Serial Editor Vincent Walsh Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London 17 Queen Square London WC1N 3AR UK Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA First edition 2015 Copyright # 2015 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN: 978-0-444-63399-6 ISSN: 0079-6123 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at store.elsevier.com Contributors Dirk-Matthias Altenm€ uller Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany Eckart Altenm€ uller University of Music, Drama and Media, Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hannover, Germany Hansj€ org Baăzner Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany Christian Blahak Department of Neurology, Universitaătsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany Julien Bogousslavsky Genolier Swiss Medical Network Neurocenter, clinique Valmont, Glion/Montreux, Switzerland Franc¸ois Boller Department of Neurology, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, DC, USA Paul Eling Department of Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Stanley Finger Department of Psychology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA Christian Foerch Department of Neurology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Antonia Francesca Franchini Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy Amy B Graziano Division of Music History, Hall-Musco Conservatory of Music, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA Samuel H Greenblatt Department of Neurosurgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Michael G Hennerici Department of Neurology, Universitaătsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany Julene K Johnson Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA v vi Contributors Axel Karenberg Institute for the History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany James Kennaway School of History, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK Howard I Kushner Neuroscience & Behavioral Biology, and Department of Behavioral Sciences & Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Richard J Lederman Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Marjorie Perlman Lorch Applied Linguistics and Communication, School of Social Sciences, History, and Philosophy, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK Lorenzo Lorusso Department of Neurology, “Mellino Mellini” Hospital Trust, Brescia, Italy Alessandro Porro Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy Henry Powell Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA Michele Augusto Riva Research Centre on History of Biomedical Thought, Centro Studi sulla Storia del Pensiero Biomedico (CESPEB), University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy Vittorio Alessandro Sironi Research Centre on History of Biomedical Thought, Centro Studi sulla Storia del Pensiero Biomedico (CESPEB), University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy Reinhard Steinberg €nchen, Germany Josef-Lutz-Weg 2, Mu Harry Whitaker Department of Psychology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA Yuri Zagvazdin College of Medical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA William Zeitler San Bernardino, CA, USA Preface This is the first of two volumes dealing with music, neurology, and the basic neurosciences It follows two volumes on the fine arts (one exploring historical dimensions and the other looking at newer developments) and two on literature (one on historical and literary connections, and one on neurological and psychiatric disorders) These four earlier volumes appeared in Progress in Brain Research in 2013 (vols 203–206) and were assembled by two of the three current editors (Stanley Finger and Franc¸ois Boller) working with others specializing in these fields (Dahlia Zaidel and Julien Bogousslavsky on the fine arts, and Anne Stiles on literature) Neurologist– musicologist Eckart Altenm€ uller is our specialist member of the editorial team for the two music tomes that complete this six-volume series History is the common theme permeating all of the contributions to this volume, whereas its companion volume provides some history but focuses more on new developments and insights related to music, the brain and the nerves This organization parallels how the two fine arts books were assembled In contrast, all of the chapters in the two literature volumes in one way or another take us back in time Although there have been quite a few newer books dealing with music and the nervous system, these compilations are not as historically oriented as the present volume, although most have introductory chapters or parts of chapters that provide some historical material, particularly when famous musicians and their possible neurological disorders are mentioned Moreover, by being devoted solely to music and the nervous system, this volume and its companion piece also differ from those neurology and neuroscience books that deal with painting, literature, and music under a single cover, and therefore are more general and less focused, as well as from books dealing with famous musicians and all of medicine Thus, this volume has special and even unique features Nevertheless, it goes without saying that, even with this focus, it is impossible to come forth with a volume that deals with music and all facets of the basic and applied neurosciences, especially when also adding in history The literature is simply too vast and the connections are too numerous The best that anyone or a team can is to offer a sampling of the different ways in which music and these specialized scientific and medical fields can be brought together, with the hope that such an endeavor will stimulate others to think about additional connections that would shed even more light on several disciplines With these thoughts in mind, we have chosen to open this volume with two chapters from the history of the neurosciences One deals with how Franz Joseph Gall and the phrenologists who followed him early in the nineteenth century approached music—boldly trying to localize a “faculty” for this function in the front of the cerebrum based on human and lower animal skull features The other examines how music, neurology, and psychology were coming together somewhat later in the nineteenth century xv xvi Preface The second section of this volume deals with music and aphasia, but not in famous musicians who suffered strokes These chapters are largely concerned with children living during the nineteenth century, who attracted the attention of British neurologist John Hughlings Jackson and other medical practitioners because they had very limited speech yet were able to sing Historians have largely overlooked these cases until now, and they make for fascinating reading Our third section, although again only brief, focuses on a frightening belief, especially common late in the 1700s and into the 1800s, namely that some types of music can be pathological Most notably, some writers and musicians believed that the vibrations from the glass armonica, a musical instrument invented by Benjamin Franklin in the mid-1700s, could fray nerves and some drive people insane! As will be seen, “susceptible” populations at this moment in time meant individuals supposedly having weak nervous systems, often women living in urban settings The fourth section is by far the longest, and it is here that our authors examine famous musicians with neurological and psychiatric disorders, discussing how they were treated and how their afflictions affected their compositions and/or playing The sampling of musicians and their illnesses includes, but is not limited to: Robert Schumann, whose insanity has been attributed to syphilis; Paul Wittgenstein, an amputee who suffered from phantom limb syndrome; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who, contrary to popular belief, probably did not have Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; and Fre´de´ric Chopin, whose problems are still a source of great controversy and, as our author opines, should make us think carefully and perhaps differently about all retrospective diagnoses The idea that opera can tell us a lot about what nonphysicians (i.e., librettists) might have been thinking in the past, and about what general audiences were being told about certain neurological and psychiatric disorders, is the subject of our last section The first chapter here examines somnambulism (sleepwalking) as portrayed in the operas of Verdi and Bellini, the former based on Shakespeare’s Macbeth and the latter being more representative of the Romantic Era in outlook The second is largely concerned with madness in opera, a subject that has always captured the popular imagination As with the other volumes in this series on neurology/neuroscience and the arts, we hope that this collection of scholarly papers will show readers some of the many ways in which the basic neurosciences, neurology, and the arts can come together to reveal more about brain functions, the arts and humanities, and, for that matter, certain features of everyday life Ideally, the material covered in this volume will also serve as a fitting prelude to our second music volume, which will have a greater focus on newer ideas and discoveries, and will also examine music therapies then and now Eckart Altenm€uller Stanley Finger Franc¸ois Boller Preface RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READINGS Bogousslavsky, J., Boller, F (Eds.), 2005 Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists Karger, Basel Bogousslavsky, J., Hennerici, M.G (Eds.), 2007 Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists— Part Karger, Basel Bogousslavsky, J., Hennerici, M.G., Baăzner, H., Bassetti, C (Eds.), 2010 Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists—Part Karger, Basel Critchley, M., Hensen, R.A (Eds.), 1977 Music and the Brain: Studies in the Neurology of Music Heinemann Medical, London Horden, P., 2000 Music as Mwedicine: The History of Music Therapy since Antiquity Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Aldershot, UK Kennaway, J., 2012 Bad Vibrations: The History of the Idea of Music as a Cause of Disease Ashgate Publishing Limited, Farnham, UK Neumayr, A., 1994–1997 Music & Medicine (3 vols.) D.J Parent, trans Medi-Ed Press, Bloomington, IL Rose, F.C (Ed.), 2004 Neurology of the Arts Imperial College Press, London Rose, F.C (Ed.), 2010 Neurology of Music Imperial College Press, London Sacks, O., 2007 Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain Alfred A Knopf, New York Zeitler, W.W., 2013 The Glass Armonica: The Music of Madness Music Arcana, San Bernardino, CA xvii CHAPTER Franz Joseph Gall and music: the faculty and the bump Paul Eling*,1, Stanley Finger†, Harry Whitaker{ *Department of Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands † Department of Psychology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA { Department of Psychology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA Corresponding author: Tel.:+0031-24-3612557, e-mail address: p.eling@donders.ru.nl Abstract The traditional story maintains that Franz Joseph Gall’s (1758–1828) scientific program began with his observations of schoolmates with bulging eyes and good verbal memories But his search to understand human nature, in particular individual differences in capacities, passions, and tendencies, can also be traced to other important observations, one being of a young girl with an exceptional talent for music Rejecting contemporary notions of cognition, Gall concluded that behavior results from the interaction of a limited set of basic faculties, each with its own processes for perception and memory, each with its own territory in both cerebral or cerebellar cortices Gall identified 27 faculties, one being the sense of tone relations or music The description of the latter is identical in both his Anatomie et Physiologie and Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau et sur Celles de Chacune de ses Parties, where he provided positive and negative evidences and discussed findings from humans and lower animals, for the faculty The localization of the cortical faculty for talented musicians, he explained, is demonstrated by a “bump” on each side of the skull just above the angle of the eye; hence, the lower forehead of musicians is broader or squarer than in other individuals Additionally, differences between singing and nonsinging birds also correlate with cranial features Gall even brought age, racial, and national differences into the picture What he wrote about music reveals much about his science and creative thinking Keywords Gall (Franz Joseph), Spurzheim (Johann), organology, craniology, phrenology, music faculty, musicians, amusia, cortical localization of function, physiognomy Writing about the history of the discovery of the organ for music, Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828; Fig 1) informs his readers: “There was shown to me a young girl, named Bianchi, aged about years, and I was asked to decide what was the most Progress in Brain Research, Volume 216, ISSN 0079-6123, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.001 © 2015 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved CHAPTER Gall and music FIGURE Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) From the Collection BIU Sante´ Me´decine remarkable talent of this child.”1 He then states, “The idea had not yet presented itself to my mind, that the talent for music could be recognized by the form of the head.” What he learned about this girl (date not given, but likely in the 1790s) is notable To quote, This child repeated all that she had heard sung or executed on the piano; she retained by heart whole concertos, which she had heard at most twice Her parents assured me that she was endowed, with this astonishing faculty for music only What could I conclude from this declaration? That there exists a well marked difference between memory for music, and the other species of memory which I knew at that period; and that each species of memory must have its distinct organ Gall (1835, vol 5, p 63) He continues with these even more overlooked words: From that moment I devoted myself to more connected researches into the different species of memory In very little time I became acquainted with a considerable number of persons, who had an excellent memory for certain objects, and a very We have unsuccessfully tried to trace this young girl Antonia Bianchi was a famous opera singer, born in 1800 in Como, Italy We believe that the 5-year-old girl mentioned by Gall had to be born before this time, i.e., around 1790, since he states that she stimulated him to develop his organology more systematically, leading to his public lectures from 1796 onward, as described in his letter to von Retzer in 1798 Gall and music feeble memory for others These observations led me to augment the number of my denominations for memory, and I admitted a peculiar memory for tones Gall (1835, vol 5, p 63) What Gall wrote about Bianchi, and indeed his entire section on the “Faculty of Perceiving the Relation of Tones, Talent for Music (Ton-sinn),” is the same in his two most famous works These are his landmarks: Anatomie et Physiologie du Syste`me Nerveux en Ge´ne´ral et du Cerveau en Particulier ., written in part with his assistant, Johann Spurzheim, and his later, smaller and less expensive Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau et sur Celles de Chacune de ses Parties, which was translated by Winslow Lewis in 1835 and from which the quotations presented above were taken (Because we found Lewis’ English translation to be consistent with the French text, we will continue to cite it when quoting Gall on the music faculty, rather than translating anew) This revelation about a specific talent for music clearly energized Gall, altered his thinking, and affected the course of his research program Based on his own words, the idea of distinct faculties located in specialized cortical areas seems to have been present in Gall’s mind, in at least nascent form, prior to Bianchi At this time, while his ideas about the organization of the mind were still taking shape, he apparently realized that he had another basic faculty to consider, another reason for collecting special or unusual cases, and another reason to think differently about memory These were extremely important developments that shaped his public theorizing about brain and behavior (i.e., his organologie also termed his Schaădellehre or craniology; for more on Gall’s terminology, see Clarke and Jacyna, 1987, pp 222–223; Van Wyhe, 2004), which would soon emerge from a developmental state to a more formal system of conjectures, methods, and (in his mind) facts backed by empirical evidence The two aforementioned quotations also reveal that the starting point for Gall’s theorizing stemmed from his interest in individual differences Bianchi, for one, revealed that some individuals possess specific talents that others not have and that a person can be exceptional at one thing, such as music, while being quite ordinary at others Clearly, Gall concluded that the human mind is not a general faculty or even made of a few components such as common sense, fantasy, imagination, judgment, and memory On the contrary, there are various specific faculties, each with its own memory function Additionally, Gall was becoming even more certain that talent is not primarily a matter of learning Because Bianchi never studied music and was just a child, her unique talent must be innate, although capable of being shaped to some extent by experience All of this was of great significance to Gall, whose overriding passion was to comprehend what might be called human nature He trained and practiced as a physician, and he was an exceptionally good anatomist (a fact recognized by even the staunchest opponents of his organology) But what he wanted most was to understand why human beings behave as they and especially why they tend to act differently—an observation suggesting to him that people not possess perfectly References Falconi, B., 2008 Musica e medicina nella Milano di primo Ottocento: l’esempio di Peter Lichtenthal (1780–1853) In: Cristini, C., Porro, A (Eds.), Medicina e Musica GAM, Rudiano, pp 26–33 Fardon, D., 2002 Spine in the arts Spine J 2, 158 Feggetter, G., 1980 Suicide in opera Br J Psychiatry 136, 552–557 Finger, S., 1994 Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Exploration into Brain Function Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York Finger, S., Gallo, D.A., 2004 The music of madness: Franklin’s armonica and the vulnerable nervous system In: Clifford, Rose F (Ed.), Neurology of the Arts Painting-Music-Literature Imperial College Press, London, pp 207–235 Fogan, L., 1989 The neurology in Shakespeare Arch Neurol 46, 922–924 Fuller, D., 2012 Dementia at the opera: the lion’s face Opera Quart 27, 509–521 Furman, Y., Wolf, S.M., Rosenfeld, D.S., 1997 Shakespeare and sleep disorders Neurology 49, 1171–1172 Ghidetti, E., 1987 Il sogno della ragione: dal racconto fantastico al romanzo popolare Editori Riuniti, Roma Goldovsky, B., 1986 Some medical matters in operatic literature Cleve Clin Quart 53, 39–43 Grandi, R., 2013 Adattamenti, riscritture, burlesques (1681–1860) King Lear dopo Shakespeare Aracne, Roma Grier, F., 2011 Thoughts on Rigoletto Inter J Psychoanal 92, 1541–1559 Hibberd, S., 2004 ‘Dormeze donc, mes chers amours’: He´rold’s La Somnambule (1827) and dream phenomena on the Parisian lyric stage* Cambridge Opera J 16, 107–132 Hibberd, S., 2009 French Grand Opera and the Historical Imagination Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Hyer, B., 2007 Parsifal hyste´rique Opera Quart 22, 269–320 Jones, M., 1990a The psychiatry of opera A personal view Psych Bull 14, 306–307 Jones, M., 1990b The psychiatry of opera Lucia di Lammermoor Psych Bull 14, 556–557 Jones, M., 1990c The psychiatry of opera Don Giovanni Psych Bull 14, 417–421 € Lichtenthal, P., 1970 Osterreichischer Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd € Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, p 188 Lorusso, L., Lucci, B., Boito, L., Capitanio, F., 2010 Gaetano Donizetti’s neurobiological illness J Hist Neurosci 19, 396–397 Lorusso, L., Falconi, B., Porro, A., Franchini, A.F., 2011 Flute and madness In: Stanish, F (Ed.), ISHN and Cheiron Joint International Conference University of Calgary/Banf Centre for the Arts, Alberta, Canada, June 16–23, 2011 University of Calgary, Calgary, pp 91–92 Matthews, B.R., 2010a Bravo! neurology at the opera In: Bogousslavsky, J., Hennerici, M.G., Baăzner, H., Bassetti, C (Eds.), Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists In: Bogousslavsky, J (Ed.), Part Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience, vol 27 Karger, Basel, pp 119–129 Matthews, B.R., 2010b Portrayal of neurological illness and physician in the works of Shakespeare In: Bogousslavsky, J., Hennerici, M.G., Baăzner, H., Bassetti, C (Eds.), Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists In: Bogousslavsky, J (Ed.), Part Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience, vol 27 Karger, Basel, pp 216–226 Mesmer, F.A., 1766 Fredericus Antonius Mesmer de planetarium influx in corpus hamunum Dissertatio Physico-Medica Typis Ghelenanis, Vindobonae Molinari, C., 1983 L’altra faccia del 1589: Isabella Andreini e la sua “pazzia.” In: Firenze e la Toscana dei Medici nel ’500 Olschki, Firenze, pp 565–573 407 408 CHAPTER 19 Opera and neuroscience Nagel, J.J., 2008 Psychoanalytic and musical perspective on shame in Donizetti’s Lucia di Lammermoor J Am Psychoanal Assoc 56, 551–563 Norio, R., 2007 Medical profession in opera In: Klockars, M., Peltoma, M (Eds.), Music Meets Medicine Acta Gyllenbergiana The Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Helsinky, pp 192–203 O’Shea, J.G., 1988 The death of Paganini J R Coll Physicians Lond 22, 104 O’Shea, J.C., 1990 Music and Medicine Dent, London Oliaro, T., 1938 La malattia ed i medici di Gaetano Donizetti Minerva Med 29, 4–30 Paciaroni, M., Bogousslavsky, J., 2013 William Shakespeare’s neurology Prog Brain Res 206, 3–18 Peri, G., 1986 La folie dans l’ope´ra romantique italienne de la premie`re moitie´ du XIXe`me sie`cle The`se de 3e`me cycle, Universite´ de Paris, La Sorbonne Nouvelle U.E.R d’Italien et de Roumain, June, Paris Peri, G., 1988 Nina ossia la pazza per amore, tra la come´die larmoyante francese e opera romantica italiana In: Muraro, M.T (Ed.), L’opera tra Venezia e Parigi Olschki, Firenze Peschel, E., Peschel, R., 1992 Donizetti and music of mental derangement: Anna Bolena, Lucia di Lammermoor, and the composer’s neurobiological illness Yale J Biol Med 65, 189–200 Piave, F.M., Maffei, A., Verdi, G., 1847 Macbeth Regio Stabilimento Tito di Gio Ricordi, Milano Pieri, M., 2006 Ossessioni, deliri e trance: la recita della pazzia nel treatro borghese italiano In: Profeti, M.G (Ed.), Follia, follie Alinea Editrice, Firenze, pp 345–369 Pinel, P., 1846 Nosografia medica e filosofica Abbate, Palermo Poris, H., 2001 A madwoman’s choice: aria substitution in Lucia di Lammermoor Cambridge Opera J 13, 1–28 Porro, A., Cristini, C., 2012 Histoire des evolutions de´mentielles In: Arfeux-Vaucher, G., Ploton, L (Eds.), Les de´mences au croisement des non-savoirs Chemins de la complexite´ Press d l’EHESP, Rennes, pp 197–208 Powell, J.S., 2001 The opera parodies of Florent Carton Dancourt Cambridge Opera J 13, 87–114 Pugliese, R.M., 2004 The origins of Lucia di Lammermoor’s cadenza Cambridge Opera J 16, 23–42 Raynor, H., 1976 Music and Society Since 1815 Barrie & Jenkins Ltd., London Riva, M.A., Sironi, V.A., Tremolizzo, L., et al., 2010 Sleepwalking in Italian opera: a window on popular and scientific knowledge on sleep disorders in the 19th century Eur Neurol 63, 116–121 Riva, M., Lorusso, L., Sironi, A.V., 2014 Cesare Vigna (1819–1892) J Neurol 26, 449–450 Romani, F., 1990 Sonnambula: melodramma in due atti Testi a cura di Eduardo Rescigno Ricordi, Milano ` propos de la folie a` l’ope`ra About madenss and opera Ann Med Psychol Ropert, R., 2003 A 161, 213–214 Rosen, C., 1995 The Romantic Generation Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA Rosend, E., 2007 La finta pazza: a mirror of an audience In: Rosend, E (Ed.), Opera in Seventeenth-Century Venice The Creation of a Genre, University of Califoria Press, Oakland Rusbridger, R., 2008 The internal world of Don Giovanni Inter J Psychoanal 89, 181–194 Sadie, S., 1992 The New Grove Dictionary of Opera Maximilian Press, London References Sala, E., 1994 Women crazed by love An aspect of Romantic opera Opera Quart 10, 19–41 Scala, F., 1976 La pazzia di Isabella In: Marotti, F (Eds), Il teatro delle favole rappresentative, vol ristampa del 1611, Roma, Il Polifilo, pp 385–396 Schmidgall, G., 1990 Shakspeare & Opera Oxford University of Press, New York Smart, M.A., 1992 The silencing of Lucia Cambridge Opera J 4, 119–141 Steinberg, H., Schmidt-Recia, A., Schmideler, S., 2007 Forensic psychiatry in nineteenthscentory Saxony: the case of Woyezeck Harv Rev Psychiatry 15, 169–180 Verdeau-Paille`s, J., Laxenaire, M., Stoecklin, H., 2005 La folie a` l’ope´ra Buchet/Chastel, Paris Wells, S., Taylor, G., 1998 The Oxford Shakespeare The complete works Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York Willier, S., 1989 Madness, the Gothic, and Bellini’s Il pirata Opera Quart 6, 7–23 Wintersgill, P., 1992 Composition and decomposition: the illness of som great composers Br J Gen Pract 42, 536–537 Worth, Estes J., 1993 The changing role of the physician in opera Opera Quart 10, 143–156 Zaccaro, G., 1979 Storia sociale della musica Newton Compton Editore, Roma Zanetti, R., 1978 La musica italiana nel settecento Bramante editore, Busto Arsizio 409 Index Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables A Acade´mie de France a` Rome, 168–169, 178f Acade´mie des Sciences, Adair, James Makittrick, 130–131 A la Recherche du Temps Perdu, 136 Allergy disease, 350 Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, 350 Amnesia, 358 Amusia, 21–22, 38–40, 44, 81, 245 Animal magnetism, 396 Aphasia, 36–40, 86–87 aphonia, 65 Broca, Paul, 59 clinical phenomenon of, 56–57 cognitive functioning, 87 eighteenth-century observations, singing Dalin, Olof von, 74–75, 76f Gesner’s monograph, 75f, 76 origins of language, 77 and speaking, 77–78 hemiplegia, 60 Lase`gue, Charles, 65 nineteenth-century observations, singing emotional language, 78–82 Falret, Jules, 82–83 Kussmaul’s synthesis, 83–85 Robertson, Alexander, 60 singing in speechless patients, Jackson’s observations on (see Jackson, John Hughlings) Wallaschek, Richard, 44 Aphasic disorder, 308–309 Appel, Bernhard R., 236 Autobiography of Leigh Hunt, 104 B Bacon, Francis, 107, 359–360 Bartholdy, Felix Mendelssohn, 346 Bassani, Giorgio, 298–299 Bastian, Henry Charlton, 68 Bayly, Anselm, 77–78 Beccaria, Giambatista, 100–101, 102 Beecham, Thomas, 229–230 Being an Essay on Grammar, Pronunciation, and Singing, 77–78 Belaieff, Maecenas Mitrofan, 206–207 Bellini’s La sonnambula Amina, 378, 380 ballet, 375 biography, 375, 376f "dreamy" music, 380–381 features, 380 inscription, 375, 376f madness, 380 Scribe’s script, 375 somnambulism scenes, 378 Berger, Paul, 133 Berlioz, Hector absences/absence status, 178, 180–181 autoanamnesis, 172 autobiographical sketch, 183–184 bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, 173, 177, 180–181, 184, 185–186 biographical background, 167–168 convulsive seizure, 177–178 diagnosis, 188–191 epileptological significance, 174–177 Ferrand, Humbert, 169–170, 170f, 181–182 Gounet, Thomas, 182–183 heteroanamnestic records, 184, 188 Hiller, Ferdinand, 169 medical treatment, 169 “muscle twitching”, 181 myoclonic seizure, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 189, 193 obligatory absence, 172 personality disorder, 190 personal report, medical history, 172 photosensitivity, 178, 189 portrait of, 171f provocative factors, seizures, 178 Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin, 186 self-observation, 188 Smithson, Henriette, 169–170 social stigmatization, 173 Symphonie Fantastico-Epileptique, 191–195 Bianchi, 3–4, 5, 12–13 Bipolar psychosis, 349 Blaze, Henri, 184 Bonaparte, Napoleon, Bouillaud, Jean-Baptiste, 86–87 Broca, Paul, 55, 56–57 Brocklesby, Richard, 109–110 411 412 Index Brown, Charles Brockden, 362 Browne, Richard, 109–110, 129  Brown-Se´quard, Charles-Edouard, 56 Burnett, James, 77 C Cadwalader, Thomas, 109 Charcot, Jean-Martin, 38, 39f, 68 Charivari, 186 Charpentier, Marc-Antoine, 390 Cheyne, George, 130 Chladni, Ernst, 18 Chopin, Fre´de´ric diagnosis allergy disease, 350 Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, 350 bipolar psychosis, 349 cystic fibrosis, 350 depressive personality disorder, 349 manic–depressive illness, 349 mitral stenosis, 350 mono/bipolar affective disorder, 350–351 persistent dysthymic disorder, 349 schizoid personality disorder, 349 temporal lobe epilepsy, 350 tuberculosis, 349 tuberculous psychoneurosis, 349 hallucinatory episodes, 343–344 medical history affect and affectations, 345 chronic chest pain, 348 cough suppressant, 348 depression, 347, 348 illness terminal stages, 348 psychopathographic perspective, 347 “Revolutionary Etude”, 345 severe flu, 346 patient history, 344 productivity, 351–352, 352f temporal lobe epilepsy, 343–344 The Clandestine Marriage, 363 Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital, 57 Cognition, 34–36 Columbus, Christopher, 226–228 Complex partial seizure, 334 Concerto for the Left Hand, 297 Congestive heart failure (CHF), 318, 327 Conybeare, John, 225–226 Cooper, Astley, 17 Cortical localization of function, 27–28, 29 Cortot, Alfred, 297 Cystic fibrosis, 350 Czartoryska, Izabela Fleming, 105 Czartoryski, Adam Kazimierz, 105 D Dalin, Olof von, 74–75, 76f Dantan, Jean-Pierre, 186–188, 187f Darwin, Charles, 69, 83, 84 Darwin, Erasmus, 360 The Descent of Man, 69 Delaval, Edmund, 100 Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae, 98–99 Delius, Frederick bilateral ptosis and facial muscle atrophy, 226 bilious attack, 224 homeopathy and nonmedical therapy, 224–225 hypnotism, 226 life history, 218–222 morphine, 226 multiple sclerosis, 224–225 music of, 229–231 neurosyphilis, 223 sexual liaisons, 223 shooting limb and trunk pains, 226 spinocerebellar degeneration, 225–226 syphilis, 223 Dementia, 325–326, 402, 405t Depression, 322 Depressive personality disorder, 349 Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften, 136–137 de Tours, Jacques-Joseph Moreau, 135–136 Diagnosis of the Diseases of the Brain, 67–68 Dickinson, William Howship, 66–67 Dies, A.C., 317–322, 323–325, 327 Die Verbindung der Musik mit der Arzneygelarheit, 129 Disputatio Effectus Musicae in Hominem, 129 Dissertation Upon the Nerves, 129 Doctor Faustus, 271 Donizetti, Gaetano, 115, 390, 392t, 399, 401f Doornik, Jakob Eliza, 25 Down, John Langdon, 61 Dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome, 310, 312 Dysexecutive syndrome, 323–324 E Early syphilis, 228 Edgar Huntly, 362 Egmont Overture, 362–363 Ehrenfels, Christian von, 36 The English Malady, 130, 133 Epilepsy, 405t Index clear-cut diagnosis, 173 electroencephalography, 172, 189–190, 190f epileptic seizure, characteristic types of bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, 177 classical absences, 177 idiopathic generalized epilepsy, 190f juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 191 in Me´moires, 178–180 photosensitivity, 189 Essay on the Dry-Gripes, 109 Ettm€ uller, Michael Ernst, 129 The Etude, 139–140 Exhaustion theory, 269 F Falloppio, Gabriele, 129 Falret, Jean-Pierre, 132 Falret, Jules, 81 Fenby, Eric, 222 Fe´re´, Charles, 68 Ferrand, Humbert, 169–170, 170f, 181–182 Fe´vrier, Jacques, 297 Flourens, Pierre, 27 Flower, Newman, 306–307 Ford, Ann, 99 Fowler solution, 256 Franklin, Benjamin, 93–94, 95f, 132, 397 civic and intellectual projects, 95–96 glass armonica academic medicine, 108 advantages, 102 applause and emotional digression, 110–112 bad publicity, 120 Beccaria, Giambatista, 100–101 Delaval, Edmund, 100 diatonic notes, 102 eighteenth-century engraving of, 101f empirical medicine, 106–107 fear and accusation, 112–117 "glassy-chord,", 101–102 health issues, 117–120 innovations and improvements, 117–118 medical theories, 108–110 melancholy and hysteria, treatment of, 105–106 music therapy, 106 passion, 103–105, 121 Pockrich, Richard, 102–103 pragmatic medicine, 107 psychological factors, 107–108 psychology and medical issues, 119–120 in printing industry, 95 theory of electricity, 96 G Galilei, Galileo, 97, 359–360 Gall, Franz Joseph, 4f "accidents of nature,", 14 anatomical studies, 7, 8–9 behavioral differences, Bianchi, 3–4, Bonaparte, Napoleon, brain damage, 14 brain physiology, 13 cell theory, craniological project, 6–7 education, faculties, 9–12 God and religion, 10 perception and memory, physical organs, 11 human nature, 5–6 life of, 6–9 methodology and cortical localization, 12–16 music faculty, 5, 6, 16–25, 20f age factor, 23 amusia, 21–22 cultural anthropology, 22 idiocy and mental alienation, 19 intellectual faculties, 18 line of reasoning, 16 musicians, 17–18, 19–20, 21, 21f natural history, 18 singing birds, crania of, 23–25 vibrations, lawful patterns of, 18 organology, 6, 7–8, 14, 20, 26–27 phrenology, 6, 25–26 public lecturing, Spurzheim, Johann, 7–8 Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau et sur Celles de Chacune de ses Parties, 15t unusual animals, 14 verbal memory, 12 The Garden of the Finzi-Contini, 298–299 Gassendi, Pierre, 360 Gellert, Christian Furchetegott, 281–282 Generalized atherosclerosis, 318 Gesner, Johann, 75f, 76 Gestalt qualities, 36 Giovanni, Don, 397 Glass armonica academic medicine, 108 advantages, 102 Beccaria, Giambatista, 100–101 Delaval, Edmund, 100 eighteenth-century engraving of, 101f empirical medicine, 106–107 413 414 Index Glass armonica (Continued) health issues, 117–120 M€ uller, Johann Christian, 116 music, 132 music therapy, 106 passion, 103–105, 121 Pockrich, Richard, 102–103 pragmatic medicine, 107 psychological factors, 107–108 psychology and medical issues, 119–120  Robertson, Etienne-Gaspard, 116–117 R€ ollig, Karl Leopold, 112–113 Glass music, 97–100 See also Glass armonica concert instruments, 99 in fifteenth century, 97 Ford, Ann, 99 Galilei, Galileo, 97 Gluck, Christoph Willibald, 99 history of, 97 Kircher’s five glasses experiment, 97–98, 98f passion, 97, 98 porcelain vessels, 97 seventeenth century, end of, 99 in sixteenth century, 97 Gluck, Christoph Willibald, 99 Gogh, Van, 277–278 Goldberg, Elkhonon, 332 Goldsmith, O., 99–100 Gorbachev, Michael, 153–154 Gowers, William, 41 Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, 66–67 Griesinger, G.A., 317–318, 321–322, 323, 324–325 Griesinger, Wilhelm, 260–262 Grimes, Peter, 404 Guislain, Joseph, 260 H Haller, Albrecht von, 130 Haăndel, Georg Friedrich, 390 biography and character, 305–306 differential diagnosis cerebrovascular disease, 312–313 eye problems, 312–313 ischemic optic neuropathy, 313 lacunar strokes, 313–314 lead intoxication, 314 partial/monocular loss of vision, 313 “pure motor” stroke, 313–314 retinal stroke, 313–314 neurological disease aphasia, 309 dysphasia/dysarthria, 310 inability, 310 paraletic stroke, 310 peripheral nerve lesion, 310 recurrence, 306, 310–311 rheumatic disorder, 310 rheumatism, 308 risk factors, 312 visual impairment, 311–312 Harsd€ orffer, Georg Philipp, 98–99 Hasse, Johann Adolph, 280 Haydn, Joseph, 284 behavioral changes, 322 dementia, 325–326 depression, 322, 325–326 dysexecutive syndrome, 323–324 dyspraxia and coordination disturbances, 321–322, 321f emotional lability, 322 gait disturbance, 318–321 inability to walk, 325–326 medical history, 327 memory deficits-vascular dementia, 323–324 stroke, 324–325 SVE cardinal features, 325–326 classical course, 327 clinical criteria, 326–327 clinical syndrome, 318, 318t motor disturbances, 325–326 pathological manifestations, 325–326, 325f postural imbalance, 325–326, 326f progressive disturbance, 325–326, 326f risk factors, 327 subcortical vascular dementia, 326–327 "The Seasons,", 327 Headache, 405t Heger, Robert, 297 Heine, Heinrich, 345–346 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 34 ear anatomy and physiological processes, 34 mental representations, 34–35 tone psychology, 34–35 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 77 Heterodoxy, 395 Hiller, Ferdinand, 169 Hindemith, Paul, 298 The History of Health, and the Art of Preserving It, 129 Hoffmann, E T A., 132 Hopkinson, Francis, 118 Hubbard, E.M., 334–335 Index I Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles, 338–339 J Jackson, John Hughlings, 40–42 Bastian, Henry Charlton, 68 biographical background, 54–55 Broca, Paul, 56  Brown-Se´quard, Charles-Edouard, 56 hemiplegia, 56, 57–58 singing, emotional language, 78–82 Falret, Jules, 81 origins of music, 80 rhythmic movements, 80 Spencer, Herbert, 79–80 speechless patients, singing in alexia, 65 automatic speech, 67 Charcot, Jean-Martin, 68 on children’s expression and musical abilities, 60–62 Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital, 57 clinic-pathological evidence, 60 convulsions, 61–62 developmental disorder, 64 Down, John Langdon, 61 epilepsy, 60, 61–62, 64 Fe´re´, Charles, 68 focal seizures, 64–65 Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, 66–67 imbecility, 61 London Hospital, 60–61 National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, 60–61, 62, 63 paralysis, 57–58 propositional speech, notion of, 59–60 Robertson, Alexander, 60 Spencer, Herbert, 58–59 syphilis, 58 vocal expression, 58–59 Janz syndrome, 191 Johnson, Joseph Taber, 134–135 Jones, Mark, 390 K Karl, Hans, 294 Kelly, Michael, 282 Khrennikov, Tikhon, 139 Kircher, Athanasius, 97–98, 98f, 129 Kirchgessner, Marianne, 116 Knoblauch, August, 28 amusia, 38–40 music model, 38, 39f Kussmaul, Adolf, 37–38, 38f, 83–85 L Laehr, Heinrich, 260 The Lancet, 62, 66, 78–79 Lase`gue, Charles, 65 La Sonnambula, Bellini, 401, 402–403 Laycock, Thomas, 54 Legouve´, Ernest, 185–186 Lichtenthal, Peter, 394–395 Limb amputation, 293–294 Lipps, Theodore, 35 The Literary Review, 139–140 Locke, John, 107–108 M Madness vs.eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 399t forms of, 390 nineteenth-century pathological madness, 398–401 origins of bassi ostinati, 391–393 Commedia dell’Arte, 395 heterodoxy, 395 Hospital de los Innocentes, 393 Incoronazione di Poppea, 390 La finta pazza, 391 La pazza per amore, 394 Nina o sia la Pazza per amore, 391 opera buffa, 394 Orlando Furioso, 391 Trattato de la vita sobria, 395 Trattato sulla follia, 393–394 social role of, 390 The Magic Flute, 283 The Magic Mountain, 136–137 Magnes, 97 Mahler, Gustav, 137 Manic–depressive illness, 349 Mann, Thomas, 136–137, 271 A Mass of Life, 222 Medicina Musica, 129 Me´lodrame, 398 Me´moires, 170–171, 172, 173, 174–177, 178–180, 181, 192 Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker, 323–324 Mental representation, music Helmholtz, Hermann von, 34–35 415 416 Index Mental representation, music (Continued) Ehrenfels, Christian von, 36 language processing, 37 Lipps, Theodore, 35 "modern" music, 45 Stumpf, Carl analysis, 35 sensations, 35 Tonvorstellung, 36 Mesmer, Franz Anton, 134 Mesmerism, 396–398 Mesopotamian glass industry, 97 Messiaen, Olivier, 335–336, 337f Mill, John Stuart, 59–60 Mitral stenosis, 350 Moke, Camille, 184–185 Mono/bipolar affective disorder, 350–351 Monteverdi, Claudio, 390 Morellet, Abbe´ Andre´, 111–112 Mozart, Leopold, 18–19, 114, 115, 280, 284 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 359–360, 394, 396–398 documented illnesses, 277–278 genius and eccentric behaviors, 278 interview with Daines Barrington’s, 284–288 mental illness scatology, 279–282 mental state, 285 personality of, 288–289 and physical games, 282 Pichler’s observations, 286 playful attitude, 289 Tourette syndrome, 278–279 M€ uller, Johann Christian, 116 Mulvenna, C.M., 334–335 Music benign effects, 129 brain processing listening types, 37 localization of function, 37–40, 39f music perception and cognition, 34–36 emotion, 40–42 emotional excitement, 129–130 glass armonica, 132 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 34–35 mental representation Ehrenfels, Christian von, 36 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 34–35 language processing, 37 Lipps, Theodore, 35 "modern" music, 45 Stumpf, Carl, 35 Tonvorstellung, 36 moral sense, 129 origins of music, 40, 41 and overstimulated nerves, 130–132 pathological music, 133–140 Pythagorean and Neoplatonic conceptions, 129 Stumpf, Carl, 35 Wallaschek, Richard, 42–46 for women, 131–132 Musical analysis Walter, R., 334, 335f Wieser, H.G., 334, 335f Musical glasses See Glass armonica Musical hallucinations, 242, 243–247 Musil, Robert, 136–137 Musurgia Universalis, 129 Myoclonic seizure, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 189, 193 N National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, 54–55, 60–61, 62, 63, 78–79 Neurological disorders in opera, 405t Neurolues, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265 Neuropsychiatric disorders, 401–402 Neuroscience See Opera Neurosyphilis asymptomatic pleocytosis, 228 early syphilis, 228 general paresis, 228–229 hearing loss, 228 late neurosyphilis, 228–229 meningovascular neurosyphilis, 228 MRI, 228 primary lesion, 228 secondary phase, 228 spinal fluid FTA-ABS, 229 spontaneous resolution, 228 symptomatic meningitis, 228 tabes dorsalis, 229 Treponema pallidum, 226–228 Newberg, Thomas, 103 Noebel, David, 140–141 O Of the Force of Imagination, 107–108 Of the Origin and Progress of Language, 77 Oneirodynia, 360, 361 On the Origin and Function of Music, 79 Opera madness, 390 Mozart and Mesmerism, 396–398 Index neurological and psychiatric characters, operatic development of, 401–405 neurology and psychiatry, 389–390 nineteenth-century pathological madness, 398–401 origins of madness bassi ostinati, 391–393 Commedia dell’Arte, 395 heterodoxy, 395 Hospital de los Innocentes, 393 Incoronazione di Poppea, 390 La finta pazza, 391 La pazza per amore, 394 Nina o sia la Pazza per amore, 391 opera buffa, 394 Orlando Furioso, 391 Trattato de la vita sobria, 395 Trattato sulla follia, 393–394 success of, 390 somnambulism anxiety and stress, 359 characterization, 358 court records, 358–359 Il Matrimonio Segreto, 363 Medieval and Renaissance periods, 359 NREM, 358–359 RBD, 358–359 “relieve pain” stemming, 360 REM, 358–359 Shakespeare’s Macbeth, 363–369 William Polidori, John, 360–361 Opera semiseria, 377 Organists and organ music composers classical and church organists, 332–333 clinical reports, 332 cortico-subcortical circuit dysfunction, 332 negative phenomena, 332 focal lesions, 338–339 hypothesis, 339 stroke, 338–339 transient memory deficits, 336–338 nonverbal communication, 331 positive phenomena, 332 Charles–Bonnet syndrome, 334–335 complex partial seizure, 334 diabetes, 334 epilepsy, 334–335 migraine, 334–335 musical hallucinations, 333–334 musicogenic seizures, 333–334 synesthesia, 334–335 temporary and permanent network disorders, 332 vascular events, 339–341 Organology, 6, 14, 20, 26–27, 29 P Paralysis, 252–253, 256, 259, 260, 263, 264–265, 307 Pare´, Ambroise, 299–300 Pasteur, Louis, 55–56 Pathological music beat music, 141 bogus medical anxiety, 141–142 brain secretion, 138 brainwashing, 140 culture wars, 140–141 enlightenment anxieties, 133 fears, 134–135 futility music, 141 hysterical hypermusia, 135 hysterical paramusia, 135 imagination, 134–135 infertility, 134–135 Korean War, 140 male homosexuality, 135 menstruation and sexualization, 134–135 MK-ULTRA program, 140 Nazi regime Abolitionist movement, 139 anti-Semitism, 137 body and mental health, 139–140 degeneration and nervous overstimulation, 137 jazz, 139–140 modernism, 138–139 musical bolshevism, 138 nervous stimulation model, 137 political traction, 138–139 state policy, 138–139 neurasthenia and fatigue, 133 postpone menstruation, 134–135 psychological and cultural factors, 142 race, role of, 141 rap music, 141–142 self-control, 134 sense of weak nerves, 134–135 social agendas, 142 social and cultural changes, 140–141 Wagner’s nervous music, 136–137 warfare and interrogation, 142 The Penny Satirist, 131 Pertl, Maria Anna, 280 Persiani, Giuseppe, 400 Persistent dysthymic disorder, 349 Peters, Eberhard, 238, 239f, 248 Phantasmagoria, 117f Phelps, Richard, 135–136 417 418 Index A Philosophical and Medical Sketch of the Natural History of the Human Body and Mind, 130–131 Photosensitivity, 178, 189 Phrenology, 6, 25–27, 28, 29 Phrenology: or the Doctrine of the Mental Phenomena, 26 Pichler, Karoline, 280, 286 Pinel, Philippe, 19 Pockrich, Richard, 102–103 Postamputation pain, 293–294 A Practical Treatise on Singing and Playing, 77–78 Progressive dysexecutive syndrome, 327 Prokofiev, Sergei, 297–298 Proust, Marcel, 136 R Ramachandran, V.S., 334–335 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 358–359 Reger, Max, 138 Reichardt, 321 Reich, Eduard, 134–135 REM behavior disorder (RBD), 358–359 Rhythm, Riots and Revolution, 140–141 Richarz, Franz, 235–236, 238, 239f, 248 Robertson, Alexander, 60  Robertson, Etienne-Gaspard, 116–117 Robinson, Nicholas, 314, 315 Rochlitz, Friedrich, 115 Roger, Joseph Louis, 110 R€ollig, Karl Leopold, 112–113 Romani, Felice, 377 Romantic psychiatry, 269 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 78 S Salieri, Maestro Antonio, 318–321 Sammlung von Beobachtungen aus der Arzneygelahrheit und Naturkunde, 75f, 76 Sand, George, 347 Schizoid personality disorder, 349 Schneider, Peter Joseph, 132 Schnittke, Alfred, 150–154, 157–162 Schoenberg, Arnold, 138 Schumann, Clara, 235, 242–243, 266–268 Schumann, Robert, 258 autopsy, 259 Bargiel, Woldemar, 268 biography, 233–236 Brahms, Johannes, 268 condition, mood, 238–241, 239f, 240f Conolly "no restraint" movement, 268–269 diagnosis, 264–266 exhaustion theory, 269 Grimm, Julius Otto, 268 Joachim, Joseph, 268, 270–271 medical history admission process, 237 depressive experiences, 237 dietary treatment, 236 physical procedures, 236 psychiatric perspective, 237 psychopathological findings, 237 neuropsychiatric findings, 262–264 nonmedical recordings, 239–240, 239f organic disorders cognitive abilities, 251–252 dietetic treatment, baths, medication, exercise, shielding, 255–257 dysarthric speech disorders, 251 gesticulating, 251 motor abnormalities, 253–254 organic findings, 249–250, 250f pain, skin complaints, marasmus, 257–258 pupils, 252–253 seizures, 254–255 sound making, 251 speech and language disorders, 250–251 private psychiatric asylum, Endenich, 235–236 psychiatric-neurologic knowledge Griesinger, Wilhelm, 260–262 Guislain, Joseph, 260 Laehr, Heinrich, 260 psychopathological findings, 238–259 psychotic symptoms delusions, 247–249 isolation theory, 248 medical and nonmedical observations, 248–249 musical hallucinations, 242, 243–247 nonmedical observers, 242f physicians, 241f ratings of, 241–242, 241f tinnitus, 244–246 verbal hallucinations, 244 Schumann, Clara, 266–268 Scriabin, Alexander diagnostic considerations, 210–212 Erb’s consultation, 208 hand conditions, 208 late adolescence, 198 life of, 199–200 medical history, 213–214 musical-medical assessment, 212–213 pianistic training accident threatening, 202 Index chords, 202–203 finger exercises, 201 Haydn’s Variations, 202 Henselt’s Piano Concerto, 202–203 pedaling, 202–203 piano mechanisms, 200–201 public appearance, 201 Schumann’s Papillons, 202 special piano exercises, 202–203 technical skills, 201 piano compositions, 205 piano compositions, consequences, 209–210 psychological consequences, 214 recurrent pains, 205–206 right hand pain, 208 teaching style, 205 writing abilities, 205 Shakespeare, William, 362, 364f, 400, 402 history, 365 Macbeth, 363–369 Singing eighteenth-century observations Dalin, Olof von, 74–75, 76f Gesner’s monograph, 75f, 76 origins of language, 77 and speaking, 77–78 nineteenth-century observations emotional language, 78–82 Falret, Jules, 82–83 Kussmaul’s synthesis, 83–85 in speechless patients, Jackson’s observations, 57–60 on children’s expression and musical abilities, 60–62 at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, 66–67 at National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, 63 Sleepwalking See Somnambulism Slow-wave non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 358–359 Smithson, Henriette, 169–170 Smith, William, 129 Smoking, 312 Somnambulism anxiety and stress, 359 characterization, 358 court records, 358–359 Il Matrimonio Segreto, 363 Medieval and Renaissance periods, 359 NREM, 358–359 RBD, 358–359 "relieve pain" stemming, 360 REM, 358–359 Shakespeare’s Macbeth, 363–369 William Polidori, John active oneirodynia, 360 brain disease, 361 head wounds, 361 physical illness, 361 sleepwalking, 360 Spencer, Herbert, 58–59, 79–80 Spurzheim, Johann, 7–8, 14–15, 25–26 Stanley, John, 334, 335f The Story of Krespel, 132 Stroke, 324–325, 405t Britten, Benjamin, 155–156 Langlais, Jean, 156 left hemispheric stroke, 158t Luria, Alexander, 155 physical and cognitive abilities, 149–150 Schnittke, Alfred aphasia and agraphia, 154 bilingualism, 151 brain hemorrhage, 157–158 brain illnesses, 157–158 cerebral lesions, 157–158 cerebrovascular injuries, 150 childhood, 151 emotional tension, 150 European music and literature, 151–152 and family, 150–151 frontotemporal dementia, 162 left hemispheric strokes, 159t musical education, 151–152 musicophilia, 157–158 oratorio Nagasaki, 152 polystylistics, 153 Thompson, Ira Randall, 155 Western contemporary music, 152–153 Shebalin, Vissarion, 155, 156–157 Stravinsky, Igor, 156 treatments, 314–315 Stumpf, Carl music perception mental representation, 35 tonal fusion, theory of, 35 origins of music, 41 Subcortical vascular encephalopathy (SVE) cardinal features, 325–326 cerebral small vessel disease, 325–326 classical course, 327 clinical syndrome, 318, 318t motor disturbances, 325–326 419 420 Index Subcortical vascular encephalopathy (SVE) (Continued) pathological manifestations, 325–326, 325f postural imbalance, 325–326, 326f progressive disturbance, 325–326, 326f risk factors, 327 subcortical vascular dementia, 326–327 Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau et sur Celles de Chacune de ses Parties, 15t Sutherling, W.W., 334 Sydenham, Thomas, 106–107 Symphonie Fantastique, 167–168, 192, 193, 194–195 Synesthesia, 334–336 Systemic hypertension, 312 A System of Medicine, 61 T Temporal lobe epilepsy, 350 Tissot, Samuel Auguste Andre´, 129–130 Tonvorstellung, 36, 42, 45 Tourette syndrome, 278–279 Treponema pallidum, 226–228 Tristan, 136–137 Tristan und Isolde, 136–137 Tuberculosis, 349 Tuberculous psychoneurosis, 349 V Valsalva, Antonio Maria, 129 van Beethoven, Ludwig, 360, 362–363 Verbal hallucinations, 244 Verdi, Giuseppe, 390, 399 biography, 370, 370f dramatic musical conceptions, 381 Macbeth, 369–374 The Vicar of Wakefield, 99–100 Vincenzo, Bellini, 399 See also Bellini’s La sonnambula Violin Concerto, 270–271 Virchow, Rudolph, 55–56 W Wagner, Richard, 133, 135–136 Wallaschek, Richard, 43f listening types for music auditory type, 37 motor type, 37 visual type, 37 music, neurology and psychology, 42–46 amusia, 44 aphasia, 44 art song, 46 Gestalt-like qualities, 44 listening types, 42–43 music mental representation and modern music, 45 origins of music, 42, 44 program music, 45–46 time sense, 43–44, 45 Tonvorstellung, 42–43 Walter, R., 334 Water Music, 102–103 Webb, Daniel, 129 Webster, John, 107–108 Wepfer, Johann Jakob, 314 West, Charles, 66–67, 69 Wienholt, A., 361–362 Wieser, H.G., 334 Wigand, Balthasar, 320f Willis, Thomas, 17, 130 Wittgenstein, Paul amputation, 298 Concerto, 297 family life, 294, 295 phantom limb phenomena, 299–301 Ravel’s music, 297 schooling, 295–296 Z Zweig, Stefan, 309 Other volumes in PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH Volume 167: Stress Hormones and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Studies and Clinical Perspectives, by E.R de Kloet, M.S Oitzl and E Vermetten (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53140-7 Volume 168: Models of Brain and Mind: Physical, Computational and Psychological Approaches, by R Banerjee and B.K Chakrabarti (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53050-9 Volume 169: Essence of Memory, by W.S Sossin, J.-C Lacaille, V.F Castellucci and S Belleville (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53164-3 Volume 170: Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin – From Genes to Behaviour to Disease, by I.D Neumann and R Landgraf (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53201-5 Volume 171: Using Eye Movements as an Experimental Probe of Brain Function—A Symposium in Honor of Jean B€uttner-Ennever, by Christopher Kennard and R John Leigh (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53163-6 Volume 172: Serotonin–Dopamine Interaction: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance, by Giuseppe Di Giovanni, Vincenzo Di Matteo and Ennio Esposito (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53235-0 Volume 173: Glaucoma: An Open Window to Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection, by Carlo Nucci, Neville N Osborne, Giacinto Bagetta and Luciano Cerulli (Eds.) – 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53256-5 Volume 174: Mind and Motion: The Bidirectional Link Between Thought and Action, by Markus Raab, Joseph G Johnson and Hauke R Heekeren (Eds.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53356-2 Volume 175: Neurotherapy: Progress in Restorative Neuroscience and Neurology — Proceedings of the 25th International Summer School of Brain Research, held at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 25–28, 2008, by J Verhaagen, E.M Hol, I Huitinga, J Wijnholds, A.A Bergen, G.J Boer and D.F Swaab (Eds.) –2009, ISBN 978-0-12-374511-8 Volume 176: Attention, by Narayanan Srinivasan (Ed.) – 2009, ISBN 978-0-444-53426-2 Volume 177: Coma Science: Clinical and Ethical Implications, by Steven Laureys, Nicholas D Schiff and Adrian M Owen (Eds.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53432-3 Volume 178: Cultural Neuroscience: Cultural Influences On Brain Function, by Joan Y Chiao (Ed.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53361-6 Volume 179: Genetic models of schizophrenia, by Akira Sawa (Ed.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53430-9 Volume 180: Nanoneuroscience and Nanoneuropharmacology, by Hari Shanker Sharma (Ed.) – 2009, 978-0-444-53431-6 Volume 181: Neuroendocrinology: The Normal Neuroendocrine System, by Luciano Martini, George P Chrousos, Fernand Labrie, Karel Pacak and Donald W Pfaff (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53617-4 Volume 182: Neuroendocrinology: Pathological Situations and Diseases, by Luciano Martini, George P Chrousos, Fernand Labrie, Karel Pacak and Donald W Pfaff (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53616-7 Volume 183: Recent Advances in Parkinson’s Disease: Basic Research, by Anders Bj€orklund and M Angela Cenci (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53614-3 Volume 184: Recent Advances in Parkinson’s Disease: Translational and Clinical Research, by Anders Bj€orklund and M Angela Cenci (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53750-8 Volume 185: Human Sleep and Cognition Part I: Basic Research, by Gerard A Kerkhof and Hans P.A Van Dongen (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53702-7 Volume 186: Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications, by Ivanka Savic (Ed.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53630-3 Volume 187: Breathe, Walk and Chew: The Neural Challenge: Part I, by Jean-Pierre Gossard, Re´jean Dubuc and Arlette Kolta (Eds.) – 2010, 978-0-444-53613-6 Volume 188: Breathe, Walk and Chew; The Neural Challenge: Part II, by Jean-Pierre Gossard, Re´jean Dubuc and Arlette Kolta (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53825-3 Volume 189: Gene Expression to Neurobiology and Behaviour: Human Brain Development and Developmental Disorders, by Oliver Braddick, Janette Atkinson and Giorgio M Innocenti (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53884-0 421 422 Other volumes in PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH Volume 190: Human Sleep and Cognition Part II: Clinical and Applied Research, by Hans P.A Van Dongen and Gerard A Kerkhof (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53817-8 Volume 191: Enhancing Performance for Action and perception: Multisensory Integration, Neuroplasticity and Neuroprosthetics: Part I, by Andrea M Green, C Elaine Chapman, John F Kalaska and Franco Lepore (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53752-2 Volume 192: Enhancing Performance for Action and Perception: Multisensory Integration, Neuroplasticity and Neuroprosthetics: Part II, by Andrea M Green, C Elaine Chapman, John F Kalaska and Franco Lepore (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53355-5 Volume 193: Slow Brain Oscillations of Sleep, Resting State and Vigilance, by Eus J.W Van Someren, Ysbrand D Van Der Werf, Pieter R Roelfsema, Huibert D Mansvelder and Fernando H Lopes da Silva (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53839-0 Volume 194: Brain Machine Interfaces: Implications For Science, Clinical Practice And Society, by Jens Schouenborg, Martin Garwicz and Nils Danielsen (Eds.) – 2011, 978-0-444-53815-4 Volume 195: Evolution of the Primate Brain: From Neuron to Behavior, by Michel A Hofman and Dean Falk (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-53860-4 Volume 196: Optogenetics: Tools for Controlling and Monitoring Neuronal Activity, by Thomas Kn€opfel and Edward S Boyden (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59426-6 Volume 197: Down Syndrome: From Understanding the Neurobiology to Therapy, by Mara Dierssen and Rafael De La Torre (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-54299-1 Volume 198: Orexin/Hypocretin System, by Anantha Shekhar (Ed.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59489-1 Volume 199: The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing, by Andries Kalsbeek, Martha Merrow, Till Roenneberg and Russell G Foster (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59427-3 Volume 200: Functional Neural Transplantation III: Primary and stem cell therapies for brain repair, Part I, by Stephen B Dunnett and Anders Bj€orklund (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59575-1 Volume 201: Functional Neural Transplantation III: Primary and stem cell therapies for brain repair, Part II, by Stephen B Dunnett and Anders Bj€orklund (Eds.) – 2012, 978-0-444-59544-7 Volume 202: Decision Making: Neural and Behavioural Approaches, by V.S Chandrasekhar Pammi and Narayanan Srinivasan (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-62604-2 Volume 203: The Fine Arts, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Neuro-Historical Dimensions, by Stanley Finger, Dahlia W Zaidel, Franc¸ois Boller and Julien Bogousslavsky (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-62730-8 Volume 204: The Fine Arts, Neurology, and Neuroscience: New Discoveries and Changing Landscapes, by Stanley Finger, Dahlia W Zaidel, Franc¸ois Boller and Julien Bogousslavsky (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-63287-6 Volume 205: Literature, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical and Literary Connections, by Anne Stiles, Stanley Finger and Franc¸ois Boller (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-63273-9 Volume 206: Literature, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, by Stanley Finger, Franc¸ois Boller and Anne Stiles (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-63364-4 Volume 207: Changing Brains: Applying Brain Plasticity to Advance and Recover Human Ability, by Michael M Merzenich, Mor Nahum and Thomas M Van Vleet (Eds.) – 2013, 978-0-444-63327-9 Volume 208: Odor Memory and Perception, by Edi Barkai and Donald A Wilson (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63350-7 Volume 209: The Central Nervous System Control of Respiration, by Gert Holstege, Caroline M Beers and Hari H Subramanian (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63274-6 Volume 210: Cerebellar Learning, Narender Ramnani (Ed.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63356-9 Volume 211: Dopamine, by Marco Diana, Gaetano Di Chiara and Pierfranco Spano (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63425-2 Volume 212: Breathing, Emotion and Evolution, by Gert Holstege, Caroline M Beers and Hari H Subramanian (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63488-7 Volume 213: Genetics of Epilepsy, by Ortrud K Steinlein (Ed.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63326-2 Volume 214: Brain Extracellular Matrix in Health and Disease, by Asla Pitkaănen, Alexander Dityatev and Bernhard Wehrle-Haller (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63486-3 Volume 215: The History of the Gamma Knife, by Jeremy C Ganz (Eds.) – 2014, 978-0-444-63520-4 ... for excluding certain findings, such as speculating that there might be brain disease, alluding to missing parts of a specimen, pointing to training as opposed to innate talent, and arguing that... to the brain Gall, in contrast, was interested in discovering the fundamental faculties of mind and was asking how they might be related to brain physiology In this regard, Gall was setting forth... experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety