NEUROSCIENCE INTELLIGENCE UNIT Gernot Riedel and Bettina Platt RIEDEL • PLATT NIU From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These NEUROSCIENCE INTELLIGENCE UNIT From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These Gernot Riedel, Ph.D Bettina Platt, Ph.D School of Medical Sciences College of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Aberdeen Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K LANDES BIOSCIENCE / EUREKAH.COM GEORGETOWN, TEXAS U.S.A KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, NEW YORK U.S.A FROM MESSENGERS TO MOLECULES: MEMORIES ARE MADE OF THESE Neuroscience Intelligence Unit Landes Bioscience / Eurekah.com Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers Copyright ©2004 Eurekah.com and Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system; for exclusive use by the Purchaser of the work Printed in the U.S.A Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 233 Spring Street, New York, New York, U.S.A 10013 http://www.wkap.nl/ Please address all inquiries to the Publishers: Landes Bioscience / Eurekah.com, 810 South Church Street Georgetown, Texas, U.S.A 78626 Phone: 512/ 863 7762; FAX: 512/ 863 0081 www.Eurekah.com www.landesbioscience.com From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These, edited by Gernot Riedel and Bettina Platt, Landes / Kluwer dual imprint / Landes series: Neuroscience Intelligence Unit ISBN: 0-306-47862-5 While the authors, editors and publisher believe that drug selection and dosage and the specifications and usage of equipment and devices, as set forth in this book, are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication, they make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to material described in this book In view of the ongoing research, equipment development, changes in governmental regulations and the rapid accumulation of information relating to the biomedical sciences, the reader is urged to carefully review and evaluate the information provided herein Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data From messengers to molecules : memories are made of these / [edited by] Gernot Riedel, Bettina Platt p ; cm (Neuroscience intelligence unit) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-306-47862-5 Neurochemistry Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitter receptors I Riedel, Gernot II Platt, Bettina III Series: Neuroscience intelligence unit (Unnumbered) [DNLM: Memory physiology Ion Channels Learning physiology Memory Disorders Neurotransmitters Transcription Factors WL 102 F9308 2004] QP356.3.F76 2004 612.8'042 dc22 2004001884 Dedication To our children Daniel and Lisa Sophie, for wonderful memories CONTENTS Preface ix Abbreviations xxi Section Ions and Ion Channels 1.1 Calcium Miao-Kun Sun and Daniel L Alkon Ca2+ Influx Neurotransmitter Release Modulation of Channel Activity Signal Transduction Cascades Alzheimer’s Disease 14 1.2 Potassium 20 Jeffrey Vernon and Karl Peter Giese How Can K+ Channels Contribute to Learning and Memory? 22 Section Principle Neurotransmitters 2.1 Glutamate Receptors 39 Gernot Riedel, Jacques Micheau and Bettina Platt Glutamate Receptor Function in Learning and Memory Formation 43 2.2 γ-Amino-Butyric Acid (GABA) 72 Claudio Castellano, Vincenzo Cestari and Alessandro Ciamei GABAergic Drugs and Memory Formation: Peripheral Administrations 73 GABAergic Drugs and Memory: Genotype-Dependent Effects 75 GABAergic Drugs and the State-Dependency Hypothesis 76 GABAergic Drugs and Memory Formation: Administrations into Brain Structures 77 Interaction with Other Systems 82 2.3 Acetylcholine: I Muscarinic Receptors 90 Giancarlo Pepeu and Maria Grazia Giovannini Muscarinic Receptors 93 Which Cognitive Processes Depend on the Activation of Muscarinic Receptors? 98 Effects of Direct and Indirect Selective Muscarinic Receptor Agonists on Learning and Memory: Therapeutic Implications 103 2.4 Acetylcholine: II Nicotinic Receptors 113 Joyce Besheer and Rick A Bevins Neuronal nAChRs 113 Memory 115 Attention 117 Rewarding/Incentive Effects 118 Other Effects 120 2.5 Serotonin 125 Marie-Christine Buhot, Mathieu Wolff and Louis Segu Role of 5-HT in Memory: Global Strategies 126 Serotonergic-Cholinergic Interactions 128 5-HT Receptors in Memory Systems 128 2.6 Dopamine 143 Jan P.C de Bruin Functional Studies Using a Systemic Approach 145 Functional Studies Using a Central Approach 148 2.7 Adrenaline and Noradrenaline 155 Marie E Gibbs and Roger J Summers Pharmacology of α- and β-Adrenoceptors in the Central Nervous System 155 Factors Affecting Drug Action at Adrenoceptors 159 Memory Studies with Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists in Rats 160 Memory Studies with Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists in Chicks 163 Roles for Adrenoceptor Subtypes in the LPO 169 2.8 Histamine 174 Rüdiger U Hasenöhrl and Joseph P Huston The Histaminergic Neuron System 174 The Role of the Tuberomammillary Nucleus Projection System in Neural Plasticity and Functional Recovery 176 The Role of the Histaminergic Neuronal System in the Control of Reinforcement 178 The Role of the Histaminergic Neuronal System in the Control of Learning and Mnemonic Processes 181 Tuberomammillary Modulation of Hippocampal Signal Transfer 187 2.9 Adenosine and Purines 196 Trevor W Stone, M-R Nikbakht and E Martin O’Kane Origin of Adenosine in the Extracellular Fluid 196 Adenosine Receptors 196 Adenosine and Learning 197 Adenosine and Synaptic Plasticity 199 Interactions between Adenosine and Cholinergic Neurotransmission 201 Interactions between Purines and Glutamate Receptors 203 Other Receptor Interactions 205 The Effects of Ageing on Adenosine Receptors 210 Trophic Functions of Nucleosides 210 Nucleotides and Synaptic Plasticity 211 Section Neuromodulators 3.1 Cannabinoids 224 Lianne Robinson, Bettina Platt and Gernot Riedel Cannabinoid Receptors 224 Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands 225 Cannabinoid Receptors Modulate Memory Formation 226 3.2 Opioids 246 Makoto Ukai, Ken Kanematsu, Tsutomu Kameyama and Takayoshi Mamiya Distribution of Opioid Peptides and Their Receptors in the Hippocampus 246 Effects of Opioid Receptor Ligands on Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Regions 249 Effects of Opioid Receptor Ligands on Learning and Memory in Hippocampal Regions 251 Effects of Opioid Receptor Ligands on Learning and Memory Tasks 251 Ameliorating Effects of Opioid Receptor Ligands on Models of Learning and Memory Impairment 251 3.3 Neuropeptides 256 David De Wied and Gábor L Kovács Posterior Pituitary Peptides (Vasopressin, Oxytocin) 256 ACTH/MSH and Opioid Peptides 261 Hypophyseotropic Peptides (CRF, Somatostatin) 263 Brain-Gut Peptides (CCK, Neuropeptide Y, Galanin) 266 Substance P 270 Natriuretic Peptides, Angiotensin 272 Amyloid Peptides 277 3.4 Nerve Growth Factors and Neurotrophins 286 Catherine Brandner Neurotrophin Expression and Regulation of Neurogenesis during Development 287 Neurotrophin Receptors 287 Nerve Growth Factor and the Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System 287 Behavioral Studies of NGF Administrations 289 Discussion 295 3.5 Eph Receptors and Their Ephrin Ligands in Neural Plasticity 300 Robert Gerlai The Promiscuous Family of Eph Receptors 300 Function of Eph Receptors in the Normal Brain: Role in Plasticity and Memory 302 Mechanisms Mediating Eph Action: The First Working Hypotheses 306 3.6 Corticosteroids 314 Carmen Sandi Glucocorticoid Hormones and Receptors 314 Role of Glucocorticoids on Memory Consolidation 317 Neural Mechanisms Involved in Glucocorticoid Actions on Memory Consolidation 321 Effects of Chronic Exposure to Elevated Glucocorticoid Levels on Cognitive and Neural Function 324 Section Second Messengers and Enzymes 4.1 Adenylyl Cyclases 330 Nicole Mons and Jean-Louis Guillou Adenylyl Cyclases and Memory Formation in Invertebrates 331 The Drosophila System 332 A Specific Role for Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases in Learning and Memory Processes: Heterogeneity of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases 333 4.2 Phospholipases and Oxidases 349 Christian Hölscher Phospholipases 350 Arachidonic Acid (ArA), a Second Messenger 351 Release of ArA 352 Time Course of Release 352 Targets of ArA 352 ArA and Metabolites of ArA As Transmitters and ‘Retrograde Messengers’ in Synaptic Plasticity 353 Oxygenases That Are of Importance in Memory Formation 357 Cyclooxygenases 358 The Timing of Memory Formation 362 Defined Steps in Memory Formation 362 A Potential Role for Defined Time Windows of Messenger Systems in Memory Formation 363 4.3 Protein Kinase A 369 Monica R.M Vianna and Ivan Izquierdo Short- and Long-Term Memory 370 One-Trial Avoidance 372 The cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway 372 PKA Involvement in Long-Term Memory Formation 373 PKA Involvement in Short-Term Memory Formation 375 PKA Involvement in Memory Retrieval 378 PKA Involvement in Extinction 379 4.4 Protein Kinase C 383 Xavier Noguès, Alessia Pascale, Jacques Micheau and Fiorenzo Battaini Protein Kinase C: Who Is It? 384 PKC in Synaptic Plasticity 386 Evidence for the Involvement of PKC in Cognitive Processes 389 PKC and Neuronal Pathologies Impairing Cognition 395 Pharmacological Modulation of PKC: The Goal of Isoenzyme Selectivity 400 4.5 CaMKinase II 411 Martín Cammarota and Jorge H Medina CaMKII: Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Processing 412 Downstream Effectors of the CaMKII Cascade 416 CaMKIV: A New (and Important) Player in the Plasticity Team 418 4.6 MAP Kinases 425 Joel C Selcher, Edwin J Weeber and J David Sweatt Hippocampal Involvement in Learning 429 ERK in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity 433 A Necessity for ERK Activation for Mammalian Learning 435 Specific Contributions of ERK Isoforms to LTP and Learning 440 Biochemical Attributes That Make ERK Suited for Memory Formation 442 4.7 Phosphatases 448 Pauleen C Bennett and Kim T Ng Phosphorylation in Information Storage Processes 458 Phosphatase Involvement in Invertebrate Memory Models 462 Protein Phosphatases in Aplysia Learning and Memory 463 Phosphorylation in Vertebrate Memory Models 464 4.8 Nitric Oxide 480 Kiyofumi Yamada and Toshitaka Nabeshima Regulation of NO Synthesis in the Brain 480 Role of NO in LTP and LTD 481 Role of NO in Memory Processes 483 Learning and Memory-Associated Changes in NO Production in the Brain 487 ...NEUROSCIENCE INTELLIGENCE UNIT Gernot Riedel and Bettina Platt RIEDEL • PLATT NIU From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These NEUROSCIENCE... of These NEUROSCIENCE INTELLIGENCE UNIT From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These Gernot Riedel, Ph.D Bettina Platt, Ph.D School of Medical Sciences College of Life Sciences and... classical N-type 4 From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These P-type channels are potently blocked by ω-Aga-IVA, with an IC50 of 1-2 nM In contrast, α1A channels in oocytes are much less