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The Peace of Utrecht (1713) was perhaps the first political treaty that had a global impact It not only ended a European-wide conflict, but also led to a cessation of hostilities on the American continent and Indian subcontinent, as well as naval warfare worldwide More than this, however – as the chapters in this volume clearly demonstrate – the treaty marked an important step in the development of an integrated worldwide political system By reconsidering the preconditions, negotiations and consequences of the Peace of Utrecht – rather than focusing on previous concerns with international relations and diplomacy – the contributions to this collection help embed events in a richer context of diverging networks, globalising empires, expanding media and changing identities Several chapters consider the preconditions and challenges to political entities such as the British and Spanish empires and French monarchy, demonstrating that far from being nation-states these were conglomerates with diverging forms of affiliation, which developed different modes and interests to face the needs and consequences of the Utrecht negotiations This “macrostructural” perspective is complemented by chapters that focus on “microstructural” aspects, considering the personal networks and relationships that informed day-to-day actions in Utrecht Both perspectives are then drawn together by further contributions that examine the formation of images and discourses that were intended to identify key individuals with larger political entities and their assumed interests This approach, combining both broad and more narrowly focused case studies, reveals much about how the diplomatic discussions were framed with political and social contexts In so doing the volume offers new perspectives concerning the formation of modern Europe at the beginning of the eighteenth century, beyond and yet connected with diplomatic developments and global entanglements Inken Schmidt-Voges is a Full Professor for Early Modern History of Europe at the Philipps-University of Marburg in Germany Ana Crespo Solana is Tenured Scientist at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) in Spain www.Ebook777.com Politics and Culture in Europe, 1650–1750 Series Editors Tony Claydon Bangor University, UK Hugh Dunthorne Swansea University, UK Charles-Édouard Levillain Université de Lille 2, France Esther Mijers University of Reading, UK David Onnekink Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com Focusing on the years between the end of the Thirty Years’ War and the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, this series seeks to broaden scholarly knowledge of this crucial period that witnessed the solidification of Europe into centralised nationstates and created a recognisably modern political map Bridging the gap between the early modern period of the Reformation and the eighteenth century of colonial expansion and industrial revolution, these years provide a fascinating era of study in which nationalism, political dogma, economic advantage, scientific development, cultural and artistic interests and strategic concerns began to compete with religion as the driving force of European relations and national foreign policies The period under investigation, the second half of the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth, corresponds with the decline of Spanish power and the rise of French hegemony that was only to be finally broken following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 This shifting political power base presented opportunities and dangers for many countries, resulting in numerous alliances between formerly hostile nations attempting to consolidate or increase their international influence, or restrain that of a rival These contests of power were closely bound up with political, cultural and economic issues: particularly the strains of state building, trade competition, religious tension and toleration, accommodating flows of migrants and refugees, the birth pangs of rival absolutist and representative systems of government, radical structures of credit, and new ways in which wider publics interacted with authority Despite this being a formative period in the formation of the European landscape, there has been relatively little research on it compared to the earlier Reformation, and the later revolutionary eras By providing a forum that encourages scholars to engage with the forces that were shaping the continent – either in a particular country, or taking a transnational or comparative approach – it is hoped a greater understanding of this pivotal era will be forthcoming New Worlds? Transformations in the Culture of International Relations Around the Peace of Utrecht Edited by Inken Schmidt-Voges and Ana Crespo Solana New Worlds? Transformations in the Culture of International Relations Around the Peace of Utrecht Edited by Inken Schmidt-Voges and Ana Crespo Solana Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com First published 2017 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 selection and editorial matter, Inken Schmidt-Voges and Ana Crespo Solana; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Inken Schmidt-Voges and Ana Crespo Solana to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-472-46390-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-59820-8 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC www.Ebook777.com Contents Notes on contributors List of abbreviations Introduction: New Worlds? Transformations in the Culture of International Relations Around the Peace of Utrecht vii x INKEN SCHMIDT-VOGES AND ANA CRESPO SOLANA PART I Politics The peace settlement and the reshaping of Spain (to c 1725) 19 21 CHRISTOPHER STORRS The repercussions of the treaties of Utrecht for Spanish colonial trade and the struggle to retain Spanish America 37 ANA CRESPO SOLANA Continuity and change in Spanish–Dutch relations between Westphalia (1648) and Utrecht (1714) 58 MANUEL HERRERO SÁNCHEZ Disagreement over a peace agreement: The Barrier Treaty and the conditional transfer of the Southern Netherlands to Austria 79 KLAAS VAN GELDER Savoyard representatives in Utrecht: Political–aristocratic networks and the diplomatic modernisation of the state PAOLA BIANCHI 96 vi Contents Ending a religious cold war: Confessional trans-state networks and the Peace of Utrecht 113 SUGIKO NISHIKAWA PART II Perceptions Old worlds, new worlds? Contemporary reflections upon international relations ca 1713 129 131 DAVID ONNEKINK Empire and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) 153 STEVEN PINCUS The “balance of power” in British arguments over peace, 1697–1713 176 TONY CLAYDON 10 From the warrior king to the peaceful king: Louis XIV’s public image and the Peace of Utrecht 194 SOLANGE RAMEIX 11 Diverging concepts of peace in German newspapers 1712/1713: A case study of the Hamburger Relations-Courier 209 INKEN SCHMIDT-VOGES Index 227 Notes on contributors Paola Bianchi has a PhD in History of European Society and is currently lecturer at the University of Aosta Valley (Department of Human and Social Sciences), where she teaches History of Europe in the Early Modern Age Recently (2014) she was made associate professor Her main fields of interest are ‘new’ military and diplomatic history, history of the courts and their élites (XVII–XVIII centuries), social and cultural history of the Grand Tour, in particular from Great Britain to Savoy-Piedmont She collaborates with several Italian scholarly reviews (in particular Rivista storica italiana and Società e storia) and is part of the scholarly committee of the series Guerra e pace in età moderna Annali di storia militare europea (Milan, Franco Angali publisher) Tony Claydon is Professor of Early Modern History at Bangor University in Wales He is author of William III and the Godly Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1996), a study of government propaganda after the 1689 revolution in England; of Europe and the Making of England, 1660–1760 (Cambridge University Press, 2007), an examination of the sense of participation by English people in a Protestant international and in Christendom in the century after the civil war; and of articles on various aspects of the faith and political culture of late Stuart Britain Ana Crespo Solana holds a PhD in Geography and History and a Masters in Latin-American History and has worked as a research fellow in Spain, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands She has been professor in the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) in Spain from 2007 She has led several research projects on Atlantic Economic and Social History and in Spatial Humanities (European Science Foundation, Spanish National Endowment for Humanities and Marie Curie Actions) and is a member of several editorial and advisory boards and scholarly committees She is the author of eight books and over seventy essays and articles about Spanish colonial trade, merchant communities, European expansion in the Atlantic and GIS tools for the study of the colonial trade with America viii Notes on contributors Klaas van Gelder finished his PhD on the establishment of Austrian rule in the Southern Netherlands following the War of the Spanish Succession at Ghent University, Belgium, in 2012 From October 2012 until September 2015, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) at the History Department of Ghent University His current research project aims at studying the different reform plans for the central institutional apparatus in the Austrian Netherlands and its gradual penetration of formerly autonomous local and regional administrations His publications include articles in the European Review of History, the Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung and the Revue d’Histoire moderne et contemporaine Manuel Herrero-Sanchez teaches at Pablo de Olavide University in Seville He holds a PhD from the European University Institute in Florence and has taught as a research fellow at the Istituto Benedetto Croce of Naples, the Leiden Center for the History of European Expansion (IGEER), the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam, Liège University, Complutense University of Madrid and at the Institute of History (CSIC) A specialist in the History of International Relations during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, his research interests focus on the comparative approach to the history of the mercantile republics and on the complex constitution of the Hispanic Monarchy Other areas of research include Atlantic History and models of European expansion Sugiko Nishikawa took her first degree from the Graduate School of Arts, Rikkyo University (Tokyo, Japan), and subsequently was a research student at University College, London, where she obtained her PhD in History in 1998 From 2000 to 2005, she was Associate Professor of Western European History at Kobe University (Kobe, Japan), and since 2005, she has been Associate Professor at the British Section, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, at the University of Tokyo She specialises in the study of Protestant communications networks in early modern Europe, which expanded from the British Isles to the Baltic and the Mediterranean regions David Onnekink is Assistant Professor in the History of International Relations section of the Department of History of the Universiteit Utrecht He is interested in early modern foreign policy, in particular in connection with the Dutch Republic and England He is the author of The Anglo-Dutch Favourite The career of Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (Aldershot 2007) and co-authored a monograph on the Peace of Utrecht (Hilversum 2013) (with Renger de Bruin) He has also edited and co-edited several volumes of essays, including Ideology and foreign policy in early modern Europe (1650–1750) (Farnham 2011) (with Gijs Rommelse) Steve Pincus is Bradford Durfee Professor of History at Yale University He has published widely on the political, cultural, intellectual and economic history of early modern Britain and its empire, most recently 1688: The Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Notes on contributors ix First Modern Revolution He is now completing a history of the British Empire c.1650–c.1784, which seeks to understand the evolution of the British imperial state in comparative perspective Solange Rameix studied history at Panthéon-Sorbonne University She completed her PhD on ‘The Language of Just War: Comparing French and English Perspectives on the Nine Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession (1688–1713)’ in 2011 She is also a fellow at the ‘Fondation Thiers’ (CNRS) (2009–2012) Inken Schmidt-Voges teaches early modern history at the Philipps-University of Marburg Her research interests cover studies on early modern peace processes, combining political, social and cultural history for a more encompassing understanding In this context, she has recently finished a major work on peace semantics and practices in domestic and matrimonial matters in the eighteenth century (Mikropolitiken des Friedens, Berlin 2015) Furthermore, she guided studies on peace as code of political communication in Sweden c 1600 and is currently leading a research project on ‘media constructions of peace in Europe, 1710–1721’ Further areas of interest are the history of Scandinavia, especially Sweden, the history of the Holy Roman Empire, the history of houses and households in Early Modern Europe as well as how narratives of collective identity shaped, changed and influenced the formation of societies in Europe Christopher Storrs is Reader in History in the School of Humanities, University of Dundee He has published widely on the Savoyard state, Italy and Spain in the early modern era, including various articles and the monographs War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720 (Cambridge, 1999), and The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665–1700 (Oxford, 2006) He recently edited The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Aldershot, 2009) and is currently preparing a monograph on Spanish policy in the western Mediterranean and Italy in the first half of the eighteenth century and a survey of eighteenth-century Italy www.Ebook777.com 218 Inken Schmidt-Voges During February and March the news showed an increasing number of indications that a general peace would be signed soon The issues spoke of meetings of the Allies, special meetings between Polignac, Bristol and Sinzendorff, but ‘though nothing is known of what they agreed on, one continues to say that peace is coming closer and closer.’ Some days later, the papers reported meetings and conferences on a daily basis, that a treaty had been signed about the evacuation of Catalonia and the neutrality of Italy, so ‘nobody doubts that the issue about the Bavarian Elector will be brought to an end soon.’40 At the end of March, peace seemed so near since separate treaties about trade issues, barriers and successions and special aspects had already been signed; and still on April the news brought the message that the French had peace treaties for each respective ally and that the emperor would agree to conclude peace with France without mentioning either King Philip of Spain or his own recognition as emperor.41 But then, news spread that all parties had signed the treaties but the emperor – without elaborating the reasons, just mentioning a new French proposition and an ultimatum on June; while from other places in Europe the peace festivities and the immediate ceasing of military actions were reported, the only news German readers heard about their diplomats concerned the frantic attempts of the English ambassadors to persuade Sinzendorff to stay in Utrecht despite the emperor’s order to leave since they were expecting a considerable change in the peace conditions But he left on 15 April for Frankfurt, leaving behind puzzled ministers of the other Imperial estates As the readers followed in the newspaper, some of them stayed, and only as late as May expected to leave Utrecht as well since the emperor’s envoys had rejected a modified French proposition and were prepared to leave Utrecht finally because the emperor was ready to resume war again.42 This – however rough and cursory – overview of the news coverage of the Hamburger Relations-Courier shows that the hopes for peace were fostered especially in March and April, when negotiations successes seemed to underline that the emperor had finally consented to make concessions (‘ease the enemy’s heart’), which had not been clear at the beginning of the year All the more disappointing it must have been to learn about Charles’ refusal to sign the treaty and face yet another campaign of war This must have been exactly the stain on Tuiscon’s white, which the poet of the 1712-ode had warned against: a demonstration of power based on his own right as emperor, disregarding the interests, actors and needs of the Empire as a body politic We cannot prove this in the case of the newspaper readers, but it clearly was the case for the political actors, as a number of hasty separate negotiations of disappointed minor estates in Utrecht show as well as the protests and reluctance of political parties at the Imperial Diet; not only with regard to the emperor’s refusal to sign but also to the arbitrary negotiations in Rastatt and their poor outcome for the Empire.43 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Concepts of peace in German newspapers b) 219 Warfare: Perceiving peace negotiations against the experience of war Putting the common interests in peace aside in favour of his own power position and honour was nowhere more visible than in the contrasting of peace negotiations and war or the burdens of war that the German people had had to bear and now, in spring 1713, were about to form the prospect for at least the next year Though carrying out warfare simultaneously with peace negotiations was quite common in early modern Europe to improve one’s diplomatic negotiating position, for the reading public war was more than high politics and strategic manoeuvres They were all too often affected by the direct burdens of war, including threats to transport and commerce, the destruction of harvests and dwellings, and ravaging armies or diseases the troops spread on their way across the continent Therefore, it did not matter for the individual reader which troops were marching through a territory since they never differed too much in their treatment of the populace Especially the northern part of Germany saw a lot of military action in the years 1712 / 1713.44 And the experience of war and its consequences were a very concrete indicator of the extent to which a ruler was able to fulfil his duty to protect and secure his subjects’ lives and goods, which had been clearly formulated in the New Year’s odes A close reading of the war news shows that not only military strategies were worth reporting but also the effects the troop movements had on the local populace The Relations-Courier reported the pillaging of abandoned dwellings by a Swedish regiment near Hamburg and the oppression of Cologne peasants by the various military forces crossing the territory; some armed villagers shielded their areas from such troops And even cities were plundered and burned by withdrawing troops.45 On the other hand, the benefits of peace were set against this negative picture of war when the newspaper reported from devastated areas in Northern Germany, where small groups were patrolling to prevent any further disturbances and allow the people to settle in their villages again and ‘to give them security so they are able again to grow their fruit’46 and pursue their livelihoods This disagreeable image of the conditions in Germany stood out all the more sharply as the news reports mounted about the allies concluding step by step an armistice with France – all except the German parties The discrepancy between the progress of the negotiations in Utrecht and the increasing preparations for another military campaign by the emperor on his own grew all the more obvious in spring 1713 While news from Utrecht was rich in hope and expectation for an imminent peace and busy activities to overcome the very last differences, the same issues reported on troop concentrations along the Rhine and devastating battles and the capture of cities like Landau by the French troops.47 www.Ebook777.com 220 Inken Schmidt-Voges Even if the newspapers avoided any comment on this, the active readers at the beginning of the eighteenth century surely noticed this gap between the emperor’s politics in Utrecht – which had abandoned the specific Imperial claims for a barrier along the Rhine and fought only for Austrian and Habsburg interests respectively – and how the subjects were again affected by a continued war This seemingly unintended stringing together of all the news that was coming in opened up the possibility of critical interpretations by the readers and the implications of what was happening in a faraway Dutch town And it provided a basis of information about the ongoing political affairs to interpret a New Year’s ode like the one quoted at the beginning of this chapter Given the news the readers of the Relations-Courier had followed throughout the year, the verses ‘ .we’d rather want to live in peace | ( .) | However, you are not yet putting the enemy’s heart at ease’ at least open the possibilities of reading between lines without provoking the curiosity of the official censor Conclusions From reading about the peace negotiations in Utrecht and The Hague in the Hamburger Relations-Courier readers could have gotten the picture of a failed mission – failure due not only to incompetence but above all because of false presuppositions and priorities The interests of the members of the Holy Roman Empire were not at all seriously negotiated The ‘barrier’ and the revocation of the Rijswijk clause never played as great a role as the questions concerning Spain and Italy – clearly not-Imperial topics in the eyes of the newspaper public and the representatives of the estates Interestingly, the news coverage focused on the observation of the behaviour and the symbolic signals of the emperor and other German envoys in Utrecht, which became an indicator of the German negotiators’ readiness for peace Here again it was the emperor who finally recalled his plenipotentiary from Utrecht, though a lot of signals from the English and Sinzendorff himself seemed to offer a last opportunity Without knowing about the internal backgrounds of these decisions, the readers would have gotten the impression of an unreliable emperor on whom one could not count unconditionally For example, the cities of Bremen and Hamburg hastily sent their own embassies to Utrecht in June 1713 when they finally learned that they could not expect anything from the Vienna court on their behalf The study of the news coverage in an influential German newspaper showed once again the distinct sphere of this ‘authority of the visible’48 and its techniques of commenting on events and provoking certain conclusions among the readers as well as a distinct sense for a common understanding of politics The contrasting of two concepts of peace points to a perceivable gap in the understanding of politics – whose interests and needs are crucial and leading: the dynastic and power-political aspects of princes or Concepts of peace in German newspapers 221 the economic, social and physical security of the subjects? If such differences are recognised on the constitutional level of the Holy Roman Empire as a starting point for its disintegration, a wider perspective of collective identity including the political attitude as displayed in newspapers seems a promising field to explore The findings and conclusions will still have to remain incomplete and fragmentary The diplomacy of the various German actors and their tense mutual relations need thorough and careful studying while we need to examine a much broader selection of newspaper reports with a comparative view on other important newspapers and especially the accompanying pamphlets and tracts But – as a kind of exploratory drill – the look into an important newspaper showed the crucial role of printed media as a connecting link between foreign politics and domestic debate The visible confrontation between different concepts of peace shows the importance of peace-making not only with regard to the emergence of international relations but also with regard to changing political discourses Rulers and emperors even in the eighteenth century still gained legitimacy to a great extent from the degree to which they really ‘‘provided’’ peace for their subjects – and in this case, Charles VI in Utrecht clearly failed to live up to expectations in the eyes of the Hamburger Relations-Courier Notes This article has seen various versions and owes a lot to critical and constructive comments on earlier drafts The author is especially grateful to David Onnekink, Tony Claydon, Klaas van Gelder and Christopher Storrs Hamburger Relations-Courier 1713, № 1, 1:‘Wir wollten Grosser Carl, zwar gerne Friede haben, | DU bist ja auch nechst Gott, des Landes Schutz-Patron; | Allein, du magst noch nicht, dem Feind das Hertze laben, | Drum mache Dich Gott stark als einen Gideon.’ William O’Reilly, ‘A Life in Exile: Charles VI (1685–1740) between Spain and Austria’, in Monarchy and Exile: The Politics of Legitimacy from Marie de Médicisto Wilhelm II , ed Philip Mansel (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2011), 66–90; Virginia Leon Sanz, Carlos VI El emperador que no pudo ser rey de España (Madrid: Aguilar, 2003); Hans Schmidt, ‘Karl VI.’, in Die Kaiser der Neuzeit 1519–1918, ed Anton Schindling and Walter Ziegler (München: Beck, 1990), 199–214; Matthias Schnettger and Marcello Verga, ed., L’Impero e l’Italia nella prima età moderna (Bologna and Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2006); Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Vol (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 111–114; Karl von Aretin, Das Alte Reich 1648–1806, Bd (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1997), 217–219; Christine Roll, ‘Im Schatten der spanischen Erbfolge? Zur kaiserlichen Politik auf dem Kongreß von Rijswijk’, in Der Friede von Rijswijk 1697, ed Heinz Duchhardt, Mathias Schnettger and Martin Cogt (Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1998) 47–93; Marta Riess, ‘Kreuzzugsideologie und Feindbildkonstruktion während des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges’, in Hispania – Austria III Der Spanische Erbfolgekrieg – La guerra de Sucesión espola , ed Friedrich Edelmayer, Virginia Ln Sanz and José Ignacio Ruiz Rodríguez (München: Oldenbourg, 2008), 191 Aretin, Reich, 139–219 222 Inken Schmidt-Voges Early modern media historians try to trace and define the characteristics of a specific early modern understanding and function of the ‘Public’ in order to overcome Habermas’ shortcomings of his concept of a bourgeois public See Esther-Beate Kưrber, ‘Vormoderne Ưffentlichkeiten Versuch einer Begriffs- und Strukturgeschichte’, Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte 10 (2008): 3–25 Johannes Arndt, ‘Gab es ein im frühmodernen Heiligen Römischen Reich ein “Mediensystem der politischen Publizistik”?,’ Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte (2004): 74–102; Die Entstehung des Zeitungswesens im 17 Jahrhundert, ed Volker Bauer and Holger Böning (Bremen: edition lumière, 2011); Martin Welke, ‘Die Legende vom “unpolitischen” Deutschen Zeitunglesen im 18 Jahrhundert als Spiegel des politischen Interesses’, Jahrbuch der Wittheit zu Bremen 25 (1981): 161–188 I will investigate this question through a case study of the Hamburger Relations-Courier below In this volume see the articles of Tony Claydon and Solange Rameix See further Pamphlets and Politics in the Dutch Republic, ed Femke Deen et al (Leiden: Brill, 2011); Maria-Elisabeth Brunert and Maximilian Lanzinner, ed., Diplomatie, Medien, Rezeption Aus der editorischen Arbeit an den ‘Acta PacisWestphalicae’ (Münster: Aschendorff, 2010); Martin Wrede, Das Reich und seine Feinde Politische Feindbilder in der reichspatriotischen Publizistik zwischen Westfälischem Frieden und Siebenjährigem Krieg (Mainz: von Zabern, 2004) Jens Metzdorf, Politik – Propaganda – Patronage Francis Hare und die englische Publizistik im Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2000); Heinz-Joachim Müllenbrock, The Culture of Contention: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Public Controversy about the Ending of the War of the Spanish Succession, 1710–1713 (München: Fink, 1997); Wolfgang E J Weber, ‘Zwischen Arkanpolitik und Aufklärung Bemerkungen zur normativen Freigabe der politischen Informationslenkung im 17./18 Jahrhundert’, in Utrecht – Rastatt – Baden Ein europäisches Friedenswerk am Ende des Zeitalters Ludwigs XIV., ed Heinz Duchhardt and Martin Espenhorst (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2013), 129–140; Anuschka Tischer, ‘Obrigkeitliche Instrumentalisierung der Zeitung im 17 Jahrhundert Die Gazette de France und die französische Politik’, in Die Entstehung des Zeitungswesens im 17 Jahrhundert, ed Volker Bauer and Holger Bưning (Bremen: Edition lumière, 2011), 455–466; Schultheiß-Heinz, Politik; idem, ‘Zur öffentlichen Wahrnehmung von Friedensverhandlungen und Friedenskongressen Eine Studie anhand der Zeitungsberichterstattung im 17 Jahrhundert’, in L’art de la paix Kongresswesen und Friedensstiftung im Zeitalter des Westfälischen Friedens, ed Christoph Kampmann (Münster: Aschendorff, 2011), 167–196 See Mathias F Müller, ‘Der Orden vom Goldenen Vlies und das Haus Habsburg im Heiligen Römischen Reich – Ein (kultur-) geschichtlicher Rückblick’, Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für vergleichende Kunstforschung in Wien 61, no (2009): 1–21 Still, in early modern peace studies the main focus remains on the diplomatic sphere and international relations, while the perspective of the common people, their expectations, notions and ideas of peace seems only to emerge with the peace movements of the nineteenth century Symptomatic of this approach is Michael Howard, The Invention of Peace: Reflections on War and International Order (London: Profile Books, 2000), pointing at this desideratum Edgar Wolfrum, Krieg und Frieden in der Neuzeit (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2003), 47 Peter Arnold Heuser, ‘Bayern in der Pariser “Gazette” zur Zeit des Westfälischen Friedenskongresses’, in Bourbon und Wittelsbach Neuere Forschungen zur Dynastiengeschichte, ed Rainer Babel (Münster: Aschendorff, 2010), 327–361 10 This term is used to highlight the role of newspapers in shaping an early modern ‘public sphere’ debate which remains ongoing in German scholarship Körber, Öffentlichkeiten (see note 3), 4–6 Concepts of peace in German newspapers 223 11 Thomas Schröder, ‘The Origins of the German Press’, in The Politics of Information in Early Modern Europe, ed Brendan Dooley and Sabrina Baron (London: Routledge, 2001), 124–127 12 For more detailed accounts, see Aretin, Reich, 139–219; Georg Schmidt, Geschichte des Alten Reiches (München: Beck, 1999), 227–232; Whaley, Germany, 108–128; a general overview in Matthias Schnettger, Der Spanische Erbfolgekrieg (München: Beck, 2014) 13 § of the Rijswijk treaty between France and the Empire stated that a Catholic office had to stay permitted in those formerly Protestant territories, where it had been introduced during French occupation This was a clear breach of the Westphalian treaty that guaranteed the confessional status of 1624, but the (Catholic) Elector Palatinate used it to privilege Catholic institutions and ministers to the disadvantage of Protestant churches In the light of a growing number of princely conversions to Catholicism since the 1670s, the confessional politics had become a major constitutional conflict Whaley, Germany, 152–153; Peter Brachwitz, Die Autorität des Sichtbaren Religionsgravamina im Reich des 18 Jahrhunderts (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2011), 125–130; Siegrid Westphal, ‘Frieden durch Ignorieren Die Frage der Rijswijker Religionsklausel im Vorfeld der Friedensverhandlungen von Baden’, in Utrecht – Rastatt – Baden Ein europäisches Friedenswerk am Ende des Zeitalters Ludwigs XIV., ed Heinz Duchhardt and Martin Espenhorst (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2013), 167–183 14 Brachwitz, Autorität, 19–23; Susanne Friedrich, Drehscheibe Regensburg Das Informations- und Kommunikationssystem des Immerwährenden Reichstags in Regensburg um 1700 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 2007), 428–448 15 Generally for the pamphlet market in the Empire see Wrede, Reich; SchultheißHeinz, Politik, passim 16 Gerd Augner, Die kaiserliche Kommission der Jahre 1708–1712 Hamburgs Beziehung zu Kaiser und Reich zu Anfang des 18 Jahrhunderts (Hamburg: Verein für Hamb Geschichte, 1983) For the Bremen negotiations see the yet unexplored archive collections Staatsarchiv der Hansestadt Bremen 2–B.3d–g 17 For outlines of the German newspaper landscape, economy and readership see recently Volker Bauer and Holger Böning, eds., Die Entstehung des Zeitungswesens im 17 Jahrhundert: Ein neues Medium und seine Folgen für das Kommunikationssystem der Frühen Neuzeit (Bremen: edition Lumière, 2011); Johannes Arndt and Esther-Beate Körber, eds., Das Mediensystem im Alten Reich der Frühen Neuzeit (1600-1750) (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010), Schröder, ‘Origins’ 18 Holger Böning, Welteroberung durch ein neues Publikum: die deutsche Presse und der Weg zur Aufklärung : Hamburg und Altona als Beispiel (Bremen: Edition Lumiére, 2002) 70; Susanne Friedrich, Drehscheibe Regensburg : das Informations- und Kommunikationssystem des Immerwährenden Reichstags um 1700 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2007), 438 19 The publisher was known for his bookshop in the commercial and political centre of Hamburg, where subscribers could access the latest issues for a lesser fee if they read it on site, often aloud for others Carsten Prange, Die Zeitungen und Zeitschriften des 17 Jahrhunderts in Hamburg und Altona Ein Beitrag zur Publizistik der Frühaufklärung (Hamburg: Christians, 1978), 179; Böning, Welteroberung, 112–124 20 Böning, Welteroberung, 72, 136–144; Werner Kayser, ‘Thomas von Wiering und Erben Ein bedeutendes Kapitel Hamburger Druckgeschichte’, Auskunft 10 (1990): 347–350 21 Jörg Jochen Berns, ‘Parteylichkeit’ und Zeitungswesen Zur Rekonstruktion einer medienpolitischen Debatte an der Wende vom 17 zum 18 Jahrhundert’, in Massen, Medien, Politik, ed Wolfgang Haug (Berlin: Argument-Verlag, 1976), 202– 233; Holger Böning, ‘Weltaneignung durch ein neues Publikum Zeitungen und 224 Inken Schmidt-Voges 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Zeitschriften als Medientypen der Moderne’, in Kommunikation und Medien in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed Johannes Burkhardt and Christine Werkstetter (München: Oldenbourg, 2005), 112–117; Johannes Arndt and Esther-Beate Körber, ‘Einleitung’, in Das Mediensystem im Alten Reich der Frühen Neuzeit (1600–1750), ed Johannes Arndt and Esther-Beate Körber (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2010), 18 Newspapers and news information were also framed with regard to the needs of a less educated readership, which demonstrates the broad reception of newspapers Astrid Blome, ‘Historia et Venditio – Zeitungen als “Bildungsmittel” im 17 und 18 Jahrhundert’, in Das Mediensystem im Alten Reich der Frühen Neuzeit (1600–1750)), ed Johannes Arndt and Esther-Beate Körber (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2010), 207–226 ‘Ein Zeitungsleser | hat oft Gedanken | die ihme kein Kayser wehren kann | wenn er ihn gleich todt schlüge.’ Quoted from Böning, Weltaneignung, 113 Schrưder, ‘Origins’, 135–146 ‘Die neue Kaiser-Kronm neuer Lorbeer zieren | Bis sie ein Zeichen wird am hohen Firmament! | Der dopple Adler muß das Gnaden-Szepter führen | [ .] | Die Friedens-Lilge muß auf Frankreichs Äckern blühen | Doch daß kein schlaue List Tuiscons Weiße fleck‘! | Irene m um ihn gefärbte Bưgen ziehen | D es die Friedens-Fahn an Janus Tempel steck!‘|, Hamburger Relations-Courier, 1712, 1, ‘Londen, vom 22 December Das Debatt, das die Lords am verwichenen Freytage wegen der Weise wie die Danck-Adresse an Ihre Maj, vor dero gnädige Ansprache, solle auffgesetzet werden, hatten, währet wohl Stunden lang: Der Graf von Nottingham redete am ersten und that eine sehr lange und kräfftige Harangue, worinnen er sagte, daß Engelland mit denen Alliirten Tractaten gemachet habe, welche ausdrücklich mit sich brächten, daß man mit Franckreich keinen Frieden machen solle, bevor die gantze spanische Monarchie dem Hause Österreich gegeben wäre; Er urtheile und wäre auch seine Meynung, daß man sich in keine Handlung einlassen müsse, solange das Bourbonische Haus Spanien und Indien nicht evacuiret habe, ohne welche man keinen festen und honorablen Frieden vor Groß-Britannien machen und dessen Commercien feststellen kưnnte, und d man derohalben den Krieg mit aller Macht continuiren müsse.‘ Hamburger Relations-Courier 1712, № 1, 3f See ‘House of Lords Journal Volume 19: December 1709,’ Journal of the House of Lords: volume 19: 1709–1714, British History Online, http://www british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=29781 ‘[ .] darinn Ihrer Majestät durch Ausdrückung für eure grosse Sorgfalt und Anliegen auff eine sonderliche Weise für die Protestantische Religion, welche vor allen Dingen uns das kostbahrste ist, für die Gesetze und Freyheiten, die uns sonderlich glücklich für allen anderen Nationen machen, und für die Succession des Hannöverischen Hauses, so wie sie vom Parlament umschrenckt ist; worauf die künfftige Sicherheit unserer Religion, Gesetzen und Freyheiten beruhet, an uns eine frische Bezeugung gegeben hat, daß Ew Majestät nichts so sehr als die Erhaltung und das Glück eures Volcks zu Hertzen gehe.Wir [ .] können nicht anders als das Vergnügen über dasjenige so Ew Maj von dem rechtmäßigen und honorablen Frieden, auf welchen Ew Majest absehen ist und deroselben zu erklähren beliebt hat, auszudrücken.’ HRC 1712, № 1, ‘Und als der Sprecher die Adresse, welche sehr fein ist, [ .] gelesen hatte, beliebte es der Königin [ .]’ HRC 1712, № 1, For the still highly important aspects of symbolic communication by displaying rank and (un)willingness at the congresses of the late seventeenth century see Matthias Köhler, Strategie und Symbolik Verhandeln auf dem Kongress von Nimwegen (Böhlau: Köln, 2011) and Niels Fabian May, ‘Zeremoniell in vergleichender Perspektive: Die Verhandlungen in Münster/Osnabrück, Nimwegen und Concepts of peace in German newspapers 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 225 Rijswijk (1643–1697)’, in L’art de la paix Kongresswesen und Friedensstiftung im Zeitalter des Westfälischen Friedens, ed Christoph Kampmann (Münster: Aschendorff, 2011), 272 Hamburger Relations-Courier 1712, № 8, 3: ‘Man fähret hier fort mit Ausmeublirung und Zubereitung des Rath-Hauses gegen die Zusammenkunffft der Plenipotentiarien Es sind auch hier einige Reglements gemacht, wovon eines abgekündiget worden, in sich haltend, daß keine Gesandten noch deren Domestiquen, weder wegen Schuld noch auch was Ursachen es seyn arrestiret werden könten Denen Haagischen Operisten ist vergönnet worden allhier zu spielen Vor den Baron von Bothmar, Envoye des Churfürsten von BraunschweigLüneburg, ist gestern auff dem St Johannis Kirchhoff ein Hauß gehäuret worden Der Graf von Strafford, Plenipotentiarius der Kưnigin von Gr-Britannien, wird bevorstehenden Montag oder Dienstag in hiesiger Stadt erwartet’ Hamburger Relations-Courier 1712, № 15, 2: ‘Die Ankunfft dieser letzten und das Exempel Sr Kayserl Maj wird ohne Zweifel die Teutschen Fürsten selbiges zu thun resolviren machen; Also daß wir eine herrliche StaatsParade in dieser Stadt zu sehen erwarten’ Hamburger Relations-Courier 1712, № 2, 3: ‘Es rouliren zwar die meisten Discursenauff das vorseyende Friedens-Werck und ist noch nicht abzusehen, wie das Reich in dem kurtzen angesetzten Termine seine Behörde solte beobachten und die etwa nöthigeVerfügung machen können Man flattiret sich indessen noch immer, daß, wann nur die übrige Hohe Alliirte ferner beysammen halten würden, man in Engeland noch wohl andere Mesures nehmen dörffte’ See also for the Dutch letter № 6, Sonja Schultheiß-Heinz, ‘Contemporaneity in 1672–1679: The Paris, Gazette, the London Gazette, and the Teutsche Kriegs-Kurier (1672–1679)’, in The Dissemination of News and the Emergence of Contemporaneity in Early Modern Europe, ed Brendan Dooley (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010), 115–136 Hamburger Relations-Courier 1712, № 23, 2: ‘In der Kammer des Congresses, wo selbsten die Schornsteine behänget und dergegen ein loser Schornstein aufgetthan wahr, umb die Stellen an der Tafel egal zu machen, in welchen kupfferne Feuerfässer mit Kohlen gesetzt waren, davon aber der Dampf die Herren Plenipotentiarien heraus nehmen zu lassen und sich mit Riecken unter den Füßen behelffen nöthigte’ Hamburger Relations-Courier 1712, № 23, Heinz Duchhardt, Balance of power und Pentarchie Internationale Beziehungen 1700–1785 (Paderborn: Schöningh, 1997), 259–265 Apart from the announcement in the advertisements on the back page, some of them are still to be found in libraries and archives For example ‘Der hohen Alliierten kluge Veranstaltung gegen die gethane schmeichelnde Friedens-Vorschläge der listigen Franzosen’, [den Haag], 1712; ‘Deutliche Erklährung derer von Frankreich gethanen Friedens-Vorschläge zur Befriedigung aller, die in diesem Kriege mit interessiert sind, übergeben von einem französischen Gevollmächtigten in der Conferentz vom 11 Februar 1712’; ‘Die auf dem angestellten FriedensCongreß zu Utrecht durch die Frantzösische Gesandte alda vorgelegte und eröfnete hochmüthige und unbillige Friedens-Vorschläge des Königs in Frankreich AusdemFrantzöischen ins Teutscheübersetzt, Anno 1712.’ These pamphlets were, as the title suggests, much more partial and opinionated than the newspaper coverage The internal frictions at the Vienna Court between the ‘Spanish party’ – advisors of Charles VI who had come to Vienna with him from Spain and were inexperienced in the customs, rules and depths of imperial political practices and communication – and the established administrative and diplomatic personnel deeply entangled in the Imperial web of politics – were not public and visible 226 Inken Schmidt-Voges 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 in the newspapers: Sinzendorff and other envoys had tried to persuade Charles from the beginning to give up on Spain and consolidate the circumstances for the Empire Aretin, Reich 2, 232–234 Much to the annoyance of the delegates of the Imperial Circles who felt vindicated in their mistrust towards Vienna politics See Schmidt, Altes Reich, 233 Hamburger Relations-Courier 1713, № 18, 3: ‘Ehegestern hielten bey dem Bischoff von Bristoll die Kayserl Plenipotentiarii und die Ministri der Stände des römischen Reichs eine Conferentz Und wird geredet, daß solches über die Difficultäten, welche Ihre Kayserl Maytt Aufhalten, sich zu dem von Ihro GroßBrittanische Majestät vorgestellten Friedens-Plan zu accomodieren, welche dann erstlich aus dem Wege geräumet werden müssten, ehe und bevor die FriedensHandlung wird avanciren können, indem der König sehr darauff sehen würde, dass der Kayser die angebotenen Conditiones anzunehmen disponiret werde’ Hamburger Relations-Courier 1713, № 38, Hamburger Relations-Courier 1713, № 60, For a close description of the individual diplomatic movements in the last months of the congress, see as still most detailed Ottokar Weber, Der Friede von Utrecht Verhandlungen zwischen England, Frankreich, dem Kaiser und den Generalstaaten, 1710-1713 (Gotha: F A Perthes, 1891) , 366–377 Schmidt, Reich, 230 as well as the contributions in Duchhardt and Espenhorst, eds., Utrecht A lot of examples can be found in the daily news that show the intermingled negotiations of aspects of the War of the Spanish Succession as well as the Great Northern War See for example Hamburger Relations-Courier 1711 № 19, 5; 1712, № 19, or 1712, № 129, 3: After an extensive report on the restitution of the emperor’s rights in theNetherlands and Italy, the following news from The Hague, 11 August says, that the ministers and envoys of the emperor, Poland, Denmark and the States General were discussing ‘northern matters’ in the Treves-Kamer And still in June 1713 the envoy of Holstein-Gottorf was negotiating ‘northern affairs’ in Utrecht with the present ambassadors Hamburger Relations-Courier 1712, № 23, 2; № 163, 2; 1713, № 7, 3; № 85, 3; № 48, 3; № 56, 3; Hamburger Relations-Courier 1713, № 54, 3: ‘Weil nunmehro die meisten Dörfer in diesem Distrikt von ihren Einwohnern wieder besetzet werden, und man diesen Leute gerne Sicherheit verschaffen will, das Ihrige zu bestellen, so lauffen fast täglich Partheyen aus, um zu verhindern, dass keine feindlichen Partheyen sich einschleichen möchten.’ See for example Hamburger Relations-Courier 1713, № 20; № 38; № 50 and № 96 Brachwitz, Autorität Index absolutism 59, 101, 186 Act of Succession (1701) 134 Africa 24, 67, 163, 166, 168 Aleppo 156 Alicante 46 Almansa 23, 26 Alps 79, 96 Alsace 79 America 5, 21, 37, 39–41, 43–8, 51–3, 66–70, 84, 156–7, 163, 165, 168, 176; North America 40, 43, 68, 167–8; South America 25, 39, 53, 154, 158, 160–8; Spanish America 24–5, 37, 39, 43–5, 51–3, 64, 154, 157–8, 161, 163, 165–8 Amsterdam 45–7, 65, 68, 89, 116, 142 Andalusia 24, 45 Anne Stuart of Great Britain 25, 82–3, 101, 113–15, 117–20, 123, 153, 159, 165, 176–81, 183, 187, 189–90, 203, 217 Antilles 39–40 Antwerp 82–3, 85 Aragon 24, 26–8, 30 Armenians 113 Arriola, Don Andrés de 52–3 Asia 5, 39, 49, 52 asiento 6, 25, 43, 45–6, 50–1, 53, 67–9, 84, 90, 153, 166–8 Atlantic 4–6, 11, 24–5, 32, 37, 39–40, 43–4, 49, 53, 66, 68, 90, 155, 158, 164, 166, 169 Atterbury, Francis 115 Austrian war of succession 90 Avigliana 103 Ayerst, William 120 Baden 5, 22, 31, 58, 85, 100 balance of power 3, 5, 11, 23, 38, 50, 58–9, 69–71, 79, 86, 97, 105–6, 147, 158, 176–7, 181–5, 187–90, 196, 203–4, 210; see also equilibrium Bank of England 122, 162, 165, 167 Barbados 165 Barcelona 5, 41, 46, 50, 65, 202 Basel 123 Battista, Maria Giovanni 105 Bavaria 86, 138 Bay of Espíritu Santo 41 Belize 39 Bellegarde, Jean-Baptiste Morvan de 202 Belmonte, Manuel 68 Benbow, John 45 Berkeley, George 159 Berlin 117, 122–3 Bern 119 Böhme, Anton Wilhelm 116 Bologna 102 Bonnet, Frederic 116 Bordeaux 48 Borgo, Ignatio Solaro della Moretta Marquis del 97–102, 104 Bothmer, Johann Caspar von 215 Bourbon 1, 4–5, 22, 24, 26–9, 31–2, 37–8, 41, 44, 49, 51–2, 58–9, 63, 70, 83, 100, 102, 154–5, 167, 214 Bowrey, Thomas 163 Boyer, Abel 118 Boyle, Charles, 4th Earl of Orrery 160 Boyle, Henry 160 Brabant 82, 85–7 Bray, Thomas 115 Bremen 212, 220 Brest 45 Brihuega 23, 176 Bristol 115, 117, 214, 217–18 British Empire 3–4, 13, 153–7, 160–1, 163, 165–7, 169 Bruyère, Jean de la 201 Buenos Aires 25, 39, 52–3, 163, 166–8 228 Index Cádiz 43–8, 50, 52, 66–7 Caesar, Johann Jacob 116–18 Calvinists 70; see also Protestants Cambrai capitalism 3, 43 Caribbean 40, 45, 67–8, 166–7 Caribbean Gulf 39–40, 44 Carlo Emanuele II of Savoy 102 Carlo Emanuele III of Savoy 97, 101–2 Carmagnola 103 Carolina 157 Cartagena 39–40, 44, 67–8 Casa de Austria 89; see also Habsburg Casa de la Contratación 52 Casale 101 Catalans 23, 26–7, 30, 52 Catalonia 24–6, 30–1, 218 catholicism 58, 63, 113, 118, 185–7, 210; see also popery catholics 113, 123, 140–1, 186 Chambéry 100 Charles II of Spain 1, 4, 22, 38, 42–3, 51, 60, 62–3, 81, 85, 88, 181 Charles III of Spain see Charles VI of Austria Charles VI of Austria 4, 8, 22, 80, 84–90, 98, 210–13, 217, 221; Charles, Archduke of Austria 1, 4–5, 42, 44, 46, 82–4; Charles III of Spain 22, 24–6, 52, 83, 155, 158 Chile 53, 161, 163, 166 Churchill, John, 1st Duke of Marlborough 23, 49, 82–3, 86, 98, 103, 119, 155–6, 159–60, 169, 178–81, 184, 214 Church of Barmen-Gemarke 113; see also Protestants Church of England 115, 117, 185 Clemens XI 3, 46, 101, 138 Columbus, Christopher 39, 162 Compton, Henry 115, 123 Congregation de propaganda fide 115 Consejo de Estado 42 Consejo de Indias 43 Council of Castille 28, 31 Count Bergeyck 28, 62–3 Coventry 115 Cowper, William 159 Coymans, Balthasar 68 Cromwell, Oliver 25 Crowe, Mitford 165 Cuba 68 Cuneo 103 Curaỗao 40, 44, 678 Davenant, Charles 17980, 185, 189 Defoe, Daniel 163–4, 177, 183 Dendermonde 82–3, 85 Denmark 136 Devonshire 156 Dordrecht 142 Ducasse, Jean-Baptiste 45 Dummer, Edmund 163 Dunkirk 120, 155, 167 Dutch Republic 1, 3–5, 53, 83, 89, 131, 133–40, 142–3, 145; see also Netherlands Dutch West India Company 39, 67–8 Edict of Nantes 12, 60, 134 Eighty Years’ War 66 Elizabeth Farnese of Spain 23, 32 England 1, 4–6, 12, 21, 26, 30, 39–41, 45–51, 53, 59–61, 64, 66–7, 81–2, 113–15, 117–18, 122, 131, 133, 135–8, 144, 146–8, 154, 156–9, 169, 178, 182, 185–6, 198, 204, 213 Enlightenment 1, 12–13, 51 equilibrium 38, 81, 106, 177, 182, 184, 188; see also balance of power Escalera, Bernardo Tinajero de la 52 Eugene of Savoy 86, 88, 97–8, 100, 103, 105, 134 Europe 1–5, 7–9, 11, 14, 21, 23, 31–2, 37–40, 42–4, 48–9, 58, 60, 65, 67, 70, 79, 86, 96–7, 101, 105–6, 113, 116, 118, 122–3, 132, 136, 140, 143–4, 153, 155, 185, 160–1, 164, 168–9, 176–7, 182–3, 187–8, 200, 202, 218–19 Evelyn, John 159 Extremadura 50 Fộnelon, Franỗoise 1989, 201 Ferdinand II of Aragon 39 Finch, Daniel, 2nd Earl of Nottingham 161, 168, 214 Flanders 3, 23, 25, 27–8, 41, 61–4, 82–3, 85–7, 176–7, 202 Florida 39, 68 Fontaine, Jean de la 201 France 4–6, 9, 27, 30, 39, 40–3, 45–6, 48–50, 53, 59–60, 62–3, 65, 67, 69–70, 79–81, 83–5, 89, 91, 98, 100–1, 103, 113–14, 117, 119–20, 134–47, 155, 157–8, 166–8, 176, 178–9, 182–8, 195–201, 203–4, 210, 212–13, 218–19 Francke, August Hermann 116 Index Franklin, Benjamin 157 French Guinea Company 43, 45, 68 Friedrich I in Prussia 4–5, 118, 211 Fuenmajor, Baltasar de 60 fueros 26–7, 30 Geertruidenberg 5, 86, 213 Gelderland 81 Geneva 119 Genoa 65, 70, 98, 105 George I of Great Britain 70, 122, 153 Ghent 82–4 Gibraltar 24, 46, 50, 65–6, 70, 153, 167–8 Godolphin, Sidney, 1st Earl of Godolphin 119, 155, 159 Goslinga, Sicco van 142 Great Britain 3–4, 6, 50, 66, 69–70, 89, 102–3, 105, 107, 121–3, 136–7, 140, 143–5, 163–4, 167, 215, 217 Gremonville 41 Grimaldo, Jose 28 Groot, Hugo de 140 Groteste, Claude Sieur de la Mothe 116, 119 Grote Vergadering 142 Guiscard, Antoine de 162 Gulf of Darien 41 Gulf of Mexico 40–1 Gundling, Nicolaus Hieronymus 1–2, 7, 14 Habsburg 1, 4–5, 10, 22–5, 28–9, 31–2, 38, 41, 49, 51, 59–60, 64, 66, 69, 71, 80–4, 86, 89–90, 97–8, 122, 155, 176–7, 182–4, 188, 220 The Hague 4–5, 44–5, 59–63, 65–7, 69–70, 81–6, 88, 98–9, 101, 123, 131, 213, 215–17, 220 Halle 1, 115–16 Hamburg 116, 209–13, 219–20 Hamburger, Mordecai 116 Harano 40–1, 43–4 Harley, Robert 159–62, 165, 169, 176–7 Hartlib Circle 115–16 Heinsius, Anthonie 63, 132–3, 135 Henry VII of England 162 Henry VIII of England 162, 185 Hoare, Henry 116 Hoare, Richard 116 Hoare, Thomas 116 Hohenzollern 113 Holland 60–1, 81, 99, 133 229 Holy Roman Empire 12, 14, 46, 79, 86, 89, 106, 209–12, 220–1 House of Commons 160, 162, 167, 214 House of Lords 214 Hudson’s Bay 155, 167–8 Huguenots 9, 12, 113, 121, 201; see also Protestants Hungary 117–18 Iberia 5, 39, 90, 176 Imperial Diet 211–12, 216, 218 India 115–16 The Indies 24–5, 27–8, 30, 32, 41, 43–5, 50–3, 62, 67, 158, 161 Inquisition 27, 46 Ireland 60, 116, 123 Italy 3–5, 21, 23–5, 27–8, 61, 63, 70–1, 84, 97, 106, 136, 145, 177, 210, 218, 220 Jablonski, Daniel Ernst 117–18, 122 Jacobites 12, 123, 159, 180, 185, 188, 190 Jamaica 25, 40, 157, 169 Joseph I of Austria 84, 100, 209 Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria 4, 62 jus gentium 203 Karl XII of Sweden 119 Karl of Hessen-Kassel 119, 211 La Coruna 65 La Marmora, Tomaso Felice Ferrero di 105 Landau 219 Languedoc 99 Lausanne 119 legitimacy 2, 12, 14, 61, 140, 203, 221 Leiden 141 Leipzig 118, 123 Leopold I of Austria 1, 4–5, 62, 84 Lesser Antilles 39 Levant 65, 97 Lille 64, 155, 202 Lira, Francisco Manuel de 60, 65 Lisola, Franz Paul von 60 Lissa 122 Lithuania 116–17 Littleton, Edward 157 Locke, John 156, 198 Lombardy 96 London 4, 9, 44, 48–50, 65, 67, 97–103, 115–17, 121–2, 131, 159, 167, 214, 217 230 Index London Treaty 4–5 Louis XIV of France 1, 4, 23, 29, 41–6, 59–65, 69, 80–1, 86, 105, 114–15, 118, 123, 143, 155, 159, 167, 176, 179, 182, 187, 194–5, 197–204, 213, 217; Sun King 131, 187, 194–5, 197, 200–4 Louis XV of France 143, 194, 204 Louvois, Francois Michel le Tellier de 60 Low Countries 23, 58–64, 69, 71, 84, 134; see also Netherlands Lyon 119 Madrid 5, 23, 25–6, 28, 31, 38, 42–3, 46–50, 59–63, 65–7, 69, 80–1, 167 Maffei, Annibale 97–106 Majorca 24, 26–7, 31 Málaga 46, 66 Malines 82 Malplaquet 38, 153, 158, 202 Margarita Theresa of Spain Maria Theresa of Spain 4, 59 Marseille 65, 119–21 Marteilhe, Jean 119 Martyn, Richard 164 Massilon, Jean-Baptiste 194, 195 Max Emanuel of Bavaria 23, 62, 86, 218 media 8, 12–13, 185, 210, 212–13, 215, 221 Mediterranean 24, 26, 41, 45–6, 48, 64–6, 70, 89–90, 96, 106, 167 Mellarède, Pierre 97–101, 104–6 Menorca 24, 66, 70 Mesnager, Nicolas 50 Metz 79 Mexico 39, 44–5, 158 Milan 24, 41, 42, 101 Mirandola 102 Missy, Jean Rousset de 38 Modena 102 Modica 24 Monferrato 101 Moravia 117 Moscow 116 Moselle 79 Moses, Marcus 116; see also Hamburger, Mordecai Moyle, Walter 186–7 Nagyeneyd 122 Namur 84, 87 Naples 24, 32, 42, 65–6 Navarre 27, 53 Netherlands 1, 4, 6, 9–10, 23, 41, 44–5, 47–9, 53, 64, 79, 81, 84, 98–9, 101–2, 105, 107, 113, 119, 142, 146, 164, 182; see also Dutch Republic Neuchâtel 113 New England 157–8 Newfoundland 155, 167 New Granada 44, 53 Newman, Henry 123 New Spain 40–1, 43, 45–7, 52–3 newspapers 11–12, 87, 155, 161, 209–13, 215, 217–25; see also press New York 157 Nice 100 Nieuwpoort 81 Nijmegen 70, 146, 197, 200, 202 Nine Years’ War 62, 81, 113, 133–4, 142, 199, 201 Nördlinger Alliance 211 North, William, 6th Baron North 214 Nova Scotia 153, 168 Oldmixon, John 156–8, 162 Orangeois 113, 118 Orbassano 103 Order of Annunziata 103 Order of St Maurice and Lazarus 103 Order of the Golden Fleece 90 Orry, Jean 29, 43 Ostend Company 88 Ottoman Empire 85, 183 Oudenaarde 81, 155, 202 Overijssel 81 Pacific 21 pamphlets 11, 41, 47, 63, 159, 178–80, 182–3, 185, 201, 212, 217, 221 Panama 39, 161 Paris 40, 43, 61, 120, 134, 138, 194, 196–7, 200, 217 Paris Chambre de Commerce 40 Parma 103 Patterson, William 161–2 peace of Rijswijk 60, 62, 70, 119, 134, 138, 186, 199, 202 peace of Westphalia 3, 58–9, 64, 66, 69–70, 96, 70, 96, 106, 113, 142, 147, 200 Pennsylvania 157 Peru 39–40, 44, 53, 157–8, 168 Philippines 44 Pindar, Thomas 163 Pinerolo 105 Index Place de Grève 197 Po 102, 202 Poland 117, 122, 136 Polish war of succession 89 Poor Palatines 113, 118; see also Protestants popery 116–18, 122–3, 139–40, 185–7; see also Catholicism Port Mahon 46, 50, 167 Portobelo 40 Portocarrero, Louis Manuel Fernández de 41–2, 62 Porto Longone 23–4 Portugal 24–5, 50 Pownall, Thomas 157 Philip IV of Spain 4, 59–60 Philip V of Spain 4–5, 22–9, 31–2, 45–6, 48, 50–3, 61, 63, 65–70, 82, 90, 155, 176, 203, 217; Philip of Anjou 1, 4–5, 22, 42, 61, 81–2, 155 press 11, 47, 58, 178; see also media Priero, Ercole Turinetti di 97 Prior, Matthew 167, 176 propaganda 12, 44, 46, 58, 63–4, 181–2, 184–6, 189, 199, 203, 204 Protestantism 58, 123, 136, 138–41, 183, 186–8 Protestant/s 3, 9, 113–22, 136, 139–41, 182–3 Prussia 6, 70, 113, 119, 122, 138, 143, 145 Puerto de Santa María 47 Quadruple Alliance 89 Quirós, Francisco Bernardo de 61–3, 67–8 raison d’etat 79 Ramillies 23, 64, 82, 153, 155 Rastatt 5, 31, 58, 79, 85–6, 88, 96, 134, 138, 218 Real Companhia de Cacheu 68 Real Decreto 53 Regensburg 212 Réunions 60 Rhine 85, 202, 210–11, 217, 219–20 Ribera, Pedro de 52–3 Rijswijk clause 13, 210, 212, 220 Rio de la Plata 25, 39, 163 Robinson, John 115, 166, 169 Rochebaron, Louis d’Aumont de 121 Rome 97, 100–1, 118, 185–6 Ronquillo, Pedro 65 Rouen 196–7 231 Rousselet, Francois Louis de, Count of Châteaurenault 44, 46 Royal Academy Turin 103, 105 Royal African Company 163 Royal Society 100, 115 Rue, Charles de la 203 Russia 116, 136 Saar 79 Sacheverell, Henry 115, 159 Sacramento 25 Saint-Domingue 45 St John, Henry, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke 25, 30, 48–9, 164, 167, 169 St Kitts 153, 166, 168 Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel de 195 Santa Fé 44, 53 Santa Marta 44–5 Sardinia 5, 24, 66, 107 Savoy 5, 8–9, 13, 21, 70, 79, 96–106 Scheldt 62, 82–3, 202 Schönborn, Lothar Franz von 209 Schonenberg, Francisco van 45, 47, 67, 68 Scotland 21, 121 secularisation 58, 147 security 5, 8, 81, 89, 135–6, 141, 143–4, 160, 188, 194, 210, 212, 217, 219, 221 Seville 43, 45, 47, 52, 67 Sharp, John 115, 123 Sheres, Henry 158 Sicily 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 42, 61, 65, 96, 103, 105–7 Silesia 117 Sint Eustatius 40 Sinzendorf, Philipp Ludwig Wenzel von 84, 218, 220 slave trade 25, 39, 50, 68, 84 Slingelandt, Simon van 131–2, 141–8 Smalridge, George 115 Smith, Adam 157 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) 13, 114–20, 122–3 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) 115, 118 Soissons 8, 198 Somers, John, 1st Baron Somers 155, 160 Southern Netherlands 4–6, 10, 37, 79–90, 141; Austrian Netherlands Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 232 Index 13, 88–9, 91, 145–6; Habsburg Netherlands 97; Spanish Netherlands 5, 80, 138, 142 South Sea Company 53, 69, 154, 161–6, 168 souvereignty 4, 7, 10, 23, 63–4, 70, 79, 82, 84, 87, 90, 140, 184, 195, 198–9, 201–2, 204 Spain 3, 5, 10, 13, 21–32, 37–54, 63, 65–7, 69–70, 80–1, 83–4, 89–90, 98, 134, 136, 138, 143, 145, 153, 155–8, 162, 167, 169, 176, 187, 210, 214, 217, 220 Spencer, Charles, 5th Earl of Sunderland 155–6, 159 Staffarda 103 Stanhope, James 23, 155 States General (country) 1, 4–5; see also Dutch Republic States General (Institution) 45, 47–8, 82, 86, 101, 113, 119, 131, 215 Stepney, George 118 Stieler, Caspar von 213 Straits of Magellan 163 Stuart 6, 60, 177, 179, 181–2, 184, 186–7, 189–90 Surendonck, Jacob van 132–48 Surinam 40 Sutton, Robert, 2nd Baron Lexington 25–6, 28, 30–2, 46, 48, 61 Swift, Jonathan 177–8, 184–5, 189–90 Switzerland 79 Terra Firme 43 Thirty Years’ War 8, 212 Thompson, Samuel 159 Torcy, Jean Baptiste Colbert de 30, 159 Tory/Tories 3, 11, 13–14, 49–50, 69–70, 83, 98, 114, 133, 137, 153–4, 156, 159–69, 177–81, 183–90 Toul 79 Tournai 83–4 Townshend, Charles 83–4, 155 Transylvania 117, 119, 122–3 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 61 Treaty of the Pyrenees 80, 146 Tremoille, Anne Marie de la 23, 29 Trenchard, John 186–7 Turin 97, 99–106, 202 Tuscany 24 Ubilla, Don Antonio de 42, 52 Ubilla, Juan Esteban de 53 Ubilla y Medina, Antonio de 52 United Provinces 46, 50, 59–62, 64, 66–70, 105, 142, 155, 158, 160; see also Dutch Republic Urdinso y Arbeláez, Bartolomé de 52 Utrecht (city) 5, 8, 28, 50, 58, 69, 81, 96–105, 114–15, 118, 167, 169, 209, 211–13, 215–21 Uztáriz, Jerónimo de 52 Vadillo, José Manuel de 39, 50 Valdivia 161, 163, 166 Valencia 24, 26, 30 Valenciennes 83 Vaud 119 Vaudois 105; see also Protestants Venezuela 44 Venice 70, 99, 101 Veracruz 40, 43–5 Verdun 79 Verona 102 Versailles 44, 46, 66, 176, 182–5, 200 Viale, Benedetto 98 Vienna 31, 59, 64, 69, 84–90, 97–8, 100, 105, 123, 134, 138–9, 147, 176, 183, 215, 220 Vigo 46–7 Villaviciosa 23 Vittorio Emmanuele II of Savoy Vizcaya 27 Wake, William 123 Walker, Hovenden 169 Walpole, Robert, 1st Earl of Orford 160 War of Devolution 59 War of the League of Augsburg 97, 103 Wassenaar, Arend van 131 Wentworth, Thomas, 1st Earl of Strafford 120–1, 166, 169, 215; 3rd Baron of Raby 160, 162, 164 West India Company 39, 67–8 Whig Junto 155, 159, 162 Whig/Whigs 3, 11, 13, 49, 83, 98, 147, 153–69, 177–81, 183, 185–90 Wildt, Job de 142 William II of Orange 59, 142 William III of Orange 49, 60, 62–3, 65, 81, 133–4, 137, 142, 157, 178–9, 184, 186–7 Windward Fleet 40–1, 52 Wittelsbach 217 York 115, 117 Zeeland 81 www.Ebook777.com ... Relations Around the Peace of Utrecht Edited by Inken Schmidt-Voges and Ana Crespo Solana New Worlds? Transformations in the Culture of International Relations Around the Peace of Utrecht Edited by Inken... the state of research in two ways First, it questions the prevailing perceptions of the Peace of Utrecht in the history of international relations Second, it connects this sphere of international. .. d) Print media All of the contributions show the importance of the print media in disseminating news and opinions, and without them the intense debate on the many political decisions of principle