ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY Series Editor MICHAEL LESSER Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA Editors Emeritus LEE A FUIMAN University of Texas at Austin CRAIG M YOUNG Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Advisory Editorial Board ANDREW J GOODAY Southampton Oceanography Centre SANDRA E SHUMWAY University of Connecticut Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2014 Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN: 978-0-12-800214-8 ISSN: 0065-2881 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at store.elsevier.com CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 69 Richard Appeldoorn Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguăez, Puerto Rico Fabio Badalamenti CNR-IAMC Sede di Castellammare del Golfo, Castellammare del Golfo, Italy David K.A Barnes British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom Ivonne Bejarano Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguăez, Puerto Rico Mark Belchier British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom Helen Bloomfield School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Louis W Botsford Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA Judith Brown Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Government House, Stanley, Falkland Islands Ben Carr Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Mark H Carr Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA Jennifer E Caselle Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA Alex J Caveen Seafish Industry Authority, Grimsby, and School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Martin A Collins Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Government House, Stanley, Falkland Islands Giovanni D’Anna CNR-IAMC Sede di Castellammare del Golfo, Castellammare del Golfo, Italy Jeffrey C Drazen Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA v vi Contributors to Volume 69 Euan Dunn Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom Richard P Dunne West Briscoe, Barnard Castle, Durham, United Kingdom Graham Farebrother Sydney Fish Market, Pyrmont, NSW, Australia and Fisheries Aquaculture and Coasts Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Clare Fitzsimmons School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Alan M Friedlander Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA Susie M Grant British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom Tim S Gray School of Geography Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Edwin A Herna´ndez-Delgado Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, Coral Reef Research Group, and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico Ray Hilborn School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA Regen Jamieson New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA Magnus L Johnson Centre for Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Scarborough, United Kingdom Estelle V Jones School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Les Kaufman New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110; Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, and Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA Bob Kearney Emeritus Professor in Fisheries Management, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia Contributors to Volume 69 vii John N Kittinger Conservation International, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Honolulu, HI, USA Paula Lightfoot School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Sangeeta Mangubhai New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA Daniel Mateos-Molina Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguăez, Puerto Rico, and Departamento de Ecologa e Hidrologı´a, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain Michael I Nemeth Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguăez, Puerto Rico Richard S Nemeth University of the Virgin Islands, Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, St Thomas, U S Virgin Islands David Obura New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA, and CORDIO East Africa, P.O Box 1013, Mombasa, Kenya Margherita Pieraccini Law School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Ray Pierce EcoOceania, Speewah, Queensland, Australia Carlo Pipitone CNR-IAMC Sede di Castellammare del Golfo, Castellammare del Golfo, Italy Nicholas V.C Polunin School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Betarim Rimon Phoenix Island Protected Area Office, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development, P.O Box 234, Tarawa, Kiribati Bud Ris New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA, and Phoenix Islands Protected Area Conservation Trust, P.O Box 366, Tarawa, Kiribati Randi Rotjan New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA Peter H Sand Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaăt Muănchen, Muănchen, Germany Stuart Sandin Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA viii Contributors to Volume 69 Michelle T Schaărer-Umpierre Interdisciplinary Center for Coastal Studies, and Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguăez, Puerto Rico Peter Shelley Conservation Law Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Tyler B Smith University of the Virgin Islands, Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, St Thomas, U S Virgin Islands Kostantinos A Stamoulis Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA Iain J Staniland British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom Selina M Stead School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Greg Stone Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA, and Phoenix Islands Protected Area Conservation Trust, P.O Box 366, Tarawa, Kiribati U Rashid Sumaila The University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Christopher J Sweeting School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Sue Taei Conservation International Pacific Islands and Oceans Programme, P.O Box 2035, Apia, Samoa Heather Tausig New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA Tukabu Teroroko Phoenix Island Protected Area Office, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development, P.O Box 234, and Phoenix Islands Protected Area Conservation Trust, P.O Box 366, Tarawa, Kiribati Simon Thorrold Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA Brian N Tissot Marine Laboratory, Humboldt State University, Trinidad, CA, USA Teuea Toatu Phoenix Islands Protected Area Conservation Trust, P.O Box 366, Tarawa, Kiribati Contributors to Volume 69 Philip N Trathan British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom Manuel Valde´s-Pizzini Department of Social Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguăez, Puerto Rico Tomas Vega Ferna´ndez CNR-IAMC Sede di Castellammare del Golfo, Castellammare del Golfo, Italy J Wilson White Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA Brooke Wikgren New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA ix SERIES CONTENTS FOR LAST FIFTEEN YEARS* Volume 38, 2000 Blaxter, J H S The enhancement of marine fish stocks pp 1–54 Bergstr€ om, B I The biology of Pandalus pp 55–245 Volume 39, 2001 Peterson, C H The “Exxon Valdez” oil spill in Alaska: acute indirect and chronic effects on the ecosystem pp 1–103 Johnson, W S., Stevens, M and Watling, L Reproduction and development of marine peracaridans pp 105–260 Rodhouse, P G., Elvidge, C D and Trathan, P N Remote sensing of the global light-fishing fleet: an analysis of interactions with oceanography, other fisheries and predators pp 261–303 Volume 40, 2001 Hemmingsen, W and MacKenzie, K The parasite fauna of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L pp 1–80 Kathiresan, K and Bingham, B L Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems pp 81–251 Zaccone, G., Kapoor, B G., Fasulo, S and Ainis, L Structural, histochemical and functional aspects of the epidermis of fishes pp 253–348 Volume 41, 2001 Whitfield, M Interactions between phytoplankton and trace metals in the ocean pp 1–128 Hamel, J.-F., Conand, C., Pawson, D L and Mercier, A The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata): its biology and exploitation as beche-de-Mer pp 129–223 Volume 42, 2002 Zardus, J D Protobranch bivalves pp 1–65 Mikkelsen, P M Shelled opisthobranchs pp 67–136 Reynolds, P D The Scaphopoda pp 137–236 Harasewych, M G Pleurotomarioidean gastropods pp 237–294 *The full list of contents for volumes 1–37 can be found in volume 38 xv xvi Series Contents for Last Fifteen Years Volume 43, 2002 Rohde, K Ecology and biogeography of marine parasites pp 1–86 Ramirez Llodra, E Fecundity and life-history strategies in marine invertebrates pp 87–170 Brierley, A S and Thomas, D N Ecology of southern ocean pack ice pp 171–276 Hedley, J D and Mumby, P J Biological and remote sensing perspectives of pigmentation in coral reef organisms pp 277–317 Volume 44, 2003 Hirst, A G., Roff, J C and Lampitt, R S A synthesis of growth rates in epipelagic invertebrate zooplankton pp 3–142 Boletzky, S von Biology of early life stages in cephalopod molluscs pp 143–203 Pittman, S J and McAlpine, C A Movements of marine fish and decapod crustaceans: process, theory and application pp 205–294 Cutts, C J Culture of harpacticoid copepods: potential as live feed for rearing marine fish pp 295–315 Volume 45, 2003 Cumulative Taxonomic and Subject Index Volume 46, 2003 Gooday, A J Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: environmental influences on faunal characteristics pp 1–90 Subramoniam,T and Gunamalai,V Breeding biology of the intertidal sand crab, Emerita (Decapoda: Anomura) pp 91–182 Coles, S L and Brown, B E Coral bleaching—capacity for acclimatization and adaptation pp 183–223 Dalsgaard J., St John M., Kattner G., Muăller-Navarra D and Hagen W Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment pp 225–340 Volume 47, 2004 Southward, A J., Langmead, O., Hardman-Mountford, N J., Aiken, J., Boalch, G T., Dando, P R., Genner, M J., Joint, I., Kendall, M A., Halliday, N C., Harris, R P., Leaper, R., Mieszkowska, N., Pingree, R D., Richardson, A J., Sims, D.W., Smith, T., Walne, A W and Hawkins, S J Long-term oceanographic and ecological research in the western English Channel pp 1–105 Series Contents for Last Fifteen Years xvii Queiroga, H and Blanton, J Interactions between behaviour and physical forcing in the control of horizontal transport of decapod crustacean larvae pp 107–214 Braithwaite, R A and McEvoy, L A Marine biofouling on fish farms and its remediation pp 215–252 Frangoulis, C., Christou, E D and Hecq, J H Comparison of marine copepod outfluxes: nature, rate, fate and role in the carbon and nitrogen cycles pp 253–309 Volume 48, 2005 Canfield, D E., Kristensen, E and Thamdrup, B Aquatic Geomicrobiology pp 1–599 Volume 49, 2005 Bell, J D., Rothlisberg, P C., Munro, J L., Loneragan, N R., Nash, W J., Ward, R D and Andrew, N L Restocking and stock enhancement of marine invertebrate fisheries pp 1–358 Volume 50, 2006 Lewis, J B Biology and ecology of the hydrocoral Millepora on coral reefs pp 1–55 Harborne, A R., Mumby, P J., Micheli, F., Perry, C T., Dahlgren, C P., Holmes, K E., and Brumbaugh, D R The functional value of Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes pp 57–189 Collins, M A and Rodhouse, P G K Southern ocean cephalopods pp 191–265 Tarasov, V G Effects of shallow-water hydrothermal venting on biological communities of coastal marine ecosystems of the western Pacific pp 267–410 Volume 51, 2006 Elena Guijarro Garcia The fishery for Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) in the Northeast Atlantic pp 1–55 Jeffrey, M Leis Are larvae of demersal fishes plankton or nekton? pp 57–141 John C Montgomery, Andrew Jeffs, Stephen D Simpson, Mark Meekan and Chris Tindle Sound as an orientation cue for the pelagic larvae of reef fishes and decapod crustaceans pp 143–196 Spatial Management of Fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea 401 Meinesz, A., Lefevre, J.R., Beurier, J.P., Boudouresque, C.F., Miniconi, R., O’neill, J., 1983 Les zones marines protegees des cotes francaises de me´diterrane´e Bulletin d’Ecologie 14, 35–50 Mesnildrey, L., Gascuel, D., Lesueur, M., Le Pape, O., 2010 Analyse des effets des re´serves de peˆche Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes Micheli, F., Niccolini, F., 2013 Achieving success under pressure in the conservation of intensely used coastal areas Ecol Soc 18, 19 MRAG Ltd., 2013 Costs and Benefits Arising from the Establishment of Maritime Zones in the Mediterranean Sea Final Report European Commission, DG MARE, Brussels Murray, S.N., Ambrose, R.E., Bohnsack, J.A., Botsford, L.W., Carr, M.H., Davis, G.E., Dayton, P.K., Gotshall, D., Gunderson, D.R., Hixon, M.A., Lubchenco, J., Mangel, M., MacCall, A., McArdle, D.A., Ogden, J.C., Roughgarden, J., Starr, R.M., Tegner, M.J., Yoklavich, M.M., 1999 No-take reserve networks: sustaining fishery populations and marine ecosystems Fish Manag 24, 11–25 Papaconstantinou, C., Farrugio, H., 2000 Fisheries in the Mediterranean Mediterr Mar Sci 1, 5–18 Pipitone, C., Badalamenti, F., D’Anna, G., Patti, B., 2000 Fish biomass increase after a fouryear trawl ban in the gulf of Castellammare (NW Sicily, Mediterranean Sea) Fish Res 48, 23–30 PISCO: Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans, 2011 The science of marine reserves www.piscoweb.org Potoschi, A., Battaglia, P., Rinelli, P., Perdichizzi, F., Manganaro, A., Greco, S., 2006 Variazione dei rendimenti rete a strascico in un’area a parziale protezione nel golfo di Patti (Sicilia settentrionale) in 20 anni di monitoraggio Biol Mar Medit 13, 149–157 Qiu, W., Jones, P.J.S., 2013 The emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in Europe Mar Policy 39, 182–190 Ramos-Espla´, A.A., Guillen, J.E., Bayle, J.T., Sanchez Jerez, P., 2000 Artificial anti-trawling reefs off Alicante, south-eastern Iberian Peninsula: evolution of reef block and set design In: Jensen, A.C., Collins, K.J., Lockwood, A.P.M (Eds.), Artificial reefs in European seas Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 195–218 Reiss, H., Hoarau, G., Dickey-Collas, M., Wolff, W.J., 2009 Genetic population structure of marine fish: mismatch between biological and fisheries management units Fish Fish 10, 361–395 Roberts, C.M., 1997 Ecological advice for the global fisheries crisis Trends Ecol Evol 12, 35–38 Ruiz, J.M., Romero, J., 2003 Effects of disturbances caused by coastal constructions on spatial structure, growth dynamics and photosynthesis of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica Mar Pollut Bull 46, 1523–1533 Russ, G.R., 2002 Yet another review of marine reserves as reef fishery management tools Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem Academic Press, New York, NY Seytre, C., Francour, P., 2009 The Cap roux MPA (Saint-Raphael, French Mediterranean): changes in fish assemblages within four years of protection ICES J Mar Sci 66, 180–187 Sinopoli, M., Fanelli, E., D’Anna, G., Badalamenti, F., Pipitone, C., 2012 Assessing the effects of a trawling ban on diet and trophic level of hake, Merluccius merluccius, in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea Sci Mar 76, 677–690 Stefanoni, S., D’ Anna, G., Pipitone, C., Badalamenti, F., 2008 Analisi economica delle politiche di gestione della pesca nel Golfo di Castellammare In: Pipitone, V., Cognata, A (Eds.), La valutazione delle risorse ambientali Approcci multidisciplinari al Golfo di Castellammare Franco Angeli, Milano, pp 178201 402 Carlo Pipitone et al Stelzenmuăller, V., Maynou, F., Martin, P., 2007 Spatial assessment of benefits of a coastal Mediterranean Marine Protected Area Biol Cons 136, 571–583 Stelzenmuăller, V., Maynou, F., Martin, P., 2009 Patterns of species and functional diversity around a coastal marine reserve: a fisheries perspective Aquat Conservat Mar Freshwat Ecosyst 19, 554–565 Stobart, B., Warwick, R., Gonzalez, C., Mallol, S., Diaz, D., Ren˜ones, O., 2009 Long-term and spillover effects of a marine protected area on an exploited fish community Mar Ecol Prog Ser 384, 47–60 Sweeting, C.J., Badalamenti, F., D’Anna, G., Pipitone, C., Polunin, N.V.C., 2009 Steeper biomass spectra of demersal fish communities after trawler exclusion in Sicily ICES J Mar Sci 66, 195–202 Tsikliras, A.C., Stergiou, K.I., 2007 Fisheries management and marine protected areas In: Papaconstantinou, C., Zenetos, A., Vassilopoulou, V., Tserpes, G (Eds.), State of Hellenic Fisheries Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Athens, pp 306–314 Tzanatos, E., Dimitriou, E., Papaharisis, L., Roussi, A., Somarakis, S., Koutsikopoulos, C., 2006 Principal socio-economic characteristics of the Greek small-scale coastal fishermen Ocean Coast Manage 49, 511–527 ¨ nal, V., 2010 Fishery management in G€ U okova Special Environment Protection Area In: Kırac, C.O., Veryeri, N.O (Eds.), Putting peen to practice in marine and coastal areas; Gokova integrated coastal and marine management planning project Final report BBI Matra, Netherlands, pp 1–92 UNEP, 2006 Marine and Coastal Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Synthesis Report Based on the Findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment UNEP, Nairobi UNEP-MAP, 2005 Guidelines for the Placement at Sea of Matter for Purpose Other than Mere Disposal (Construction of Artificial Reefs), UNEP(DEC)/MED WG.270/10 Valls, A., Gascuel, D., Guenette, S., Francour, P., 2012 Modeling trophic interactions to assess the effects of a marine protected area: case study in the NW Mediterranean Sea Mar Ecol Prog Ser 456, 201–214 Vassilopoulou, V., Papaconstantinou, C., 1999 Marine protected areas as reference points for precautionary fisheries: a case study of trawl reserves in Greek waters In: CIESM Worksop on Precautionary Approach to Local Fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea Kerkenna Island (Tunisia), 23-26 September 1999 CIESM, Monaco, pp 67–70 Villamor, A., Becerro, M.A., 2012 Species, trophic, and functional diversity in marine protected and non-protected areas J Sea Res 73, 109–116 Whitmarsh, D., James, C., Pickering, H., Pipitone, C., Badalamenti, F., D’Anna, G., 2002 Economic effects of fisheries exclusion zones: a Sicilian case study Mar Resour Econ 17, 239–250 Whitmarsh, D., Pipitone, C., Badalamenti, F., D’Anna, G., 2003 The economic sustainability of artisanal fisheries: the case of the trawl ban in the Gulf of Castellammare, NW Sicily Mar Policy 27, 489–497 SUBJECT INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures and “t ” indicate tables A Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) krill transport, 36 location, 16–17, 17f pelagic off-shelf areas, 37 Antarctic krill, 22 Archipelago, Hawaiian See Hawaiian Archipelago Artificial reef areas, 379 Australia’s marine parks See Great Barrier Reef (GBR) B Benthic–Closed Areas (BCAs), 44 Benthic environment, 42–44, 58–63 Benthic–pelagic coupling, 36–38 Biological protection zones, 378–379 Bottomfish restricted fishing areas (BRFAs) design and implementation, 186–187 ecological performance, 177–179, 179f establishment, 176–177 future prospects, 180–181 socioeconomic performance, 180 British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) administration, 86 Bertarelli Foundation, 88 commercial fisheries, 85–86, 87f declaration, 85 EEZ, 82–83, 83f Falkland Islands, 88 fishery management expenditure, 87–88, 88f former islanders and traditional fishing rights, 84 geography, 82 highly migratory tuna species, protection, 114–115 Indian Ocean tuna (see Indian Ocean tuna) IUU fishing, 86–87 monitoring programme, 118–119 pelagic by-catch species, protection, 115–116 proposals, 84–85 public consultation, 108–110 recreational fishing and fishing from yachts, 86 regional fishery organisations, 89, 90f Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS), 272 C California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), 214 California, MPAs achievements, 237 adaptive management, 240 Channel Islands (see Channel Islands MPA) climate change, 237–238 conservation sentiment, 209–210 conservative replacement limits, 211 decision analysis, 232 developments, 236–237 ecological impacts, 234 economic assessments, 232–233 ecosystem-based management, 208–209 enforcement and effectiveness, 236 evaluations, 238–239 fisheries management, 210 fishery impacts, 234–235 fishery yields, 213 historical events, 209 implementation process, 206–207 interface with fisheries organizations, 235 level of protection (LOP), 224, 225f linear coastline, 227–228, 229f Master Plan, 226 MLPA (see Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA)) MLPAI, 227–228 MSY, 210 network persistence, 212–213 North Coast Study Region, 229f, 230 ocean observation systems (OOS), 239–240 403 404 California, MPAs (Continued ) physical and biological context, 207–208, 207f population dynamic models, 241 population model responses, 239 rules of thumb, 240 SATs (see Science advisory teams (SATs)) Scientific and Statistical Committee, 211 scientific guidelines, 223–233 self-persistence, 212–213 size and spacing guidelines, 225–227 social impacts, 235–236 species likely to benefit, 233 total yield and total biomass, 231–232, 231f UC Davis bioeconomic model, 230–231, 231f upwelling, 238 Canal Luis Pen˜a Natural Reserve (CLPNR), 139–140, 139f Catch per unit effort (CPUE) Columbretes Islands, 388 commercial tuna fishing, 309–312 Gulf of Castellammare, 386, 387f Su Pallosu, 388 Chagos Environment Network (CEN), 81, 107 Chagos MPAs administration, 86 benefits, 107 Bertarelli Foundation, 88 BIOT (see British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)) CEN, 81, 107 commercial fisheries, 85–86, 87f conservation, 108 declaration, 85 Diego Garcia, 110, 116–117 Falkland Islands, 88 FCMZ, 113 FCO, 81 fishery management expenditure, 87–88, 88f fishing from yachts, 86 former islanders and traditional fishing right, 84 highly migratory tuna species, protection, 114–115 holothurians, 106–107 Subject Index implementation and enforcement, 86–88, 88f Indian Ocean coral reefs, protection, 117 Indian Ocean tuna (see Indian Ocean tuna) inshore fishery (see Inshore fishery) IUU fishing, 86–87 key questions, 81–82 large-scale (LSMPAs), 80–81 marine mammals, 104–105 monitoring programme, 118–119 MRAG, 108 nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), 111–112 pelagic by-catch species, protection, 115–116 proposals, 84–85 public consultation, 108–110 recreational fishery (see Recreational fishery) reef fish, protection, 116 regional fishery organisations, 89, 90f risks, 107 sharks, 103–104 turtles, 105–106 UK claim and proclamation, 113–114 Channel Islands MPA CDFW, 214 CINMS (see Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary (CINMS)) MLPAI, 216f MRWG, 214–216 SAP, 219 science-based guidelines, 216–218, 218t Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary (CINMS) compromise plan, 214–216 science-based guidelines, 216–218 Closed areas, Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP), 134 Columbretes Islands characterisation, 388 commercial CPUE data, 388 fishing intensity, 389 location, 388 Co-management approach, 147–148 405 Subject Index Commercial tuna fishing CPUE, 309–312 EEZ, 312 Kiribati economy, 307–308 landed value, 312 longline fishery, 312–313 management block, 309, 309t, 310t PNA, 307–308 reef-associated species, 307 US Pacific port landings valuations, 309, 311t VDS, 308 WCPFC, 308–309 Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) Antarctic krill, 22 international context, 49 legal licenced fisheries, 18–21, 19f mackerel icefish, 22 management, 66, 67 Patagonian toothfish, 21 precautionary catch limit, 23 spatial protection, 25 TAC, 45 Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) DBSG, 356 fisheries conservation, 345–346 rules of engagement, 356 Community-based management, Hawai‘i ecological performance, 170 establishment, 169–170 future prospects, 172 socioeconomic performance, 171–172 Community-Based Subsistence Fishing Area (CBSFA), 169 Compliance, 146–147 Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative (CAR) principle, 268 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) GBR, 268 Mediterranean Sea, 372 Coral reefs Hawaiian MPAs, 160 Indian Ocean, 117 U.S Caribbean, 143–144 D Darwin Initiative project, 48 Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), 163 Diego Garcia creation of, 110 legal black hole, 116–117 recreational fishery, 102–103 resources depletion, 117 sharks, 104 Dissostichus eleginoides life cycle process, 44–47, 63 Dogger Bank DBSG (see Dogger Bank Steering Group (DBSG)) Dutch FIMPAS project, 354 European designation (see European designation, SACs) Habitat H1110, 354–355 planning process, SAC, 347–348, 347f, 362 Dogger Bank Steering Group (DBSG) CFP, 356 free zone, 355 ICES advice, 356 management zone, 355 members, 354–355 NSRAC (see North Sea RAC (NSRAC)) E Ecological coherence, 361–362 Ecological Network Guidance (ENG), 348 Empirical data, 8–9 Enforcement, MPAs California, 236 Chagos, 236 fisheries management, 342 NTZs, 146–148 PIPA, 317–318 SGSSI, 65 U.S Caribbean, 146–148 English North Sea, MCZs diver surveys, 349 Dutch and Danish fishing activity, 349 ENG, 348 EUNIS habitat classification system, 348–349 FisherMap interviews, 349 406 English North Sea, MCZs (Continued ) Net Gain, 350–351 SAP, 350–352 Essential fish habitat (EFH), 148–149 EUNIS habitat classification system, 348–349 European designation, SACs Dogger Bank, 354–356 Habitats Directive, 354 Natura 2000 network, 353–354 European Marine Sites (EMSs), 336 European Union (EU) fisheries management, 336–338 Mediterranean Sea, 372–373 North Sea MPAs, 326–327 VDS, 307–308 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) BIOT, 82–83, 83f commercial tuna fishing, 312 Kiribati, 293–294, 315–316 U.S Caribbean MMAs, 130–131 Exclusive fishing zones, 379 F Falkland Islands, 88 Fisheries Conservation and Management Zone (FCMZ) BIOT, 85–86, 87f fisheries data, 113 Indian Ocean tuna, 95–101, 100f IUU fishing, 86–87 North Sea MPAs, 345–346 Fisheries extraction post-MPA, 64–65 Fisheries management barriers, 338 CFP (see Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)) current changes, decision-making, UK, 340, 341f EU, 336–338 failures, MMAs, U.S Caribbean, 133 MMO, 340–341 MSY, 339–340 multiannual plans, 340 RAC, 338–339 radical changes, 338 species specific, TAC, 339–340 Subject Index UK enforcement, 342 western, Fisheries, PIPA, 316–317 Fisheries pre-MPA Antarctic krill, 22 CCAMLR, 18–21, 19f historical, 18, 19f krill fishery, 22–23 mackerel icefish, 22 MSC, 21–22 Patagonian toothfish, 21 precautionary catch limit, 23 SGSSIMZ, 18–21, 19f Fisheries restricted areas, 377–378 Fishery reserves, 376–377 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 373–374 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 81 G General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), 373–374 Good Environmental Status (GES), 343–344 Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI), 18 Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Australia’s international commitment, 278 benefits, 280–281 BRS, 272 CAR principle, 268 CBD, 268 change in management action, 276–277 conservatism, 273 destructive fishing practices, 271 detected change, 266 expressed commitment, 276 fishery management tools, 269 government description, 266–267 impacts and potential threats, 256 inherent and fundamental differences, 264–265 large fishing closures, 270–271 limitations, 255 management, 267 marine conservation, 257 marine environments, 264, 265 407 Subject Index Marine Park Act, 254–255, 278 natural threats, 269–270 non-extractive use, 274–275 non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 277 NRSMPA, 257–258, 275–276 NSW, 278–279 overfishing, 272–273 RAP, 267–269 RIS, 271–272 Save the Barrier Reef campaign, 256–257 selection and design principles, 276 setting it aside approach, 264 terrestrial environments, 263–264, 265 terrestrial park model, 255 tourism activity, 275 underwater observation, zoning, 274 undetected change, 266 zoning, limitations, 269 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) See Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Gulf of Castellammare adjacent trawled area, 385–386, 386f mean CPUEs, 386, 387f mean demersal biomass, 385–386, 385f no-trawl area (IN), 385–386, 386f social and economic issues, 390 trophodynamics, 386–387 H Hanauma Bay MLCD, 166, 167 Hawaiian Archipelago bottom trawling, 158–159 geographic isolation, 155 location, 155 Hawaiian MPAs advantage, 186 BRFAs (see Bottomfish Restricted Fishing Areas (BRFAs)) commercial fishing, 158 community-based management (see Community-based management, Hawai‘i) comparison, spatial marine management, 185, 185f coral reefs, economic value, 160 Darwin Point, 155 deeper waters, 158–159 design and implementation, BRFA, 186–187 ecological goals, 187–188 fishing techniques, 160 habitat for species, 157 large-scale MSP, 190–191 local and district levels, 157 marine nearshore, 160–161, 161t MHI, 155, 156f MMAs (see Marine managed areas (MMAs)) nearshore fisheries, 159 noncommercial fishing, 159–160 NWHI, 155 pelagic fisheries, 158 planning, 185–186 PMNM (see Papaha¯naumokua¯kea marine national monument (PMNM)) social goals, 188–190 traditional society, 157 tropical marine ecosystem, 155 West Hawai‘i aquarium fish MPA network (see West Hawai‘i aquarium fish MPA network) Hind Bank MCD, 144 Holothurians, 106–107 I Illegal Unregulated Unreported (IUU) fishing Chagos MPAs, 86–87 FCMZ, 86–87 inshore fishery, 91–92 threat, reefs and the inshore waters, 119–120 Indian Ocean coral reefs, protection, 117 Indian Ocean tuna catches, species and fishing gear type, 95, 99f FCMZ, 95–101, 100f global spatial distribution, 92, 93f longline fishery, 95, 96f purse seine fishing, 95, 97f tagging project, 92–93, 94f Western, 95, 98f Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), 89, 90f 408 Inshore fishery annual catch data, 89, 92f commercial, 89 estimated yield, 89–90 IUU, 91–92 Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP), 373–374 International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), 373–374 Invasive alien species, PIPA, 318–319 K Kiribati EEZ, 293–294, 315–316 Krill-eating predators, 39–41, 56–58 L La Parguera Natural Reserve (LPNR), 141–142, 142f M Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI), 155, 156f Marine Conservation District (MCD), 144 Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) designation, English North Sea (see English North Sea, MCZs) for English, 359 planning process, 347–348, 347f, 362 thin proceduralisation, 360 windfarms, 360–361 Marine environments, 264, 265 Marine Life Conservation Districts (MLCDs) designating criteria, 163 DLNR, 163 ecological performance, 163–166 establishment, 163 fish biomass comparison, 165f Hanauma Bay, 166, 167 Molokini, 167–168 restricted-fishing areas, 163 Marine Life Management Act (MLMA), 227, 235 Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Channel Islands, 236–237 fisheries management, 235 Master Plan, 221 planning process, 223–233 requirement, 219 Subject Index Marine mammals, 104–105 Marine managed areas (MMAs) administrative and legislative mechanism, 134 area of habitat, 145 artificial reef areas, 379 biological protection zones, 378–379 bio-physical settings, 130–131, 131f classification, 145 CLPNR, 139–140, 139f Columbretes Islands, 388 definition, 134 designations of, 133–134 ecological performance, 163–166, 164t, 165f EEZ, 130–131 EFH, 148–149 establishment, 161–163, 162f exclusive fishing zones, 379 extracted data, 134, 135t fisheries management, 133 fisheries restricted areas, 377–378 fishery reserves, 376–377 future prospects, 168–169 Gulf of Castellammare (see Gulf of Castellammare) Hind Bank MCD, 144 level of enforcement, 146–148 literature of, 380, 381t location, 134–137 LPNR, 141–142, 142f marine fisheries, 130–131 Mona and Monito Islands Natural Reserve, 140–141 MPAs, 378 seasonal versus year-round, 145–146 socioeconomic issues, 389–390 socioeconomic performance, 166–168, 167f St Croix East End Marine Park, 142–143 Su Pallosu (see Su Pallosu) Torre Guaceto (see Torre Guaceto) typologies, 380 VICRNM, 143–144 Marine Management Organisation (MMO), 340–341 409 Subject Index Marine nature conservation (MNC) nature conservation (see Nature conservation) Scottish designation, 352–353 Marine Park Act, 254–255, 278 Marine protected areas (MPAs) Balearic artisanal fishermen, 390 benefits, California (see California, MPAs) Chagos (see Chagos MPAs) Channel Islands (see Channel Islands MPA) characteristic, closed areas, distribution, 375 Egadi Islands, 389 empirical data, 8–9 fisheries management tools, 374 Hawaiian (see Hawaiian MPAs) Maltese fishers, 390 marine conservation, 3–4 Mediterranean MMAs, 378 models and theory, 6–8 national and international, 375–376 North Sea (see North Sea MPAs) papers published, 2, 3f PIPA (see Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA)) rationales, 374–375 source-sink dynamics, 6–7 The Science of Marine Reserves, threats, 4–5 Torre Guaceto, 390 Marine reserves Channel Islands of Southern California, 5, need for, The Science of Marine Reserves, Marine Reserves Working Group (MRWG), 214–216 Marine Resources Assessment Group (MRAG) early proposals, 84 Mauritian Government, 108 Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), 21–22 Marine Strategy Forum, 352 Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), 343–345 Mediterranean Sea, spatial management of fisheries artificial reefs, 374 CBD, 372 conflicts, 372–373 EU, 372–373 FAO, 373–374 GFCM, 373–374 ICCAT, 373–374 IMP, 373–374 MMAs (see Marine managed areas (MMAs)) RAC-SPA, 373–375 UNCLOS, 372 MLPA Initiative (MLPAI) economic assessments, 232–233 planning process, 220–221 population modeling, 227–228 Molokini MLCD, 167–168 Mona and Monito Islands Natural Reserve, 140–141 MPAs See Marine protected areas (MPAs) N National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), National Representative System of Marine ProtectedAreas (NRSMPA), 257–258, 275–276 Nature conservation GES, 343–344 MSFD, 343–345 OSPAR, 343, 344t NEAq’s ecological impacts, 314 2002 expedition, 305–306 whaling, 304–305 New South Wales (NSW), 278–279 Noncommercial fishing, 159–160 North Coast Study Region, 229f, 230 North Sea MPAs de facto closure, 330 diver surveys, 349 Dogger Bank SAC, 346–347, 347f Dutch and Danish fishing activity, 349 ecologically coherent network, 327 ecosystem, 326 EMSs, 336 410 North Sea MPAs (Continued ) ENG, 348 English inshore and offshore fishing activities, 333–336, 337f EU, 326–327 EUNIS habitat classification system, 348–349 European designation, SACs (see European designation, SACs) evidence versus advocacy, 358–359 fisheries conservation, 345–346 fisheries management (see Fisheries management) fisheries yield, declines in, 332 FisherMap interviews, 349 fish landings, 330–332, 331f food web, 332–333 fundamental differences, 363 future, marine conservation, 361–362 history of exploitation, 328, 328f invertebrate landings, 333, 335f nature conservation, 342–345 Net Gain, 350–351 pelagic species, 332–333, 334f planning process, MCZ, 347–348, 347f planning rules, 363 rapid fishing power expansion, 329–330 realities of planning, 359–361 sail powered sea fishing, 329 SAP, 350–352 Scottish designation, marine nature conservation (MNC), 352–353 SSB, 332–333 steam trawlers, 330 TAC, 330–332 technical fix, 326–327 towed fishing gears, 329 uncertainties, climate and exploitation, 356–358 Viking maritime knowledge, 329 wicked characteristics, 326–327 North Sea RAC (NSRAC) challenges, 355–356 DBSG, 355, 356 regional stakeholders, 338–339 stakeholders, 355 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), 155 Subject Index No-take zones (NTZs) area of habitat, 145 level of enforcement, 146–148 Mona and Monito Islands Natural Reserve, 140–141 O OSPAR, 343, 344t Overseas Territories Environment Programme award (OTEP), 48 P Papaha¯naumokua¯kea marine national monument (PMNM) ecological performance, 182–183 establishment, 181–182 future prospects, 184 socioeconomic performance, 183–184 Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA), 307–308 Patagonian toothfish, 21 Pelagic bioregionalisation, 33 Pelagic by-catch species, protection, 115–116 Pelagic environment, 33–34, 50–54 Pelagic prey species, 38–39, 55 Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) biodiversity, 298–299 canoe explorers, 303–304 climate change, protection, 301–302, 301f commercial tuna fishing, 307–313 conservation measures, 299 creation, 290–291 early Polynesian settlers, 304 ecological impacts, 314–315 economic impacts, 315–316 enforcement, 317–318 extraction and exploitation, protection, 303 fisheries, 316–317 human impacts, 298 indigenous populations/traditional rights, protection, 302–303 international and regional context, 297–298 invasive alien species, 318–319 location, 291–292, 292f, 293f 411 Subject Index marine source populations, protection, 300 natural laboratory, 299–300 novel habitat, protection, 300 partner institutions, 290–291 partnerships and legislation, 294–296 placement and zonation, 293–294, 295f seabird colonies and guano extraction, 307 shark finning and exploitation, 305–306, 306f social impacts, 313–314 success/failure measures, 320–321 sustainable financing, 296–297 terrestrial habitats, 292–293 vessel groundings, 319–320 whaling, 304–305 PMNM See Papaha¯naumokua¯kea marine national monument (PMNM) Proposed MPAs (pMPAs), 353 Protected, endangered or threatened (PET) species, 115–116 Puerto Rico (PR) administrative and legislative mechanism, 134 CLPNR, 139–140, 139f CZMP, 134 fisheries management, 133 location, MMA, 134–137 LPNR, 141–142, 142f marine fisheries, 130–131 Mona and Monito Islands Natural Reserve, 140–141 R Recreational fishery BIOT fisheries management, 86 Diego Garcia, 102–103 pelagic catch, 102, 103f shore fishery, 102 Reef fish, protection, 116 Regional Activity Center for Specially Protected Areas (RAC-SPA), 373–375 Regulatory Impact Statement (RIS) Commonwealth Government, 271–272 risk identification, 271–272 scientific data, 272 Representative Areas Program (RAP) adoption of, 268–269 bioregional planning, 267–268 commercial fishery catch data, 272 management, 276–277 scientific advice, 272 S Save the Barrier Reef campaign, 256–257 Science Advisory Panel (SAP) Channel Islands MPA, 219 English North Sea, 350–352 North Sea MPAs, 350–352 Science advisory teams (SATs) assessments, 224 characterization, 224 economic assessments, 232–233 evaluation, 223–224 level of protection (LOP), 224, 225f population models and fisheries, 227–232 size and spacing guidelines, 225–227 species likely to benefit, 233 The Science of Marine Reserves, Scotia Sea, 16–17, 18 Scottish designation, MNC, 352–353 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), 352, 353 Seabird colonies and guano extraction, 307 Sea surface height (SSH), 33–34 Sea surface temperature (SST) PIPA, 301–302, 301f water mass designation indicator, 33–34 Shark Chagos MPAs, 103–104 finning and exploitation, 305–306, 306f Size and spacing, MPAs decision-making space, 227 Master Plan, 226 Study Region (Central Coast), 225–226 South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Maritime Zone (SGSSIMZ) biological diversity, 18 fisheries pre-MPA, 18–21, 19f project proposals, 26 rare/vulnerable benthic habitats, 47–48, 63–64 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) ACC, 16–17, 17f 412 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) (Continued ) benthic environment, 42–44, 58–63 bottom trawling, 25 causes and ecological responses, 28 CCAMLR (see Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)) climate variability, 16–17 conservation objectives, 32 Darwin Initiative project, 48 Dissostichus eleginoides life cycle process, 44–47, 63 ecological impacts, 50–64 economic impacts, 64 ecosystem services, 65 enforcement issues, 65 fisheries extraction post-MPA, 64–65 fisheries pre-MPA (see Fisheries pre-MPA) future review, 69 GSGSSI, 18 high-level objectives, 26–27 indigenous human populations, 24–25 initial outputs, 26 interface with RFMOs, 65–67 international context, 49 krill-eating predators, 39–41, 56–58 large-scale ecological processes, 34–38, 55 local and foreign fisheries fleets, effects on, 65 localised areas of ecological importance, 41–42, 58 local legislation, 49 OTEP, 48 pelagic/benthic communities, 28–32 pelagic environments, 33–34, 50–54 pelagic prey species, 38–39, 55 planning process, 32 principles, 69–70 protection objectives, 28, 29t rare/vulnerable benthic habitats, 47–48, 63–64 resistance to global change, 68–69 scientific team, 27 Scotia Sea, 16–17, 18 SGSSIMZ, 18, 26 social impacts, 49–50 spatial protection, 25 Subject Index stakeholder involvement, 48–49 success measurement, 67–68 Spatial closures, 345–346 Spatially explicit model, 6–7 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) European designation, 353–356 planning process, 347–348, 347f, 362 St Croix East End Marine Park, 142–143 Su Pallosu characterisation, 388 commercial CPUE data, 388 fishing intensity, 389 location, 388 Sustainable financing, 296–297 T Terrestrial environments, 263–264, 265 Terrestrial park model, 255 Torre Guaceto buffer zone, 387–388 integral protection, 387–388 partial protection, 387–388 social and economic issues, 390 Total allowable catch (TAC) catch restrictions, 330–332 CCAMLR, 45 negotiations, 339–340 Turtles, 105–106 U United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 372 U.S Caribbean MMAs See Marine managed areas (MMAs) U.S Virgin Islands (USVI) administrative and legislative mechanism, 134 Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP), 134 fisheries management, 133 location, MMA, 134–137 marine fisheries, 130–131 St Croix East End Marine Park, 142–143 V Vessel day scheme (VDS) EU fishery, 307–308 WCPFC, 308 Subject Index Vessel groundings, PIPA, 319–320 Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument (VICRNM), 143–144 W Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission’s (WCPFC) aggregated catch/effort data, 308–309 CPUE, 309–312 longline fishery, 312–313 purse seine fishery, 312–313 US Pacific port landings valuations, 311t 413 Western Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Council (WPRFMC), 176–177 West Hawai‘i aquarium fish MPA network ecological performance, 173–174, 174f establishment, 172–173 future prospects, 175–176 socioeconomic performance, 174–175 West Hawai‘i Fishery Council (WHFC), 173 Whaling, 304–305 TAXONOMIC INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures and “t ” indicate tables A Acanthocybium solandri, 132 Euphausia superba, 16–17, 19f Eviota, 298–299 B F Beryx decadactylus, 158–159 Fregata F ariel, 307 F minor, 307 C Carcharhinus C amblyrhynchos, 305–306 C falciformis, 101 C melanopterus, 305–306 Cephalopholis C cruentata, 141–142 C fulva, 140–141 Champsocephalus gunnari, 18–21, 19f, 41–42 Chelonia mydas, 105 Chrysiptera albata, 298–299 Coryphaena hippurus, 132 Ctenochaetus strigosus, 173–174 D Decapterus spp., 159 Dermochelys coriacea, 105 Desulfovibrio vulgaris, 387–388 Diplodus sargus, 387–388 Dissostichus D eleginoides, 18–21, 29t, 41 D mawsoni, 18–21 E Electrona E antarctica, 41 E carlsbergi, 41 Epinephelus E adscensionis, 139–140, 141–142 E guttatus, 139–140, 141–142 E striatus, 132, 144 Eretmochelys imbricata, 105 Etelis E carbunculus, 176–177 E coruscans, 176–177 E oculatus, 132 G Gadus morhua, Globicephala macrorhynchus, 105 Gobionotothen G gibberifrons, 41 G marionensis, 41 H Haliotis spp., 209 Haliotis rufescens, 229f, 230 Harpagifer georgianus, 41 Hexanchus griseus, 305–306 I Istiompax indica, 308–309 K Kajikia audax, 308–309 Katsuwonus pelamis, 92, 308 L Lepidochelys olivacea, 105 Lepidonotothen larseni, 41 Lobatus gigas, 132 Lophius budegassa, 385–386, 391 Lutjanus L buccanella, 132 L mahogoni, 141–142 L vivanus, 132 M Macrocystis pyrifera, 207–208 Macrourus spp., 23–24 Makaira mazara, 308–309 415 416 Merluccius merluccius, 377–378, 385–386, 391 Metacarcinus magister, 209 Monachus schauinslandi, 157 Mullus M barbatus, 385–386, 391 M surmuletus, 391 Myripristis, 298–299 N Nereocystis leutkeana, 207–208 Nesofregetta fuliginosa, 307 Notolepis coatsi, 41 Notothenia N coriiceps, 41 N rossii, 19f, 41–42 O Ocyurus chrysurus, 141–142 Orbicella spp., 144 Oryctolagus cuniculus, 314–315 P Pagellus erythrinus, 385–386, 391 Palinurus elephas, 377, 388 Pandalus platyceros, 223 Panulirus P argus, 132 P interruptus, 234 Paralabrax clathratus, 234 Parastichopus parvimensis, 235 Patagonotothen guntheri, 29t, 46, 51t, 63 Pentaceros richardsoni, 158–159 Physeter macrocephalus, 105, 304 Porites P compressa, 173–174 P lobata, 300 Posidonia oceanica, 379, 380 Pristipomoides P filamentosus, 177 P sieboldii, 178 Procelsterna cerulea, 307 Pterodroma alba, 307 Puffinus P l’herminieri, 307 Taxonomic Index P nativitatis, 307 R Rangifer tarandus, 64 Rattus tanezumi, 319–320 S Sardinops sagax, 209 Scorpaena porcus, 391 Sebastes spp., 209 S melanops, 229f S mystinus, 230 Selar crumenopthalmus, 159 Semicossyphus pulcher, 231f Serpula narconensisa, 48 Somniosus pacificus, 305–306 Stenella S attenuata, 105 S coeruleoalba, 105 S longirostris, 105 Sterna S fuscata, 307 S lunata, 307 Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, 209 Sula S dactylatra, 307 S leucogaster, 307 T Thunnus T alalunga, 308–309 T albacares, 92, 308 T obesus, 92, 158, 308 Triaenodon obseus, 305–306 Trimma, 298–299 Tursiops sp., 105 Tursiops truncatus, 304–305 X Xiphias gladius, 92–93, 158, 308–309 Z Zebrasoma flavescens, 173–174 Ziphius cavirostris, 105 ... their outcomes Keywords: Marine protected areas, MPAs, Closed areas, Spatially explicit management, Fisheries management, Marine reserves Advances in Marine Biology, Volume 69 ISSN 0065-2881 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800214-8.00001-3... experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety... state of the oceans in general At the AAAS meeting in 2001, a group of 161 marine scientists released a consensus statement on the need for marine reserves that began The declining state of the