TRANSNATIONAL BUSINESS CULTURES Cross Cultural Management Series Series Editor: Kwok Leung, Professor of Management at City University, Hong Kong, China This series provides high quality research monographs and edited volumes that examine key issues in cross-cultural management such as workplace diversity, varieties of capitalism, comparative national performance, international joint ventures, and transnational negotiations The series encompasses multidisciplinary perspectives and is aimed at an academic readership The purpose of the series is to provide a global academic forum for the study of cross-cultural management Other titles in the series: Cross-Cultural Management: Foundations and Future Dean Tjosvold and Kwok Leung ISBN 07546 1881 Management and Organization in Germany Thomas Armbruster ISBN 7546 3880 Transnational Business Cultures Life and Work in a Multinational Corporation FIONA MOORE Kingston University, UK ASHGATE Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents List of Figures and Tables A cknowledgements vi vii 1 Introduction Transnational Culture's Consequences: Theorising the Global and the Local 21 Community, Interrupted: The German Businesspeople of Londo 40 A Financial Utopia: The "Global City" of London 75 Branch Mentality: Change and Self-Presentation in a German MNC 96 "Mobile Phone Wars": Language and Communication in the MNC 131 Global Culture Revisited: The Transnational Capitalist Society 159 Conclusion: Defining Transnational Business Cultures 182 Bibliography Index 197 212 List of Figures and Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Figure 2.1 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Figure 6.1 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Formal interview subjects at "ZwoBank" Interviewees in the City of London/Frankfurt The transnational capitalist class Summary of cohorts and cohort positions Differences in cohorts' descriptions of the restructuring A lex (Peattie and Taylor, 29 July 1999) The transnational capitalist society Prototype TCS map of influences on a corporatio 13 15 36 105 114 145 165 179 Acknowledgements Grateful acknowledgement is due first of all to Professor Steven Vertovec and everyone in the Transnational Communities Programme at Oxford University Thanks is also due, in no particular order, to Professor Mari Sako, Dr Alisdair Rogers, Dr Maria Jaschok, Shirley Ardener, Dr Marcus Banks, Dr Roger Goodman, Dr Jonathan Beaverstock, Dr Malcolm Chapman, Professor Jonathan Zeitlin, Professor Ray Loveridge, Professor Hilary Harris and Dr William Kelly for invaluable academic advice, assistance and comments I would also like to thank Dr Steven Collins, Professor Willi Patterson and Herr Doktor Professor Norbert Walter for assisting with issues of access and of finding a suitable fieldsite The staff of the Deutsche Bank Archive also deserve thanks for taking the time to locate specialised material and provide research resources for me Amy Scott and Sylvester von Hermann assisted with the provision of comparative material; April DeLaurier and Robert Atwood provided accommodation and advice in London and the family of Mrs Gisele W were of similar help in Frankfurt; the late Peter Humble was an invaluable presence in a number of areas I would also like to thank Alan Stevens for physical and emotional support, patience and for reading and commenting on the text Lastly, I wish to thank the employees of "ZwoBank," as well as the rnany other people who took the time to speak with me over the course of my research, without whorn this project would never have taken place This project was funded by an SSHRC Doctoral Fellowship, an ORS Award, and grants from both the Peter Lienhardt Memorial Foundation and the Nuffield Foundation The A lex cartoon on page 145 is reproduced here with the kind permission of Alex Cartoon Inc All translations from German to English, both of written texts and of interviews, are my own except where otherwise specified All errors and/or missed nuances are therefore my responsibility For A lan Chapter Introduction Introduction Although culture and transnational business is currently a subject of great interest in all disciplines of the social sciences, researchers in business studies have tended to treat businesspeople as a single unit, without the complex explorations of culture necessary to understand human behaviour under globalisation Anthropologists, by contrast, have focused for the most part on non-elite groups, ignoring the possibility that the employees of multinational corporations might have equally complex social engagements Through an examination of German transnational businesspeople in London and Frankfurt, I argue that "culture" is in fact a complex, shifting concept which is used and reinterpreted according to the strategies of individual managers and groups, and that this fact is leading to the development of a new "transnational capitalist society" incorporating both local and global cultures in a complex, ever-changing system of interconnected relationships In this introductory chapter, I will discuss the study's background as well as briefly describing the issues which affected my research This will include a critical overview of the way in which "culture" has been treated in the literature on business, particularly that regarding MNCs, and of how my work relates to these earlier studies I will consider the literature on the role of national and organizational culture, and the recent studies on the development of "third cultures," incorporating national and organizational elements, in the branches of MNCs I will then summarise the approach of this book, derived from Erving Goffman's theories on strategic self-presentation I will then outline the methodology used in conducting the study and describe the structure of the book: an overview of earlier research done in this area and the formulation of a hypothesis based on this work, followed by an ethnographic case study, and concluding by reconsidering the earlier research in light of my new findings I conclude with a brief restatement of my hypothesis: that the nature of global finance means that one cannot simply isolate "global" from "national" culture, but must think in terms of "culture" as a concept which is under constant negotiation in a loose social structure focused on transnational business activity Two Ships Passing: Anthropology and Business Studies In order to combine the most useful aspects of anthropology and business studies 202 Transnational Business Cultures Drainville, Andre C (1998) "The Fetishism of Global Civil Society: Global Governance, Transnational Urbanism and Sustainable Capitalism in the World Economy," in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo (Eds.), Transnationalism from Below, Comparative Urban and Community Research vol 6, London: Transaction Publishers, 35-63 Dumont, Louis (1994) German Ideology: From France to Germany and Back, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Dyer, Colin (n.d.) The Guild of Freemen of the City of London: A Record of Its Formation and History, London: Guild of Freemen of the City of London Ebster-Grosz, Dagmar, and Pugh, Derek (1996) A nglo-German Business Collaboration: Pitfalls and Potentials, London: Macmillan Press The Economist (1962) "[Untitled Article]," July 14 1962, page 144 — (1995) "The Mittelstand Meets the Grim Reaper," 30 September 1995, pp 77-78 — (1998a) "The Ties That Bind," May 1998, pp 5-8 — (1998b) "Reds at the Ready," 11 July 1998, page 53 — (1998c) "Salesman Schröder," 29 August 1998, page 16 — (1998d) "A New Mix," 26 September 1998, page 31 Edstrom, Anders and Galbraith, Jay R (1977) "Transfer of Managers as a Coordination and Control Strategy in Multinational Organizations," A dministrative Science Quarterly, 22: 2, 248-264 Egelhoff, William G (1993) "Information-Processing Theory and the Multinational Corporation," in Sumantra Ghoshal and D Eleanor Westney (Eds.), Organization Theory and the Multinational Corporation, London: The Macmillan Press, 182-210 Eisenberg, Christine (1985) Friihe A rbeiterbewegung Und Genossenschaften, Bonn: Verlag Neue Gesellschaft GmbH Elias, Norbert (1996) The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Oxford: Polity Press Engelmann, Bernt (1991) Deutschland-Report, Göttingen: Steidl Verlag Falham, David (1999) Managing in a Business Context, People and Organisations Series, London: Institute of Personnel and Development Farrell, Jerome (1990) "The German Community in 19th Century East London," East London Record, 13, 2-8 Fay, Stephen (1988) Portrait of an Old Lady: Turmoil at the Bank of England, London: Penguin Books Ferner, A and Hyman, R (eds.) (1998) Changing Industrial Relations in Europe, Oxford: Blackwell Fetterman, David M (1998) Ethnography: Step by Step, Newbury Park: Sage Financial Times (1998a) "Merged Bank May Beat Its Costs Target: Bayerische Hypo-und Vereinsbank," 30 August, available from http://globalarchive.ft.com/globalarchive /articles.html — (1998b) "Rover's Poor Return," 22 October 1998, page 20 — (1999) "Compensation for Nazi Era Labour to Rise," October 1999 Firchow, Peter Edgerly (1986) The Death of the German Cousin: V ariations on a Literary Stereotype 1890-1920, London: Associated University Presses Foner, Nancy (1997) "What's New About Transnationalism? New York Immigrants Today and at the Turn of the Century," paper presented at Conference on Transnational Communities and the Political Economy of New York in the 1990s, The New School for Economic Research, February 21-22, 1997 Forster, Nick (2000) "The Myth of the 'International Manager'," International Journal of Human Resource Management 11 (1), 126-142 Bibliography 203 Forsythe, Diana (1989) "German Identity and the Problem of History," in Elizabeth Tonkin et al (Eds.), History and Ethnicity, Vol 27 London: Routledge, 137-156 Frankfurter A llgemeine Zeitung (2000) "HVB bleibt trotz schwachem Start optimistisch für laufende Jahr," 23 March 2000, available from http://globalarchive.ft.com/globalarchive/articles.html Friends of Douglas House (1993) W elcome: Tips für den Start in England, London: Friends of Douglas House Fröbel, Folker et al (1980) The New International Division of Labour: Structural Unemployment in Industrialized Countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Gall, Lothar (1995) "The Deutsche Bank from Its Founding to the Great War 1870-1914," in in Lothar Gall, Gerald D Feldman, Harold James, Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, and HansE Büschgen (Eds.), The Deutsche Bank 1870-1995, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1-127 —, Feldman, Gerald D., James, Harold, Holtfrerich, Carl-Ludwig and Büschgen , Hans-E (Eds.) (1995) The Deutsche Bank 1870-1995, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, xii-xx Ghoshal, Sumantra and Nohria, Nitin (1989) "Internal Differentiation within Multinational Corporations," Strategic Management Journal, 10, 323-332 Gillespie, Marie (1995) Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, London: Routledge Goffman, Erving (1956) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh — (1961) Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction, Indianapolis: BobbsMerrill Ltd — (1963) Behaviour in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings, London: The Free Press of Glencoe — (1970) Strategic Interaction, Oxford: Basil Blackwell — (1979) Gender A dvertisements, Macmillan, London Goltz, Joshua (1998) "Memories of Heimat: National Socialist Propaganda and the Homelands of German Emigres in Argentina," M.Phil Thesis, ISCA, University of Oxford, Oxford Goodman, Roger (1993) Japan's "International Y outh": The Emergence of a New Class of Schoolchildren, Oxford: Clarendon Press Gordon, Robert (2000) "Not Much of a New Economy," Financial Times, 26 July 2000, available from http://www.globalarchive.ft.com/ Graham, Laurie (1995) On the Line at Subaru-Isuzu: the Japanese Model and the A merican W orker, Ithaca: ILR Press Grass, Günther (1990) Deutscher Lastenausgleich: W ieder das dumpfe Einheitsgebot: Reden and Gespräche , Frankfurt am Main: Luchterhand Literaturverlag Greverus, Ina Maria (1979) Auf der Suche nach Heimat, München: Beck Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo and Smith, Michael Peter (1998) "The Locations of Transnationalism," in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo (Eds.), Transnationalism from Below, Comparative Urban and Community Research vol 6, London: Transaction Publishers, 13-34 Habermas, Jürgen (1994) The Past as Future, Cambridge: Polity Press Hagen, Stephen (1998) "Panel Discussion," at the Doing Business with Germany Conference, Goethe Institut, London, 21 October 1998 Hamada, Tomoko (1992) "Under the Silk Banner: The Japanese Company and Its Overseas Managers," in Takie Sugiyama Lebra (Ed.), Japanese Social Organization, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 135-164 204 Transnational Business Cultures Hannerz, Ulf (1983) "Tools of Identity and Imagination," in Anita Jacobson-Widding (Ed.), Identity: Personal and Socio-Cultural, a Symposium, Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell International, 347-360 — (1992) Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning, New York: Columbia University Press — (1996) Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places, London: Routledge Harris, Simon (2000) "Reconciling Positive and Interpretative International Management Research: A Native Category Approach," International Business Review, 9, 755-770 Hartley, Paul and Robins, Gertrud (1996) Manual of Business German: A Comprehensive Language Guide, London: Routledge Harvey, David (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity • A n Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Oxford: Blackwell Harzing, Anne-Wil (2001a) "An Analysis of the Functions of International Transfer of Managers in MNCs," Employee Relations 23: 6, 581-598 — (2001b) "Of Bears, Bumblebees and Spiders: the Role of Expatriates in Controlling Foreign Subsidiaries," Journal of W orld Business 36: 4, 336-379 Head, David (1992) "Made in Germany": The Corporate Identity of a Nation, London: Hodder and Stoughton van Hear, Nicholas (1998) New Diasporas: The Mass Exodus, Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities, London: UCL Held, David, McGrew, Anthony, Goldblatt, David and Perraton, Jonathan (1999) Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press Heller, Robert (1995) The Naked Manager for the Nineties, London: Warner Books Henrich, Dieter (1993) Nach dem Ende der Teilung: über Identität and Intellektualität in Deutschland, Frankfurt am Main: Surkamp Verlag von Herder, Johann Gottfried (1969) Johann Gottfried Herder on Social and Political Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hickson, David J and Pugh, Derek S (1997) Management W orldwide: The Impact of Societal Culture on Organizations around the Globe, London: Penguin Hirst, Paul Q and Thompson, Grahame (1996) Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, Cambridge: Polity Press Hoecklin, Lisa Marie (1996) "(Re)Constructing Hausfrauen: Gender, Ideology, 'the Family' and Social Welfare in Southern Germany," M.Phil Thesis, ISCA, University of Oxford, Oxford — (1998) "Motherhood in the Fatherland: Towards Understanding a Mother Centre in Southern Germany," DPhil Thesis, ISCA, University of Oxford, Oxford Hofstede, Geert (1980) Culture's Consequences: International Differences in W ork-Related Values, London: Sage Holmes, Colin (1988) John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society, 1871-1971, London: Macmillan Holtfrereich, Carl-Ludwig (1995) "The Deutsche Bank 1945-1957: War, Military Rule and Reconstruction," in Lothar Gall, Gerald D Feldman, Harold James, Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, and Hans-E Büschgen (Eds.), The Deutsche Bank 1870-1995, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 357-521 Höpner, Martin and Jackson, Gregory (2001) A n Emerging Market for Corporate Control? The Mannesmann Takeover and German Corporate Governance KOln: Max-PlanckInstitut für Gesellschaftsforschung Discussion Papers Series Horovitz, Jacques Henri (1980) Top Management Control in Europe, London: Macmillan Hughes, Terence (1994) The Image Makers: National Stereotypes and the Media, London: Goethe Institut London Bibliography 205 Hunt, John (1998) "Go Abroad, Young Manager," Financial Times, October 1998, page 17 Hussey, D E (1995) How to Manage Organisational Change, London: Kogan Page Hutton, Will (1996) The State W e're In, London: Vintage d'Iribane, Phillipe (1997) "The Usefulness of an Ethnographic Approach to the International Comparison of Organizations," Inernational Studies of Management and Organization, 26 (4), 30-47 Irwin, Jonathan (2000) "The Hateful Welcome," Daily Mail, June 2000, page 41 Iyer, Pico (2000) The Global Soul: Jet Lag, Shopping Malls and the Search for Home, London: Bloomsbury Jackall, Robert (1988) Moral Mazes: The W orld of Corporate Managers, Oxford: Oxford University Press Janoski, Thomas and Glennie, Elizabeth (1995) "The Integration of Immigrants in Advanced Industrialized Nations," in Marco Martiniello (Ed.), Migration, Citizenship and Ethnonational Identities in the European Union, Aldershot: Avebury, 11-39 Janssens, Maddy (1994) "Evaluating International Managers' Performance: Parent Company Standards as Control Mechanism." International Journal of Human Resource Management 5: 4, 853-873 Jenkins, Alan (1988) The City: London's Square Mile, London: Viking Kestrel Jenkins, Richard (1996) Social Identity, London: Routledge Jones, Sheila (1998) "A Cauliflower Will Cost You 56 Centimes—in Rothsham," Financial Times, 11 November, page 12 Kasimir, Sharryn (2001) "Corporation, self and enterprise at the Saturn automobile Plant," A nthropology of W ork Review XXII: 4, 8-12 Kelly, William (2001) "Japanese Expatriate Managers: The Coordination of Overseas Subsidiaries in the United Kingdom," paper presented at Nissan Institute Seminar, Oxford, March 2001 Kerfoot, Deborah and Knights, David (1994) "The Gendered Terrains of Paternalism," in Susan Wright (Ed.), A nthropology of Organizations, London: Routledge, 124-139 Klein, Michael (1997) Leben, W erk und Nackwirkung des Genossenschaftsgründers Friedrich W ilhelm Raiffeisen (1818-1888) Schiffenreihe des Vereins für Rhenische Kirchengeschichte, 122, Köln: Rheinland-Verlag Klein, Naomi (2000) No Logo, London: Flamingo Klein, Wolf Peter (1998) "Pidgin als Weltsprache," Frankfurter A llgemeine Zeitung, 14 October, page Kluthe, Klaus (1985) Genossenschaften und Staat in Deutschland: symbolische und historische A nalysen deutscher Genossenschaftspolitik bezogen auf dem Zeitraum 1914 bis zur Gegenwert Schriften zum Genossenschaftswesen und zur öffentlichen Wirtschaft, Band 12 Berlin: Duncker und Humbolt Kogat, Bruce (1993) "Learning, or the Importance of Being Inert: Country Imprinting and International Competition," in Sumantra Ghoshal and D Eleanor Westney (Eds.), Organization Theory and the Multinational Corporation, London: The Macmillan Press, 136-154 König, Johann Gunther (1994) W em nutzt Europa? Banken und Konzerne: Fit für den W eltmarkt wer behält Gelt und A rbeit in Deutschland, Bremen: SachBuch Verlag Kosnick, Kyra (2001) — Good Guys and Bad Guys': Turkish Migrant Broadcasting in Berlin," paper presented at European Forum Summer School, Cecina, 8-17 July 2001 Krauthammer, Charles (1999) "Planet Amerika," Der Spiegel, 27 December 1999 Kristensen, P.H and Zeitlin, D (2004) Local Players in Global Games: The Strategic Constitution of a Multinational Corporation, Oxford: Oxford University Press Kynaston, David (1995) "The Bank of England and the Government," in David Kynaston and Richard Roberts (Eds.), The Bank of England: Money, Power and Influence 1694- 206 Transnational Business Cultures 1994, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 19-55 Lane, Christel (1989) Management and Labour in Europe: The Industrial Enterprise in Germany, Britain and France, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Larsen, Peter Thal, Waters, Richard and Lewis, William (2000) "Vodaphone-Mannesman: Making the Connection," Financial Times, February 2000, available from http://globalarchive.ft.com Law, John (1994) Organizing Modernity, Oxford: Blackwell Lawrence, Peter (1980) Managers and Management in W est Germany, London: Croom Helm Lascelles, David (2000) "Should Great Britain Join the Euro?" paper presented at Foreign Banks and Securities Houses Association Annual Conference, London, 27 November Lakoff, Robin (1979) "Language and Woman's Place," Language and Society, II, 45-80 Leach, Edmund (1976) Culture and Communication: The Logic by W hich Symbols A re Connected, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Leeson, Nick (1996) Rogue Trader, London: Little, Brown and Company Lewis, Michael (1989) Liar's Poker: Two Cities, True Greed, London: Hodder and Stoughton Leyshon, Andrew and Thrift, Nigel (1997) Money/Space: Geographies of Monetary Transformation, London: Routledge Lindisfarne, Nancy (2002) "Fieldwork, Gender and Imperialism Now," Critique of A nthropology 22 (4), 403-444 Linehan, Margaret and Walsh, James S (1999) "Recruiting and Developing Female Managers for International Assignments," Journal of Management Development 18 (6), 521-530 Lippert, Werner (Ed.) (1997) Future Office: Corporate Identity und Corporate Culture, Geist und Stil der Firma, Düsseldorf: Metropolitan Verlag Lurie, Alison (1981) The Language of Clothes, London: Heinemann Lynn, Eric (1997) "German Business Culture," in Roderick Millar and Jonathan Reuvid (Eds.), Doing Business with Germany, London: Kegan Paul Ltd., 57-69 MacDonald, Sharon (2001) "Trafficking in History: Multitemporal Practices," A nthropological Journal on European Cultures 11, 93-116 Mai, Gunther (1993) "Vom Obrigkeitsstaat zur Demokratiefahigkeit? westdeutsche Einstellungen seit Kriegsende," in Axel Knoblich et al (Eds.), Auf dem W eg zu einer gesamtdeutschen Identität? Köln: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 66-84 Major, Tony (2000) "Dust Settles on Failed Merger," Financial Times, 22 May, available from http://globalarchive.ft.com/globalarchive/ Mann, Kay (1993) London: The German Connection, Bridgwater: KT Publishing Mars, Gerald (1982) Cheats at W ork: A n A nthropology of W orkplace Crime, London: George Allen and Unwin Marsh, David (1994) Germany and Europe: The Crisis of Unity, London: Heinemann McDowell, Linda M (1997a) "A Tale of Two Cities? Embedded Organizations and Embodied Workers in the City of London," in Roger Lee and Jane Willis (Eds.), Geographies of Economies, London: Arnold, 118-129 — (1997b) Capital Culture: Gender and W ork in the City, Oxford: Blackwell McSweeney, Brendan (2002) "Fundamental Flaws in Hofstede's Research," EBF 9, pp 3943 Mead, George (1994) International Management, London: Blackwell Mehr, Max Thomas and Sylvester, Regine (1992) "The Stone-Thrower from Eisenhuttenstadt," trans Michael Hoffman, Granta, 42 (Winter), 134-142 Merriman, Nick and Visram, Rozina (1993) "The World in a City," in Nick Merriman (Ed.), The Peopling of London: Fifteen Thousand Y ears of Settlement from Overseas, London: Bibliography 207 Museum of London, 1-27 The Metro (2000) "Germans Poised for Blitz on C&W," July 2000, pp 43 Micklethwait, John and Wooldridge, Adrian (2000) A Future Perfect: The Challenge and Hidden Promise of Globalisation, London: William Heinemann Millar, Jean (1979) British Management V ersus German Management: A Comparison of Organisational Effectiveness in W est German and UK Factories, London: Saxon House Miller, Daniel and Slater, Don (2000) The Internet: A n Ethnographic A pproach, Oxford: Berg Mintz, Sydney W (1998) "The Localization of Anthropological Practice: From Area Studies to Transnationalism," Critique of A nthropology, 18 (22), 117-133 Mitchell, J Clyde (1983) "Case and Situation Analysis," Sociological Review (N.S.), 31 (2), 187-211 Mikes, George (1953) Uber A lles: Germany Explored, London: A Wingate Moore, Fiona (1999) "Ethnicity, Transnationalism and the Workplace: Expressions of Identity among German Business Expatriates," M.Phil Thesis, ISCA, University of Oxford, Oxford — (2003) "Internal Diversity and Culture's Consequences: Branch/Head Office Relations in a German Financial MNC," Management International Review 43, 95-111 Morgan, Garth (1997) Images of Organization, London: Sage Morgan, Glenn (2001) "Transnational Communities and Business Systems," Global Networks 1: 2, 113-130 Morning Post (1908) "The Anti-English Feeling," July 1908, page Mueller, Frank (1994) "Societal Effect, Organizational Effect and Globilization," Organization Studies, 15 (3), 407-428 Nader, Laura (1974) "Up the Anthropologist—Perspectives Gained from Studying Up," in Del Hymes (ed.), Reinventing A nthropology, New York: Random House Naughton, John (1999) "Techie Speak," High Life, January 1999, page 24 Nash, June (1979) "Anthropology of the Multinational Corporation," in G Huizer and B Mannheim (Eds.), The Politics of A nthropology: From Colonialism and Sexism toward a View from Below, Paris: Mouton Publishers, 421-446 Nicholson, Sally and Hill, Joyce (1992) German Telephone Skills for Business, Gerrards Cross: LETA Telephone Training Norderhaven, Niels G and Harzing, Anne-Wil (2003) "The 'Country of Origin Effect' in Multinational Corporations: Sources, Mechanisms and Moderating Conditions,' Management International Review 43, 47-66 Oberg, Kalervo (1960) "Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environments," Practical A nthropology, 7, 177-182 Ohmae, Kenichi (1990) The Borderless W orld: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, London: HarperCollins Ong, Aiwah (1998) "Flexible Citizenship among Chinese Cosmopolitans," in Pheng Cheah and Bruce Robbins (Eds.), Cosmopolitics: Thinking and Feeling Beyond the Nation, London: University of Minneapolis Press, 134-162 Owen, Jenny (1999) "The City and Identity: News Frames and the Representation of London and Londoners in the Evening Standard," in Tracey Skelton and Tim Allen (Eds.), Culture and Global Change, London: Routledge, 117-123 Panayi, Panikos (1993) "Germans in London," in Nick Merriman (Ed.), The Peopling of London: Fifteen Thousand Y ears of Settlement, London: Museum of London, 111-117 — (1995) German Immigrants in Britain During the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914, Oxford: Berg Pelissier, Catherine (1991) "The Anthropology of Teaching and Learning," A nnual Review of A nthropology, 20, 75-95 208 Transnational Business Cultures Peppercorn, Gillian and Skoulding, Gill (1987) Profile of British Industry: The Manager's View, London: British Institute of Management Peraino, Kevin (1998) "Websites Help Expats Feel Less Away from Home," W all Street Journal Europe, 10 Nov 1998, page Piekkari, Rebecca (2004) "Language and International Management: A Review and Extension," in International Studies of Management and Organization 34 (4) Plender, John and Wallace, Paul (1985) The Square Mile: A Guide to the New City of London, London: Century Publishing Pohl, Manfred and Burk, Kathleen (1998) Die Deutsche Bank in London 1873-1998, Munich: Piper Verlag Portes, Alejandro (1998) Globalisation from Below: The Rise of Transnational Communities, Oxford: ESRC Transnational Communities Programme Working Paper Posen, Adams (1993) "Less Than a Universe of Difference: Evaluating the Reality of German Finance," in A Bradley Shingleton, et al (Eds.), Dimensions of German Unification: Economic, Social and Legal A nalyses, Oxford: Westview Press, 43-56 Prahalad, C.K and Doz, Yves L (1987) The Multinational Mission: Balancing Local Demands and Global V ision, London: Macmillan Pringle, Rosemary (1994) "Office Affairs," in Susan Wright (Ed.), A nthropology of Organizations, London: Routledge, 115-123 Pryke, Michael and Lee, Roger (1995) "Place Your Bets: Towards an Understanding of Globalization, Sociofinancial Engineering and Competition within a Financial Centre," Urban Studies, 32 (2), 329-344 Quack, Sigrid and Morgan, Glenn (2000a) "National Capitalisms, Global Competition and Economic Performance: An Introduction," in Glenn Morgan, Richard Whitley and Sigrid Quack (Eds.), National Capitalisms, Global Competition and Economic Performance, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 3-24 — (2000b) "Institutions, Sector Specialization and Economic Performance Outcomes," in Glenn Morgan, Richard Whitley and Sigrid Quack (Eds.), National Capitalisms, Global Competition and Economic Performance, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 27-52 Rampton, Ben (1995) Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among A dolescents, London: Longman Randlesome, Colin (1993) "The Business Culture in Germany," in Colin Randlesome et al (Eds.), Business Cultures in Europe, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1-85 Räthzel, Nora (1990) "Germany: One Race, One Nation?" Race and Class, 32 (3), 31-48 Read, Donald (1999) The Power of News: The History of Reuters, Oxford: Oxford University Press Reis, Cristina (2004) "Power Implications of Language Diversity in Multinational Corporations," paper presented at EURAM 2004 Conference, St Andrew's, Scotland, 58 May 2004 Renton, Jane (1998) "Corporate Citizenship: A High Life Special," High Life, pp 1-16 Roberts, Celia et al (1992) Language and Discrimination: A Study of Communication in Multi-Ethnic W orkplaces, Harlow: Longman Robertson, Roland (1992) Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage Rose, Harold (1994) London as an International Financial Centre: A Narrative History, London: City Research Project Roth, Ranier A (1979) W as ist typisch deutsch? Image und Selbstverständnis der Deutschen, Würtzberg: Verlag Plötz Rovan, Joseph (1983) "Staat und Nation in der deutsche Geschichte," in Werner Weidenfeld (Ed.), Die Identität der Deutschen, Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 229247 Bibliography 209 Royle, Tony (2000) W orking for McDonald's in Europe, London: Routledge Sakai, Junko (2000) Japanese Bankers in the City of London: Language, Culture and Identity in the Japanese Diaspora, London: Routledge Sassen, Saskia (1991) The Global City: New Y ork, London, Tokyo, Princeton: Princeton University Press Schegloff, Emanuel A (1972) "Sequencing in Conversational Openings," in John J Gumperz and Dell Hymes (Eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, 346-380 Schein, Louisa (1998) "Forged Transnationality and Oppositional Cosmopolitanism," in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo (Eds.), Transnationalism from Below, Comparative Urban and Community Research vol 6, London: Transaction Publishers, 291-313 Scheuermann, Agnes (1997) "'Typical German, Typical British': Differences in Communication Style," Initiative, pp 20-21 Schnyder, Alfons Beat (1989) Unternehmenskulture: die Entwicklung eines UK-Models und der Berücksichtigung ethnologischer Erkentnisse und dessen A nwerkung auf die Innovations-Thematik, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag Scholtz, Christian (1987) "The Symbolic Value of Computerized Information Systems," paper presented at the Third International Conference on Oral Symbolism and Corporate Culture, Milan, June 24-26 1987 Schwartzman, Helen B (1993) Ethnography in Organizations, Quantitative Research Methods Vol 27, London: Sage Schwarz, Gunther (1989) Unternehmungskultur als Element des strategischen Managements, Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschungsergebnisse vol 92, Berlin: Duncker und Humbolt von See, Klaus (1994) Barbare, Germane, A rier: die Suche nach der Identität der Deutschen, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C Winter Seger, Frank (1997) Banken, Erfolg und Finanzierung: eine A nalyse für deutsche Industrieunternehmen, Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag Skelton, Tracey and Allen, Tim (1999) "Culture and Global Change: An Introduction," in Tracey Skelton and Tim Allen (Eds.), Culture and Global Change, London: Routledge, 1-10 Sklair, Leslie (1995) Sociology of the Global System, Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall — (1998a) Transnational Practices and the A nalysis of the Global System, Oxford: ESRC Transnational Communities Programme Working Paper — (1998b) "The Transnational Capitalist Class and Global Capitalism: The Case of the Tobacco Industry," Political Power and Social Theory, 12, 3-43 — (2001) The Transnational Capitalist Class, Oxford: Blackwell Smith, Anthony D (1995) Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press Sorge, Arndt (1996) "Societal Effects in Transnational Organization Studies: Conceptualizing Diversity in Actors and Systems," in Richard Whitley and Peer Hull Kristensen (Eds.), The Changing European Firm: Limits to Convergence, London: Routledge, 67-86 — and Warner, Malcolm (1986) Comparative Factory Organisation: A n A nglo-German Comparison of Manufacturing, Management and Manpower, Aldershot: Gower Sparke, Matthew (2001) "Networking Globalization: A Tapestry of Introductions," Global Networks, (2), 171-179 Sperber, Dan (1974) Rethinking Symbolism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Der Spiegel (1998a) "It's a Trick," 20 April 1998, pp 124-125 — (1998b) "Ferien far den Euro," 27 April 1998, pp 100-107 210 Transnational Business Cultures — (1998c) "Ich bleibe Deutscher," September 1998, pp 88-89 — (1998d) "Der Hunne träumt," 21 September 1998, page 269 Stack, John F (1981) "Ethnicity and Transnational Relations: An Introduction," in John F Stack (Ed.), Ethnic Identities in a Transnational W orld, London: Greenwood Press, 3-15 von Stein, Joachim Heinrich (1998) "Bankensystem in Deutschland: Kreditbanken, Sparkassen, Genossenschaftsbanken, Kreditinstitute mit Sonderaufgabe and die Bundesbank," in Heinrich von Stein, Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, Hans-E Büschgen et al (Eds.), Banken in Deutschland; wirtschaftspolitische Grundinformation, Oplanden: Leske and Budrich, 35-49 Stewart, Rosemary, et al (1994) Managing in Britain and Germany, New York: St Martins' Press Stockdale, E.V.M (1957) "Some Notes on the Bank of England and Her Connection with the Chamber of London, and Certain Other Aspects of Civic Life," Transactions of the G.H.A , II, 39-45 Stopford, John (1998/9) "Think Again: Multinational Corporations," Foreign Policy, 113, 12-24 Strecker, Ivo (1988) The Social Practice of Symbolization: A n A nthropological A nalysis, London: Athlone Press Thrift, Nigel (1994) "On the Social and Cultural Determinants of International Financial Centres: The Case of the City of London," in Money, Power and Space, Stuart Corbridge, Ron Martin and Nigel Thrift (Eds.), Oxford: Blackwell, 327-355 — and Leyshon, Andrew (1994) "A Phantom State? The De-Traditionalization of Money, the International Financial System and International Financial Centres," Political Geography, 13 (4), 299-327 Tomlinson, John (1999a) Globalization and Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press — (1999b) "Globalised Culture: The Triumph of the West?" in Tracey Skelton and Tim Allen (Eds.), Culture and Global Change, London: Routledge, 22-29 Torbiörn, Ingemar (1982) Living A broad: Personal A djustment and Personnel Policy in an Overseas Setting, Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Trompenaars, F (1993) Riding the W aves of Culture, London: Nicholas Brealey — and Hampden-Turner, Charles (1994) The Seven Cultures of Capitalism: V alue Systems for Creating W ealth in the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Sweden, and the Netherlands, London: Piatkus Tugendhat, Christopher (1971) The Multinationals, Harmondsworth: Penguin Turner, Barry A (1971) Exploring the Industrial Subculture, London: Macmillan — (1992) "The Symbolic Understanding of Organizations," in Michael Reed and Michael Hughes (Eds.), Rethinking Organization: New Dimensions in Organization Theory and A nalysis, London: Sage, 46-66 Vertovec, Steven (1996a) "Comparative Issues in, and Multiple Meanings of, the South Asian Religious Diaspora," paper presented at the Conference on the Comparative Study of the South Asian Diaspora: Religious Experience in Britain, Canada and USA, London, UK, 4-6 November 1996 — (1996b) "Berlin Multikulti: Germany, 'Foreigners' and 'World-Openness,'" New Community, 22 (3), 381-399 — (1999) "Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22 (2), 447-462 — (2001) "Transnational Social Formations: Towards Conceptual Cross-Fertilization," paper presented at Workshop on "Transnational Migration: Comparative Perspectives," Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, June 30-July 2001 — and Rogers, Alisdair (1998) "Introduction," in Steven Vertovec and Alisdair Rogers (Eds.), Muslim European Y outh: Reproducing Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, Aldershot: Bibliography 211 Ashgate, 1-33 Viehoff, Felix (1978) Zur mittelstandbezonenen Bankpolitik des V erbundes der Genossenschaftsbanken teil I: Zum Begriff und zur wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung des Mittelstandes, Veröffentlichungen der Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank vol 11, Frankfurt am Main: Fritz Knapp Verlag Vogel, Ezra (1979) Japan as Number One: Lessons for A merica, Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press Wade, Robert (1996) "Globalization and its Limits: Reports of the Death of the National Economy Are Greatly Exaggerated," in Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Eds.), National Diversity and Global Capitalism, London: Cornell, 60-88 Wallman, Sandra (1986) "Ethnicity and the Boundary Process in Context," in John Rex and David Mason (Eds.), Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 226-245 Warner, Malcolm and Campbell, Adrian (1993) "German Management," in David J Hickson (Ed.), Management in W estern Europe: Society, Culture and Organization in Twelve Nations, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 89-108 Waters, Malcolm (1995) Globalization, London: Routledge Watson, Alan (1995) The Germans: W ho A re They Now? London: Methuen Weidenfeld, Werner (1983) "Die Identität der Deutschen: Fragen, Positionen, Perspektiven," in Werner Weidenfeld (Ed.), Die Identität der Deutschen, Bonn: Bundeszentrale politische Bildung, 13-49 — and Korte, Karl-Rudolf (1991) Die Deutschen: Profit einer Nation, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta Verlag Weigelt, Klaus (1984) "Einleitung," in Klaus Weigelt (Ed.), Heimat und Nation: zur Geschichte und Identität der Deutschen, Mainz: von Hase und Köhler Verlag, 15-25 Westney, D Eleanor (1993) "Institutionalization Theory and the Multinational Corporation," in Sumantra Ghoshal and D Eleanor Westney (Eds.), Organization Theory and the Multinational Corporation, London: The Macmillan Press, 53-76 White, Jenny (1997) "Turks in the New Germany," A merican A nthropologist, 99 (4), 754769 Whitley, Richard (1992) "Societies, Firms and Markets: the Social Structuring of Business Systems," in Whitley, Richard (ed.), European Business Systems: Firms and Markets in their National Contexts, London: Sage, 5-45 Whitley, Richard (ed.) (1992) European Business Systems: Firms and Markets in their National Contexts, London: Sage Willis, Paul E (1977) Learning to Labour: How W orking Class Kids Get W orking Class Jobs, Farnborough: Saxon House The Winchester Group (n.d [19901) The Square Mile in 1990, London: The Winchester Group Wolff Olins Identity Research (1995) Made in Germany: A Business Survey of the Relevance of the National Badge and Its Image A ssociations, Wolff Olins Wraight, John (1991) The Swiss in London: A History of the City Swiss Club 1856-1991, London: City Swiss Club Wright, Susan (1994) -Culture' in Anthropology and Organizational Studies," in Susan Wright (Ed.), A nthropology of Organizations, London: Routledge, 1-31 Yeung, Henry Wai-Chung (1998) "Capital, State and Space: Contesting the Borderless World," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 23, 291-309 Zachary, G Pascal (2000) The Global Me: New Cosmopolitans: The Competitive Edge: Picking Globalism's W inners and Losers, London: Nicholas Brealy Publishing Index al-Qaeda 34 A lex 144-145 Americanisation 72 Appadurai, Arjun 23, 27, 164, 183, 194 Applegate, Christina 43, 46, 125 "Anglophiles" 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 124, 127, 134, 135, 136-137, 141, 145, 156 anthropology 1-3, 5-6, 7-10, 14, 17, 183, 191-192, 193, 194 Barings Bank 79, 80, 168 Beaverstock, J V 28, 31, 35, 75, 77, 80, 101, 109, 119, 195 Berlin Wall 137 "Big Bang" of 1986 79, 81, 82, 88, 89 104, 150, 167 Bloch, Maurice 7-8, 59, 127, 139, 163 Borneman, John 17, 29, 41, 42-43, 45, 107, 125-126 Blut and Boden 40, 42-44, 46 147-148 BSE, see Mad Cow Disease "business German" as dialect 135 cartoons 144-145 Castells, Manuel 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34, 35, 75, 165, 168, 169, 175, 183, 187 City of London 75-95 distinct status 76-77 "Englishness" of 78, 80 history 77, 78-79, 81 multiculturalism 77, 78, 79, 80-81, 82 newspapers 89, 146 and tourism 77, 80, 82, 86, 91 complex connectivity 5, 6, 26, 164, 165, 175, 176-177 computers 22, 63, 79, 123, 140, 143-144, 150-153, 155 cosmopolitanism 34, 35, 43, 46, 50, 51, 53, 59, 60, 61, 65, 73, 78, 80-81, 82, 91, 92, 98, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115, 118-119, 121, 122, 127, 132-134, 141, 142, 152, 157, 160, 167, 168, 169, 176, 184 "country-of-origin" effect 4, 31-32, 175, 85 culture anthropological definitions 3, 5-6 business studies definitions 4-5 national 2, 4, 21, 31-32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 70, 76, 82, 88, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 126, 127, 129, 131, 134, 138, 140, 141, 142, 155, 160, 171174, 179, 183, 185, 188-189 organisational 3-4, 17, 29, 31, 100, 129, 160, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188 transnational 3, 29, 31, 32-38, 40, 47, 52, 66, 83, 92, 110, 115, 124, 132, 134, 155, 157 Czamiawska, B 3, 8, 148, 153 Deutsche Bank 14, 36, 48, 50, 69, 83, 85, 151 Deutsche Schule London 14, 49, 54-62 developing countries 2, 24, 25, 193 diasporas 29-30 Dilbert 144 Doz, Yves L 30, 118, 129, 164, 166, 169, 183 e-commerce 83, 85-86, 151 Ebster-Grosz, Dagmar and Pugh, Derek 97 economics as symbol of German identity 44-45 Economist, The 2, 45, 77, 83, 100, 133, 146, 151 English language "business English" 138 as ethnic marker 135 in German media 133, 137 and German schoolchildren 58 Index as global language 58, 132-138, 139, 141, 154, 155 in jargon 139, 141 ethnography 10-17, 191-192, 194-195 ethnographies of business 2, 190 Euro (currency) 45, 78, 83, 84-85, 86 87, 143,144 Europe 17, 43-44, 57, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 105, 107, 113, 125, 126, 144,147, 167, 168, 188-189 British relationship to 7, 84-85, 86, 167 German relationship to 7, 41, 42, 43-44, 45, 46, 57, 67, 84-85, 86, 90, 92, 93, 105, 107, 113, 125, 126, 144 European Union 43, 84 expatriates 31, 37, 43, 44, 55, 60, 62, 64, 153, 161, 165, 182, 188-189 German 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47-49, 50-54, 55, 59, 63, 64, 66, 69, 71-73, 91, 93-94, 134, 135, 136, 143, 144, 153, 156, 157, 161,168-169, 170, 184, 190 networks of 48 spouses of 55 ZwoBank cohort 99, 101-102, 105106, 109, 112, 114, 115, 118, 120, 124, 125, 127, 133-135, 136, 140, 142, 146, 153, 154, 162,170 Faulty Towers 147, 149 financescape 23-24, 27, 32, 33, 37, 38, 40, 64, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 115, 129, 138, 139, 142, 154, 156, 157, 159, 164, 171, 176, 177, 180, 183, 187, 190, 194 Financial Times, The, 85, 88 "flexible" working 21, 28, 19, 102, Frankfurt as global business centre 77, 84, 87, 99, 119, 120, 132-133, 151, 187 contrasted with London 82, 119, 121 European connections of 87 "Germanness" of 82, 133-134, 141, 170 multiculturalism 82, 191 213 German banking system 82-83 banks in London 48, 50-51, 56, 65, 83-88, 90, 92, 176, 191 "blood" 40, 42-44, 46, 66-67, 113, 134, 147 community 47-49, 49-54, 56-57, 64, 68, diaspora 41-42 "economic miracle" ( W irtschaftswunder) 44-45 expatriate clubs 48, 64 Europe and, see Europe, German relationship to festivals and holidays 55 food 49, 56, 72, 147, 187 history 41, 47-49, 84 "international youth" 59-60 language 40, 44, 46, 50, 57, 60, 62, 63, 73, 132-138, 138-139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 151, 152, 154, 172 multiculturalism 43, 46 school system 154, 157, 158 German-British Forum 54, 67-70 German Embassy 54, 57, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66-67, 70, 71, 160, 161, 169, German Historical Institute London 14 German Lutheran Church 49, 51-52 German Social Advice Office (Deutsche ) 52, 66-67 Sozialberätungsstelle "Germanophiles" 103-104, 105, 107108, 109, 113-114, 115, 124, 125, 127, 134, 135, 137, 141, 142, 147, 154, 160, 170, 195 Germans British media representations of 2, 58, 67, 84, 146-148, 149 East 17, 42, 107, 137 in Eastern Europe 41, 42 in London 1000-1579 47 1750-1914 48 1914-1945 48-49 1945-1999 48-49 present day 49-54 Jewish anti-Semitism and 48 in Argentina 43, 125, 176 in Britain 48, 52 in Germany 42, 43, 125 214 Transnational Business Cultures and Heimat 42, 43, 125 as refugees 48, 51-52, 53 as students 40, 52, 53, 54-62, 63, 82, 91, 92, 101, 105 as tourists 52, 53, 77, 80, 82, 91 Turkish 42 West 17, 41 and xenophobia 2, 41, 48, 145-149 global cities 16, 28, 35, 75, 77-80, 89, 166 globalisation 2, 5-6, 18, 20, 21-27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 38, 50, 61, 72, 75, 89, 113, 114, 115, 117, 131, 132, 143, 148, 149, 155, 156, 157, 162, 163, 165, 174-177, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, definition 21 historical depth 22, 24-25 theories of see hyperglobalism, scepticism and transformationalism Goethe Institut 54, 62-66, 67, 71, 162, 169, Goffman, Erving 1, 6-10, 18, 19, 143, 145, 148, 156, 163, 164 Greverus, Ina Maria 43, 125 Habermas, Jurgen 40 Hannerz, Ulf 8, 9, 26, 37, 52, 106, 174 Hanseatic League 47 Heimat 42-43, 46, 105, 125-126, 141 definition of 42, 46, 125-126 and business expatriates 105, 125126 and Germans living abroad 42, 43, 106-107, 125-126 and Germanophiles 107, 125-126 German Jewish conceptions of, see Germans, Jewish, and Heimat "zu Hause" 125 relation to Blut and Boden 42-43 Held, David et al 22, 24, 25-26, 27, 30, 38, 175 Hirst, Paul Q and Thompson, Grahame 24, 25, 72 Hofstede, Geert 3, 4, 19, 31-32, 122, 171, 190, 194, 195 "host-country effect" see "national business systems" Humour 143-150 cartoons see cartoons, Dilbert, Alex ethnic 145-150 and stress 143 technology-related 143-44 hyperglobalism 23-24, 25, 174-175, identity 7-10, 17-18, 40, 41, 45 information technology 150-153, 155, 166, 172, 179 Internet, the 5, 22, 34, 35, 37, 85, 86, 94, 150, 152, 153, 164 IT specialists 123, 150-151, 152, 153, 160 Japanese 4, 59-60, 64 companies expatriates 59-60 "international youth" 59-60, 64 jargon 138-143, 144, 149, 153, 156 Jews diaspora 29 German, see Germans, Jewish London 52 language lessons 60, 61, 63, 65, 71, 78, 91, 132, 134, 135, 155 life cycle of transnational businesspeople 95, 161 linguistic "crossing" 136, 142, 149 "Local Hires" 102-103, 105, 106, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 124, 126, 127, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 146, 160, 171, 195 London City of, see City of London Mad Cow Disease 131, 147-148 Mannesmann 85, 151-152, 179, 191 meetings 138-143, 144 metanational corporations 30, 164 methodology 10-17 Mittelstand 45, 86, 100, 170 MNC, see multinational corporations mobile phones 34, 150, 151, 152, Morgan, Garth 3, 4, 32, 189 Morgan, Glenn 164, 166, 186 multinational corporations, 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 19, 21, 28-30, 31-32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 96, 110, 122, 123, 124, 126, 129, 157, 159, 161, 163, 166, 170, 171, 172, 180, 181, 185, 188, 195, Index German 46, 50, 51, 65, 70, 86 Muslim youth Nader, Laura "national business systems" approach 4, 31-32, 106, 118, 178, 185-186, 188, 191 national business styles 70, 140, 149 Nazism in anti-German xenophobia 44, 5859, 67 in British humour 146-149 in the media 58-59, 146-149 effect on German business 31, 45, 52 German banks and 52, 84 German identity and, 41, 42-43, 44, 51, 53, 62 "New City" people 79, 81-82, 89 networks 3, 4, 23, 26, 27, 19, 30, 35, 37, 38, 40, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 51, 62, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 77, 83, 109, 123, 159, 160, 164, 165, 166, 174, 175, 177, 178, 183, 184, 193 Ohmae, Kenichi 4-5, 23 "Old City" people 79, 81-82, 89 online banks 84, 85, 86, 151-152 Ordnung 40, 43, 45-46 postmodernism 51, 88-89, 95 "public" schools 56, 58-59, 61, 80 pronoun use 155 restricted code 7, 139, 140, Richmond, German presence in 49-50, 54, 56 Rover-BMW merger 85, 87, 116, 191 self-presentation Goffman's theory of 6-10 and the "transnational capitalist society" 166-167, 183 September 11, 2001 7, 34, 160 scepticism 22, 24-25, 174, 175 Siemens 50, 170 Sklair, Leslie 18, 33-38, 40, 50, 52, 70, 71, 75, 77, 124, 159-163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 175, 183, 184, 190 Stansted-Frankfurt air service 50, 144 Stewart, Rosemary et al 90, 106 215 symbolism and social identification 7-8 use in self-presentation 8-9 TCC, see transnational capitalist class TCS, see transnational capitalist society Thatcher, Margaret 7, 67-68, 73 "third culture" approach 4-5, 27, 31, 32, 160, 164, 183, 185-186 third-country nationals 31 TNC, see transnational corporation Tomlinson, John 5, 22, 24, 26, 27, 72, 164, 165, 169, 175, 176, 183 transformationalism 22, 25-27, 174-175 transnationalism 21, 22, 69, 88, 93, 94, 95, 156, 159, 166, 168, 175, 177, 187, 188, 194 transnational capitalist class, the 32-38, 159-163 and anticapitalism 34, 162-163 critiques of 36-38 159-163 definition of 33-34, 160 different groups of 33-34, 161 environmental movement and 33, 34, 162-163 support for 34-35 variation within 37, 160-161 transnational capitalist society, the 10, 164-174, 182, 183-185 antecedents of 164, 183 definition of 164-167, 182, 183 diversity and 161, 162, 163, 171 global-local relationship 174-177, 186-188 limitations of 190-192 methodological implications 194 support for 167-171 utility in business 178-180, 195-196 theoretical implications 171-174, 185-190, 192-194 transnational communities 57, 131, 164, 168, 169, 186 transnational corporation 28 transnational economic migrants (nonelite) 25, 37, 161, 164, 167, 193 Vertovec, Steven 5, 9, 22, 25, 27, 29, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 60, 82, 118, 191 Videoconferencing 155 Vodafone 85, 151-152, 179, 191 V orsprung durch Technik 44 216 Transnational Business Cultures "wartime" comedy/drama 146-147 Watson, Alan 41, 44, 67, 73, 82 websites 41, 68, 123, 151, 152, W eltoffenheit, see cosmopolitanism Whitley, Richard 17, 19, 31 Willis, Paul 153, 156 W irtschaftswunder, see German "economic miracle" ZwoBank 65, 66, 67, 69, 81, 86, 96-130, 131-158, 160, 169-171, 172, 173, 176, 178, 183, 185, 188, 191, 195 cohorts of, see Anglophiles, Germanophiles, Expatriates and Local Hires Head Office 99-100, 115, 117-122, 132-134 German focus of 100, 105, 107, 112-115, 117-118, 120-121, 133-134 global focus of 111, 112-117, 118-119, 122, 132-133 language 132-134, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 143, 148, 151, 154, 170 physical layout 99 social structure of 99-100 London Branch global focus of 105, 112-117, 121, 122, 124-125, 128, 134-137 history 97 language 65, 132, 134-137, 138-143, 148, 151-152, 155, 156, 157, 170, 193 local focus of 108, 109, 112, 114, 118-119, 120, 121, 122,124, 127 multiculturalism 105 physical layout 98 social structure 97-99 restructuring 96, 101, 110-117, 118, 119, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 140, 142, 159, 160, 170, 172, 178, 190 ... readership The purpose of the series is to provide a global academic forum for the study of cross- cultural management Other titles in the series: Cross- Cultural Management: Foundations and Future...TRANSNATIONAL BUSINESS CULTURES Cross Cultural Management Series Series Editor: Kwok Leung, Professor of Management at City University, Hong Kong, China This series provides high quality research... issues in cross- cultural management such as workplace diversity, varieties of capitalism, comparative national performance, international joint ventures, and transnational negotiations The series