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HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT This page intentionally left blank HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT George Tchobanoglous Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California at Davis Davis, California Frank Kreith Professor Emeritus of Engineering University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Second Edition McGRAW-HILL New York Lisbon London New Delhi Chicago Madrid San Juan Sydney San Francisco Mexico City Seoul Toronto Milan Singapore Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-150034-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-135623-1 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/0071356231 Professional Want to learn more? 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Contributors Preface xiii xi Chapter Introduction George Tchobanoglous, Frank Kreith, and Marcia E Williams 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.1 Waste Generation and Management in a Technological Society / 1.1 Issues in Solid Waste Management / 1.2 Integrated Waste Management / 1.8 Implementing Integrated Waste Management Strategies / 1.11 Typical Costs for Major Waste Management Options / 1.13 Framework for Decision Making / 1.19 Key Factors for Success / 1.22 Philosophy and Organization of this Handbook / 1.24 Concluding Remarks / 1.25 Chapter Federal Role in Municipal Solid Waste Management Barbara Foster and Edward W Repa 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act / 2.1 Clean Air Act / 2.22 Clean Water Act / 2.35 Federal Aviation Administration Guidelines / 2.38 Flow Control Implications / 2.38 Chapter Solid Waste State Legislation Kelly Hill and Jim Glenn 3.1 3.1 Introduction / 3.1 3.2 Trends in Municipal Waste Generation and Management / 3.1 3.3 The Waste Reduction Legislation Movement / 3.3 3.4 The Effect of Legislation / 3.5 3.5 State Municipal Solid Waste Legislation / 3.8 3.6 State Planning Provisions / 3.8 3.7 Permitting and Regulation Requirements / 3.9 3.8 Waste Reduction Legislation / 3.9 3.9 Establishing Waste Reduction Goals / 3.10 3.10 Legislating Local Government Responsibility / 3.12 3.11 Making Producers and Retailers Responsible for Waste / 3.16 3.12 Advanced Disposal Fees / 3.18 3.13 Special Waste Legislation / 3.20 3.14 Market Development Initiatives / 3.21 3.15 State Funding / 3.25 3.16 Flow Control Legislation: Interstate Movement of Unprocessed and Processed Solid Waste / 3.25 References / 3.27 Appendix: State Solid Waste Regulatory Agencies / 3.28 vi CONTENTS Chapter Planning for Municipal Solid Waste Management Programs James E Kundell and Deanna L Ruffer 4.1 4.2 4.3 State Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.1 Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.7 Conclusions / 4.13 References / 4.14 Chapter Solid Waste Stream Characteristics Marjorie A Franklin 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.1 Municipal Solid Waste Defined / 5.1 Methods of Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste / 5.2 Materials in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.3 Products in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.11 Municipal Solid Waste Management / 5.19 Discards of Municipal Solid Waste by Volume / 5.24 The Variability of Municipal Solid Waste Generation / 5.25 References / 5.30 Chapter Source Reduction: Quantity and Toxicity Part 6A Quantity Reduction Harold Leverenz 6A.1 6A.2 6A.3 6A.4 6A.5 4.1 6.1 Introduction / 6.1 Effects of Source Reduction / 6.2 Involvement by Government / 6.6 Developing a Source Reduction Plan / 6.15 Strategies for Source Reduction / 6.17 References / 6.25 Part 6B Toxicity Reduction Ken Geiser 6B.1 6B.2 6B.3 6B.4 6B.5 The Toxicity of Trash / 6.27 Waste Management Policy / 6.30 Product Management Policy / 6.33 Production Management Policy / 6.37 A Sustainable Economy / 6.39 References / 6.40 Chapter Collection of Solid Waste Hilary Theisen 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 The Logistics of Solid Waste Collection / 7.1 Types of Waste Collection Services / 7.2 Types of Collection Systems, Equipment, and Personnel Requirements / 7.14 Collection Routes / 7.22 Management of Collection Systems / 7.25 Collection System Economics / 7.25 References / 7.27 Chapter Recycling Harold Leverenz, George Tchobanoglous, and David B Spencer 8.1 8.2 7.1 Overview of Recycling / 8.1 Recovery of Recyclable Materials from Solid Waste / 8.3 8.1 CONTENTS 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 vii Development and Implementation of Materials Recovery Facilities / 8.10 Unit Operations and Equipment for Processing of Recyclables / 8.38 Environmental and Public Health and Safety Issues / 8.70 Recycling Economics / 8.74 References / 8.77 Chapter Markets and Products for Recycled Material Harold Leverenz and Frank Kreith 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.1 Sustainable Recycling / 9.1 Recycling Markets / 9.3 Market Development / 9.8 Trade Issues / 9.16 References / 9.17 Chapter 10 Household Hazardous Wastes (HHW) David E.B Nightingale and Rachel Donnette 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.1 Introduction / 10.1 Problems of Household Hazardous Products / 10.3 HHW Regulation and Policy / 10.16 Product Stewardship and Sustainability / 10.21 Education and Outreach / 10.26 HHW Collection, Trends, and Infrastructure / 10.29 References / 10.33 Chapter 11 Other Special Wastes Part 11A Batteries Gary R Brenniman, Stephen D Casper, William H Hallenbeck, and James M Lyznicki 11A.1 Automobile and Household Batteries / 11.1 References / 11.14 Part 11B Used Oil Stephen D Casper, William H Hallenbeck, and Gary R Brenniman 11B.1 Used Oil / 11.15 Part 11C Scrap Tires John K Bell 11C.1 11C.2 11C.3 11C.4 Background / 11.31 Source Reduction and Reuse / 11.32 Disposal of Waste Tires / 11.33 Alternatives to Disposal / 11.34 References / 11.36 Part 11D Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris George Tchobanoglous 11D.1 11D.2 11D.3 Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of C&D Debris / 11.39 Regulations Governing C&D Materials and Debris / 11.42 Management of C&D Debris / 11.42 11.1 viii CONTENTS 11D.4 Specifications for Recovered C&D Debris / 11.44 11D.5 Management of Debris from Natural and Humanmade Disasters / 11.46 References / 11.47 Part 11E Computer and Other Electronic Solid Waste Gary R Brenniman and William H Hallenbeck 11E.1 11E.2 11E.3 11E.4 11E.5 11E.6 11E.7 Introduction / 11.49 Hazardous Components in Computers and Electronic Waste / 11.50 Disposing of Computers is Hazardous / 11.53 Extended Producer Responsibility and Electronic Toxin Phaseouts / 11.55 Can a Clean Computer Be Designed? / 11.57 What Can You Do As a Computer Owner? / 11.58 Contacts and Resources for Dealing with Computer Waste / 11.58 References / 11.60 Chapter 12 Composting of Municipal Solid Wastes Luis F Diaz, George M Savage, and Clarence G Golueke 12.1 12.1 Principles / 12.3 12.2 Technology / 12.14 12.3 Economics / 12.27 12.4 Marketing Principles and Methods / 12.33 12.5 Environmental, Public, and Industrial Health Considerations / 12.40 12.6 Case Study / 12.45 12.7 Conclusions / 12.45 References / 12.47 Appendix 12A Partial Listing of Vendors of Equipment and Systems for Composting MSW and Other Organic Wastes / 12.50 Appendix 12B Costs for Composting MSW and Yard Wastes / 12.68 Chapter 13 Waste-to-Energy Combustion Introduction Frank Kreith Part 13A Incineration Technologies Calvin R Brunner 13A.1 Incineration / 13.3 References / 13.84 Part 13B Ash Management and Disposal Floyd Hasselriis 13B.1 13B.2 13B.3 13B.4 13B.5 13B.6 13B.7 13B.8 13B.9 13B.10 13B.11 Sources and Types of Ash Residues / 13.85 Properties of Ash Residues / 13.86 Ash Management / 13.93 Landfill Disposal / 13.95 Regulatory Aspects / 13.97 Actual Leaching of MWC Ash / 13.99 Treatment of Ash Residues / 13.100 Environmental Impact of Ash Residue Use / 13.101 Ash Management Around the World / 13.102 Beneficial Use of Residues / 13.104 Analysis of Ash Residue Test Data / 13.109 References / 13.116 13.1 I.2 INDEX Batteries (Cont.): disposal of, 11.5–11.6, 11.9 dry cell, 3.16–3.18, 6.27–6.28, 6.30–6.32, 10.23, 11.1–11.5, 11.8 environmental impact of, in MSW, 11.5–11.6 heavy metals in, 11.6, 11.9 household, 6.28, 11.2–11.6, 11.8–11.12 (See also Batteries, dry cell) incineration of, 6.27 industry licensing fees for, 10.23 labeling of, 11.9 landfill disposal of, 6.27 lead-acid, 3.16–3.17, 5.15, 6.30–6.31, 11.2, 11.4–11.11 lithium, 11.3–11.5 manganese, 11.3 manufacturer responsibility for, 11.9 mercury content, maximum, standards for, 11.9 mercury oxide, 3.16–3.17, 11.3–11.7 nickel-cadmium, 3.16–3.17, 11.3–11.7 no-mercury-added, 11.4 primary, 11.1 rechargeable, 11.2, 11.5, 11.9, 11.12 recycled, 9.5 recycling of, 6.32, 11.1, 11.7–11.13 secondary (see Batteries, rechargeable) silver oxide, 3.16, 11.3–11.4, 11.6 toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), 11.7 types and uses of, 11.2 used, regulations for, 11.7 vehicle, 3.14–3.18, 5.10, 6.28, 6.30, 11.7–11.12 wet cell, 11.1–11.2 (See also Batteries, lead-acid) zinc-air, 11.3, 11.5–11.6 zinc-carbon, 11.3–11.4, 11.6, 11.12 Battery Council International (BCI), 11.8, 11.10 Bench landfill, definition of, 14.2 Beryllium, 6.29, 11.56 Beverage container deposits, 1.21, 3.10, 3.16–3.17, 6.5, 6.10, 6.15, 8.2, 8.8 Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, 6.7 Biomass burning, 2.34 Biomedical waste, 1.5, 1.8, 13.53, 13.55–13.59, 13.155 Birds, control of, 2.3, 2.5, 14.67 Blue bags, 8.4–8.5 Bottle bills (see Beverage container deposits) Brokers, scrap, 9.7 Brominated flame-retardants, 11.52–11.55 Buyback programs, 8.8–8.10, 8.26, 8.31 Buy Smart, Buy Safe, 10.28 Cadmium, 6.28–6.29 from batteries, 11.6–11.7 from computers, 11.50, 11.54, 11.56 from incinerators, 13.111, 13.170 sources of, 10.12 Calcium oxide (CaO), 13.144–13.145 Can flatteners, 8.63 Carbon dioxide (CO2), 1.11, 2.34 Carbon monoxide (CO), from incinerators, 13.125 Carcinogens, 6.29, 11.52 Cash-flow accounting, 6.13 Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), 6.9, 6.30, 10.22–10.23, 11.54 Cell, definition of, 14.2 Cement kiln dust, 1.5 CESQG (Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators’) wastes, 10.18 Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States, 6.8 1998 Update, 5.1 Charcoal, 13.27 Chemicals, household, risks to children of, 10.3 Chemical sensitivities, 10.4 Children, risks of hazardous products to, 10.3–10.4 Chippers, vendors of, 12.48–12.50 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 6.27 Chlorine, 6.29 pool, hazards of, 10.12 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 2.32–2.34 Chromium, 11.6, 11.55 hexavalent (chromium VI), 11.51, 11.55–11.56 Citizen’s Clearinghouse on Hazardous Waste, 6.35 Claw, 7.11–7.12, 7.14 Clean Air Act (CAA), 2.1, 2.22–2.35, 14.8 Amendments of 1990, 2.24–2.33 Amendments of 1996, 2.33 Cleaning agents, 6.28, 10.1, 10.4 deaths from, 10.3 disposal of, 10.13–10.14 INDEX Clean Washington Center, 8.42, 9.13 Clean Water Act, 2.5–2.6, 2.35–2.38 Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP), 6.7 Climate Change Science, 2.35 Collection vehicles, 1.16, 7.5–7.6, 7.8–7.9, 7.11–7.13, 7.17, 7.20–7.21, 7.26, 14.73–14.76 inspection of, 14.74–14.76 operation and management costs of, 1.18 weighing of, 14.73–14.74 Combustible liquids, 10.17 Combustion (see Waste-to-energy) Commercial waste, 1.3, 5.2, 6.28 reduction of, 6.20–6.21 vs residential waste, 5.25–5.27 Commingled waste: collection of, 7.2–7.3, 8.4–8.5 manual sorting of, 8.44 MRFs for, 8.14–8.16, 8.29–8.38 Commodity prices, recycling and, 9.6–9.7 Community Right-to-Know Act, 1.23 Compaction, of MSW (see Densification systems, for MSW) Component separation, equipment for, 8.47–8.48, 8.50–8.62 Composting, 1.6, 1.8–1.10, 1.20, 9.6 active phase of, 12.5–12.6 aerobic vs anaerobic, 12.4 anaerobic, 12.26 basic functions of, 12.1 biology of, 12.3–12.4 carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in, importance of, 12.7–12.8 chemical elements in, 12.6 color of, 12.13 constraints on use of, 12.42–12.44 costs of, 1.17, 12.27–12.31, 12.65–12.68 curing phase of, 12.5–12.6 definition of, 12.3 environmental factors in, 12.6, 12.40–12.41 equipment vendors, 12.47–12.64 fire concerns of, 12.42 health concerns of, 12.41 interstitial volume in, 12.9 in-vessel systems for, 12.8, 12.11, 12.22–12.27 lag phase of, 12.5 lime in, use of, 12.10, 12.13 marketing of, 12.33–12.39 mesophyllic vs thermophilic, 12.4, 12.11 moisture content in, 12.9–12.10, 12.12– 12.13 I.3 Composting (Cont.): of MSW, 8.2, 12.30–12.31 nutrient supply in, 12.6–12.7 odor control in, 12.13 on-site, 6.14, 6.20, 6.23 operational parameters in, 12.11–12.13 operation and management costs, 1.18–1.19 oxygen demand in, 12.8–12.10, 12.12 particle size for, 12.8 phases of, 12.4–12.6 pH level for, 12.10, 12.13 phytotoxicity in, 12.13 plug-flow, 12.23, 12.25–12.26 principles of, 12.3 problems with, 1.10 process, flow diagram of, 12.2 programs, number of, 12.1–12.2 of resistant materials, 12.7 stability of, 12.13 substrate in, 12.6 temperature in, 12.11–12.12 volatile solids in, destruction of, 12.13 Websites pertaining to, 6.4 of yard waste, 3.7–3.8, 12.1–12.2, 12.31–12.33, 12.65–12.68 Composting plants: capital investment for, 12.3 public vs private ownership of, 12.33 site selection criteria, 12.13 Composting systems: aeration mechanisms for, 12.13–12.14 in-vessel, 12.13, 12.15 windrow, 12.13, 12.15–12.22 Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines (CPGs), 6.7–6.8, 9.10 (See also Procurement standards) Computer equipment waste, 11.49 American response to, 11.56–11.57 asbestos from, 11.56 disposal of, 6.23 environmental risks of disposal of, 11.53 hazardous components in, 11.50–11.54 recycling of, 11.54–11.55 resources for dealing with, 11.58–11.59 Computers: chemical composition of, 10.21–10.22 clean, designing, 11.57–11.58 donation of, 6.10 leasing of, 6.4, 6.23 recyclability of, 10.22 Concrete, recycling of, 11.44 Construction and demolition waste, 1.3, 1.5, 6.24, 11.39–11.48 I.4 INDEX Construction and demolition waste (Cont.): biological degradation of, 11.44 landfilling of, 11.43 MRFs for, 8.36, 8.38, 8.40 recycling of, 11.39, 11.42–11.44, 11.46 regulations governing, 11.42 sources and characteristics of, 11.39–11.41 Construction products, CPGs for, 9.10 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 10.19 Containers and packaging, 5.4, 5.7–5.9, 5.12–5.13, 5.16–5.18, 5.26, 6.8 recovery of, 5.21–5.22 Websites pertaining to, 6.3 (See also Packaging) Container utilization, 7.18 Conversion factors, 13.173–13.174 Conveyance, defined, 2.36 Conveyor systems, 8.44–8.47 Copy machines, 10.22 Cosmetics, 6.28 Cost internalization, 1.9 Credibility, importance of, 1.22 Crematory, 13.14, 13.16, 13.21 Cullet, 9.6 Daily cover, definition of, 14.2 Decision models, computerized, 1.22 Deconstruction, 6.24 Deforestation, 2.34 Demand-side tools, 9.8–9.14 Densification systems, for MSW, 8.62–8.67 Density separation, of MSW, 8.54–8.56, 8.62 Deposits, mandatory, 3.16–3.18, 6.9–6.10, 9.13 Design for the Environment (DfE), 6.7 Development, metropolitan, 4.2 Dewatering systems, vendors of, 12.50–12.51 Diapers, disposable, 5.10, 5.16 Dioxin, 6.29, 11.53–11.54 from incinerator emissions, control of, 13.148–13.150 Disassembly facilities, 9.15 Disasters, management of debris from, 11.47–11.48 Discards, defined, 5.1 Disease vectors, 2.3, 2.6 Disinfectants, 10.4 Disposal bans, 3.14–3.16, 9.14 of CRTs, 10.23 state, 6.31 Disposal bans (Cont.): of toxic waste, 6.30 (See also Product bans) Disposal programs, regional, 4.2 Documentation, 4.4 Do-it-yourselfers (DIY), 11.23, 11.28 oil disposal by, 11.16, 11.22 Drain cleaner, 10.4 Drinking water, contamination of, 10.14 Drywall, 11.43–11.44 Duales System Deutschland, 6.36 Dumps, open (see Landfills) Durable goods, 5.5, 5.7–5.9, 5.11–5.14, 5.26, 6.8 recovery of, 5.19–5.20 (See also White goods) Eddy current separation, of MSW, 8.56, 8.58, 8.62–8.63 Education, 10.26–10.28 consumer and student, 6.11, 9.11–9.12, 10.28 Electronics, consumer, 10.1–10.2 Electrostatic precipitators, 13.137–13.139 Emission factors, 13.154–13.160 correction of, 13.171 volumetric, 13.171–13.172 (See also under Incinerators) Emissions: control devices, 13.132–13.154 from incinerators, 1.11, 13.19–13.20, 13.121–13.174 limitations on, 2.30, 13.54, 13.126–13.131, 13.150 from public owned treatment works (POTW), 2.30 state regulation of, 2.31 variability of, 13.160–13.161 from waste-to-energy vs fossil fuels, 13.157–13.158 Emissions reporting programs, 1.23 Endangered species, 2.3, 2.5 End users, 9.3, 9.7–9.8 Energy recovery (see Waste-to-energy) Environmental, health, and safety (EHS) impacts, 1.6, 1.21 of MRFs, 8.70–8.72 Environmental controls, 1.20, 1.22 Environmental impact assessment, 15.6–15.7 Environmental justice (EJ), 15.3–15.4 Environmental monitoring, 14.87–14.88 definition of, 14.4 facilities for, 14.65 at landfills, 14.77–14.84 INDEX Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 6.6–6.8, 9.10–9.11, 9.13, 10.19 Good Combustion Practice (GCP), standards for, 13.130–13.131 publications (see specific title) Environmental risks, 10.5 Estrogen mimics, 10.4 European Chemical Industrial Council (CEFIC), 10.23, 10.25 European Union programs, 10.23 for electronic equipment waste, 11.50, 11.55–11.57 for landfills, 14.8 Eutrophication, 10.14 Export promotion, 9.13 Extended Product Responsibility (EPR), 6.7, 11.55 Fault areas, 2.5 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 2.1, 2.38 Federal Emergency Planning Act, 1.23 Federal government policies, 6.6–6.8 Federal Hazardous Substance Act, 10.19 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 10.19 Fertilizers, 6.38 Field capacity, of solid waste, 14.33 Fire prevention, 2.3 Fire risks, household, 10.5–10.6 Fireworks, 10.2 Flail mills, 8.45–8.46 Flammable liquids, defined, 10.17 Floodplains, 2.3, 2.5–2.6 Flow control, 1.21, 3.26 implications of, 2.1, 2.38 interstate, 3.25 Flue gas discharge, 13.70–13.73 Fluorescent light tubes, 6.32, 10.1–10.2 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10.19 Food Donation Act, 6.7 Food wastes, 5.4–5.6, 5.10–5.13, 5.19, 5.26–5.27, 6.5–6.8, 13.159 heating value of, 13.7 reduction of, 6.18 40 CFR Part 257 regulations, 2.2–2.22 Fossil fuels, 2.34, 13.157–13.158 Foundation conditions, poor, 2.5 Freon, 10.2 Full Cost Accounting (FCA), 6.7, 6.13 Full Cost Accounting for Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Handbook, 6.13 Furan, 6.29, 11.54 I.5 Garbage: ICC control of, 2.38 ownership of, 2.39 (See also Solid waste) Gas, natural, combustion parameters of, 13.68 Gases: explosive, 2.3, 2.6 landfill (see Landfill gases) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 9.16 Generation, defined, 5.1 Generators, small, 6.28, 10.18 Generator-specific strategies, 1.22 Geographic information systems (GIS), 7.23 Glass, 5.4–5.7, 5.11, 5.17–5.18, 5.26–5.27, 9.15, 13.159 cullet, 9.6 heating value of, 13.7 recovery of, 5.22 recycled, 9.5–9.6, 9.14 reduction of, 6.18 Glass Packaging Institute, 9.8 Global Recycling Network, 9.7 Global warming, 2.34, 6.5 Good Combustion Practice (GCP), EPA standards for, 13.130–13.131 Government, leadership by, 1.2, 1.6, 6.6 Grants and loans, for recycled materials, 9.13 Grasscycling, 6.14, 6.20 Grate systems, 13.34, 13.39–13.46 Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy, 6.34 Greeb Seal, 10.20 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Management of Selected Materials in Municipal Solid Waste, 6.8 Greenhouse gases, 2.34, 6.5 Groundwater, 1.20, 2.3 cleaning, 2.25 contamination of, 8.71, 10.9, 15.7 corrective action program, 2.20 hazardous constituents in, 2.10–2.19 inorganic indicator parameters, 2.8–2.9 monitoring of, 2.7–2.9, 2.20, 14.80–14.84, 14.88 organic indicator parameters, 2.8–2.9 protection standards, 2.8 Grow Smart, Grow Safe, 10.28 Halogenated flame-retardants, 11.56, 11.58 Halogenated hydrocarbons, 6.29 Halogenated solvents, 11.17 I.6 INDEX Hammermills, 8.45–8.46 Hauled container system (HCS), 7.16–7.21 Hazardous Household Waste (HHW), 3.21, 10.1–10.33 agencies, 10.19 collection of, 10.29–10.33 defined, 10.1–10.2 diversion programs, 10.7–10.8 education programs, 10.26–10.28 facilities for, 10.29–10.33 fire codes and, 10.16 generation variations in, 10.7 health risks of, 10.3–10.4 high-volume, low-risk centers, 10.30 labeling of, 10.19 mobile systems, 10.29 motor oil as, 11.18, 11.25 municipal treatment plants and, 10.14 OSHA requirements and, 10.18 phone lines, dedicated, 10.28 problems of, 10.3–10.15 quantities of, 10.2 regulation of, 10.1, 10.16–10.21 in septic systems, 10.14 toxic loading and, 10.6 training programs and standards, 10.18 vehicle inspection for, 14.74–14.75 in wastewater, 10.13 wellhead protection and, 10.15 Hazardous Substances Labeling Act, 10.19 Hazardous waste, 1.8, 4.2 collection centers, maintaining awareness of, 10.28 from computer equipment, 11.50–11.54 defined, 10.1 federal categories for, 10.2 household (see Hazardous Household Waste (HHW)) medical, incineration of, 13.127–13.130 treatment facilities, 2.36 treatment storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs), 10.18 Herbicides, 6.38 Hobby and recreation waste, 10.2 Home*A*Syst, 10.26 House dust, toxic, 10.4 Household waste, 2.2, 2.4, 6.28 hazardous (see Hazardous Household Waste (HHW)) Human reproductive toxins, 6.29 Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) reduction, 2.32 Hydrogen chloride, 6.29 Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model, 14.53 Ignitability, 10.2 Illness, chronic, from toxic substances, 10.4 Incineration, 13.3 biomass, 2.34 of biomedical waste, 13.53, 13.55–13.59 (See also Incinerators, pathological waste) controlled air, 13.25, 13.28 fluid bed, 13.46 of sewage sludge, 13.46, 13.48 sodium bicarbonate injection after, 13.145–13.146 use in Europe of, 13.1 Incineration technology, 13.3–13.84 Incinerators, 1.10, 1.20, 2.25, 2.30, 13.20 acid gas control, 13.141–13.143 alkaline reagents, 13.144–13.147 ash management requirements for, 2.30, 13.85–13.120 calcium oxide (CaO) and, 13.144–13.145 capacity chart, 13.6 combustion properties of, 13.59–13.60 corrosion problems in, 13.48–13.49 dioxins from, 6.29, 13.148–13.150 emissions control devices, 13.132–13.154 emissions from, 1.11, 13.19–13.20, 13.121–13.174 emissions limitations on, 2.30, 13.54, 13.126–13.131, 13.150 energy produced by, in U.S cities, 13.80–13.83 gases generated by, 13.61, 13.70–13.73 grate system, 13.34, 13.39–13.46 heat balance in, 13.65–13.70 hospital/medical/infectious waste (HMIWIs), 13.127–13.130 in-line, 13.11–13.15 jug, 13.8, 13.10 mass balance in, 13.61–13.65 multiple-chamber, 13.10–13.15 open-pit, 13.9–13.11 operator training requirements, 2.30 particulate emissions from, 13.124, 13.127–13.130, 13.132–13.141, 13.154 pathological waste, 13.13–13.14, 13.16–13.20, 13.53 (See also Incineration, of biomedical waste) refractory, selection of, 13.49–13.52 INDEX Incinerators (Cont.): retort, 13.10, 13.12–13.13 single-chamber, 13.8–13.9 single- vs multiple-chamber, 13.17 starved air, 13.28–13.34, 13.58–13.59 toxic materials destined for, 6.29 types of, 13.8–13.14 (See also Ash, combustion; Kilns) Industrial waste, 1.3, 1.5, 5.3, 6.23 Industry licensing system fees, for batteries, 10.23 Ink, low-toxicity, 6.38 Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 9.14 Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI), 9.4, 9.8, 9.16 Institutional waste, 1.3, 5.3, 6.20–6.21 Integrated waste management (IWM), 1.8, 1.11–1.12, 1.21–1.22, 4.4 International Campaign for Responsible Technology, 11.57 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), control of garbage by, 2.38–2.39 Iron (see Metals, ferrous) Jobs Through Recycling (JTR) program, 9.13 Karst terranes, 2.5 Kilns: conventional, 13.19 design of, 13.18–13.19, 13.24–13.25 exhaust gas flow, 13.19–13.20 nonslagging, 13.20, 13.22–13.23 rotary, 13.14–13.17, 13.21, 13.23–13.25, 13.40–13.41 sealing, 13.24 slagging, 13.20–13.23 waste retention time, 13.23–13.24 (See also Incinerators) Labeling, product, 1.7, 6.35 eco-labeling, 9.11–9.12 frequent users and, 10.26 of hazardous wastes, 10.19–10.21 Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act, 2.22 Landfill cover, 14.47–14.50 definition of, 14.2 impact of, 14.62–14.63 maintenance of, 14.50–14.51, 14.87 permeability of, 14.51–14.54 selection of, 14.64 Landfill gases: air pollution considerations and, 14.18 composition of, 2.23, 14.10–14.30 I.7 Landfill gases (Cont.): control facilities, 14.64 control of, 14.22–14.28 definition of, 14.4 energy recovery systems, 14.28–14.29, 14.31 explosive, 2.6 flaring of, 14.28, 14.30 HHW contribution to, 10.9 migration control, 14.87 monitoring of, 14.77–14.78, 14.80–14.81 movement of, 14.19–14.20, 14.22 production phases of, 14.11–14.13 quality of, 10.9 variation over time of, 14.15–14.17 volume of, 14.13–14.15 Landfilling methods, 14.5–14.7 Landfill liners, 10.10, 14.2, 14.35–14.40 Landfills, 1.8, 1.11, 1.20, 2.1–2.6, 2.30, 2.36, 4.7, 5.23, 14.5–14.6 access requirements for, 2.6 air criteria in, 2.6 air quality monitoring of, 14.83–14.84 Alaska provision, 2.4 arid provision, 2.4 bioreactor, 14.7 canyon, 14.5–14.6 capacity of, 1.12, 2.24, 14.61–14.62 capital costs of, 1.17 classification of, 14.4 closure of, 2.6, 2.20–2.21, 10.10, 14.4, 14.84–14.86 compaction factors in, 14.62–14.63 concerns with solid wastes in, 14.7–14.8 cover material requirements for, 2.6 decline in reliance on, 3.2 defined, 14.1 design considerations of, 2.7, 14.58, 14.65–14.67 disease vector control in, 2.3, 2.6 emission guidelines for, 2.23–2.24 environmentally protective standards for, 4.3 environmental monitoring at, 14.77–14.84 equipment requirements for, 14.72–14.73 excavated cell/trench, 14.5–14.6 existing, defined, 2.33 final assurance criteria, 2.21 final cover systems, 2.20–2.21 gases in (see Landfill gases) geohydrologic considerations of, 14.63 I.8 INDEX Landfills (Cont.): geologic considerations of, 14.63 government regulations for, 14.8–14.9 groundwater monitoring of, 2.7–2.8 hazardous waste and, 2.6 layout of, 14.58–14.60 leachate (see Leachate) liquid waste acceptance by, 2.7, 14.4 location restrictions on, 2.5 materials banned from, 3.14–3.16, 6.9, 6.30, 6.34, 9.14, 10.23 new, defined, 2.33 new source performance standards, 2.23, 2.31 operating criteria for, 2.6–2.7 operating records, 14.73 operation and management costs, 1.19 operation of, 14.69–14.70 operator training, 14.76–14.77 postclosure care of, 2.21, 14.4, 14.86–14.87 reactions occurring in, 14.7 record keeping requirements for, 2.7 runoff/run-on controls in, 2.6 safety of, 14.76 sanitary, 14.2–14.3 seismic protection of, 14.55 settlement of, 14.55–14.57 siting considerations for, 14.9–14.10 slope stability analysis of, 14.54–14.55 state approval regulatory process, 14.11 structural characteristics of, 14.54–14.55 surface water requirements in, 2.6 tires in, 11.34 toxicity of, in-situ treatment of, 10.8 types of wastes in, 14.60–14.61 unlined, movement of leachate in, 14.35 VOCs from, 10.9 volume requirements per ton of MSW, 1.15 water balance of, 14.52 Land use planning, 4.2 Leachate, 10.10, 14.4 collection system, 2.21, 10.10–10.11, 14.39–14.40, 14.42 composition of, 14.34–14.35 control of, 14.35 definition of, 14.2 detoxification of, 10.8 evaporation of, 14.44 formation of, 14.30, 14.32 leakage of, 10.10 management of, 14.42, 14.63 monitoring of, 14.78 Leachate (Cont.): movement of, 14.35 recirculation of, 10.8, 10.10, 14.43 reduction in strength of, 10.8 removal and holding facilities, 14.40–14.42 treatment of, 14.44–14.47 Lead, 6.29 from batteries, 11.6–11.7 from computers, 11.50, 11.56 in cathode ray tubes, 10.22 in food cans, 6.35 from incinerators, 13.111, 13.170 sources of, 10.12 Lead smelters, secondary, 11.11 Leather waste, 5.4–5.5, 5.9, 5.11, 5.27, 6.18 Legal cases: A.G.G Enterprises, Inc v Washington County, Oregon, 2.39 Bean v Southwestern Waste Management Corporation, 15.3 C&A Carbone, Inc v Town of Clarkstown, 2.38–2.39, 3.25, 4.9 Chester Residents Concerned for Quality Living v Seif, 15.3 Fort Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, Inc v Michigan DNR, 3.26 Oregon Waste Systems, Inc v Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon, 3.26 Philadelphia v New Jersey, 3.26 Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v U.S Army Corps of Engineers, 2.36 Legislation, 3.8, 3.12, 3.20, 3.22 waste reduction, 3.3, 3.5, 3.9–3.10 Life-cycle analysis, 6.34 Life-cycle assessment (LCA), 6.5 Life-cycle costing, 6.21, 16.10–16.16 Life-cycle product responsibility, 11.55 Lift, definition of, 14.2 Lithium, from batteries, 11.6 Locally unwanted land uses (LULUs), 15.4 Local planning provisions, 4.7–4.13 historical perspective, 4.8–4.9 implementation of, 4.11, 4.13 for multiple waste streams, 4.8 needs assessment in, 4.11 state requirements for, 4.8 Magnetic separation systems, 8.52–8.54, 8.57–8.58, 12.51–12.52 Mandates, state-imposed, 6.10 Manganese, from batteries, 11.6 INDEX Manufacturing, closed-loop, 1.9 Marine Protections Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 2.5 Market analysis, 9.3 Market development, 9.3 for recycled materials, 9.8–9.16 Market development initiatives, 3.21–3.24 Market incentives, 1.22 Marketing, of recycled materials, 1.10, 1.20, 1.23–1.24, 1.26, 9.6–9.7 Mass-burn systems (see Waste-to-energy) Material exchanges, 6.6, 6.10 Websites pertaining to, 6.4 Material flows, 5.3 Material processing, factors influencing, 9.8 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), 10.21 Materials flow analysis, 6.28 Materials for the Future Foundation, 9.13 Materials recovery, 5.19–5.20 Materials recovery facility (MRF), 1.12, 2.36, 8.2, 8.5 for commingled waste, 8.29–8.38 costs of, 1.16, 1.18 development and implementation of, 8.10–8.38 environmental issues of, 8.70–8.72 equipment and facilities for, 8.69–8.70 functions of, 8.11 loading rates, 8.19–8.21 manual sorting, 8.42–8.44 materials balance analysis, 8.19–8.21 process flow diagrams, 8.14, 8.17, 8.23, 8.32–8.33, 8.36–8.39 recovery rates, 8.18–8.19 for source-separated waste, 8.21–8.29 types of, 8.14 Material transport, equipment for, 8.44 Maximum achievable control technology (MACT), 2.25, 2.29 Medical waste (see Biomedical waste) Mercury, 6.9, 6.28–6.29, 6.32, 10.5 from batteries, 11.6–11.7 from computers, 11.50, 11.54–11.56 from incinerators, 13.148–13.150, 13.170 sources of, 10.11 Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act, 6.34, 10.23 Metals, 5.4–5.7, 5.11, 5.17–5.18, 5.26 ferrous, 5.5, 5.27 heavy, 1.24, 6.27–6.29, 6.38, 10.5, 10.11, 11.6–11.9 from MSW components, 13.159–13.160 I.9 Metals (Cont.): nonferrous, 5.8 in printing inks, 6.38 recovery of, 5.22 recycling of, 1.10, 9.5, 9.8, 9.14, 11.44 reduction of, 6.18 from waste combustion, 13.155–13.158 Methamphetamine lab wastes, 10.30 Methane (CH4), 2.23–2.24 emissions from MSWLFs, 2.34 global warming and, 2.23 landfill-generated, 1.15, 2.33, 2.35 recovery of, 1.11 sources of, 2.34 Mining, coal, 2.34 Mining wastes, 1.5, 2.3 Modeling, 6.27–6.28 Monofills, 1.11, 11.34, 14.2 liner systems for, 14.37 operation and management costs of, 1.19 Mosquitoes, 11.33–11.34 Motor oil: additive compounds in, 11.17 advanced disposal fees on, 3.18 usage estimates of, 11.16 used (see Oil, used) virgin, characteristics of, 11.17 Motor vehicles, abandoned, 4.2 Municipal solid waste landfills (see Landfills) Municipal solid waste (MSW), 1.3 airstream separation of, 8.54–8.56, 8.59–8.61 automated separation systems for, 8.58–8.64 biodegradable organic fraction of, 12.3 central disposal systems (see Waste-toenergy, mass burn facilities) changes over time in, 5.28–5.30 composting (see Composting) contents, by weight, 5.3–5.11 definition of, 3.2, 5.1 densification systems for, 8.62–8.67 density factors for, 5.24–5.26, 8.68 density separation of, 8.54–8.56, 8.62 discards of, 8.2 eddy current separation of, 8.56, 8.58, 8.62–8.63 generated from 1960–2005, 5.4–5.6, 5.11–5.18, 5.23–5.25, 5.29–5.30 generated in 1997, 5.27 generated in 1998, 5.6–5.9, 5.13, 5.20–5.22 generation of, 8.2 I.10 INDEX Municipal solid waste (MSW) (Cont.): heating value of, 13.1, 13.7 HHW toxic loading and, 10.6 incineration of, 13.7–13.8 (See also Incineration) lack of clear definitions of, 1.2, 1.6 landfill liners (see Landfill liners) leachate (see Leachate) legislation, 3.8 magnetic separation systems, 8.52–8.54, 8.57–8.58, 12.51–12.52 major issues in, 1.2 management of (see Waste management) methods of characterization, 5.3 mixed, collection of, 8.6 moisture content of, 13.7, 13.48 MRF processing of, 8.17 operations, 10.10 recovery of, 8.2, 8.17 recycling rate for, 8.1 as a resource, 1.1 size reduction of, 8.44–8.52 size separation systems for, 8.56 source classification categories, 1.1–1.2 sources of, 5.1–5.2 toxic materials in, 6.28, 10.6 transport of, across jurisdictional boundaries, 1.7–1.8 unit operations for processing of, 8.41 variability of generation, 5.25, 5.27–5.28 weight of, 13.6 (See also Solid waste; Waste management) Municipal solid waste (MSW) facilities: managing, 15.7–15.8 siting of (see Siting, of facilities) Municipal solid waste (MSW) systems, 16.1–16.16 financing of, 16.3–16.5, 16.8–16.10 life-cycle costing of, 16.10–16.16 ownership of, 16.5–16.6 procurement and operation of, 16.6–16.7 risk allocation, 16.7 Municipal Solid Waste Source Reduction: A Snapshot of State Initiatives, 6.8 Municipal waste combustion (MWC) facilities (see Incinerators) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 2.32 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 2.6, 2.35, 10.15 permitting authorities, 2.37–2.38 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) (Cont.): Storm Water Program, 10.15 waste management activities covered by, 2.36 National Source Reduction Characterization Report, 6.8 Neurotoxins, 6.29 New Source Review (NSR) permit program, 2.31 Newspapers, 5.3, 5.7, 5.15–5.16, 5.27, 13.159 Newsprint: deinking, 1.10, 1.15 recycled, 3.22 Nickel, from batteries, 11.6 Nitrogen oxides (NOx), emissions of, 13.23, 13.125, 13.147–13.148, 13.151 Nitrous oxide (N2O), 2.34 Nondurable goods, 5.7–5.9, 5.12–5.13, 5.15–5.16, 5.19, 5.21, 5.26, 6.8 Nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs), 2.23–2.24 Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), 2.33 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 9.16–9.17 North American Hazardous Materials Management Association (NAHMA), 10.18–10.19 Northeast Recycling Council, 9.14 Nuclear waste (see Radioactive waste) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 10.18, 10.21 Odor control systems, vendors of, 12.52–12.53 Office products, nonpaper, comprehensive procurement guidelines for, 9.10–9.11 Oil: combustion parameters of, 13.68 finished lubricating, 11.17 (See also Motor oil) Oil, used, 3.15, 6.32–6.33 collection of, 10.30, 11.21–11.25 contaminants in, 11.17–11.18 disposal of, 3.21, 11.15–11.16 do-it-yourselfers and, 10.27, 11.16, 11.22–11.23 education about, 11.22–11.23 for energy recovery, 11.20 federal regulation of, 11.18–11.19 as fuel, 11.15, 11.20 INDEX Oil, used (Cont.): generation factors, estimates of, 11.16 generator regulation, 11.19, 11.21 government supported infrastructure for, 11.21–11.22 heating value of, 11.15 as household hazardous waste, 11.18–11.19 improper disposal of, 10.15 information sources for, 11.28 liability concerns from, 11.20 off-specification, 11.20 from oil filters, 11.26–11.28 point-of-sale collection of, 11.25 processors of, 11.19–11.20, 11.27 recycled, 9.5 recycling of, 6.32, 11.22–11.25 rerefined, 11.15–11.16, 11.26 testing of, minimum, 11.17–11.19 (See also Motor oil; Oil and gas wastes) Oil and gas wastes, 1.5, 1.10, 3.14 (See also Motor oil) Oil filters, recovery of oil from, 11.26–11.28 “Opportunity to Recycle” laws, 3.1, 3.13–3.14 Optimization analysis, of IWM, 1.12 Outreach, 10.26–10.28 Oven cleaner, 10.4 Oxygen demand (See under Composting) Ozone, 2.24–2.25 Packaging: food, 6.34–6.35 lightweight, 6.2, 6.5–6.6 policies governing, 6.34–6.35 polystyrene foam, 3.16, 6.34 Packaging and product fees, 3.19 Paint, 10.4, 10.30 waste, 6.27, 10.15, 10.30 Paint and Coatings Association, 10.25 Paper: comprehensive procurement guidelines for, 9.10 heating value of, 13.7 recycled, 3.22, 9.5–9.6, 9.8–9.9 Paperboard, 5.3–5.4 Paper-sorting machines, 9.15 Paper waste, 5.3–5.7, 5.11, 5.15–5.18, 5.26–5.27, 5.29, 13.159 chlorine from, 6.29, 6.35 recovery of, 5.21–5.22 recyclable, ban on, 6.30 reduction of, 6.18, 6.22 I.11 Park and recreation products, comprehensive procurement guidelines for, 9.10 Pathological waste (see Biomedical waste; Incinerators, hospital/ medical/infectious waste (HMIWIs)) Pay-as-You-Throw: Lessons Learned About Unit Pricing, 6.13 Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT), 6.7, 6.12–6.14, 8.8 Pay-by-the-bag disposal programs, 1.21, 6.13 Perchloroethylene, 6.35 Permit programs, state, 1.7, 2.1 Persistent, Bioaccumulative Toxics Initiative, 6.34 Pesticides, 6.27, 6.38–6.39, 10.1, 10.3–10.4, 10.19 disposal of, 10.30 labeling of, 10.19–10.20 Petroleum, 11.20–11.21, 13.28 Planning, regional approaches to, 1.20, 4.12 Plastic lumber industry, 9.12 Plastics, 5.4–5.6, 5.8–5.9, 5.11, 5.17–5.18, 5.26–5.27, 12.6, 13.159 chlorine from, 6.29 from computers, 11.52 heating value of, 13.7 recycled, 8.2, 9.5, 9.8, 9.14 recycling of, 5.22, 6.5, 6.33 reduction of, 6.18 Plastics News, 9.7 Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970, 10.19 Policy goals, articulation of, 1.21, 4.10 Pollutants: dispersion of, 13.161–13.165 from incinerators, 13.124–13.126 regulated, 2.25 risk assessment of, 13.165–13.168 (See also Emissions) Pollution: prevention of, 13.157, 13.160 from recycling, 1.15 Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), 11.52–11.53 Polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDDs), 11.53–11.54 Polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs), 11.53–11.54 Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), 11.52–11.54 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 11.17, 11.54, 11.56 I.12 INDEX Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 11.17 Polystyrene packaging, 3.16, 6.34 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 6.33 -coated copper cables, 11.54 Population growth, 4.2 Postconsumer, defined, 9.3 Potential to emit, 2.31 Preconsumer, defined, 9.3 Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality (PSD), 2.31 Primary materials, defined, 9.3 Procurement standards, 6.7–6.8, 6.21–6.22, 6.35, 9.9–9.11 commodity-specific, 1.24 entity-specific, 1.24 state, 3.24 Producer responsibility laws, 9.16, 11.55 Producer take-back programs, 1.24, 3.16–3.18, 6.14, 6.36, 11.55, 11.58 Product bans, 6.30, 6.34, 10.23 (See also Disposal bans) Product groupings, functional, defined, 6.2 Production management policies, 6.37–6.39 Product liability, 11.55 Product redesign, 6.23–6.24, 6.30, 6.33, 6.37–6.38 Websites pertaining to, 6.3 Product return, 10.22–10.23 Product standards, for recycled products, 1.21, 9.12 Product stewardship, 10.21–10.23 Product substitutes, 6.36–6.37 Project ROSE (Recycled Oil Saves Energy), 11.21–11.22, 11.24 Public involvement, 1.2, 1.24, 4.7, 4.10, 14.68–14.69 Publicly owned treatment works (POTW) emissions, 2.30 Public reaction, responsiveness to, 1.2 Pyrolysis, 13.25, 13.27 (See also Incineration) Pyrolytic oil, 11.34–11.35 Radioactive waste, 1.8, 2.3, 14.75 from computers, 11.56 Reactivity, 10.2 Reasonably achievable control technology (RACT), 2.25 Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC), 6.36, 10.12, 10.23 Recovery: of aluminum, 5.22 of carbon dioxide, 1.11 of containers and packaging, 5.21–5.22 Recovery (Cont.): defined, 5.1 of durable goods, 5.19–5.20 factors affecting, 8.7 of glass, 5.22 of landfill gases, 14.28–14.29, 14.31 materials, 5.19–5.20 of metals, 5.22 of methane (CH4), 1.11 of MSW, 8.2, 8.17 of nondurable goods, 5.19, 5.21 of oil, 11.20, 11.26–11.28 of paper, 5.21–5.22 of plastics, 5.22 of refrigerants, 2.33 of wood, 5.22 (See also Recycling) Recyclable materials: collection of, 7.10–7.13, 8.4–8.7 composition of, 8.1–8.2 defining, 8.5–8.6 drop-off centers for, 8.8–8.10 equipment for processing, 8.38–8.70 quality of, 9.15–9.16 rail transport of, 9.15 recovery of, from solid waste, 8.3–8.10 storage facilities for, 8.68 supply of, 8.1–8.2, 9.14–9.15 unit operations for, 8.38–8.70 Recycled content, 3.22, 3.24, 9.12 defined, 9.3 Recycled materials: financial tools for, 9.12–9.13 minimum content, 3.22, 3.24 product standards for, 1.21, 9.12 shipping rules for, 9.16 technical assistance programs for, 9.13 Recycled materials advisory notices (RMANs), 9.11 Recycler’s World, 9.7 Recycling, 1.6, 1.8, 1.20, 4.7, 8.1–8.72, 13.157, 13.160 of asphalt, 11.44, 11.47 of batteries, 6.32, 11.1, 11.7–11.13 benefits of, 1.9–1.10 commodity prices and, 9.6–9.7 of computer equipment, 11.54–11.55 of concrete, 11.44 of construction and demolition waste, 11.39, 11.42–11.44, 11.46 costs of, 9.6 curbside, 1.12, 3.5–3.7, 3.13, 8.2–8.4 design for, 9.15 environmental concerns of, 8.70–8.72 of fluorescent light tubes, 6.32 INDEX Recycling (Cont.): goals for, 1.11, 1.23 mandatory, 3.12, 8.5, 8.7–8.8, 9.14, 11.22 markets for, 1.10, 1.20, 1.23–1.24, 1.26, 9.1–9.6 materials for, 9.4–9.6 metal, 1.10 of metals, 1.10, 9.5, 9.8, 9.14, 11.44 of motor oil, 6.32, 11.22–11.25 performance measures of, 8.6 of plastics, 5.22, 6.5, 6.33 pollution from, 1.15 problems with, 1.10 public education and, 1.10 rate of, 3.5, 6.1, 8.1, 8.6 in rural areas, 8.10 of soil, 11.44, 11.47 of solvents, 1.10 sustainable, 9.1–9.3 of thermostats, 6.32 of tires, 11.36 of toxic waste, 6.32 of used oil, 11.22–11.25 of wood, 11.44, 11.46–11.47 (See also Recovery) Recycling Economic Information Study, 9.4 Recycling facilities, worker fatalities in, 10.12–10.13 Recycling loop, 9.2 Recycling market development zones (RMDZs), 9.13–9.14 Recycling markets, promotion of, 9.15 Recycling programs, 8.2–8.3 design of, 1.24 Recycling rate, defined, 9.3 Refrigerants, recovery from equipment of, 2.33 Refurbishing, defined, 6.2 Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), 1.12, 8.35 capital costs of, 1.17 operation and management costs, 1.19 (See also Waste-to-energy) Regulation, governmental, need for predictability in, 1.2, 1.7 Remanufacturing, Websites pertaining to, 6.3 Repair and remodeling waste, 10.1 (See also Construction and demolition waste) Residential waste, 1.3, 5.2, 6.18–6.20 vs commercial waste, 5.25–5.27 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 2.1–2.22, 3.1, 4.2, 6.8, 10.16 Resource recovery systems, 4.2 (See also Recovery; Recycling) I.13 Responsible Care initiative (EU), 10.23, 10.25 Reuse: defined, 6.2 and repair industries, 6.11–6.12 Websites pertaining to, 6.3 Reuse Development Organization (ReDO), 6.12 Rice production, 2.34 Rigid Plastic Packaging Container (RPPC) Act, 9.12 Rotary grinders, 8.45–8.46 Rubber cement, 10.4 Rubber waste, 5.4–5.5, 5.9, 5.11, 5.26–5.27 reduction of, 6.18 Safe Drinking Water Act, 2.6, 2.22, 10.15 Safety, regulations governing, 2.3 Sampling, 5.3, 6.27–6.28 SAU (see Incinerators, starved air) Scholl Canyon model, 2.23 Scientific Certification Systems (SCS), 10.20 Scrap brokers, 9.7 Scrap materials, trading of, 9.16 (See also Waste exchanges) Screens: for component separation, 8.47–8.48, 8.50–8.52 for composting facilities, 12.54–12.56 Scrubbers (see Incinerators, particulate emissions from; Venturi scrubbers) Secondary materials, defined, 9.3 Seismic impact zones, 2.5 Selenium, 6.29 Septic systems, 10.3, 10.13–10.14 Service stations: regulatory status of, current, 11.19 used motor oil and, 11.19 Sewage sludge, 2.2–2.4, 2.30, 11.39 incineration of, 13.46, 13.48 per capita generation of, 13.4 Shredders, 8.51 size distribution characteristics of, 8.52 vendors of, 12.56–12.61 Siting, of facilities, 1.20, 1.22, 15.1–15.16 ethical aspects of, 15.3–15.4 public participation in, 1.25, 15.8–15.16 Size reduction, of MSW, 8.44–8.52 Sludge (see Sewage sludge) Social marketing, 10.27 Sodium bicarbonate injection, 13.145–13.146 Soil: contaminated, 1.5 field capacity and permanent wilting point of, 14.53 recycling of, 11.44, 11.47 I.14 INDEX Solid waste, 1.3–1.4, 14.7–14.8 collection of (see Collection vehicles; Solid waste collection) combustion characteristics of, 13.57–13.58, 13.60 composition of, 6.5–6.6, 6.16 defined, 6.2 designated, 14.4 disposal methods, by state, 3.2 enclosures for, at apartments, 7.15 field capacity of, 14.33 filling plan, 14.70–14.72 generation, by state, 3.2 household, defined, 2.2 incinerable, 13.4–13.5, 13.30 increasing quantities of, 1.2–1.3 international, composition of, 13.39 management of (see Waste management) milled, 14.4 municipal sludge, 1.5 not reported in MSW totals, 1.2, 1.5–1.6 out-of-state (see Flow control) per capita generation of, 1.3–1.4, 1.23, 3.1, 5.10, 8.1, 13.4, 13.6 radioactive (see Radioactive waste) recycling of, 1.4 reduction of, 1.4 salt-laden, 13.22 shredded, 14.4 source-separated (see Source-separated waste) state regulatory agencies, 3.27–3.29 thermal processing of, 2.2 toxic, collection of, 6.30–6.32 toxicity of, 6.27–6.30 types of, in landfills, 14.60–14.61 worker hazards, 10.12 (See also Garbage; Municipal solid waste (MSW)) Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA), 10.18–10.19 Solid waste collection, 1.4 alley storage, 7.3 from apartments, 7.4, 7.7, 7.12–7.14 from commercial-industrial facilities, 7.8–7.9, 7.14 containers for, 7.9–7.10 curb service, 7.3–7.4, 7.26 economics of, 7.25–7.26 events, 10.29 hauled container system (see Hauled container system (HCS)) labor requirements for, 7.25–7.26 logistics of, 7.1 Solid waste collection (Cont.): from low-rise detached dwellings, 7.3–7.4 management of, 7.25 operation and management costs, 1.18 by pneumatic transport systems, 7.4, 7.7 of recyclable materials, 7.10–7.13 residential, 7.3–7.4, 7.11 routing of, 7.22–7.25 scheduling of, 7.24 setout-setback service, 7.4 of source-separated waste (see Sourceseparated waste) stationary compactors, 7.10 stationary container system (see Stationary container system (SCS)) of toxic waste, 6.30–6.32 trash chute system, 7.7 types of, 7.2–7.16, 7.25 (See also Commingled waste) Solid waste collection vehicles (see Collection vehicles) The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action, 4.9 Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, 4.1–4.2, 4.7 Solvent recycling, 1.10 Source expansion, defined, 6.2 Source reduction, 1.6–1.9, 1.20, 1.23, 6.8, 8.1 administration of, 6.16–6.17 of batteries, 11.12 business plans for, 6.14 defined, 6.2 economic effects of, 6.2, 6.4 environmental benefits of, 6.2, 6.4–6.5 EPA-supported programs for, 6.7 goals, 6.15–6.16 international initiatives for, 6.14–6.15 measurement of, 6.15–6.16 primary routes of, 6.1 procurement standards for, 6.22 state initiatives for, 6.8–6.10 strategies for, 6.15–6.25 taxes and, 6.10 of tires, 11.32–11.33 Websites pertaining to, 6.3–6.4 Source-separated waste, 7.2–7.3, 7.10–7.13, 8.1–8.4 automated separation of, 8.28–8.29 collection of, 8.3–8.4 MRFs for, 8.13, 8.15, 8.21–8.29, 8.31 recovery rates for, 8.18–8.19 Southern Waste Information eXchange, Inc., 9.15 INDEX Special events, waste from, 6.24–6.25 Spot remover, 6.35, 10.4 Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Guidelines for Control of Existing Sources: Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, 2.33 State legislation, 3.9–3.10, 6.8–6.10 State planning provisions, 3.8–3.9, 4.1–4.8 State regulatory agencies, 3.27–3.29 Stationary container system (SCS), 7.16–7.18, 7.21–7.22 Steam, saturated, properties of, 13.75 Steam generation, 13.53, 13.76–13.78 Steel (see Metals, ferrous) Steel Recycling Institute, 9.8 Storm water discharge, 10.15 defined, 2.36 HHP and, 10.5 runoff coefficients of, 14.54 Structural components, 2.5 Sunshine laws, 15.16 Supply-side tools, 9.8, 9.14–9.16 Sustainability, 10.21–10.23 Swedish Eco-Cycle Act of 1994, 6.36 Synthetically derived toxic materials, 6.27 Tarps, 7.4 Tax credits, 1.24, 3.22 Taxes, source reduction and, 6.10 Tax policies, for recycled materials, 9.13 Tax rates, differential, 1.23 Technical assistance programs, for recycled materials, 9.13 Technological society, 1.1–1.2 Terminology, careful definition of, 1.21 Textiles, 5.4–5.5, 5.10–5.11, 5.26–5.27, 13.159 recycled, 9.5 reduction of, 6.18 Thermometers, mercury-containing, 6.9 Thermostats, mercury-containing, 6.32 Tipping fees, 3.3–3.5, 4.9 landfill surcharge, 3.25 in large cities, 1.12 Tire-derived fuel (TDF), 11.34–11.36 Tires, 3.16, 5.15, 12.6 advanced disposal fees on, 3.15–3.18 alternatives to disposal of, 11.34 burning of, 2.25, 11.34–11.35 composition of, 11.31–11.32 disposal of used, 3.20–3.21, 11.33– 11.34 gasification of, 11.35 recycled, 9.5 recycling options for, 11.36 I.15 Tires (Cont.): retreading, 11.33 scrap, 11.31–11.35 source reduction of, 11.32–11.33 Title V permit program, 2.31–2.32 Toluene, 10.8 Tote containers, 7.4 Toxicity, defined, 10.2 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), 11.7 Toxicity reduction, 1.24, 6.30, 6.38 Toxic loading, 10.6 Toxic materials, synthetically derived, 6.27 Toxic products, chronic health effects from, 10.3 Transfer stations, need for, 14.61 Transportation facilities, 2.36 Transportation products, CPGs for, 9.11 Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSFDs), 2.30 Tribal Authority Rule, 2.34 Tribal Implementation Plan (TIP), 2.34 Trichloroethylene, 6.35 Turning and mixing equipment, vendors of, 12.63–12.64 Uniform Fire Code, 10.16–10.17 Unstable areas, 2.5–2.6 U.S Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE), 2.35–2.36 Vadose zone monitoring, 14.77–14.80 Variable rate pricing, 6.12–6.13 Vehicle emission controls, 2.24 Vehicular products, CPGs for, 9.11 Venturi scrubbers, 13.133–13.137 Vermiculture, 6.20 Virgin materials fees, 1.24 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 2.25, 10.8–10.9 off-site groundwater contamination by, 10.9 Volume reduction, of MSW (see Densification systems, for MSW) Washington Toxics Coalition, 10.28 Waste (see Solid waste) Waste audits, 6.14 Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) directive, 10.23–10.25 Waste exchanges, 9.15 Waste facilities, by state, 3.4 I.16 INDEX Waste management: command-and-control approach to, 1.22–1.23 costs of, 1.13, 1.16–1.18, 1.20 data on, 1.2, 1.6, 5.3 durable goods recovery, 5.19 elements of, 1.4–1.5 funding, 3.25 implementation mechanisms, 1.22 integrated (see Integrated waste management (IWM)) international programs for, 6.36 inventory and assessment for, 4.4 local planning for (see Local planning provisions) materials recovery, 5.19–5.20 new models for, 4.4–4.8 nondurable goods recovery, 5.19 options, 1.13–1.15, 1.21 planning for, 1.20, 4.1–4.2 policy and strategy for, 4.4 privatization of, 4.12–4.13 professional journals about, 1.26 regionalization of, 1.20, 4.12 state planning for (see State planning provisions) system selection, 4.11 technical assistance for, 4.4 for toxicity reduction, 6.30 trends in, 5.23 Waste News, 9.6–9.7 Waste reduction, 4.7–4.8, 6.12 defined, 6.2 goals, establishing, 3.10–3.11, 3.14 legislation, 3.3, 3.5, 3.9–3.10 rate of, 3.5 unit pricing for, 6.12–6.13, 8.8 weight-based systems, 6.12–6.13 Waste-to-energy (WTE), 1.8–1.11, 1.15, 1.20, 2.36, 4.2, 5.21–5.24, 13.1–13.173 air, excess, corrections for, 13.172 ash quality, 10.11 bond financing of, 2.39 capital costs of, 1.17 electric power generation from, 13.79 of electronic equipment, 11.55–11.56 emission controls in, 13.121–13.170 explosions, facility, 10.12 facilities, constraints on, 13.1 vs fossil fuels, 1.27, 13.157–13.158 heat, recovery of, 13.52, 13.73–13.76 from landfill gases, 14.28–14.29, 14.31 mass burn facilities, 13.32–13.38 Waste-to-energy (WTE) (Cont.): operation and management costs, 1.18–1.19 (See also Incinerators) Waste Watch Center, 10.26 Wastewater, hazardous materials in, 10.13–10.14 Wastewater streams, 10.1 Wastewater treatment, 2.25, 10.3 Wastewise program, 6.6–6.7 Water: in landfills, balance of, 14.52 surface, 2.3, 2.6, 14.64–14.65 Water conservation, 6.5 Water pollution: control of, 4.2 non-point-source, 10.15 Water rates, differential, 1.23 Waterwall systems, 13.78–13.79 Weighing facilities, 8.67–8.68 Wellhead protection, 10.15 Wetlands, 2.5 White goods, 3.15, 5.5, 5.14–5.15, 10.2 advanced disposal fees on, 3.18 Wood, 5.4–5.5, 5.10–5.11, 5.17–5.18, 5.26–5.27, 13.159 heating value of, 13.7 recovery of, 5.22 recycled, 9.5 recycling of, 11.44, 11.46–11.47 reduction of, 6.18 Worker hazards, in solid waste handing, 10.12 World Trade Association (WTO), 9.16–9.17 Xeriscaping, 6.20 Yard waste, 5.4–5.6, 5.10–5.13, 5.19, 5.26–5.28, 6.8–6.9, 8.7, 13.159 composting of, 3.7–3.8, 12.1–12.2, 12.31–12.33, 12.65–12.68 composting system vendors, 12.47–12.48 disposal bans on, 3.14–3.15 as intermediate landfill cover, 14.48 programs for, 6.14 recycled, 9.5, 9.8 reduction of, 6.18 residential noncontainerized, 7.11–7.12, 7.14 Zinc, from batteries, 11.6 ... 1.8 1.9 1.1 Waste Generation and Management in a Technological Society / 1.1 Issues in Solid Waste Management / 1.2 Integrated Waste Management / 1.8 Implementing Integrated Waste Management Strategies... Ruffer 4.1 4.2 4.3 State Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.1 Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.7 Conclusions / 4.13 References / 4.14 Chapter Solid Waste Stream Characteristics... 5.7 5.1 Municipal Solid Waste Defined / 5.1 Methods of Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste / 5.2 Materials in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.3 Products in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight