Editorial Rob Franek, Senior VP, Publisher Casey Cornelius, VP Content Development Mary Beth Garrick, Director of Production Selena Coppock, Managing Editor Calvin Cato, Editor Colleen Day, Editor Aaron Riccio, Editor Meave Shelton, Editor Orion McBean, Editorial Assistant Random House Publishing Team Tom Russell, Publisher Alison Stoltzfus, Publishing Manager Melinda Ackell, Associate Managing Editor Ellen Reed, Production Manager Kristin Lindner, Production Supervisor Andrea Lau, Designer The Princeton Review, Inc 24 Prime Parkway, Suite 201 Natick, MA 01760 E-mail: editorialsupport@review.com Copyright © 2014 by TPR Education IP Holdings, LLC All rights reserved Cover art © laboratory/Alamy Published in the United States by Random House LLC, New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto A Penguin Random House Company eBook ISBN: 978-0-8041-2513-0 Trade Paperback ISBN: 978-0-8041-2512-3 AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Board, which does not sponsor or endorse this product The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University Editor: Calvin S Cato Production Editor: Jesse Newkirk Production Artist: Deborah Silvestrini 2015 Edition v3.1 Acknowledgments Paul Foglino would like to thank John Katzman for his oversight on this project and Rebecca Lessem for her work editing the first edition of this title Thanks to Rachel Warren, whose guidance and tireless effort helped to convert chemistry to English Thanks to Eric Payne for his rigorous attention to detail Thanks to Tom Meltzer for his advice and Libby O’Connor for her patience Additional thanks are in order to Robbie Korin, James Karb, and Chris Volpe The Princeton Review would like to give special thanks to Nicolas Leonardi for his hand in revising and updating this title to better prepare students for the new AP Chemistry exam Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Part I: Using This Book to Improve Your AP Score Preview Activity: Your Knowledge, Your Expectations Your Guide to Using This Book How to Begin Part II: About the AP Chemistry Exam The Structure of the AP Chemistry Exam Overview of Content Topics How AP Exams Are Used Other Resources Designing Your Study Plan Part III: Test-Taking Strategies for the AP Chemistry Exam How to Approach Multiple-Choice Questions How to Approach Free-Response Questions Part IV: Content Review for the AP Chemistry Exam Big Idea #1: Atoms, Elements, and the Building Blocks of Matter The Periodic Table Moles Coulomb’s Law Photoelectron Spectroscopy Periodic Trends Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #2: Bonding and Phases Bonds Overview Ionic Bonds Metallic Bonds Covalent Bonds Intermolecular Forces Vapor Pressure Lewis Dot Structures Kinetic Molecular Theory Maxwell-Boltzmann Diagrams The Ideal Gas Equation Dalton’s Law Deviations from Ideal Behavior Density Solutions Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #3: Chemical Reactions, Energy Changes, and Redox Reactions Types of Reactions Chemical Equations Enthalpy Energy Diagrams Catalysts and Energy Diagrams Oxidation States Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Galvanic Cells Electrolytic Cells Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates Rate Law Using Initial Concentrations Rate Law Using Concentration and Time Collision Theory Beer’s Law Reaction Mechanisms Catalysts Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #5: Laws of Thermodynamics and Changes in Matter Energy Transfer First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics State Functions Heat of Formation, ∆H0 f Bond Energy Hess’s Law Thermodynamics of Phase Change Calorimetry Entropy Gibbs Free Energy Free Energy Change, ∆G ∆G, ∆H, and ∆S Voltage and Favorability Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #6: Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Titrations, and Solubility The Equilibrium Constant, Keq Le Châtelier’s Principle Changes in the Equilibrium Constant The Reaction Quotient, Q Solubility Acids and Bases Definitions pH Weak Acids Strong Acids Kw Buffers Polyprotic Acids and Amphoteric Substances Titration Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Laboratory Overview Part V: Practice Tests 10 Practice Test 11 Practice Test Answers and Explanations 12 Practice Test 13 Practice Test Answers and Explanations About the Authors Part I Using This Book to Improve Your AP Score ... how you will change your strategic approach to different parts of the test Part II About the AP Chemistry Exam THE STRUCTURE OF THE AP CHEMISTRY EXAM The AP Chemistry Exam is a three-hour-long,... think about how/whether you will change your approach in the future The content chapters are designed to provide a review of the content tested on the AP Chemistry Exam, including the level of detail... to approach the questions that you will see on the AP Chemistry exam? Part IV Content Review for the AP Chemistry Exam Chapter Big Idea #1: Atoms, Elements, and the Building Blocks of Matter The