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Design of masonry structures Eurocode 4 design of composite steel and concrete structures This edition has been fully revised and extended to cover blockwork and Eurocode 6 on masonry structures. This valued textbook: discusses all aspects of design of masonry structures in plain and reinforced masonry summarizes materials properties and structural principles as well as descibing structure and content of codes presents design procedures, illustrated by numerical examples includes considerations of accidental damage and provision for movement in masonary buildings. This thorough introduction to design of brick and block structures is the first book for students and practising engineers to provide an introduction to design by EC6.
DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT Part 2: Composite bridges (together with United Kingdom National Application Document) ICS 93.040 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW DD ENV 1994-2:2001 DD ENV 1994-2:2001 Committees responsible for this Draft for Development The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted by Technical Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/10, Bridges, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Consulting Engineers British Cement Association British Constructional Steelwork Association British Precast Concrete Federation Concrete Society County Surveyors’ Society Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) — Highways Agency Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers Railtrack plc Steel Construction Institute UK Steel Association Welding Institute This Draft for Development, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Policy and Strategy Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 17 January 2002 © BSI 17 January 2002 Amendments issued since publication Amd No The following BSI reference relates to the work on this Draft for Development: Committee reference B/525/10 ISBN 580 33317 Date Comments DD ENV 1994-2:2001 Contents Committees responsible National foreword Text of National Application Document Text of ENV 1994-2 Page Inside front cover ii iii i DD ENV 1994-2:2001 National foreword This Draft for Development has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/10 and comprises the English language version of ENV 1994-2:1997, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures — Part 2: Composite bridges, as published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), and the National Application document (NAD) for use with the ENV for the design of bridges to be constructed in the United Kingdom (UK) ENV 1994-2:1997 results from a programme of work sponsored by the European Commission to make available a common set of rules for the structure and design of building and civil engineering works This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the status of a European Standard The aim is to use the experience gained to modify the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard (EN) The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by CEN members to conform to the requirements of national regulations These parameters are designated by ă (boxed values) in the ENV The values to be used in the UK are tabulated in this NAD During the ENV period of validity, reference should be made to the supporting documents listed in the NAD The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for bridges constructed in the UK The NAD takes precedence over corresponding provisions in the ENV The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992 (published December 1991) [1], draws designers’ attention to the potential use of ENV Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building Regulation compliance ENV 1994-2:1997 has been thoroughly examined over a period of several years and is considered to offer such an alternative approach when used in conjunction with this NAD Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of use and any ambiguities or anomalies These comments will be taken into account when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of whether the ENV can be converted to an EN Comments should be sent in writing to BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, quoting the document reference, the relevant clause and, where possible, proposed revision, within two years of the issue of this document Compliance with ENV 1994-2:1997 and this NAD does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, and inside front cover, pages i to xvii, a blank page, an inside back cover, the ENV title page, pages to 98, and a back cover The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued ii DD ENV 1994-2:2001 National Application Document for use in the UK with ENV 1994-2:1997 iii DD ENV 1994-2:2001 Contents of National Application Document Page Introduction v Scope v Normative references v Partial safety factors, combination factors and other values vi Loading codes viii Reference standards viii Additional Recommendations xi Table — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values vii Table — References in ENV 1994-2 to other publications, together with additional relevant documents Bibliography iv ix xvii DD ENV 1994-2:2001 Introduction This National Application Document (NAD) has been developed from: a) a textual examination of ENV 1994-2:1997; b) a calibration against UK practice, supporting standards and test data; c) trial calculations Scope This NAD provides information required to enable ENV 1994-2:1997 (hereafter referred to as EC4-2) to be used with ENV 1994-1-1:1992, as qualified by its NAD, for the design of bridges to be constructed in the UK Where there is conflict between the NADs for ENV 1994-1-1 and ENV 1994-2, the NAD for ENV 1994-2 is to govern Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this NAD For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications not apply For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies BS EN ISO 13918, Welding — Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding BS EN ISO 14555, Welding — Arc stud welding of metallic materials ENV 1991-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 1: Basis of design ENV 1991-2-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-1: Actions on structures — Densities, self-weight and imposed loads ENV 1991-2-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-3: Actions on structures — Snow loads ENV 1991-2-4, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-4: Actions on structures — Wind actions ENV 1991-2-6, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-6: Actions on structures — Actions during execution ENV 1991-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 3: Traffic loads on bridges ENV 1998-2, Eurocode 8: Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures — Part 2: Bridges ENV 206, Concrete — Performance, production, placing and compliance criteria ENV 1090-5, Execution of steel structures — Part 5: Supplementary rules for bridges ENV 1991-2-5, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-5: Actions on structures — Thermal actions ENV 1991-2-7, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-7: Actions on structures — Accidental actions due to impact and explosions ENV 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings ENV 1992-1-3, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-3: General rules — Precast concrete elements and structures v DD ENV 1994-2:2001 ENV 1992-1-4, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-4: General rules — Lightweight aggregate concrete with closed structure ENV 1992-1-6, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-6: General rules — Plain concrete structures ENV 1992-2, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 2: Concrete bridges ENV 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings ENV 1993-1-3, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-3: General rules — Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting ENV 1993-1-5, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-5: General rules — Supplementary rules for planar plated structures without transverse loading ENV 1993-2, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 2: Steel bridges ENV 1994-1-1, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures — Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings ENV 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Weldable ribbed reinforcing steel B500 — Technical delivery conditions for bars, coils and welded fabric ISO 3898, Bases for design of structures — Notations — General symbols Partial safety factors, combination factors and other values a) The values for combination factors (O) for bridges should be those given in Tables and of the NAD for use with ENV 1991-3:1994 b) The values for partial safety factors (C) should be those given in ENV 1994-1-1 and ENV 1994-2, except as modified by the relevant UK NADs c) Other values should be those given in ENV 1994-2 as modified by Table of this NAD vi DD ENV 1994-2:2001 Table — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values Reference in ENV 1994-2 2.3.3.1(5) 2.3.3.1(6) Table 2.3 Table 2.3 2.3.4(6) 4.4.1.4(3) 4.7.2(6) 5.2(2) 5.2(3) 5.2(5) 5.2(6) 5.2(7) 5.2(7) 6.1.5(4) 6.3.2.1(1) Ultimate Value Boxed UK EC4.2 NAD 1.0 1.0 Ultimate 1.0 1.0 Ca 1.0 1.0 — structural steel Class compression — concrete CRd 1.10 1.10 Cc 1.5 1.5 — steel reinforcement and prestressing tendons — profiled steel sheeting Cs 1.15 1.15 Cap 1.10 1.10 Ca 1.0 1.0 — structural steel Class compression — concrete CRd 1.0 1.0 Cc 1.3 1.3 — steel reinforcement and prestressing tendons — profiled steel sheeting Cs 1.0 1.0 Cap 1.0 1.0 Partial safety factor for materials at serviceability Partial safety factor for structural steel in compression for Class sections Additional partial safety factor on shear connectors Factor of fc(t) Factor of fck Factor of fsk Factor of fpk Factor of fc(t) Limit by which 0.6 fc(t) may be exceeded during construction Partial safety factor for stud shear connectors Partial safety factors for headed studs CM Serviceability 1.0 1.0 CRd Ultimate 1.10 1.10 CF Ultimate 1.25 1.25 — — — — — Serviceability Serviceability Serviceability Serviceability Serviceability Serviceability 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.65 0.6 10 % 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.65 0.6 10 % CMf.v Fatigue 1.0 1.0 Cv Ultimate 1.25 1.25 Definition Symbol Partial safety factor for prestress imposed by jacking Partial safety factor for nominal free shrinkage Partial safety factors for resistances and material properties for — structural steel Cp Partial safety factors for resistances and material properties for — structural steel Condition Ultimate fundamental Ultimate accidental vii DD ENV 1994-2:2001 Loading codes The loading codes to be used are (as qualified by the relevant UK NADs): ENV 1991-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 1: Basis of design ENV 1991-2-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-1: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads ENV 1991-2-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-3: Snow loads ENV 1991-2-4, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-4: Wind loads ENV 1991-2-6, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-6: Loads and deformations imposed during execution ENV 1991-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 3: Traffic loads on bridges ENV 1998-2, Eurocode 8: Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures — Part 2: Bridges ENV 1991-2-5, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-5: Thermal actions ENV 1991-2-7, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-7: Accidental actions due to impact and explosions Where any of the above codes have not been published, the UK supporting standard should be used as indicated in clause 5 Reference standards Standards including materials specifications and standards for construction are listed for reference purposes in Table Published ISO and CEN standards are not included in Table viii blank DD ENV 1994-2:2001 BSI — British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level It is incorporated by Royal Charter Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9000 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7400 BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards Buying standards 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designations If these details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior written permission of BSI must be obtained Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright & Licensing Manager Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7070 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7553 Email: copyright@bsi-global.com ... 3.3.5(1), 3.3.6(1), 4. 1.1(2), 4. 1.1(3), 4. 4.2(1), 4. 4.3(2), 4. 6.2(1), 4. 6.3(1), 4. 6.3(2), 4. 11(1), 4. 11(3), 4. 12.1(3), 4. 12.2(2), 4. 12.2(3), 4. 12.2 (4) , 4. 12.3 (4) , 4. 12.5(3), 4. 12.6(1), 5.2(8),... 4. 2.2.1(2), 4. 2.2.2(1), 4. 2.2.2(6), 4. 2.2.3(2), 4. 3.1(11), 4. 4.1.2(5), 4. 4.1 .4( 1), 4. 4.2(1), 4. 4.3(3), 4. 4.5, 4. 4.6(1) ENV 1993-1-5 Steel plated structures Published 1997 BS 540 0-3 BD 13/90 [2] 1.6.1(1)... 540 0-3:2000, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Part 3: Code of practice for design of steel bridges BS 540 0 -4: 1990, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Part 4: Code of practice for design