HANDBOOK OF TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE Second Edition INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE Frederick S Hillier, Series Editor Stanford University Weyant, J / ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY MODELING Shanthikumar, J.G & Sumita, U / APPLIED PROBABILITY AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES Liu, B & Esogbue, A.O / DECISION CRITERIA AND OPTIMAL INVENTORY PROCESSES Gal, T., Stewart, T.J., Hanne, T / MULTICRITERIA DECISION MAKING: Advances in MCDM Models, Algorithms, Theory, and Applications Fox, B.L / STRATEGIES FOR QUASI-MONTE CARLO Hall, R.W / HANDBOOK OF TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE Grassman, W.K / COMPUTATIONAL PROBABILITY Pomerol, J-C & Barba-Romero, S / MULTICRITERION DECISION IN MANAGEMENT Axsäter, S / INVENTORY CONTROL Wolkowicz, H., Saigal, R., & Vandenberghe, L / HANDBOOK OF SEMI-DEFINITE PROGRAMMING: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications Hobbs, B.F & Meier, P / ENERGY DECISIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A Guide to the Use of Multicriteria Methods Dar-El, E / HUMAN LEARNING: From Learning Curves to Learning Organizations Armstrong, J.S / PRINCIPLES OF FORECASTING: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners Balsamo, S., Personé, V., & Onvural, R./ ANALYSIS OF QUEUEING NETWORKS WITH BLOCKING Bouyssou, D et al / EVALUATION AND DECISION MODELS: A Critical Perspective Hanne, T / INTELLIGENT STRATEGIES FOR META MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING Saaty, T & Vargas, L / MODELS, METHODS, CONCEPTS and APPLICATIONS OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS Chatterjee, K & Samuelson, W / GAME THEORY AND BUSINESS APPLICATIONS Hobbs, B et al / THE NEXT GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER UNIT COMMITMENT MODELS Vanderbei, R.J / LINEAR PROGRAMMING: Foundations and Extensions, 2nd Ed Kimms, A / MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING AND FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES FOR SCHEDULING PROJECTS Baptiste, P., Le Pape, C & Nuijten, W / CONSTRAINT-BASED SCHEDULING Feinberg, E & Shwartz, A / HANDBOOK OF MARKOV DECISION PROCESSES: Methods and Applications Ramík, J & Vlach, M / GENERALIZED CONCAVITY IN FUZZY OPTIMIZATION AND DECISION ANALYSIS Song, J & Yao, D / SUPPLY CHAIN STRUCTURES: Coordination, Information and Optimization Kozan, E & Ohuchi, A / OPERATIONS RESEARCH/ MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AT WORK Bouyssou et al / AIDING DECISIONS WITH MULTIPLE CRITERIA: Essays in Honor of Bernard Roy Cox, Louis Anthony, Jr / RISK ANALYSIS: Foundations, Models and Methods Dror, M., L’Ecuyer, P & Szidarovszky, F / MODELING UNCERTAINTY: An Examination of Stochastic Theory, Methods, and Applications Dokuchaev, N / DYNAMIC PORTFOLIO STRATEGIES: Quantitative Methods and Empirical Rules for Incomplete Information Sarker, R., Mohammadian, M & Yao, X / EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION Demeulemeester, R & Herroelen, W / PROJECT SCHEDULING: A Research Handbook Gazis, D.C / TRAFFIC THEORY Zhu, J / QUANTITATIVE MODELS FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND BENCHMARKING Ehrgott, M & Gandibleux, X / MULTIPLE CRITERIA OPTIMIZATION: State of the Art Annotated Bibliographical Surveys Bienstock, D / Potential Function Methods for Approx Solving Linear Programming Problems Matsatsinis, N.F & Siskos, Y / INTELLIGENT SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR MARKETING DECISIONS Alpern, S & Gal, S / THE THEORY OF SEARCH GAMES AND RENDEZVOUS HANDBOOK OF TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE Second Edition edited by Randolph W Hall University of Southern California KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: Print ISBN: 0-306-48058-1 1-4020-7246-5 ©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://kluweronline.com http://ebooks.kluweronline.com CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition Transportation Science Randolph W Hall vii Human Elements in Transportation Discrete Choice Methods and Their Application to Short Term Travel Decisions Moshe Ben-Akiva and Michel Bierlaire Activity-Based Modeling of Travel Demand Chandra R Bhat and Frank S Koppelman 39 Transportation Safety Leonard Evans 67 Flows and Congestion Transportation Queueing Randolph W Hall 113 Traffic Flow and Capacity Michael J Cassidy 155 Automated Vehicle Control Petros loannou and Arnab Bose 193 Traffic Control Markos Papageorgiou 243 Handbook of Transportation Science vi Spatial Models Continuous Space Modeling Tönu Puu and Martin Beckmann 279 10 Location Models in Transportation Mark S Daskin and Susan H Owen 321 Routing and Network Models 11 Network Equilibrium and Pricing Michael Florian and Donald Hearn 373 12 Street Routing and Scheduling Problems Lawrence Bodin, Vittorio Maniezzo and Aristide Mingozzi 413 13 Long-haul Freight Transportation Teodor Gabriel Crainic 451 14 Crew Scheduling Cynthia Barnhart, Ellis L Johnson, George L Nemhauser and Pamela Vance 517 15 Supply Chains Randolph Hall 561 Economic Models 16 Revenue Management Garrett van Ryzin and Kalyan Talluri 599 17 Spatial Interaction Models Piet Rietveld and Peter Nijkamp 661 18 Transport Economics Richard Arnott and Marvin Kraus 689 Biographies 727 Index 739 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The Second Edition of the Handbook of Transportation Science is a compendium of the fundamental concepts, methods and principles underlying transportation It has been expanded from the first edition through the addition of four chapters Chapter 15 extends the networks section of the book by addressing supply chains, distribution networks and logistics While the emphasis is on freight transportation, the principles for network design extend to other applications, such as public transportation Chapters 16 through 18 fall in a new section on transportation economics Chapter 16 addresses revenue management, a relatively recent topic in transportation, that has had substantial impact on the airline industry in particular Chapter 17 presents spatial interaction models, which provides a mechanism for analyzing patterns of development Lastly, Chapter 18 provides the principles of transportation economics, with emphasis on pricing and public policy In addition to the new chapters, several of the original chapters have been updated and revised We hope that the Second Edition continues to inspire research into the science of transportation This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS David Boyce, Carlos Daganzo, Michael Florian, and Nigel Wilson provided valuable guidance in suggesting chapter topics and authors Cenk Caliskan and Georgia Lum provided a tremendous help in formatting chapters The work was supported, in part, by a grant from the National Science Foundation (DMI-9732878), and support from the United States Department of Transportation for the METRANS University Transportation Center BIOGRAPHIES Moshe E Ben-Akiva (Chapter 2) is the Edmund K Turner Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Director of the MIT Intelligent Transportation Systems Program He has developed discrete choice methods and behavioral demand model systems and has supervised the development of two traffic simulators: MITSIMLab and DynaMIT Dr BenAkiva has co-authored over one hundred and fifty published research papers and two books, including the textbook Discrete Choice Analysis, published by MIT Press in 1985 He is the recipient of honorary doctor degrees from the Université Lumière Lyon, France and the University of the Aegean, Greece Dr Ben-Akiva serves as the Editor-in-Chief of Transport Policy: The Journal of the World Conference on Transport Research Society, and as Associate Editor for Transportation Science Dr Ben-Akiva has worked as a consultant in industries such as transportation, telecommunications, financial services and energy He is a Principal and member of the Board of Directors of Cambridge Systematics and a Senior Advisor to RAND Europe Richard Arnott (Chapter 18) received his S.B in civil engineering from M.I.T in 1969 and his Ph.D in economics from Yale in 1975, and is currently Professor of Economics at Boston College His research has focused on urban economics, and in recent years on the economics of urban traffic congestion Having completed a longterm research project with Andre dePalma and Robin Lindsey elaborating the bottleneck model of rush-hour traffic dynamics, he is currently working on parking policy and the interaction between urban land use and traffic congestion His interest in urban transportation was kindled by Marvin Mannheim and later rekindled by William Vickrey Cynthia Barnhart (Chapter 14) is a Professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and serves as Co-Director of the Center for Transportation and Logistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology She has developed and teaches courses including Carrier Systems, Optimization of Large-Scale Transportation Systems, Airline Schedule Planning and the Airline Industry Her research activities have focused on the development of planning models and algorithms to improve carrier operations, particularly airlines Her work has been published in several books and scholarly journals She has served as an Associate Editor for Operations Research and Transportation Science, as 728 Handbook of Transportation Science a Board member for INFORMS, and as a liaison between the INORMS Transportation Science Section and the INFORMS Aviation Applications Special Interest Group She has been awarded the Mitsui Faculty Development Chair, the Junior Faculty Career Award from the General Electric Foundation and the Presidential Young Investigator Award from the National Science Foundation Martin Beckmann (Chapter 9) is Professor Emeritus of Economics at Brown University and Professor Emeritus of Applied Mathematics at the Technical University of Munich He has authored 14 books, his latest Lectures on Location Theory, to be published by Springer-Verlag in 1999 As a research associate of the Cowles Commission, the University of Chicago, he worked under T.C Koopmans on Studies in the Economics of Transportation (with C.B McGuire and C Winsten) and continued his interest in Operations Research and Transportation during his active years at Yale University (1956-59), Brown University (1959-89), the University of Bonn (1962-69) and the Technical University of Munich (1969-89) From 1969-89 he was a consultant to the Transportation Science Department at the General Motors Research Laboratories He makes his home in Providence, Rhode Island, and Munich, Germany Dr Chandra R Bhat (Chapter 3) is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin, where he teaches courses in transportation systems analysis and transportation planning Dr Bhat has contributed toward the development of advanced econometric techniques for travel behavior analysis, including discrete choice models, discrete-continuous econometric systems, and duration models His research interests include land-use and travel demand modeling, policy evaluation of the effect of transportation control measures on mobility and mobile-source emissions, marketing research of competitive positioning strategies for transportation services, air travel behavior modeling, individual activity pattern analysis, and use of non-motorized modes of travel Dr Bhat serves on the editorial boards of Transportation Research B and Transportation He is also on the editorial review board of the International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management He is the Chairman of the TRB Committee on Passenger Travel Demand Forecasting (A1C02), and serves on several other Transportation Research Board Committees He is the secretary and treasurer of the International Association of Travel Behavior Research (IATBR), and is a member of the Board of Directors of this association Dr Bhat received his PhD in Civil Engineering from Northwestern University in 1991 Michel Bierlaire (Chapter 2) is Mtre d'Enseignement et de Recherche at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne (EPFL), and Research Affiliate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) He teaches operations research, simulation and optimization to undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate students Biographies 729 Dr Bierlaire has been active in transportation research for the last 10 years, focussing on mathematical models for transportation demand modeling, and on real-time systems for Intelligent Transportation Systems He is the author of HieLoW and Biogeme, specialized packages for the estimation of discrete choice models Dr Bierlaire is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Transportation Research B, and a reviewer for Transportation Science and the Journal of Mathematical Programming Lawrence Bodin (Chapter 12) is a Professor Emeritus of Decision and Information Technologies in the Robert H Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland in College Park His main research interests are in the areas of network optimization, large scale optimization models, transportation planning and logistics, vehicle routing and scheduling and the use of multi-criteria decision analysis in sports applications He has consulted for many organizations including the United States Postal Service, Federal Express and United Parcel Service He has served on the editorial boards of several professional journals and has presented tutorials and workshops on vehicle routing and geographic information systems at numerous meetings Profesor Bodin received his PhD in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research from the University of California at Berkeley in 1967 Arnab Bose (Chapter 7) is a Senior Research Engineer at Real-Time Innovations, Sunnyvale, California He received his B.Tech in EE from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in 1996 He received his M.S and Ph.D., both in EE from University of Southern California, in 1998 and 2000, respectively His research interests include object-oriented modeling, design and development of control systems for embedded and real-time systems, distributed systems, intelligent vehicle and highway systems, hybrid and discrete event systems Dr Bose has authored several technical papers and reports and has published in the Society of Automotive Engineers Journal and the Transportation Research Record Dr Bose was awarded the Best Presentation Award at the 1999 American Control Conference and was a recipient of the Dean's Doctoral Merit Fellowship from the School of Engineering at University of Southern California He is a member of the IEEE Computer Society and the IEEE Control Systems Society Michael Cassidy (Chapter 6) is Assoicate Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of California at Berkeley He received a doctorate in Civil Engineering (majoring in Transportation Engineering) from the University of California, Berkeley in 1990 He served for 3.5 years as an Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana before joining the Berkeley faculty in 1994 His research interests are in transportation operations, particularly the empirical study of highway traffic 730 Handbook of Transportation Science Amy Cohn (Chapter 14) received her doctorate in Operations Research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2002 She subsequently joined the faculty at the University of Michigan, where she is an assistant professor in the department of Industrial and Operations Engineering Her current research focus is on modeling and solution techniques for large-scale problems in transportation and logistics Teodor Gabriel Crainic (Chapter 13) is Professor of Operations Research in the Dept of Management and Technology of the Université du Québec Montréal, and adjunct Professor at the Dept, of Computer Science and Operations Research of the Université de Montréal and the Dept of Quantitative Logistics of Molde College, Norway His research interests are in operations research models, exact and metaheuristic methods, and planning tools applied to transportation, logistics, ebusiness, and telecommunications, as well as the study of parallel computing and its impact on the design of models and algorithms He has authored or coauthored over eighty scientific articles and coauthored STAN, a method and interactive-graphic software for strategic planning of multimodal multicommodity transportation systems used in over 30 organizations in 16 countries Dr Crainic co-founded the TRISTAN (TRienial Symposium on Transportation Analysis) series of international meetings and served as Director of the Centre for Research on Transportation (Montréal), president of the Transportation Science Section of INFORMS, and Associate Editor for Operations Research He is North American Editor of the International Journal of Mathematical Algorithms, Area Editor for the Journal of Heuristics, and serves on the editorial boards of several other operations research and transportation journals Mark S Daskin (Chapter 10) is a Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences at Northwestern University He is the immediate past chair of the department Dr Daskin's research interests include facility location models and algorithms, transportation planning, supply chain management, and production planning He is the author of approximately fifty refereed papers in these fields as well as the text Network and Discrete Location: Models, Algorithms and Applications (John Wiley, 1995) He is the immediate past editor-in-chief of Transportation Science In 1989-90 he was a visiting professor in the Department of Statistics and Operations Research at Tel Aviv University funded on a Fulbright Research Grant He is the editor-in-chief of IIE Transactions, serves on the editorial board of advisors of Transportation Science and is on the editorial board of The International Journal of Logistics Management He is the immediate past Vice President of publications of INFORMS, the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences Biographies 731 Leonard Evans (Chapter 4) is President of Science Serving Society (http://www.scienceservingsociety.com) an organization he formed to continue research and other professional activities after completing a 33-year research career with General Motors Corporation He has a bachelors degree in physics from the Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, and a doctorate in physics from Oxford University, England Dr Evans' 143 publications appear in 40 different technical journals In 1991 his widely acclaimed influential book Traffic Safety And The Driver was published His contributions to highway safety have received many honors, including major awards from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine, the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, and General Motors He is president of the International Traffic Medicine Association, former president of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, a fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, a fellow of the Society of Automotive Engineers, a fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering Michael A Florian (Chapter 11) is Professor of Computer Science and Operations Research at the University of Montreal He served as the first Director of the Centre for Research on Transportation and continues to collaborate in its research activities He has worked in various areas of network analysis and optimization methods His major contributions are in the area of network equilibrium methods and their applications He supervised the development of EMME/2 and STAN, which are interactive-graphic packages for transportation planning which are used intensively in practice He has authored more than 130 published research papers and edited three books He has been elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 1990 and was awarded the Robert D Herman Lifetime Achievement Award by the Transportation Science section of INFORMS in 1998 He was named Honorary Professor by the Shanghai University of Science and Technology in 1999 and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Linköping in 2000 He is currently a member of the Editorial Advisory board of the journals Transportation Science, Network and Spatial Theory and Associate Editor of International Transactions in Operations Research and Transport Policy His professional activities include consulting assignments in the field of transportation planning to organizations on five continents Randolph W Hall (Chapters 1,5,15) is Chairman of the Daniel J Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at University of Southern California He also serves as Associate Dean for Research in the School of Engineering at University of Southern California Dr Hall was previously the founding director for the METRANS University Transportation Center He has also held research and faculty positions at PATH, University of California at Berkeley and 732 Handbook of Transportation Science General Motors He holds a Ph.D in Transportation Engineering and a B.S in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, both from University of California at Berkeley He has published extensively on logistics and transportation operations, and is the author of Queueing Methods for Services and Manufacturing He also has extensive consulting experience in architectural design of computing and communication systems for transportation Dr Hall has served as the chair of the Transportation Research Board’s Transportation Network Modeling committee He is editor of the Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal, and is on the editorial boards for Computers and Industrial Engineering and Institute of Industrial Engineers Transactions Donald Hearn (Chapter 11) is Professor and Chair of Industrial and Systems Engineering and Co-Director of the Center for Applied Optimization at the University of Florida He received an undergraduate degree in physics at the University of North Carolina as a Morehead Scholar and received Masters and Ph.D degrees from Johns Hopkins University in management science and operations research His teaching includes decision modeling and methods, nonlinear optimization and large-scale optimization In addition to the University of Florida, he has taught at M.I.T and has given short courses at the University of Rome and the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm His research interests include applied optimization and transportation science Recent work has concerned the development of efficient algorithms for models that arise in production planning, urban traffic assignment and water management He is founding editor of OPTIMA, the newsletter of the Mathematical Programming Society, associate editor of Computational Optimization and Applications and a past associate editor of Operations Research He is author/co-author of over 60 refereed articles, co-editor of the recent books Large-Scale Optimization: State of the Art and Network Optimization, and co-editor of the Kluwer book series Applied Optimization Petros A Ioannou (Chapter 7) is a Professor of Electrical Engineering-Systems and Director of the Center of Advanced Transportation Technologies at University of Southern California He received the B.Sc degree with First Class Honors from University College, London, England and the M.S and Ph.D degrees from the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois He is the author/co-author of books and over 300 research papers in dynamics and control, neural networks, and intelligent transportation systems In 1984 he was a recipient of the Outstanding Transactions Paper Award for "An Asymptotic Error Analysis of Identifiers and Adaptive Observers in the Presence of Parasitics," which appeared in the IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control Dr Ioannou is the recipient of a Presidential Young Investigator Award He has been an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, the International Journal of Control and Automatica and he is a fellow of IEEE He has served as a technical consultant with Lockheed, Ford Motor Company, Rockwell International, General Motors Biographies 733 Ellis L Johnson (Chapter 14) is the Coca-Cola Chaired Professor in the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering He received a B.A in mathematics at Georgia Tech and a Ph.D in operations research at the University of California Before joining Georgia Tech in 1995, he was at IBM's T.J Watson Research Center for 26 years There, he founded and managed the Optimization Center from 1982 until 1990, when he was named IBM Corporate Fellow In 1980-1981, he was at the University of Bonn, Germany, as recipient of the Alexander Von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award In 1984, he received the George Dantzig Award for his research in mathematical programming In 1986, he was awarded the Lanchester Prize for his paper with Crowder and Padberg In 1988, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering In 2000, Dr Johnson won the INFORMS John Von Neumann Theory Prize From 1990 to 1995, he began teaching and conducting research at Georgia Tech, where he co-founded and co-directed the Logistics Engineering Center with Professor George Nemhauser His research interests in logistics include crew scheduling and real-time repair, fleet assignment and routing, distribution planning, network problems, and combinatorial optimization Diego Klabjan (Chapter 14) is an assistant professor at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign After obtaining his doctorate from the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering of the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1999, in the same year he joined the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Illinois He is the recipient of the first prize of the 2000 Transportation Science Dissertation Award He is serving as the vice-president of the INFORMS Aviation Applications Section His research is focused on airline operations research, integer programming and parallel computing Frank S Koppelman (Chapter 3) is Professor of Civil Engineering and Transportation at Northwestern University, where he has taught since 1975 He has worked on the development of activity based demand models and the integration of econometric and market research methods to enhance understanding of travel behavior and models for both urban and intercity travel Dr Koppelman is principal investigator of Northwestern University’s participation in a multi-university research program to develop advanced models of traveler behavior as a component of enhanced transportation planning models Professor Koppelman holds a Ph.D and B.S in Civil Engineering (Transportation) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and an MBA from the Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration (HBS) He is active in the Transportation Research Board, where he is past-Chairman of the Committee on Travel Demand Analysis and Forecasting and he was Associate Editor of Transportation Research-B 734 Handbook of Transportation Science Marvin Kraus (Chapter 17) is a Professor of Economics at Boston College, where he has been on the faculty since 1972 He received a B.S in Mathematics from Purdue University in 1967 and a Ph.D in Economics from the University of Minnesota in 1973 He has authored or coauthored numerous articles on various aspects of transportation economics, with a particular focus on optimal pricing and investment in urban transportation Vittorio Maniezzo (Chapter 12) is a researcher at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Bologna, Italy His main research interests include exact and heuristic algorithms for combinatorial problems, such as the quadratic assignment problem, the vehicle routing problem, project scheduling problems and frequency assignment problems His scientific papers have appeared in various international journals in operations research and computer science Dr Maniezzo has consulted for several companies in Italy Dr Maniezzo.received his Ph.D in Computer Science Engineering from the Politecnico of Milan in 1994 Aristide Mingozzi (Chapter 12) is an Associate Professor of Operations Research at the Department of Mathematics of the University of Bologna, Italy His major fields of research include exact combinatorial optimization methods for variants of the vehicle routing problem, crew scheduling problems, project scheduling problems and two-dimensional cutting problems Professor Mingozzi specializes in solving these NP-hard problems using mathematical programming techniques based on innovative formulations of these problems Professor Mingozzi is the author of many scientific papers that have been published in international journals and presentations at many professional society meetings Professor Mingozzi has also consulted for many companies in Europe Professor Mingozzi received his Ph.D in Operations Research from the University of London in 1984 George L Nemhauser (Chapter 14) is the A Russell Chandler Professor in the Schoolof Industrial and Systems Engineering and an Institute Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he has been since 1985 He has served ORSA as Council Member, President, and Editor of Operations Research, and is the Past Chairman of the Mathematical Programming Society He is the founding Editor of Operations Research Letters, and co-editor of Handbooks of Operations Research and Management Science Dr Nemhauser received his Ph.D in Operations Research from Northwestern University in 1961, and joined the faculty of the Johns Hopkins University as Assistant Professor of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering In 1970, he was appointed Professor of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering at Cornell University and Leon Welch Professor in 1984 He served as School Director from 1977 to 1983 Dr Nemhauser's honors and awards include membership in the Biographies 735 National Academy of Engineering, Kimball medal and Lanchester prize (twice) and Morse lecturer of ORSA Peter Nijkamp (Chapter 17) is professor in regional and urban economics and in economic geography at the Free University, Amsterdam His main research interests cover plan evaluation, multicriteria analysis, regional and urban planning, transport systems analysis, mathematical modelling, technological innovation, and resource management In the past years he has focused his research in particular on quantitative methods for policy analysis, as well as on behavioural analysis of economic agents He has a broad expertise in the area of public policy, services planning, infrastructure management and environmental protection In all of these fields he has published many books and numerous articles He has been visiting professor in many universities all over the world He is past president of the European Regional Science Association and of the Regional Science Association International At present, he is vice-president of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences Susan H Owen (Chapter 10) is Engineering Group Manager for the Operations Research Department of General Motors’ North American Engineering division She received her Ph.D in Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences at Northwestern University Her research interests and publications are focused in the areas of facility location, mathematical modeling, modern heuristic methods, and scenario planning Her current work with GM is concentrated on decision support applications for solving resource management and scheduling problems She is a member of INFORMS Markos Papageorgiou (Chapter 8) is Professor and Director of the Dynamic Systems and Simulation Laboratory at the Technical University of Crete He received the Diplom-Ingenieur and Doktor-Ingenieur (honors) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Technical University of Munich, Germany, in 1976 and 1981, respectively In 1988-1994 he was a Professor of Automation at the Technical University of Munich He is the author of the books Applications of Automatic Control Concepts to Traffic Flow Modeling and Control (Springer, 1983) and Optimierung (R Oldenbourg, 1991; 1996), and the editor of the Concise Encyclopedia of Traffic and Transportation Systems (Pergamon Press, 1991) His research interests include automatic control, optimization, and their application to traffic and transportation systems and water networks He is an Associate Editor of Transportation Research-Part C and Chairman of the IFAC Technical Committee on Transportation Systems Dr Papageorgiou was awarded the 1983 Eugen-Hartmann prize from the Union of German Engineers and received a Fulbright Research and Lecturing award (1997) Dr Papageorgiou is a Fellow of the IEEE 736 Handbook of Transportation Science Tönu Puu (Chapter 9) was Associate Professor of Economics at Uppsala University from 1964-1971, and is currently Full Professor of Economics at Umeå University, Sweden He holds a PhD from Uppsala University, Sweden Dr Puu has published 100 papers and 10 books on the subjects of: investment, portfolio selection, production, natural resources, spatial economics, nonlinear dynamics, economics of the arts, and the philosophy of science His latest works are Mathematical Location and Land Use Theory (Springer, Heidelberg 1997) and Nonlinear Economic Dynamics (4th ed Springer, Heidelberg 1997) Dr Puu is also initiator and director of the Nordic Baroque Music Festival Piet Rietveld (Chapter 17) is professor in Transport Economics at the Free University, Amsterdam He has been working on various topics in the field of transport economics and regional economics This research has been extensively reported in authored and edited books, and in about 250 papers published in scientific journals or as contributions to books Internationally Piet Rietveld is active as the chairman of NECTAR, a European association of transport experts He is on the editorial board of several scientific journals in the field of transport and regional development and a member of various advisory committees to the government He has both chaired the cluster for spatial research of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), and the Dutch speaking division of the Regional Science Association (RSA) In 1999 he was awarded the Dr Hendrik Muller prize by the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (KNAW) for his scientific work in the field of the spatial sciences Garrett J van Ryzin (Chapter 16) is Professor of Decision, Risk and Operations at the Columbia University Graduate School of Business, where he has been on the faculty since 1991 He received his B.S.E.E degree from Columbia University, and his S.M in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Ph.D in Operations Research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology His research interests include stochastic optimization, pricing and revenue management and supply chain management Professor van Ryzin’s research has been supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and major corporations, and he has served as a consultant to several leading companies in the area of pricing and revenue management He is Area Editor for Operations Research and is an associate editor for Management Science and Transportation Science Kalyan T Talluri (Chapter 16) is Associate Professor in the Department of Economics and Business at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, Spain He did his Ph.D in Operations Research at M.I.T in the area of network design Subsequently, he worked at USAir in the areas of airline scheduling and fleet planning and revenue management His recent research has been in the area of pricing and revenue management He has been teaching at UPF since 1995 He has consulted for many industrial groups in Europe, USA and Asia in the areas of dynamic pricing and revenue management Biographies 737 Pamela H Vance (Chapter 14) is an Assistant Professor in the Goizueta Business School at Emory University Dr Vance holds Ph.D and M.S degrees in operations research, and a bachelors degree in chemical engineering, all from the Georgia Institute of Technology Her research interests include applying integer programming techniques to large-scale problems arising from applications in transportation Some specific applications are airline crew scheduling problems, cutting stock problems, integer multicommodity flow problems and multilevel distribution problems She is a recipent of the National Science Foundation’s Early Career Development (CAREER) Award for her work on network design problems arising in transportation She also serves as an Associate Editor for Transportation Science and Operations Research Letters This page intentionally left blank INDEX Activity Episodes 42 Activity-based Modeling 39 Backhaul 443,584 Bid Prices 605 Booking Limits 603 Bottleneck 165,714 Braess Paradox 399 Branch-and-Bound 430,540 Branch-and-Cut 429 Branch-and-Price 478,540 Bulk Service 131 Bundle Constraints 472 Capacity 171 Classification (sorting) 457 Column Generation 536 Communication (in control) 211 Conformal Mapping 310 Consolidation 454,572 Continuous Space Modeling 279 Cost Metrics 305,587 Covering 326 Crew Assignment 522,525 Crew Pairing 521,523 Crew Rostering 544 Crew Scheduling 495,517 Cumulative Diagrams 125,159,717 Customization 569 Deadhead 519,583 Density 158 Departure Time 29,715 Discrete Choice Models 7,621 Dispatching 133 Distribution 134,565 Domicile 517 Driver Information 264 Duty Period 520 Dynamic Programming 432 Dynamic Resource Allocation 499 Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) 134 Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) 134 Economics 689 Empty Flow 459,497 Equilibria 289,373,710,715 Euclidean Distance 417 Euclidean Metric 306 Externalities 693 Fare Classes 602 First-best Analysis 695 Fixed Time Control 248,250 Flight Network 531 Fluid Models 126,161 Four-stage Model 663 Freeway Traffic Control 255 Freight 451 Gap Acceptance 178 Generalized Extreme Value 12 Geodesies 295 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 422 Hazard Duration Models 52 Headway & Spacing 157,213,721 Highway Capacity Manual 172 History Hub Location 361 Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives 13 Integer Program 539 Intersections 124,248 Inventory 563,567 Investments 315,690 Iso-vectures 283 Lagrangean Relaxation 335 Land Use 684 Lane Changing 220 Latent Class Choice 22 Lateral Control 200 Linear Program Relaxation 535 Linehaul Operations 495 Location Models 321 Algorithms 335 Continuous vs Network 323 Dynamic 355 Multi-objective 345 Probabilistic 343,350 Queueing-based 124,351 740 Undesirable Facility 333 Location Routing 357 Logistics Networks 469 Logistics Queueing Network 502 Logit 12 Longitudinal Control 195 Manhattan Metric 306 Market Areas 283 Market Equilibrium 289 MAXBAND 250 Median, Location 332 Minkowski Metric 306 Modal Choice 677 Multicommodity Flows 470 Network Equilibrium 373 Algorithms 380 Deterministic 374 Dynamic 394 Multi-modal 391 Stochastic 379,390 Validation 393 Network Design 308,470,479 Backbone 586 Local Area 576 Multi-hop 580 Peer 578 Service Networks 479 Wide Area 576 Network Location 323 Network Loading 476 Overbooking 641 Pairing 521,523 Pipes Model 202 Pricing 398,591,690 Elasticity 681 Network 398 Peak Load 698 Roadway 398 Probit 18 Production Models 134 Projections, Map 312 Queueing 113 Ramp Metering 255 Ramsey Pricing 708 Refraction 308 Handbook of Transportation Science Repositioning Revenue Management Diversion Dynamic Network Rostering Route Choice Route Guidance Safety Country Driver Age Driver Behavior Fatalities Roadway Engineering 497 599 621 613 628 544 24 264 67 99 89 86 71 81 Vehicle Control 214,219 Vehicle Engineering 83 SCOOT 252 Second-best Analysis 703 Sensing in Control 212,218 Service Frequencies 479 Set Partitioning 432,529 Set-up Costs 139 Shock Waves 180 Shortest Paths 281 Social Benefit 696 Social Cost Pricing 400 Space-mean 158 661 Spatial Interaction Modeling Spatial Queueing 124 Stability in Control 224 Stationarity 115,159,230 Subtour Elimination 429 Supply Chains 561 System Optimality 267 Tabu Search 477 Terminals 495,573,591 Throughput 115 Time Windows 439 Time-mean 158 Time-Space Models 58,156,563 Time, Value of 24 Tolls 400,698 Traffic Control 243 Traffic Flow 116,155 Traffic Responsive Control 249,252 Transportation Science Traffic Signals Trajectories TRANSYT Tree Location Trip Distribution Trip Generation User Optimality Utility Theory Vehicle Control Automated Human/Manual Vehicle Dynamics Vehicle Routing Long-haul Streets/Short-haul Wardrop 741 118,175,248 159 251 323 671 666 267 193 205 202 195 413,582 451 413 295,310,373 ... of transportation defines these properties, and demonstrates how our knowledge of one mode of transportation can be used to explain the behavior of another Like any of the natural sciences, transportation. .. myriad of driving behaviors Many of the early Handbook of Transportation Science pioneers were, in fact, trained in natural sciences, such as physics, and cleverly combined knowledge of natural... Transportation Science provides this inspiration for the transportation scientists of the future Transportation Science References Hall, R.W (1995) The architecture of transportation systems, Transportation