Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com How GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS *** “Scartascini, Stein, and Tommasi have assembled an all-star team of scholars, and the result is the most comprehensive evaluation to date of political institutions and political economy in Latin America.” John Carey, John Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth College “How Democracy Works provides a road map to understand the role of various policymaking actors in Latin America and the impact of their interaction on the quality of public policy It is a must read for any social scientist interested in policymaking in Latin America.” DEMOCRACY How Democracy Works Over the past 30 years, democratic freedoms and competitive electoral processes have taken hold as never before in Latin America How Democracy Works takes a detailed look, from an institutional perspective, at each of the main actors on the policymaking stage in Latin America, emphasizing the extent to which institutions facilitate or hinder intertemporal political cooperation and compromise It analyzes official political actors and arenas, as well as a number of societal actors, and explores the (formal) roles of these players, their incentives, capabilities, and the way in which they actually engage in the policymaking game The conclusion: these political institutions and actors matter for policymaking in Latin America and leave an indelible imprint on the policy process and the resulting policies WORKS Political Institutions, Actors, and Arenas in Latin American Policymaking Pablo Spiller, Jeffrey A Jacobs Distinguished Professor of Business and Technology, University of California, Berkeley EDITORS 978-1-59782-109-4 FSC logo David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies Harvard University Distributed by Harvard University Press DRCLAS HARVARD Carlos Scartascini Ernesto Stein Mariano Tommasi Inter-American Development Bank www.Ebook777.com Cover How Democracy Works final 7-16-10.indd 7/16/10 11:51 AM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com How DEMOCRACY WORKS Political Institutions, Actors, and Arenas in Latin American Policymaking Carlos Scartascini Ernesto Stein Mariano Tommasi Editors Inter-American Development Bank David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies Harvard University www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com ©Inter-American Development Bank, 2010 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the IDB Co-published by David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies Harvard University 1730 Cambridge Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Produced by the IDB Office of External Relations The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily reflect the official position of the Inter-American Development Bank Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library How democracy works : political institutions, actors, and arenas in Latin American policymaking / Carlos Scartascini, Ernesto Stein, Mariano Tommasi, editors p cm Includes bibliographical references ISBN: 978-1-59782-109-4 Latin America—Politics and government Policy Sciences—Latin America Political planning—Latin America Politics, Practical—Latin America Public Administration—Latin America Political science—Latin America I Scartascini, Carlos G., 1971- II Stein, Ernesto III Tommasi, Mariano, 1964- IV Inter-American Development Bank JL959.5.P64 H69 2010 320.98 H830—dc22 LCCN: 2010928756 To order this book, contact: Pórtico Bookstore 1350 New York Ave., N.W Washington, D.C 20005 Tel.: (202) 312-4186 Fax: (202) 312-4188 E-mail: portico.sales@fceusa.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents Acknowledgments vii Foreword ix Chapter Political Institutions, Actors, and Arenas in Latin American Policymaking Carlos Scartascini, Ernesto Stein, and Mariano Tommasi Chapter Beyond the Electoral Connection: The Effect of Political Parties on the Policymaking Process 19 Mark P Jones Chapter Active Players or Rubber Stamps? An Evaluation of the Policymaking Role of Latin American Legislatures 47 Sebastian M Saiegh Chapter How Courts Engage in the Policymaking Process in Latin America: The Different Functions of the Judiciary 77 Mariana Magaldi de Sousa Chapter Inside the Cabinet: The Influence of Ministers in the Policymaking Process 119 Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com iv CONTENTS Chapter The Weakest Link: The Bureaucracy and Civil Service Systems in Latin America 147 Laura Zuvanic and Mercedes Iacoviello, with Ana Laura Rodríguez Gusta Chapter Decentralizing Power in Latin America: The Role of Governors in National Policymaking 177 Francisco Monaldi Chapter Business Politics and Policymaking in Contemporary Latin America 217 Ben Ross Schneider Chapter Labor Organizations and Their Role in the Era of Political and Economic Reform M Victoria Murillo and Andrew Schrank 247 Chapter 10 The Latin American News Media and the Policymaking Process 269 Sallie Hughes References 289 About the Authors www.Ebook777.com 335 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com CONTENTS Tables 2.1 Party Institutionalization Index, Latin American Democracies 22 2.2 Nationalization Index, Latin American Democracies 28 2.3 Party System Nationalization Scores and Major Party Nationalization Scores 32 2.4 Fragmentation, Legislative Contingents, and Polarization 34 2.5 Centralization of Power in the Political Parties 39 2.6 Extent of Programmatic Politics in Latin American Democracies 42 3.1 Bicameral Symmetry in Latin America, Selected Countries 53 3.2 Legislative Powers of Presidents in Latin America 56 3.3 Chief Executive’s Partisan Control of the Legislature 58 3.4 Incentives for the Personal Vote and District Magnitude 61 3.5 Measures of Legislatures’ Capabilities 68 4.1 The Four Potential Roles of the Judiciary in the Policymaking Process 82 4.2 The Three Dimensions of Judicial Activism 93 4.3 Relative Judicial Independence, Selected Latin American Countries, 1975 and 2005 94 4.4 Typology of Judicial Roles and Judicial Activism, Ten Latin American Countries 98 5.1 Prevalence of Coalitions in Latin America, 1982–2003 127 5.2 Duration of Ministers, by Country, 1990–2003 (months) 140 5.3 Some Basic Features of Latin American Cabinets 144 6.1 hart & Winston Schneider, Ben Ross 1997–98 Organized Business Politics in Democratic Brazil Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39(4) Winter: 95–127 2001 Business Politics and Regional Integration: The Advantages of Organization in NAFTA and MERCOSUR In Victor BulmerThomas, ed., Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Political Economy of Open Regionalism London: Institute for Latin American Studies www.Ebook777.com 325 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 326 REFERENCEs 2004a Business Politics and the State in Twentieth-Century Latin America Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press 2004b Organizing Interests and Coalitions in the Politics of Market Reform in Latin America World Politics 56(3): 456–79 2005 Business Politics and Policy Making in Contemporary Latin America Paper prepared for the Inter-American Development Bank Workshop on State Reform, Public Policies, and Policymaking Processes, February 28–March 2, Washington, DC Available at http://www.iadb.org/research/pub_desc.cfm?pub_id= S-304 Forthcoming Business Politics in Latin America: Patterns of Fragmentation and Centralization In David Coen, Wyn Grant, and Graham Wilson, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Business and Government Oxford, England: Oxford University Press Schrank, Andrew 2009 Professionalization and Probity in a Patrimonial State Latin American Politics & Society 51(1): 91–115 Schrank, Andrew, and Marcus Kurtz 2005 Credit Where Credit Is Due: Open Economy Industrial Policy and Export Diversification in Latin America and the Caribbean Politics and Society 33(4): 671–702 Schurman, Rachel 1996 Chile’s New Entrepreneurs and the “Economic Miracle”: The Invisible Hand or a Hand from the State? Studies in Comparative International Development 31(2): 83–109 Schwartz, Frank 1992 Of Fairy Cloaks and Familiar Talks: The Politics of Consultation In Gary Allinson and Yasunori Sone, eds., Political Dynamics in Contemporary Japan Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Seddon Wallack, Jessica, Alejandro Gaviria, Ugo Panizza, and Ernesto Stein 2003 Particularism around the World The World Bank Economic Review 17(1): 133–43 Seers, Dudley 1982 Inflation: The Latin American Experience Bulletin of Latin American Research 1(2): 79–88 Shadlen, Kenneth 2004 Democratization without Representation: The Politics of Small Industry in Mexico University Park, PA: Penn State University Press Shafer, D Michael 1994 Winners and Losers: How Sectors Shape the Developmental Prospects of States Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com REFERENCEs Shapiro, Martin, and Alec Stone Sweet 2002 On Law, Politics, and Judicialization Oxford, England: Oxford University Press Shetreet, Shimon 1985 Judicial Independence: New Conceptual Dimensions and Contemporary Challenges In Shimon Shetreet and Jules Deschenes, eds., Judicial Independence: The Contemporary Debate Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Shugart, M.S., and J.M Carey 1992 Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Scott Mainwaring 1997 Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America: Rethinking the Terms of the Debate In Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Soberg Shugart, eds., Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America New York: Cambridge University Press Siavelis, Peter 2000 The President and Congress in Postauthoritarian Chile: Institutional Constraints to Democratic Consolidation University Park, PA: Penn State University Press Sieder, Rachel 2007 The Judiciary and Indigenous Rights in Guatemala International Journal of Constitutional Law 5(2): 211–41 Sieder, Rachel, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell, eds 2005 The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America New York: Palgrave Macmillan Silva, Eduardo 1996 The State and Capital in Chile: Business Elites, Technocrats, and Market Economics Boulder, CO: Westview Singh, Anoop, Agnès Belaisch, Charles Collyns, Paula De Masi, Reva Krieger, Guy Meredith, and Robert Rennhack, eds 2005 Stabilization and Reform in Latin America: A Macroeconomic Perspective on the Experience since the Early 1990s Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund Skidmore, Thomas 2004 Brazil’s Persistent Income Inequality: Lessons from History Latin American Politics and Society 4(2): 13–51 Smith, Peter 1969 Politics and Beef in Argentina New York: Columbia University Press 1979 Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth Century Mexico Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Smithey, Shannon, and John Ishiyama 2002 Judicial Activism in PostCommunist Politics Law and Society Review 36(4): 719–42 Snyder, Richard 2001 Politics after Neoliberalism: Reregulation in Mexico New York: Cambridge University Press www.Ebook777.com 327 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 328 REFERENCEs Snyder, R., and D Samuels 2004 Legislative Malapportionment in Latin America In E Gibson, ed., Federalism and Democracy in Latin America Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press Sosa Plata, G., and R Gómez García 2008 Reforma a la legislación de radio, televisión y telecomunicaciones en México (2005–2007) In A Vega Montiel, M Portillo, and J Repoll, eds., Las claves necesarias de una comunicación para la democracia Mexico City and Villahermosa, Tabasco: Asociación Mexicana de Investigadores de la Comunicación and Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco Sousa, Mariana 2007 A Brief Overview of Judicial Reform in Latin America: Objectives, Challenges, and Accomplishments In Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America Washington, DC and Palo Alto, CA: Inter-American Development Bank and Stanford University Press Spiller, Pablo, Ernesto Stein, and Mariano Tommasi 2008 Political Institutions, Policymaking, and Policy: An Introduction In E Stein and M Tommasi, with P Spiller and C Scartascini, eds., Policymaking in Latin America: How Politics Shapes Policies Washington, DC and Cambridge, MA: Inter-American Development Bank and David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University Spiller, Pablo, and Mariano Tommasi 2003 The Institutional Foundations of Public Policy: A Transactions Approach with Application to Argentina Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 19(2): 281–306 2007 The Institutional Foundations of Public Policy in Argentina New York: Cambridge University Press Spitzer, Robert J 1993 Introduction: Defining the Media-Policy Link In Robert J Spitzer, ed., Media and Public Policy Westport, CT: Praeger Stahler-Sholk, Richard 1995 The Dog That Didn’t Bark: Labor Autonomy and Economic Adjustment under the Sandinista and UNO Governments Comparative Politics 28(1): 77–102 Stallings, B., and R Kaufman 1989 Debt and Democracy in Latin America Boulder, CO: Westview Stein, Ernesto 1999 Fiscal Decentralization and Government Size in Latin America Journal of Applied Economics 2(2): 357–91 Stein, Ernesto, and Mariano Tommasi 2007 The Institutional Determinants of State Capabilities in Latin America In F Bourguignon and B Pleskovic, eds., Annual World Bank Conference on Development www.Ebook777.com ... America.” DEMOCRACY How Democracy Works Over the past 30 years, democratic freedoms and competitive electoral processes have taken hold as never before in Latin America How Democracy Works takes... Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library How democracy works : political institutions, actors, and arenas in Latin American policymaking / Carlos... Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth College How Democracy Works provides a road map to understand the role of various policymaking actors in Latin