for Cancer Immunotherapy Thomas A Waldmann and John C Morris 325 Contents of Recent Volumes Induction of Tumor Immunity Following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Catherine J Wu and Jerome Ritz Vaccination for Treatment and Prevention of Cancer in Animal Models Federica Cavallo, Rienk Offringa, Sjoerd H van der Burg, Guido Forni, and Cornelis J M Melief Unraveling the Complex Relationship Between Cancer Immunity and Autoimmunity: Lessons from Melanoma and Vitiligo Hiroshi Uchi, Rodica Stan, Mary Jo Turk, Manuel E Engelhorn, Gabrielle A Rizzuto, Stacie M Goldberg, Jedd D Wolchok, and Alan N Houghton Immunity to Melanoma Antigens: From Self-Tolerance to Immunotherapy Craig L Slingluff, Jr., Kimberly A Chianese-Bullock, Timothy N J Bullock, William W Grosh, David W Mullins, Lisa Nichols, Walter Olson, Gina Petroni, Mark Smolkin, and Victor H Engelhard Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy Alan J Korman, Karl S Peggs, and James P Allison Combinatorial Cancer Immunotherapy F Stephen Hodi and Glenn Dranoff Accessibility Control of V(D)J Recombination Robin Milley Cobb, Kenneth J Oestreich, Oleg A Osipovich, and Eugene M Oltz Targeting Integrin Structure and Function in Disease Donald E Staunton, Mark L Lupher, Robert Liddington, and W Michael Gallatin Endogenous TLR Ligands and Autoimmunity Hermann Wagner Genetic Analysis of Innate Immunity Kasper Hoebe, Zhengfan Jiang, Koichi Tabeta, Xin Du, Philippe Georgel, Karine Crozat, and Bruce Beutler TIM Family of Genes in Immunity and Tolerance Vijay K Kuchroo, Jennifer Hartt Meyers, Dale T Umetsu, and Rosemarie H DeKruyff Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses by Leukocyte Ig-Like Receptors Howard R Katz Index Volume 92 Volume 91 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Multiple Immunological Phenotypes in a Complex Genetic Disease Anna-Marie Fairhurst, Amy E Wandstrat, and Edward K Wakeland A Reappraisal of Humoral Immunity Based on Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Protection Against Intracellular Pathogens Arturo Casadevall and Liise-anne Pirofski Avian Models with Spontaneous Autoimmune Diseases Georg Wick, Leif Andersson, Karel Hala, M Eric Gershwin,Carlo Selmi, Gisela F Erf, Susan J Lamont, and Roswitha Sgonc Index 326 Functional Dynamics of Naturally Occurring Regulatory T Cells in Health and Autoimmunity Megan K Levings, Sarah Allan, Eva d’Hennezel, and Ciriaco A Piccirillo BTLA and HVEM Cross Talk Regulates Inhibition and Costimulation Maya Gavrieli, John Sedy, Christopher A Nelson, and Kenneth M Murphy The Human T Cell Response to Melanoma Antigens Pedro Romero, Jean-Charles Cerottini, and Daniel E Speiser Antigen Presentation and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Host–Pathogen Interactions Joana Loureiro and Hidde L Ploegh Index Volume 93 Class Switch Recombination: A Comparison Between Mouse and Human Qiang Pan-Hammarstr€ om, Yaofeng Zhao, and Lennart Hammarstr€ om Anti-IgE Antibodies for the Treatment of IgE-Mediated Allergic Diseases Tse Wen Chang, Pheidias C Wu, C Long Hsu, and Alfur F Hung Immune Semaphorins: Increasing Members and Their Diverse Roles Hitoshi Kikutani, Kazuhiro Suzuki, and Atsushi Kumanogoh Tec Kinases in T Cell and Mast Cell Signaling Martin Felices, Markus Falk, Yoko Kosaka, and Leslie J Berg Integrin Regulation of Lymphocyte Trafficking: Lessons from Structural and Signaling Studies Tatsuo Kinashi Contents of Recent Volumes Regulation of Immune Responses and Hematopoiesis by the Rap1 Signal Nagahiro Minato, Kohei Kometani, and Masakazu Hattori Lung Dendritic Cell Migration Hamida Hammad and Bart N Lambrecht Index Volume 94 Discovery of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase, the Engraver of Antibody Memory Masamichi Muramatsu, Hitoshi Nagaoka, Reiko Shinkura, Nasim A Begum, and Tasuku Honjo DNA Deamination in Immunity: AID in the Context of Its APOBEC Relatives Silvestro G Conticello, Marc-Andre Langlois, Zizhen Yang, and Michael S Neuberger The Role of Activation-Induced Deaminase in Antibody Diversification and Chromosome Translocations Almudena Ramiro, Bernardo Reina San-Martin, Kevin McBride, Mila Jankovic, Vasco Barreto, Andre´ Nussenzweig, and Michel C Nussenzweig Targeting of AID-Mediated Sequence Diversification by cis-Acting Determinants Shu Yuan Yang and David G Schatz AID-Initiated Purposeful Mutations in Immunoglobulin Genes Myron F Goodman, Matthew D Scharff, and Floyd E Romesberg Evolution of the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Class Switch Recombination Mechanism Jayanta Chaudhuri, Uttiya Basu, Ali Zarrin, Catherine Yan, Sonia Franco, Thomas Perlot, Bao Vuong, Jing Wang, Ryan T Phan, Abhishek Datta, John Manis, and Frederick W Alt 327 Contents of Recent Volumes Beyond SHM and CSR: AID and Related Cytidine Deaminases in the Host Response to Viral Infection Brad R Rosenberg and F Nina Papavasiliou Role of AID in Tumorigenesis Il-mi Okazaki, Ai Kotani, and Tasuku Honjo Pathophysiology of B-Cell Intrinsic Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination Deficiencies Anne Durandy, Nadine Taubenheim, Sophie Peron, and Alain Fischer Index Volume 95 Fate Decisions Regulating Bone Marrow and Peripheral B Lymphocyte Development John G Monroe and Kenneth Dorshkind Tolerance and Autoimmunity: Lessons at the Bedside of Primary Immunodeficiencies Magda Carneiro-Sampaio and Antonio Coutinho B-Cell Self-Tolerance in Humans Hedda Wardemann and Michel C Nussenzweig Manipulation of Regulatory T-Cell Number and Function with CD28-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Thomas Huănig Osteoimmunology: A View from the Bone Jean-Pierre David Mast Cell Proteases Gunnar Pejler, Magnus A˚brink, Maria Ringvall, and Sara Wernersson Index Volume 96 New Insights into Adaptive Immunity in Chronic Neuroinflammation Volker Siffrin, Alexander U Brandt, Josephine Herz, and Frauke Zipp Regulation of Interferon-γ During Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Jamie R Schoenborn and Christopher B Wilson The Expansion and Maintenance of Antigen-Selected CD8+ T Cell Clones Douglas T Fearon Inherited Complement Regulatory Protein Deficiency Predisposes to Human Disease in Acute Injury and Chronic Inflammatory States Anna Richards, David Kavanagh, and John P Atkinson Fc-Receptors as Regulators of Immunity Falk Nimmerjahn and Jeffrey V Ravetch Index Volume 97 T Cell Activation and the Cytoskeleton: You Can’t Have One Without the Other Timothy S Gomez and Daniel D Billadeau HLA Class II Transgenic Mice Mimic Human Inflammatory Diseases Ashutosh K Mangalam, Govindarajan Rajagopalan, Veena Taneja, and Chella S David Roles of Zinc and Zinc Signaling in Immunity: Zinc as an Intracellular Signaling Molecule Toshio Hirano, Masaaki Murakami, Toshiyuki Fukada, Keigo Nishida, Satoru Yamasaki, and Tomoyuki Suzuki 328 Contents of Recent Volumes The SLAM and SAP Gene Families Control Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Silvia Calpe, Ninghai Wang, Xavier Romero, Scott B Berger, Arpad Lanyi, Pablo Engel, and Cox Terhorst Volume 99 Conformational Plasticity and Navigation of Signaling Proteins in Antigen-Activated B Lymphocytes Niklas Engels, Michael Engelke, and Juărgen Wienands DNA-PK: The Means to Justify the Ends? Katheryn Meek, Van Dang, and Susan P Lees-Miller Index Volume 98 Immune Regulation by B Cells and Antibodies: A View Towards the Clinic Kai Hoehlig, Vicky Lampropoulou, Toralf Roch, Patricia Neves, Elisabeth Calderon-Gomez, Stephen M Anderton, Ulrich Steinhoff, and Simon Fillatreau Cumulative Environmental Changes, Skewed Antigen Exposure, and the Increase of Allergy Tse Wen Chang and Ariel Y Pan New Insights on Mast Cell Activation via the High Affinity Receptor for IgE Juan Rivera, Nora A Fierro, Ana Olivera, and Ryo Suzuki B Cells and Autoantibodies in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases Katherine A McLaughlin and Kai W Wucherpfennig Human B Cell Subsets Stephen M Jackson, Patrick C Wilson, Judith A James, and J Donald Capra Index Cis-Regulatory Elements and Epigenetic Changes Control Genomic Rearrangements of the IgH Locus Thomas Perlot and Frederick W Alt Thymic Microenvironments for T-Cell Repertoire Formation Takeshi Nitta, Shigeo Murata, Tomoo Ueno, Keiji Tanaka, and Yousuke Takahama Pathogenesis of Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy Daniela Cihakova and Noel R Rose Emergence of the Th17 Pathway and Its Role in Host Defense Darrell B O’Quinn, Matthew T Palmer, Yun Kyung Lee, and Casey T Weaver Peptides Presented In Vivo by HLA-DR in Thyroid Autoimmunity Laia Muixı´, In˜aki Alvarez, and Dolores Jaraquemada Index Volume 100 Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus—Much Progress, but Many Challenges Hugh O McDevitt and Emil R Unanue CD3 Antibodies as Unique Tools to Restore Self-Tolerance in Established Autoimmunity: Their Mode of Action and Clinical Application in Type Diabetes Sylvaine You, Sophie Candon, Chantal Kuhn, Jean-Franc¸ois Bach, and Lucienne Chatenoud GAD65 Autoimmunity—Clinical Studies Raivo Uibo and A˚ke Lernmark 329 Contents of Recent Volumes CD8+ T Cells in Type Diabetes Sue Tsai, Afshin Shameli, and Pere Santamaria Dysregulation of T Cell Peripheral Tolerance in Type Diabetes R Tisch and B Wang Gene–Gene Interactions in the NOD Mouse Model of Type Diabetes William M Ridgway, Laurence B Peterson, John A Todd, Dan B Rainbow, Barry Healy, and Linda S Wicker Volume 102 Antigen Presentation by CD1: Lipids, T Cells, and NKT Cells in Microbial Immunity Nadia R Cohen, Salil Garg, and Michael B Brenner How the Immune System Achieves Self–Nonself Discrimination During Adaptive Immunity Hong Jiang and Leonard Chess Index Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Atopic Dermatitis Michiko K Oyoshi, Rui He, Lalit Kumar, Juhan Yoon, and Raif S Geha Volume 101 Micromanagers of Immune Cell Fate and Function Fabio Petrocca and Judy Lieberman TSLP in Epithelial Cell and Dendritic Cell Cross Talk Yong-Jun Liu Natural Killer Cell Tolerance: Licensing and Other Mechanisms A Helena Jonsson and Wayne M Yokoyama Biology of the Eosinophil Carine Blanchard and Marc E Rothenberg Basophils: Beyond Effector Cells of Allergic Inflammation John T Schroeder DNA Targets of AID: Evolutionary Link Between Antibody Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination Jason A Hackney, Shahram Misaghi, Kate Senger, Christopher Garris, Yonglian Sun, Maria N Lorenzo, and Ali A Zarrin Interleukin in the Link Between the Innate and Acquired Immune Response Kiyoshi Takatsu, Taku Kouro, and Yoshinori Nagai Index Immune Pathways for Translating Viral Infection into Chronic Airway Disease Michael J Holtzman, Derek E Byers, Loralyn A Benoit, John T Battaile, Yingjian You, Eugene Agapov, Chaeho Park, Mitchell H Grayson, Edy Y Kim, and Anand C Patel Index Volume 103 The Physiological Role of Lysyl tRNA Synthetase in the Immune System Hovav Nechushtan, Sunghoon Kim, Gillian Kay, and Ehud Razin Kill the Bacteria … and Also Their Messengers? Robert Munford, Mingfang Lu, and Alan Varley Role of SOCS in Allergic and Innate Immune Responses Suzanne L Cassel and Paul B Rothman 330 Contents of Recent Volumes Multitasking by Exploitation of Intracellular Transport Functions: The Many Faces of FcRn E Sally Ward and Raimund J Ober The Family of IL-10-Secreting CD4+ T Cells Keishi Fujio, Tomohisa Okamura, and Kazuhiko Yamamoto Index Artificial Engineering of Secondary Lymphoid Organs Jonathan K H Tan and Takeshi Watanabe Volume 104 Regulation of Gene Expression in Peripheral T Cells by Runx Transcription Factors Ivana M Djuretic, Fernando Cruz-Guilloty, and Anjana Rao Long Noncoding RNAs: Implications for Antigen Receptor Diversification Grace Teng and F Nina Papavasiliou AID and Somatic Hypermutation Robert W Maul and Patricia J Gearhart BCL6: Master Regulator of the Germinal Center Reaction and Key Oncogene in B Cell Lymphomagenesis Katia Basso and Riccardo Dalla-Favera Pathogenic Mechanisms of Allergic Inflammation: Atopic Asthma as a Paradigm Patrick G Holt, Deborah H Strickland, Anthony Bosco, and Frode L Jahnsen Index The Amplification Loop of the Complement Pathways Peter J Lachmann Volume 106 Index Volume 105 Learning from Leprosy: Insight into the Human Innate Immune Response Dennis Montoya and Robert L Modlin The Immunological Functions of Saposins Alexandre Darmoise, Patrick Maschmeyer, and Florian Winau OX40–OX40 Ligand Interaction in T-Cell-Mediated Immunity and Immunopathology Naoto Ishii, Takeshi Takahashi, Pejman Soroosh, and Kazuo Sugamura The Role of Innate Immunity in B Cell Acquisition of Antigen Within LNs Santiago F Gonzalez, Michael P Kuligowski, Lisa A Pitcher, Ramon Roozendaal, and Michael C Carroll Nuclear Receptors, Inflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases Kaoru Saijo, Andrea Crotti, and Christopher K Glass Novel Tools for Modulating Immune Responses in the Host— Polysaccharides from the Capsule of Commensal Bacteria Suryasarathi Dasgupta and Dennis L Kasper The Role of Mechanistic Factors in Promoting Chromosomal 331 Contents of Recent Volumes Translocations Found in Lymphoid and Other Cancers Yu Zhang, Monica Gostissa, Dominic G Hildebrand, Michael S Becker, Cristian Boboila, Roberto Chiarle, Susanna Lewis, and Frederick W Alt Index Volume 107 Functional Biology of the IL-22-IL-22R Pathway in Regulating Immunity and Inflammation at Barrier Surfaces Gregory F Sonnenberg, Lynette A Fouser, David Artis Innate Signaling Networks in Mucosal IgA Class Switching Alejo Chorny, Irene Puga, and Andrea Cerutti Specificity of the Adaptive Immune Response to the Gut Microbiota Daniel A Peterson and Roberto A Jimenez Cardona Volume 108 Macrophage Proinflammatory Activation and Deactivation: A Question of Balance Annabel F Valledor, Monica Comalada, Luis Santamarı´a-Babi, Jorge Lloberas, and Antonio Celada Natural Helper Cells: A New Player in the Innate Immune Response against Helminth Infection Shigeo Koyasu, Kazuyo Moro, Masanobu Tanabe, and Tsutomu Takeuchi Mapping of Switch Recombination Junctions, a Tool for Studying DNA Repair Pathways during Immunoglobulin Class Switching Janet Stavnezer, Andrea Bj€ orkman, Likun Du, Alberto Cagigi, and Qiang Pan-Hammarstr€ om How Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Induce Regulatory T Cells Roberto A Maldonado and Ulrich H von Andrian Index Intestinal Dendritic Cells Maria Rescigno The Many Face-Lifts of CD4 T Helper Cells Daniel Mucida and Hilde Cheroutre GALT: Organization and Dynamics Leading to IgA Synthesis Keiichiro Suzuki, Shimpei Kawamoto, Mikako Maruya, and Sidonia Fagarasan Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT): Structure and Function Troy D Randall Host–Bacterial Symbiosis in Health and Disease Janet Chow, S Melanie Lee, Yue Shen, Arya Khosravi, and Sarkis K Mazmanian Index Volume 109 Dynamic Palmitoylation and the Role of DHHC Proteins in T Cell Activation and Anergy Nadejda Ladygina, Brent R Martin, and Amnon Altman Transcriptional Control of Natural Killer Cell Development and Function David G T Hesslein and Lewis L Lanier The Control of Adaptive Immune Responses by the Innate Immune System Dominik Schenten and Ruslan Medzhitov The Evolution of Adaptive Immunity in Vertebrates Masayuki Hirano, Sabyasachi Das, Peng Guo, and Max D Cooper 332 T Helper Cell Differentiation: More than Just Cytokines Beata Zygmunt and Marc Veldhoen Index Volume 110 AID Targeting in Antibody Diversity Rushad Pavri and Michel C Nussenzweig The IgH Locus 30 Regulatory Region: Pulling the Strings from Behind Eric Pinaud, Marie Marquet, Re´mi Fiancette, Sophie Pe´ron, Christelle Vincent-Fabert, Yves Denizot, and Michel Cogne´ Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of CD4/CD8 Lineage Choice Ichiro Taniuchi and Wilfried Ellmeier Modeling a Complex Disease: Multiple Sclerosis Florian C Kurschus, Simone W€ ortge, and Ari Waisman Autoinflammation by Endogenous DNA Shigekazu Nagata and Kohki Kawane Index Volume 111 Early Steps of Follicular Lymphoma Pathogenesis Sandrine Roulland, Mustapha Faroudi, Emilie Mamessier, Ste´phanie Sungalee, Gilles Salles, and Bertrand Nadel “A Rose is a Rose is a Rose,” but CVID is Not CVID: Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID), What we Know in 2011? Patrick F K Yong, James E D Thaventhiran, and Bodo Grimbacher Role of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in Inflammation-Associated Cancer Development Hiroyuki Marusawa, Atsushi Takai, and Tsutomu Chiba Contents of Recent Volumes Comparative Genomics and Evolution of Immunoglobulin-Encoding Loci in Tetrapods Sabyasachi Das, Masayuki Hirano, Chelsea McCallister, Rea Tako, and Nikolas Nikolaidis Pax5: A Master Regulator of B Cell Development and Leukemogenesis Jasna Medvedovic, Anja Ebert, Hiromi Tagoh, and Meinrad Busslinger Index Volume 112 Stability of Regulatory T-cell Lineage Shohei Hori Thymic and Peripheral Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells Hyang-Mi Lee, Jhoanne Lynne Bautista, and Chyi-Song Hsieh Regulatory T Cells in Infection Rick M Maizels and Katherine A Smith Biological Functions of Regulatory T Cells Ethan M Shevach Extrathymic Generation of Regulatory T Cells—Chances and Challenges for Prevention of Autoimmune Disease Carolin Daniel, and Harald von Boehmer Index Volume 113 Studies with Listeria monocytogenes Lead the Way Emil R Unanue and Javier A Carrero Interactions of Listeria monocytogenes with the Autophagy System of Host Cells Grace Y Lam, Mark A Czuczman, Darren E Higgins and John H Brumell 333 Contents of Recent Volumes Virulence Factors That Modulate the Cell Biology of Listeria Infection and the Host Response Serge Mostowy and Pascale Cossart Structure-Based Design for High-Hanging Vaccine Fruits Jaap W Back and Johannes P M Langedijk Dendritic Cells in Listeria monocytogenes Infection Brian T Edelson Mechanisms of Peptide Vaccination in Mouse Models: Tolerance, Immunity, and Hyperreactivity Thorbald van Hall and Sjoerd H van der Burg Probing CD8 T Cell Responses with Listeria monocytogenes Infection Stephanie A Condotta, Martin J Richer, Vladimir P Badovinac and John T Harty Experience with Synthetic Vaccines for Cancer and Persistent Virus Infections in Nonhuman Primates and Patients Esther D Quakkelaar and Cornelis J M Melief Listeria monocytogenes and Its Products as Agents for Cancer Immunotherapy Patrick Guirnalda, Laurence Wood and Yvonne Paterson Malaria Vaccine Development Using Synthetic Peptides as a Technical Platform Giampietro Corradin, Nora Ce´spedes, Antonio Verdini, Andrey V Kajava, Myriam Are´valo-Herrera, and So´crates Herrera Monocyte-Mediated Immune Defense Against Murine Listeria monocytogenes Infection Natalya V Serbina, Chao Shi and Eric G Pamer Innate Immune Pathways Triggered by Listeria monocytogenes and Their Role in the Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity Chelsea E Witte, Kristina A Archer, Chris S Rae, John-Demian Sauer, Josh J Woodward and Daniel A Portnoy Mechanisms and Immunological Effects of Lymphocyte Apoptosis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes Javier A Carrero, and Emil R Unanue Index Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy by Intracellular Delivery of Cell-Penetrating Peptides and Stimulation of PatternRecognition Receptor Signaling Helen Y Wang and Rong-Fu Wang TLR Ligand–Peptide Conjugate Vaccines: Toward Clinical Application Gijs G P Zom, Selina Khan, Dmitri V Filippov, and Ferry Ossendorp Behavior and Function of Tissue-Resident Memory T cells Silvia Ariotti, John B Haanen, and Ton N Schumacher Rational Design of Vaccines: Learning from Immune Evasion Mechanisms of Persistent Viruses and Tumors Ramon Arens Index Volume 114 Nucleic Acid Adjuvants: Toward an Educated Vaccine Jasper G van den Boorn, Winfried Barchet, and Gunther Hartmann Volume 115 The Immunobiology of IL-27 Aisling O’Hara Hall, Jonathan S Silver, and Christopher A Hunter 334 Contents of Recent Volumes Autoimmune Arthritis: The Interface Between the Immune System and Joints Noriko Komatsu and Hiroshi Takayanagi What is Unique About the IgE Response? Huizhong Xiong, Maria A Curotto de Lafaille, and Juan J Lafaille Immunological Tolerance During Fetal Development: From Mouse to Man Jeff E Mold and Joseph M McCune Prostanoids as Regulators of Innate and Adaptive Immunity Takako Hirata and Shuh Narumiya Mapping Lupus Susceptibility Genes in the NZM2410 Mouse Model Laurence Morel Lymphocyte Development: Integration of DNA Damage Response Signaling Jeffrey J Bednarski and Barry P Sleckman Functional Heterogeneity in the Basophil Cell Lineage Mark C Siracusa, Elia D Tait Wojno, and David Artis Index An Emerging Role of RNA-Binding Proteins as Multifunctional Regulators of Lymphocyte Development and Function Martin Turner and Daniel J Hodson Volume 117 Active and Passive Anticytokine Immune Therapies: Current Status and Development He´le`ne Le Buanec, Armand Bensussan, Martine Bagot, Robert C Gallo, and Daniel Zagury Index Volume 116 Classical and Alternative End-Joining Pathways for Repair of Lymphocyte-Specific and General DNA Double-Strand Breaks Cristian Boboila, Frederick W Alt, and Bjoern Schwer The Leukotrienes: Immune-Modulating Lipid Mediators of Disease Antonio Di Gennaro and Jesper Z Haeggstr€ om Gut Microbiota Drives Metabolic Disease in Immunologically Altered Mice Benoit Chassaing, Jesse D Aitken, Andrew T Gewirtz, and Matam Vijay-Kumar Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation of Leukemia Onset and Progression Panagiotis Ntziachristos, Jasper Mullenders, Thomas Trimarchi, and Iannis Aifantis Translocations in Normal B Cells and Cancers: Insights from New Technical Approaches Roberto Chiarle The Intestinal Microbiota in Chronic Liver Disease Jorge Henao-Mejia, Eran Elinav, Christoph A Thaiss, and Richard A Flavell Intracellular Pathogen Detection by RIG-ILike Receptors Evelyn Dixit and Jonathan C Kagan Index Volume 118 Fate Determination of Mature Autoreactive B Cells Yong-Rui Zou and Betty Diamond Epigenetic Control of Cytokine Gene Expression: Regulation of the TNF/LT Locus and T Helper Cell Differentiation James V Falvo, Luke D Jasenosky, Laurens Kruidenier, and Anne E Goldfeld 335 Contents of Recent Volumes Autoimmunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Citrulline Immunity and Beyond Lars Klareskog, Karin Lundberg, and Vivianne Malmstr€ om Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Development Ken Shortman, Priyanka Sathe, David Vremec, Shalin Naik, and Meredith O’Keeffe Index Pathological Consequence of Misguided Dendritic Cell Differentiation in Histiocytic Diseases Marie-Luise Berres, Carl E Allen, and Miriam Merad Volume 119 The Interdisciplinary Science of T-cell Recognition Johannes B Huppa and Mark M Davis Residual Immune Dysregulation Syndrome in Treated HIV infection Michael M Lederman, Nicholas T Funderburg, Rafick P Sekaly, Nichole R Klatt, and Peter W Hunt Developmental Plasticity of Murine and Human Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Adrian Liston and Ciriaco A Piccirillo Logic of the Inflammation-Associated Transcriptional Response Alexander Tarakhovsky Structural Basis of Signal Transduction in the TNF Receptor Superfamily Jixi Li, Qian Yin, and Hao Wu Index Macrophage Activation and Polarization as an Adaptive Component of Innate Immunity Massimo Locati, Alberto Mantovani, and Antonio Sica Terminal Differentiation of Dendritic Cells Cyril Seillet and Gabrielle T Belz Diversity of Pathogen Sensors in Dendritic Cells Silvia Cerboni, Matteo Gentili, and Nicolas Manel Transcriptional Control of Dendritic Cell Development Kenneth M Murphy Transcriptional Control of Macrophage Identity, Self-Renewal, and Function Kaaweh Molawi and Michael H Sieweke Index Volume 120 Volume 121 Ontogeny and Functional Specialization of Dendritic Cells in Human and Mouse Muzlifah Haniffa, Matthew Collin, and Florent Ginhoux Multifarious Determinants of Cytokine Receptor Signaling Specificity Ignacio Moraga, Jamie Spangler, Juan L Mendoza, and K Christopher Garcia Dendritic Cell Migration Through the Lymphatic Vasculature to Lymph Nodes Andrew M Platt and Gwendalyn J Randolph Pathogenic Mechanisms of Bradykinin Mediated Diseases: Dysregulation of an Innate Inflammatory Pathway Allen P Kaplan and Kusumam Joseph A Close Encounter of the Third Kind: Monocyte-Derived Cells Alexander Mildner, Simon Yona, and Steffen Jung The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Health and Disease Jian Tan, Craig McKenzie, Maria Potamitis, Alison N Thorburn, Charles R Mackay, and Laurence Macia 336 Combined Immunodeficiencies with Nonfunctional T Lymphocytes Luigi D Notarangelo The CD200–CD200R1 Inhibitory Signaling Pathway: Immune Regulation and Host–Pathogen Interactions Christine A Vaine and Roy J Soberman Immunopathogenesis of Neuromyelitis Optica Michael Levy, Brigitte Wildemann, Sven Jarius, Benjamine Orellano, Saranya Sasidharan, Martin S Weber, and Olaf Stuve Contents of Recent Volumes Development of Mast Cells and Importance of Their Tryptase and Chymase Serine Proteases in Inflammation and Wound Healing Jeffrey Douaiher, Julien Succar, Luca Lancerotto, Michael F Gurish, Dennis P Orgill, Matthew J Hamilton, Steven A Krilis, and Richard L Stevens Why Does Somatic Hypermutation by Aid Require Transcription of Its Target Genes? Ursula Storb Index Index Volume 123 Volume 122 Regulation of Immunoglobulin Class-Switch Recombination: Choreography of Noncoding Transcription, Targeted DNA Deamination, and Long-Range DNA Repair Allysia J Matthews, Simin Zheng, Lauren J DiMenna, and Jayanta Chaudhuri Two Forms of Adaptive Immunity in Vertebrates: Similarities and Differences Masanori Kasahara and Yoichi Sutoh Recognition of Tumors by the Innate Immune System and Natural Killer Cells Assaf Marcus, Benjamin G Gowen, Thornton W Thompson, Alexandre Iannello, Michele Ardolino, Weiwen Deng, Lin Wang, Nataliya Shifrin, and David H Raulet Signaling Circuits in Early B-Cell Development Michael Reth and Peter Nielsen Interleukin 10 Receptor Signaling: Master Regulator of Intestinal Mucosal Homeostasis in Mice and Humans Dror S Shouval, Jodie Ouahed, Amlan Biswas, Jeremy A Goettel, Bruce H Horwitz, Christoph Klein, Aleixo M Muise, and Scott B Snapper B-Cell Receptor Signaling in Lymphoid Malignancies and Autoimmunity Ana M Avalos, Friederike Meyer-Wentrup, and Hidde L Ploegh A Critical Role for Cell Polarity in Antigen Extraction, Processing, and Presentation by B Lymphocytes Dorian Obino and Ana-Maria Lennon-Dume´nil Force Generation in B-Cell Synapses: Mechanisms Coupling B-Cell Receptor Binding to Antigen Internalization and Affinity Discrimination Pavel Tolar and Katelyn M Spillane The Role of BCR Isotype in B-Cell Development and Activation Elena Surova and Hassan Jumaa Index Volume 124 Group Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Lung Li Yin Drake and Hirohito Kita The Ubiquitin System in Immune Regulation Yoon Park, Hyung-seung Jin, Daisuke Aki, Jeeho Lee, and Yun-Cai Liu 337 Contents of Recent Volumes How Immunoglobulin G Antibodies Kill Target Cells: Revisiting an Old Paradigm Markus Biburger, Anja Lux, and Falk Nimmerjahn A Transendocytosis Perspective on the CD28/CTLA-4 Pathway Blagoje Soskic, Omar S Qureshi, Tiezheng Hou, and David M Sansom How to Trigger a Killer: Modulation of Natural Killer Cell Reactivity on Many Levels Carsten Watzl Roles for Helper T Cell Lineage-Specifying Transcription Factors in Cellular Specialization Amy S Weinmann MHC Class I Recognition by Monocyte-/ Macrophage-Specific Receptors Ryotaro Yoshida Regulation of Regulatory T Cells: Epigenetics and Plasticity Masahiro Okada, Sana Hibino, Kazue Someya, and Akihiko Yoshmura Microbes and B Cell Development Duane R Wesemann Index Volume 126 NOD.H-2h4 Mice: An Important and Underutilized Animal Model of Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Sjogren’s Syndrome Helen Braley-Mullen and Shiguang Yu Approaches for Analyzing the Roles of Mast Cells and Their Proteases In Vivo Stephen J Galli, Mindy Tsai, Thomas Marichal, Elena Tchougounova, Laurent L Reber, and Gunnar Pejler Epithelial Cell Contributions to Intestinal Immunity Lora V Hooper Innate Memory T cells Stephen C Jameson, You Jeong Lee, and Kristin A Hogquist Index Index Volume 127 Volume 125 Cross-Presentation in Mouse and Human Dendritic Cells Elodie Segura and Sebastian Amigorena Regulation of CD4 and CD8 Coreceptor Expression and CD4 Versus CD8 Lineage Decisions Takeshi Egawa Mast Cells’ Integrated Actions with Eosinophils and Fibroblasts in Allergic Inflammation: Implications for Therapy Nadine Landolina, Roopesh Singh Gangwar, and Francesca Levi-Schaffer Positive-Selection-Inducing Self-Peptides Displayed by Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cells Kensuke Takada and Yousuke Takahama Group Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Regulation of Immune Responses Ben Roediger and Wolfgang Weninger HLA-G: An Immune Checkpoint Molecule Edgardo D Carosella, Nathalie RouasFreiss, Diana Tronik-Le Roux, Philippe Moreau, and Joel LeMaoult Activation and Function of iNKT and MAIT Cells Shilpi Chandra and Mitchell Kronenberg IgE and Mast Cells: The Endogenous Adjuvant Hans C Oettgen and Oliver T Burton RNA Exosome Regulates AID DNA Mutator Activity in the B Cell Genome Evangelos Pefanis and Uttiya Basu Index 338 Volume 128 Regulation and Evolution of the RAG Recombinase Grace Teng and David G Schatz Chromatin Interactions in the Control of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Assembly Gita Kumari and Ranjan Sen Spatial Regulation of V–(D)J Recombination at Antigen Receptor Loci Anja Ebert, Louisa Hill, and Meinrad Busslinger Long-Range Regulation of V(D)J Recombination Charlotte Proudhon, Bingtao Hao, Ramya Raviram, Julie Chaumeil, and Jane A Skok Contents of Recent Volumes Dynamic Control of Long-Range Genomic Interactions at the Immunoglobulin κ Light-Chain Locus Claudia Ribeiro de Almeida, Rudi W Hendriks, and Ralph Stadhouders Regulation of Tcrb Gene Assembly by Genetic, Epigenetic, and Topological Mechanisms Kinjal Majumder, Craig H Bassing, and Eugene M Oltz Chromatin Dynamics and the Development of the TCRα and TCRδ Repertoires Zachary Carico and Michael S Krangel Long-Range Control of V(D)J Recombination & Allelic Exclusion: Modeling Views Pernelle Outters, Se´bastien Jaeger, Nancy Zaarour, and Pierre Ferrier Index ... suggesting high levels of unfolded protein production in these cells Autoantibodies against citrullinated proteins are also generated in RA Interestingly, citrullination is known to cause protein... are involved in the pathogenicity of autoimmune diseases by serving as targets for autoantibodies In cases involving aberrantly induced or increased MHC class II expression in response to infection... does not bind native IgG in sera but does bind immobilized IgG Similarly, autoantibodies against β2glycoprotein I not bind native β2-glycoprotein I in sera but bind to β2-glycoprotein I when

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  • Series Page

  • Copyright

  • Contributors

  • Rheumatoid Rescue of Misfolded Cellular Proteins by MHC Class II Molecules: A New Hypothesis for Autoimmune ...

    • Introduction

    • Transport of ER-Misfolded Proteins to the Cell Surface by MHC Class II Molecules

      • MHC Class II Molecules Induce Cell Surface Expression of Misfolded MHC Class I Molecules

      • MHC Class II Molecules Function as a Molecular Chaperon to Transport Misfolded Cellular Protein to the Cell Surface

    • Function of Protein Antigens Presented by MHC Class II Molecules

      • MHC Class II Molecules Present Protein Antigens to B Cells

      • Misfolded Cellular Proteins Rescued from Protein Degradation by MHC Class II Molecules Might Be Pathogenic

      • Aberrant MHC Class II Expression on Autoimmune-Diseased Tissues

    • Misfolded Proteins Presented on MHC Class II Molecules Are Targets for Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Diseases

      • IgG Heavy Chain Presented on MHC Class II Molecules Is a Specific Target for Autoantibodies in RA

      • β2-Glycoprotein I Associated with MHC Class II Molecules Is a Specific Target for Autoantibodies in Antiphospholipid ...

    • Susceptibility to Autoimmune Diseases Is Associated with the Affinity of Misfolded Proteins for MHC Class II Molecules

      • MHC Class II Alleles and Autoimmune Disease Susceptibility

      • Autoantibody Binding to Misfolded Protein/MHC Class II Complex Is Associated with Autoimmune Disease Susceptibility

    • Involvement of Misfolded Protein-MHC Class II Molecule Complexes in Autoantibody-Mediated Pathogenicity

      • Pathogenesis of Autoantibodies in RA and APS

      • B Cell Removal Are Effective Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases

    • Misfolded Cellular Proteins Rescued from Degradation by MHC Class II Molecules May Abrogate Immune Tolerance

      • Misfolded Proteins Associated with MHC Class II Molecules as ``Nonself´´-Antigens

      • Misfolded Protein Complexed with MHC Class II Molecules as Primary Autoantigens for Autoantibodies

    • Misfolded Proteins Presented on MHC Class II Molecules as a Therapeutic Target for Autoimmune Diseases

    • Concluding Remarks

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • Mechanism of Diapedesis: Importance of the Transcellular Route

    • Introduction

    • Leukocyte Interactions with the Endothelium

      • Docking Structures and Crawling

      • Leukocyte Invasive Protrusions

      • Paracellular Diapedesis

      • Transcellular Diapedesis

    • Signaling Mechanism

      • Signaling in Leukocyte Transmigration

        • Regulation of Integrin Activation

        • Regulation of Cell Polarity and Locomotion

        • Regulation of Specific Route of Diapedesis: A Unique Role for Leukocyte Integrin-Rap1b Signaling?

        • Regulation of Invasive Protrusions

    • Factors Favoring Transcellular Migration

      • The Role of the Endothelium Environment

      • Neutrophil-Intrinsic Control of Transcellular Migration

    • Why Does Transcellular Migration Exist?

    • Conclusion

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • Evolution of the Humoral Response during HCV Infection: Theories on the Origin of Broadly Neutralizing Ant ...

    • A Brief Overview of the Current State of the Hepatitis C Virus Pandemic

    • Viral Immunopathogenesis

    • Vaccine-Trials: A Brief Overview

    • The Humoral Immune Response

      • The Humoral Immune Response Against HCV

        • The Antibody Response

        • The Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Response

        • Aberrancies in the B-Cell Subpopulations

    • Hypotheses on the Origin of bNt Abs and Implications for Vaccine Design

      • The ``Autoantibody´´ Hypothesis

      • The ``Hole-in-the-Germline´´ Hypothesis

      • The ``Chronic Immune Response´´ Hypothesis

    • References

  • Forging T-Lymphocyte Identity: Intersecting Networks of Transcriptional Control

    • Introduction: T-Cell Identity and Processing of T-Cell Progenitors

      • T-Cell Development in the Context of Hematopoiesis

      • Origins of T-Cell Precursors and the Initial Steps of T-Cell Development

      • Definition of T-Cell Maturity in Gene Expression Terms

        • Pan-T Cell Genes

        • Subset-Specific Genes

      • Programming for T-Cell Effector Function: Intrathymic and Postthymic

      • Modularity of Effector and Recognition T-Cell Identity Elements

    • Transcriptional Dynamics of the T-Cell Program

      • Onset of T-Cell Gene Expression

      • Notch Signaling: Driver and Modulator

        • Notch Target Genes

        • Notch Mediators

    • Dynamic Transcription Factor Expression

      • Stem-Progenitor-Specific Factors

      • Factor Families with Shifting Intrafamily Dominance: Runx and ETS

      • ``T-Cell´´ Transcription Factors

        • GATA-3 and TCF-1

        • E Proteins

        • Bcl11b

      • Collaborating Factors

    • Commitment: Transfer of Lineage Fidelity from Environment to Intrinsic Factors

    • From Transcription Factors to Developmental Process: Glimpses of Regulatory Circuitry

      • Contextual Modulation of Transcription Factor Activity

        • Preferential Recruitment by Pioneer and Placeholder Factors

        • Notch Signaling: Modulator as well as Independent Input

      • Competitive Circuitries Pacing the Onset of T-Cell Gene Expression

        • PU.1-Notch Mutual Antagonism

        • GATA-3 versus PU.1

      • GATA-3, E Protein, and Bcl11b Circuitry

    • Conclusions: T-Cell Development as an Emergent Process

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • Gene Map of the HLA Region, Graves' Disease and Hashimoto Thyroiditis, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplan ...

    • Overview of HLA Genes, Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

      • Gene Map of the HLA Region

      • Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

      • Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

    • Gene Map of the HLA Region

      • An Updated HLA Gene Map with a List of Newly Identified Genes and the Latest Changes of Gene Names and Symbols

      • Genome Diversity in HLA Genes and HLA Haplotypes

        • HLA Genes

        • HLA Haplotypes

      • HLA DNA Typing Using NGS

      • LD and Protein Interaction by Genes Inside the HLA Region

    • Graves' Disease and Hashimoto Thyroiditis

      • Susceptible HLA Alleles for GD and HT

        • Unique and Shared HLA Alleles in AITD

      • Protective HLA Alleles for GD and HT

      • Epistatic Interaction Between Susceptible and Resistant HLA Alleles in Controlling the Development of GD and HT

      • Serum Levels of Autoantibodies reactive to TSHR, TG, and TPO, and Their Association with HLA-DPB1*05:01 and -A*02:07 ...

      • An Alternative Mechanism for Developing GD and HT

      • What Can and Cannot Be Explained

    • HLA and Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

      • Risks of Specific HLA Locus Mismatch at the Allele Level for GVHD, GVL, and Mortality

        • HLA-A and HLA-B Locus

        • HLA-C Locus

        • HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 Locus

        • HLA-DPB1 Locus

        • Risks of the Number of Multiple Mismatches of HLA Locus

      • Impact of Amino Acid Substitution of HLA Molecules Responsible for Immunological Events

        • Effect of HLA Allele Mismatch Combination

        • Mismatch at Specific HLA Epitopes Associated with Increased Risk of GVHD

      • HLA Allele and Haplotype as Immunogenetic Factors for Transplant-Related Immunological Events

      • Impact of Ethnicity on Transplant-Related Immunological Events

      • Cord Blood Transplantation

    • Perspectives

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • The Pathogenesis and Immunobiology of Mousepox

    • The Ectromelia Virus Model

    • Inherent Resistance to Mousepox

      • Innate Immunity in Inherent Resistance to Mousepox

        • Type I Interferons

          • Molecules of the Host Involved in Type I Interferon Induction During ECTV Infection

          • Viral Proteins Known to Affect Type I FN Expression and Signaling In Vivo

        • NK Cells

        • Other Components of Innate Immunity

      • Adaptive Immunity in Inherent Resistance to Mousepox

        • Antibodies and B Cells

        • T Lymphocytes

          • CD8 T Lymphocytes

          • CD4 T Lymphocytes

    • Acquired Resistance to Mousepox

      • Immunization with Vaccinia Virus

      • Acquired Protection: Abs or T Lymphocytes?

      • Protection by Abs

      • Protection by Memory CD8 T Lymphocytes

    • Concluding Remarks

    • References

  • MAP4K Family Kinases in Immunity and Inflammation

    • Overview of MAP4K Family Kinases

    • MAP4K1 (HPK1)

      • Regulation of HPK1 Kinase Activation

      • Activation of the JNK Pathway by HPK1

      • Regulation of NF-κB Signaling by HPK1

      • Negative Regulation of T-Cell Receptor Signaling by HPK1

        • Regulation of HPK1 Activation in T Cells

        • Negative Regulation of Adaptors by HPK1 in T Cells

      • Negative Regulation of B-Cell Receptor Signaling by HPK1

      • Regulation of Immune Cell Adhesion by HPK1

        • Regulation of Lymphocyte Adhesion by HPK1

        • Regulation of Neutrophil Adhesion by HPK1

      • In Vivo Roles of HPK1 in Immune Responses and Autoimmune Diseases

      • In Vivo Roles of HPK1 in Tumor Immunity

    • MAP4K2 (GCK)

      • Activation of the JNK Pathway by GCK

      • Regulation of GCK Protein Stability

    • MAP4K3 (GLK)

      • Activation of the JNK Pathway by GLK

      • Regulation of GLK Activation in T Cells

      • Regulation of T-Cell Receptor Signaling by GLK

      • In Vivo Roles of GLK in Immune Responses and Autoimmunity

      • The Involvement of GLK in Cancer

    • MAP4K4 (HGK)

      • Activation of the JNK Pathway by HGK

      • HGK Function In Vitro

      • HGK Negatively Regulates IL-6 in T Cells

      • In Vivo Roles of HGK in Type 2 Diabetes and Immunometabolism

      • In Vivo Roles of HGK in Cell Migration and Cancer

    • MAP4K5 (KHS, GCKR)

      • Activation of the JNK Pathway by KHS

      • Regulation of KHS Activation in TNFα Signaling

      • Activation of Wnt Signaling by KHS in B Cells

      • In Vivo Roles of KHS

    • MAP4K6 (MINK)

      • Activation of the JNK Pathway by MINK

      • MINK Function In Vitro

      • In Vivo Roles of MINK in T-Cell Development

    • Perspectives

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • Index

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • F

    • G

    • H

    • I

    • J

    • K

    • L

    • M

    • N

    • O

    • P

    • R

    • S

    • T

    • U

    • V

    • X

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