o MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS COHESIVE DEVICES IN THE OPENING PARAGRAPHS OF SELECTED SHORT STORIES BY OLIVIER HENRY (PHƯƠNG TIỆN LIÊN KẾT TRONG ĐOẠN MỞ ĐẦU TRUYỆN NGẮN CHỌN LỌC CỦA OLIVIER HENRY) ĐỖ THỊ NGỌC TÚ Hanoi, 2016 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS COHESIVE DEVICES IN THE OPENING PARAGRAPHS OF SELECTED SHORT STORIES BY OLIVIER HENRY (PHƯƠNG TIỆN LIÊN KẾT TRONG ĐOẠN MỞ ĐẦU TRUYỆN NGẮN CHỌN LỌC CỦA OLIVIER HENRY) ĐỖ THỊ NGỌC TÚ Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong, Ph.D Hanoi, 2016 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled ‘Cohesive devices in the opening paragraphs of selected short stories by Olivier Henry’ submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Linguistics Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2016 Do Thi Ngoc Tu Approved by SUPERVISOR Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong, Ph.D, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher My sincere acknowledgement also go to all my lecturers and officers of Faculty of Graduate Studies, Hanoi Open University, who have facilitated me with the best possible conditions during my whole course of studying Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family, my friends for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work ii ABSTRACT The study deals with the types of cohesive devices used in the opening paragraphs of selected short stories by Olivier Henry The objectives of study are to identify and to derive the types of cohesive devices dominantly used in the opening paragraphs of selected short stories The data are taken from selected short stories from online edition This research is conducted by using descriptive method Halliday & Hasan framework of cohesion was used to analyze the frequent use of two aspects of cohesive devices, namely grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion The result of the cohesive devices shows that reference and repetition are the most frequently used followed by conjunctions and substitutions The study will become a useful tool for teachers of English to improve their teaching and will serve as a good reference for those who love stories by Olivier Henry in particular and literary works in English in general for a good academic writing iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PR.: Personal Reference DR.: Demonstrative Reference CR.: Comparative Reference NS.: Nominal Substitution VS.: Verbal Substitution CS.: Clausal Substitution NE.: Nominal Ellipsis VE.: Verbal Ellipsis CE.: Clausal Ellipsis Ad.Conj.: Additive Conjunction Cau Conj.: Causal Conjunction Temp Conj.: Temporal Conjunction Rep.: Repetition Syn.: Synonym Sup.: Super ordinate iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: Type of Cohesion 16 Table 2.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion 17 Table 2.3: Demonstrative reference 22 Table 4.1: Grammatical cohesive devices in the opening paragraphs 43 Table 4.2: Lexical Cohesive Devices in the opening paragraphs of short stories by O Henry 53 Graph 4.1 Frequency of occurrence of grammatical cohesive devices in the opening paragraphs of O Henry’s stories 65 Graph 4.2 Frequency of occurrence of lexical cohesive devices in the opening paragraphs of O Henry’s stories 66 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii List of abbreviations iv List of tables and figures v Table of content vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research 1.2 Aims of research 1.3 Objectives of research 1.4 Scope of research .4 1.5 Significance of research 1.6 Organizational structure of thesis Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .6 2.1 Review of previous studies 2.1.1 Previous studies overseas .6 2.1.2 Previous studies in Vietnam 2.2 Review of theoretical background 2.2.1 The concepts of text and discourse .9 2.2.2 Concepts of Cohesion 13 2.2.3 Cohesive devices 15 2.2.4 Paragraphs and Opening paragrahs 32 2.3 Summary 36 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 37 3.1 Research-governing orientations 37 3.1.1 Research questions .37 vi 3.1.2 Research setting 37 3.1.3 Research approach .37 3.1.4 Criteria for intended data collection and data analysis 38 3.2 Research methods 38 3.2.1 Major methods vs supporting methods 38 3.2.2 Data collection techniques 39 3.2.3 Data analysis techniques 39 3.3 Summary 40 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 42 4.1 Findings 42 4.1.1 Grammatical Cohesive Device in the opening paragraphs of O Henry’s stories 42 4.1.2 Lexical Cohesive Device in the opening paragraphs of O Henry’s stories 52 4.1.3 Cohesive devices of the opening paragraphs in the relation with other parts of short stories .57 4.1.4 Brief description of O Henry’s style in writing opening paragraphs63 4.2 Discussion 64 4.3 Implications 67 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION .69 5.1 Recapitulation 69 5.2 Concluding remarks .70 5.3 Limitations of the study 71 5.4 Suggestions for future research .72 REFERENCES .73 APPENDICES 75 vii Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research One form of written language that is useful to convey knowledge to the people is discourse A discourse should have requisite as a good text Beugrande and Desseler (1981:3-10) state that a text is a communication occurrence which meets seven standards of textuality The requisites of a good text are intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, intertextuality, coherence and cohesion A good discourse has some factors Some of those factors are described in terms cohesion or ties which exist within text Gutwinsky (1976:26) in Tarigan states that cohesion is a syntactical organization, and is a ‘container’ where the sentences are arranged in harmony intensively to produce discourse.” In other words, cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives its meaning Text cohesion in the broadest sense is a universal feature shared by all languages (Hoey 1991, Halliday & Hasan 1976, Nunan 1993) Cohesive devices play an essential role in producing and interpreting texts Linguists agree that text belonging to different registers vary in cohesive ties as well For instance, literary texts allow a wider use of synonyms while technical texts give preference to lexical repetition in order to avoid ambiguity (Buitkiene 2005) Ellipsis and substitution are more common in more interactive types of discourse (Berzlanovich 2008) Conjunction is a favoured cohesive link by academic discourse (Verikaite 2005) Moerover, even literary texts themselves present differences in the distribution of You follow the Broadway trail down until you pass the Crosstown Line, the Bread Line, and the Dead Line, and come to the Big Cañons of the Moneygrubber Tribe Then (Temp Conj.) you turn to the left, to the right, dodge a push-cart and the tongue of a two-ton four-horse dray, and hop, skip, and jump to a granite ledge on the side of a twenty-one-story synthetic mountain of stone and iron In the twelfth story is the office of Carteret & Carteret The factory where they make the mill supplies and leather belting is in Brooklyn Those commodities - to say nothing of Brooklyn - not being of interest to you, let us hold the incidents within the confines of a one-act, one-scene play, thereby lessening the toil of the reader and the expenditure of the publisher So (Cau Conj.), if you have the courage to face four pages of type and Carteret & Carteret's office boy, Percival, you shall sit on a varnished chair in the inner office and peep at the little comedy of the Old Nigger Man, the Hunting-Case Watch, and the Open-faced Question mostly borrowed from the late Mr Frank Stockton, as you will conclude 57 Buried Treasure THERE ARE MANY KINDS OF FOOLS NOW, will everybody please sit still until they are called upon specifically to rise? I had been every kind of fool except one I had expended my patrimony, pretended my matrimony, played poker, lawn-tennis, and bucket shops - parted soon with my money in many ways But (Adv Conj.) there remained one role of the wearer of cap and bells that I had not played That was the Seeker after Buried Treasure To few does the delectable furor come But of all the would-be followers in the hoof-prints of King Midas none has found a pursuit so rich in pleasurable promise 58 The Moment of Victory BEN GRANGER IS A WAR VETERAN aged twenty-nine – which should enable you to guess the war He (PR.) is also principal merchant and 93 postmaster of Cadiz, a little town over which the breezes from the Gulf of Mexico perpetually blow 59 The Head-Hunter WHEN THE WAR between Spain and George Dewey was over, I went to the Philippine Islands There (DR.) I remained as bush-whacker correspondent for my (PR.) paper until its managing editor notified me that an eight-hundred-word cablegram describing the grief of a pet carabao over the death of an infant Moro was not considered by the office to be war news So (Cau Conj.), I resigned, and came home 60 The Last of the Troubadours INEXORABLY SAM GALLOWAY saddled his pony He (PR.) was going away from the Rancho Altito at the end of a three-months' visit It is not to be expected that a guest should for longer than that put up with wheat coffee and biscuits yellow-streaked with saleratus Nick Napoleon, the big negro man cook, had never been able to make good biscuits Once before, when Nick was cooking at the Willow Ranch, Sam had been forced to fly from his cuisine, after only a six-weeks' sojourn 61 The Sleuths IN THE BIG CITY a man will disappear with the suddenness and completeness of the flame of a candle that is blown out All the agencies of inquisition - the hounds of the trail, the sleuths of the city's labyrinths, the closet detectives of theory and induction - will be invoked to the search Most often the man's face will be seen no more Sometimes he (PR.) will reappear in Sheboygan or in the wilds of Terre Haute, calling himself one of the synonyms of 'Smith,' and without memory of events up to a certain time, including his grocer's bill Sometimes it will be found, after dragging the 94 rivers, and polling the restaurants to see if he may be waiting for a welldone sirloin, that he has moved next door 62 Witches' Loaves Miss MARTHA MEACHAM kept the little bakery on the corner (the one where you go up three steps, and the bell tinkles when you open the door) Miss Martha (Rep.) was forty, her bank-book showed a credit of two thousand dollars, and she possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart Many people have married whose chances to so were much inferior to Miss Martha's(Rep.) 63 Holding up a Train MOST PEOPLE WOULD SAY, if their opinion was asked for, that holding up a train would be a hard job Well, it (PR.) isn't; it's easy I have contributed some to the uneasiness of railroads and the insomnia of express companies, and the most trouble I ever had about a hold-up was in being swindled by unscrupulous people while spending the money I got The danger wasn't anything to speak of, and we didn't mind the trouble 64 Ulysses and the Dogman DO YOU KNOW the time of the dogmen? When the forefinger of twilight begins to smudge the cleardrawn lines of the Big City, there is inaugurated an hour devoted to one of the most melancholy sights of urban life Out from the towering flat crags and apartment peaks of the cliffdwellers of New York steals an army of beings that were once men Even yet they (PR.) go upright upon two limbs and retain human form and speech; but you will observe that they are behind animals in progress Each of these (DR.) beings follows a dog, to which he is fastened by an artificial ligament 95 65 At Arms with Morpheus I NEVER COULD QUITE UNDERSTAND how Tom Hopkins came to make that blunder, for he had been through a whole term at a medical college - before he inherited his aunt's fortune - and had been considered strong in therapeutics 66 A Ghost of a Chance 'ACTUALLY A hod!' repeated Mrs Kinsolving pathetically Mrs Bellamy Bellmore arched a sympathetic eyebrow Thus (Cau Conj.), she expressed condolence and a generous amount of apparent surprise 67 Jimmy Hayes and Muriel SUPPER WAS OVER, and there had fallen upon the camp the silence that accompanies the rolling of corn-husk cigarettes The waterhole shone from the dark earth like a patch of fallen sky Coyotes yelped Dull thumps indicated the rocking-horse movements of the hobbled ponies as they moved to fresh grass A half-troop of the Frontier Battalion of Texas Rangers were distributed about the fire 68 The Door of Unrest I SAT AN HOUR BY SUN, in the editor's room of the Montopolis Weekly Bugle I (Rep.) was the editor 69 The Duplicity of Hargraves WHEN MAJOR PENDLETON TALBOT, of Mobile, sir, and his daughter, Miss Lydia Talbot came to Washington to reside, they selected for a boarding place a house that stood fifty yards back from one of the quietest avenues It (PR.) was an old-fashioned, brick building, with a portico upheld by tall white pillars The yard was shaded by stately locusts and elms, and a catalpa tree in season rained its pink and white blossoms upon the grass Rows of high box bushes lined the fence and walks It (PR.) was 96 the Southern style and aspect of the place that pleased the eyes of the Talbots 70 Let me Feel Your Pulse SO I WENT TO A DOCTOR 'How long has it been since yon took any alcohol into your system?' he asked Turning my head sideways, I answered, 'Oh, quite a while.' He was a young doctor, somewhere between twenty and forty He wore heliotrope socks, but he looked like Napoleon I liked him (PR.) immensely 'Now,' said he, 'I am going to show you the effect of alcohol upon your circulation.' I think it was 'circulation' he said; though it may have been 'advertising.' He bared my left arm to the elbow, brought out a bottle of whisky, and gave me a drink He began to look more like Napoleon I began to like him better 71 Law and Order I FOUND MYSELF IN TEXAS RECENTLY, revisiting old places and vistas At a sheep ranch where I had sojourned many years ago, I stopped for a week And (Ad.Conj.), as all visitors do, I heartily plunged into the business at hand, which happened to be that of dipping the sheep 72 The Transformation of Martin Burney IN BEHALF OF SIR WALTER'S soothing plant let us look into the case of Martin Burney They were constructing the Speedway along the west bank of the Harlem River The grub-boat of Dennis Corrigan, sub-contractor, was moored to a tree on the bank Twenty-two men belonging to the little green 97 island toiled there at the sinew-cracking labour One among them (PR.),who wrought in the kitchen of the grub-boat, was of the race of the Goths Over them all stood the exorbitant Corrigan, harrying them like the captain of a galley crew He (PR.) paid them so little that most of the gang, work as they might, earned little more than food and tobacco; many of them were in debt to him Corrigan boarded them all in the grub-boat, and gave them good grub, 73 Roads of Destiny THE SONG WAS OVER The words were David's; the air, one of the countryside The company about the inn table applauded heartily, for the young poet paid for the wine Only the notary, M Papineau, shook his head a little at the lines, for he (PR.) was a man of books, and he had not drunk with the rest 74 The Guardian of the Accolade NOT THE LEAST IMPORTANT of the force of the Weymouth Bank was Uncle Bushrod Sixty years had Uncle Bushrod (Rep.) given of faithful service to the house of Weymouth as chattel, servitor, and friend Of the colour of the mahogany bank furniture was Uncle Bushrod (Rep.) thus dark was he externally; white as the uninked pages of the bank ledgers was his (PR.) soul Eminently pleasing to Uncle Bushrod would the comparison have been; for to him the only institution in existence worth considering was the Weymouth Bank, of which he was something between porter and generalissimo-in-charge 75 The Enchanted Profile THERE ARE FEW CALIPHESSES Women are Scheherazades by birth, predilection, instinct, and arrangement of the vocal cords The thousand and one stories are being told every day by hundreds of thousands 98 of viziers' daughters to their respective sultans But (Adv Conj.) the bowstring will get some of 'em yet if they don't watch out I heard a story, though, of one lady Caliph It isn't precisely an Arabian Nights story, because it brings in Cinderella, who flourished her dishrag in another epoch and country So (Cau Conj.), if you don't mind the mixed dates (which seem to give it an Eastern flavour, after all), we'll get along 76 'Next to Reading Matter' HE COMPELLED MY INTEREST as he stepped from the ferry at Desbrosses Street He had the air of being familiar with hemispheres and worlds, and of entering New York as the lord of a demesne who revisited it after years of absence But (Adv Conj.) I thought that, with all his air, he had never before set foot on the slippery cobble-stones of the City of Too Many Caliphs 77 A Double-Dyed Deceiver THE TROUBLE BEGAN in Laredo It was the Llano Kid's fault, for he should have confined his habit of manslaughter to Mexicans But (Adv Conj.) the Kid was past twenty; and to have only Mexicans to one's credit at twenty is to blush unseen on the Rio Grande border 78 The Passing of Black Eagle FOR SOME MONTHS of a certain year a grim bandit infested the Texas border along the Rio Grande Peculiarly striking to the optic nerve was this notorious marauder His personality secured him the title of 'Black Eagle, the Terror of the Border.' Many fearsome tales are on record concerning the doings of him and his followers Suddenly, in the space of a single minute, Black Eagle vanished from earth He (PR.) was never heard of again His (PR.)own band never even guessed the mystery of his disappearance The border ranches and settlements feared he would come 99 again to ride and ravage the mesquite flats He never will It is to disclose the fate of Black Eagle that this narrative is written 79 A Retrieved Reformation A GUARD CAME to the prison shoe-shop, where Jimmy Valentine was assiduously stitching uppers, and escorted him to the front office There (DR.) the warden handed Jimmy his pardon, which had been signed that morning by the governor Jimmy took it in a tired kind of way He (PR.) had served nearly ten months of a four-year sentence He had expected to stay only about three months, at the longest When a man with as many friends on the outside as Jimmy Valentine had is received in the 'stir' it is hardly worth while to cut his hair 80 The Halberdier of the Little Rheinschloss GO SOMETIMES INTO THE Bierhalle and restaurant called Old Munich Not long ago it was a resort of interesting Bohemians, but now only artists and musicians and literary folk frequent it But (Adv Conj.) the Pilsner is yet good, and I take some diversion from the conversation of Waiter No 18 81 Two Renegades IN THE GATE CITY of the South the Confederate Veterans were reuniting; and I stood to see them march, beneath the tangled flags of the great conflict, to the hall of their oratory and commemoration 82 A Lickpenny Lover THERE WERE 3,000 GIRLS in the Biggest Store Masie was one of them She (PR.) was eighteen, and a saleslady in the gents' gloves Here (DR.) she became versed in two varieties of human beings - the kind of gents who buy their gloves in department stores and the kind of women who buy gloves for unfortunate gents Besides this wide knowledge of the human species, Masie (Rep.) had acquired other information She had listened to the promulgated wisdom of the 2,999 other girls, and had stored it in a brain 100 that was as secretive and wary as that of a Maltese cat Perhaps Nature, foreseeing that she would lack wise counsellors, had mingled the saving ingredient of shrewdness along with her beauty, as she has endowed the silver fox of the priceless fur above the other animals with cunning 83 Dougherty's Eye-opener BIG JIM DOUGHERTY was a sport He belonged to that race of men In Manhattan it (PR.) is a distinct race They are the Caribs of the North - strong, artful, self-sufficient, clannish, honourable within the laws of their race, holding in lenient contempt neighbouring tribes who bow to the measure of Society's tape-line I refer, of course, to the titled nobility of sportdom There is a class which bears as a qualifying adjective the substantive belonging to a wind instrument made of a cheap and base metal But (Adv Conj.) the tin mines of Cornwall never produced the material for manufacturing descriptive nomenclature for 'Big Jim' Dougherty 84 'Little Speck in Garnered Fruit' THE HONEYMOON was at its full There was a flat with the reddest of new carpets, tasselled portieres and six steins with pewter lids arranged on a ledge above the wainscoting of the dining-room The wonder of it was yet upon them Neither of them had ever seen a yellow primrose by the river's brim; but (Adv Conj.) if such a sight had met their eyes at that time it would have seemed like - well, whatever the poet expected the right kind of people to see in it besides a primrose 85 While the Auto Waits PROMPTLY AT THE BEGINNING of twilight came again to that quiet corner of that quiet, small park the girl in grey She (PR.) sat upon a bench and read a book, for there was yet to come a half-hour in which print could be accomplished 101 86 A Comedy in Rubber ONE MAY HOPE, in spite of the metaphorists, to avoid the breath of the deadly upas tree; one may, by great good fortune, succeed in blacking the eye of the basilisk; one might even dodge the attentions of Cerberus and Argus; but (Adv Conj.) no man, alive or dead, can escape the gaze of the Rubberer 87 One Thousand Dollars 'ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS,' repeated Lawyer Tolman solemnly and severely, and (Ad.Conj.) here is the money 88 The Shocks of Doom THERE IS AN ARISTOCRACY of the public parks and even of the vagabonds who use them for their private apartments Vallance felt rather than knew this (DR.), but when he stepped down out of his world into chaos his feet brought him directly to Madison Square 89 Nemesis and the Candy Man 'WE SAIL AT EIGHT IN THE MORNING on the Celtic,' said Honoria, plucking a loose thread from her lace sleeve 'I heard so,' said young Ives, dropping his hat, and muffing it as he tried to catch it, 'and I came around to wish you a pleasant voyage.' 'Of course you heard it (PR.),' said Honoria, coldly sweet, 'since we have had no opportunity of informing you ourselves.' Ives looked at her pleadingly, but with little hope 90 The Memento MISS LYNNETTE D'ARMANDE turned her back on Broadway This was but tit for tat, because Broadway had often done the same thing to Miss D'Armande (Rep.) Still, the 'tats' seemed to have it, for the exleading lady of the 'Reaping the Whirlwind' Company had everything to ask of Broadway, while there was no vice versa 102 91 The Hypotheses of Failure LAWYER GOOCH BESTOWED his undivided attention upon the engrossing arts of his profession But one flight of fancy did he allow his mind to entertain He (PR.) was fond of likening his suite of office rooms to the bottom of a ship The rooms were three in number, with a door opening from one to another These doors could also be closed 92 Calloway's Code THE NEW YORK Enterprise sent H B Calloway as special correspondent to the Russo-Japanese-Portsmouth war For two months Calloway about Yokohama and Tokio, shaking dice with the other correspondents for drinks of 'rickshaws - oh, no, that's something to ride in; anyhow, he wasn't earning the salary that his paper was paying him But (Adv Conj.) that was not Calloway's fault The little brown men who held the strings of Fate between their fingers were not ready for the readers of the Enterprise to season their breakfast bacon and eggs with the battles of the descendants of the gods 93 'Girl' IN GILT letters on the ground glass of the door of room No 962 were the words: 'Robbins & Hartley, Brokers.' The clerks had gone It was past five, and with the solid tramp of a drove of prize Percherons, scrub-women were invading the cloud-capped twenty-story office building A puff of redhot air flavoured with lemon peelings, soft-coal smoke and train oil came in through the half-open windows 94 A Technical Error I NEVER CARED ESPECIALLY FOR FEUDS, believing them to be even more overrated products of our country than grape-fruit, scrapple, or 103 honeymoons Nevertheless (Adv Conj.), if I may be allowed, I will tell you of an Indian Territory feud of which I was press-agent, camp-follower, and inaccessory during the fact 95 A Blackjack Bargainer THE MOST DISREPUTABLE THING in Yancey Goree's law office was Goree himself, sprawled in his creaky old arm-chair The rickety little office, built of red brick, was set flush with the street – the main street of the town of Bethel Bethel (Rep.) rested upon the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge Above it the mountains were piled to the sky Far below it the turbid Catawba gleamed yellow along its disconsolate valley 96 Madame Bo-peep, of the Ranches 'AUNT ELLEN,' SAID OCTAVIA cheerfully, as she threw her black kid gloves carefully at the dignified Persian cat on the windowseat, 'I'm a pauper 97 A Ruler of Men I WALKED THE STREETS of the City of Insolence, thirsting for the sight of a stranger face For the City is a desert of familiar types as thick and alike as the grains in a sandstorm; and you grow to hate them as (CR.) you (VS.) a friend who is always by you, or one of your own kin 98 The Atavism of John Tom Little Bear I SAW A LIGHT in Jeff Peters's room over the Red Front Drug Store I hastened toward it (PR.), for I had not known that Jeff was in town He (PR.), is a man of the Hadji breed, of a hundred occupations, with a story to tell (when he will) of each one 99 The Marionettes THE POLICEMAN WAS STANDING at the corner of Twentyfourth Street and a prodigiously dark alley near where the elevated railroad 104 crosses the street The time was two o'clock in the morning; the outlook a stretch of cold, drizzling, unsociable blackness until the dawn 100 The Dream MURRAY DREAMED A DREAM Both psychology and science grope when they would explain to us the strange adventures of our immaterial selves when wandering in the realm of 'Death's twin brother, Sleep.' This story will not attempt to be illuminative; it (PR.) is no more than a record of Murray's dream (Rep.) 105 Front hard cover Back hard cover ĐỖ THỊ NGỌC TÚ ENGLISH LANGUAGE 2014 - 2016 106 107 ... is the frequency of each type of cohesive devices occurred in the opening paragraphs of selected short stories by O Henry showing the dominance in use? (iii) What are the typical points of O Henry? ??s... in the opening paragraphs of selected short stories by O Henry - To investigate how frequently the cohesive devices are used in the opening paragraphs of selected short stories by O Henry - To... for the study have been collected from the most trusted stories by O Henry In collecting the cohesive devices a large number of cohesive devices in the opening paragraphs of short stories by O Henry