12 Student: _ The nervous system employs exclusively electrical means to send messages, whereas the endocrine system communicates by means of chemical messengers True False Most neurons have multiple dendrites True False Neurons move material away from the soma by retrograde transport True False Unipolar neurons have only a single process leading away from the soma True False Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that satellite cells in the PNS True False Ependymal cells line the inner cavities of the CNS True False In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia True False An action potential never occurs in dendrites True False When a neuron is stimulated, Na+ gates open and allow Na+ to exit the cell True False 10 In a myelinated fiber only the initial segment in the trigger zone have voltage-regulated channels True False 11 Norepinephrine is a monoamine True False 12 Acetylcholine triggers the synthesis of the second messenger cAMP only in neurons of the PNS True False 13 Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neuromodulator by altering synaptic function True False 14 Any two EPSPs will override one IPSP True False 15 Memories are formed by neural pathways of modified synapses True False 16 division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine A Visceral sensory B Somatic sensory C Visceral motor D Somatic motor E Afferent 17 The _ division tends to prepare the body for action A sensory afferent B motor afferent C somatic motor D parasympathetic E sympathetic 18 _ are examples of effectors of the nervous system A Receptors B Stimuli C Reflexes D Glands E Sense organs 19 The autonomic nervous system is also called the A visceral sensory division B somatic sensory division C visceral motor division D somatic motor division E central nervous system 20 Nerves are _ of the nervous system A organs B tissues C organ systems D organelles E cells 21 Some _ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system A efferent; afferent B afferent; efferent C motor; sensory D efferent; association E afferent; association 22 About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are _ neurons A sensory B motor C afferent D efferent E association 23 _ neurons are the most common type of neurons A Multipolar B Bipolar C Unipolar D Anaxonic E Dendritic 24 Nerve fiber refers to A a nerve cell B an organelle in nerve cells C an organ D an axon E a bundle of macromolecules in nerve cells 25 Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen at the A axon B soma C dendrites D axon hillock E Schwann cell 26 This image shows a representative neuron What does "5" represent? A synaptic knobs B Schwann cells C trigger zone D node of Ranvier E axon collateral 27 This image shows a representative neuron What does "1" represent? A synaptic knobs B axons C dendrites D interneurons E axon collaterals 28 are the primary site for receiving signals from other neurons A Synaptic knobs B Axons C Axon collaterals D Somas E Dendrites 29 _ form myelin in the spinal cord A Schwann cells B Astrocytes C Satellite cells D Oligodendrocytes E Microglia 30 Most of the myelin sheath is composed of A lipids B carbohydrates C glycoproteins D proteins E polysaccharides 31 The myelin sheath is formed by A fibers B cells C macromolecules D polymers E organelles 32 Conduction speed of a nerve fiber would be the fastest in a A large myelinated fiber B small myelinated fiber C large unmyelinated fiber D small unmyelinated fiber E small fiber with multiple Schwann cells 33 In order for a peripheral nerve fiber to regenerate it must have A all dendrites intact B at least half the length of the fiber intact C at least the entire axon and neurilemma intact D the soma and at least some neurilemma intact E at least part of the soma intact 34 _ has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential A Sodium B Chloride C Calcium D Phosphate E Potassium 35 Most local potentials happen at the A dendrites B somas C axon hillock D trigger zone E Schwann cells 36 Opening of sodium gates typically leads to A repolarization of the plasma membrane B hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane C depolarization of the plasma membrane D drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value E plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential 37 Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP? A inflow of sodium B inflow of potassium C inflow of calcium D inflow of chloride E outflow of chloride 38 Local potentials are _, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus A stabile B graded C self propagating D excitatory E inhibitory 39 An inhibitory local potential A depolarizes the plasma membrane B hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane C repolarizes the plasma membrane D neutralizes the plasma membrane E drifts the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential 40 While the membrane is depolarizing its A chloride gates are partially open B chloride gates are fully open C potassium gates are fully open D sodium gates are partially open E sodium gates are fully open 41 This image shows an action potential What does "1" represent? A a rising local potential B a critical voltage called threshold C hyperpolarization of the membrane D repolarization of the membrane E resting membrane potential 42 This image shows an action potential What does "6" represent? A a critical voltage called threshold B hyperpolarization of the membrane C depolarization of the membrane D repolarization of the membrane E resting membrane potential 43 Local potentials are _, whereas action potentials are _ A irreversible; reversible B self-propagating; local C graded; all or none D nondecremental; decremental E produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels 44 During hyperpolarization (or afterpotential) A sodium ions are entering the cells B sodium ions are leaving the cell C potassium ions are entering the cell D potassium ions are leaving the cell E both sodium and potassium ions are leaving the cell 45 When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35mV towards mV, we say the cell is A depolarizing B repolarizing C hyperpolarizing D reaching the threshold E exiting the threshold 46 During the absolute refractory period A if a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion B the neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold C the signal grows weaker with distance D it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus E no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential 47 A traveling wave of excitation is what we know as A a local potential B a graded potential C an action potential D a nerve signal E a depolarizing signal 48 What would be the best explanation for why myelinated fibers conduct signals faster than unmyelinated fibers? A There are no internodes in unmyelinated fibers B There are more internodes in unmyelinated fibers C Facilitated diffusion of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated fibers D Active transport of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated fibers E Diffusion of ions along the axoplasm is faster 49 All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except A they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron B they are released in response to stimulation C they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell D they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell E they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell 50 A cholinergic synapse employs _ as its neurotransmitter A monoamine B acetylcholine C epinephrine D norepinephrine E catecholamine 51 _ binds to ligand-regulated gates, and is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B Noradrenaline C Epinephrine D Acetylcholine E Norepinephrine 52 Which of these happens first in an cholinergic synaptic transmission? A acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft B postsynaptic potential is produced C sodium enters the postsynaptic cell D synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine E acetylcholine binds to ligand-regulated gates 53 Which of these happens first in an adrenergic synaptic transmission? A ATP is converted to cyclic AMP B adenylate cyclase is activated C G protein dissociates from the NE receptor D G protein binds to adenylate cyclase E cyclic AMP induces several effects in the cell 54 Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO), which is an enzyme A that binds to chloride gates B that breaks down monoamines C that blocks sodium channels D that converts ATP to cyclic AMP E that degrades acetylcholine 55 All of these contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission except A synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis B neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid C neurotransmitters stop being released D the synaptic knob reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis E enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters 56 _ excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle A Norepinephrine B Dopamine C Histamine D Acetylcholine E β-endorphin 57 Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with A depolarization of the cell membrane B repolarization of the cell membrane C hyperpolarization of the cell membrane D no change of the cell membrane potential E no change of the threshold 58 Opening of gates produces an _ A chloride; IPSP B sodium; IPSP C calcium; IPSP D potassium; EPSP E calcium and sodium; IPSP 59 Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron? A a voltage change from mV to +0.35 mV B a voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV C a voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV D a voltage change from +35 mV to mV E a voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV 60 A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called A temporal summation B neural summation C spatial summation D neuronal coding E recruitment 61 Presynaptic inhibition is the opposite of A coding B integration C recruitment D summation E facilitation 62 The best type of neural pool for producing a prolonged output is A a converging circuit B a diverging circuit C a reverberating circuit D a presynaptic pool E an autonomic pool 63 Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural A recruitment B pooling C integration D facilitation E coding 64 Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to the degeneration of specific neurons These neurons secrete an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain This neurotransmitter is A serotonin B dopamine C acetylcholine D GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) E glutamate (glutamic acid) 65 Accumulation of Ca2+ in the synaptic knob is called _, and probably plays an important role in _ A synaptic facilitation; short-term memory B neural coding; immediate memory C postsynaptic potential; long-term memory D neural coding; short-term memory E long-term potentiation; long-term memory 12 Key The nervous system employs exclusively electrical means to send messages, whereas the endocrine system communicates by means of chemical messengers FALSE Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.01.a Describe the overall function of the nervous system Saladin - Chapter 12 #1 Section: 12.01 Topic: Nervous System Most neurons have multiple dendrites TRUE Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Saladin - Chapter 12 #2 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System Neurons move material away from the soma by retrograde transport FALSE Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.02.d Explain how neurons transport materials between the cell body and tips of the axon Saladin - Chapter 12 #3 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System Unipolar neurons have only a single process leading away from the soma TRUE Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Saladin - Chapter 12 #4 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that satellite cells in the PNS FALSE Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.03.a Name the six types of cells that aid neurons and state their respective functions Saladin - Chapter 12 #5 Section: 12.03 Topic: Nervous System Ependymal cells line the inner cavities of the CNS TRUE Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.03.a Name the six types of cells that aid neurons and state their respective functions Saladin - Chapter 12 #6 Section: 12.03 Topic: Nervous System In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia FALSE Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.03.a Name the six types of cells that aid neurons and state their respective functions Saladin - Chapter 12 #7 Section: 12.03 Topic: Nervous System An action potential never occurs in dendrites TRUE Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.04.c Explain how local responses generate a nerve signal Saladin - Chapter 12 #8 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System When a neuron is stimulated, Na+ gates open and allow Na+ to exit the cell FALSE Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #9 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 10 In a myelinated fiber only the initial segment in the trigger zone have voltage-regulated channels FALSE Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.04.d Explain how a nerve signal is conducted down an axon Saladin - Chapter 12 #10 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 11 Norepinephrine is a monoamine TRUE Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #11 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 12 Acetylcholine triggers the synthesis of the second messenger cAMP only in neurons of the PNS FALSE Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #12 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 13 Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neuromodulator by altering synaptic function TRUE Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #13 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 14 Any two EPSPs will override one IPSP FALSE Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #14 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 15 Memories are formed by neural pathways of modified synapses TRUE Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.06.d Describe how memory works at cellular and molecular levels Saladin - Chapter 12 #15 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 16 division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine A Visceral sensory B Somatic sensory C Visceral motor D Somatic motor E Afferent Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.01.b Describe the major anatomical and functional subdivisions of the nervous system Saladin - Chapter 12 #16 Section: 12.01 Topic: Nervous System 17 The _ division tends to prepare the body for action A sensory afferent B motor afferent C somatic motor D parasympathetic E sympathetic Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.01.b Describe the major anatomical and functional subdivisions of the nervous system Saladin - Chapter 12 #17 Section: 12.01 Topic: Nervous System 18 _ are examples of effectors of the nervous system A Receptors B Stimuli C Reflexes D Glands E Sense organs Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.01.b Describe the major anatomical and functional subdivisions of the nervous system Saladin - Chapter 12 #18 Section: 12.01 Topic: Nervous System 19 The autonomic nervous system is also called the A visceral sensory division B somatic sensory division C visceral motor division D somatic motor division E central nervous system Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.01.b Describe the major anatomical and functional subdivisions of the nervous system Saladin - Chapter 12 #19 Section: 12.01 Topic: Nervous System 20 Nerves are _ of the nervous system A organs B tissues C organ systems D organelles E cells Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.01.a Describe the overall function of the nervous system Saladin - Chapter 12 #20 Section: 12.01 Topic: Nervous System 21 Some _ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system A efferent; afferent B afferent; efferent C motor; sensory D efferent; association E afferent; association Blooms Level: Remember Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.02.b Define the three most basic functional categories of neurons Saladin - Chapter 12 #21 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System 22 About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are _ neurons A sensory B motor C afferent D efferent E association Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.02.b Define the three most basic functional categories of neurons Saladin - Chapter 12 #22 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System 23 _ neurons are the most common type of neurons A Multipolar B Bipolar C Unipolar D Anaxonic E Dendritic Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Saladin - Chapter 12 #23 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System 24 Nerve fiber refers to A a nerve cell B an organelle in nerve cells C an organ D an axon E a bundle of macromolecules in nerve cells Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Saladin - Chapter 12 #24 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System 25 Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen at the A axon B soma C dendrites D axon hillock E Schwann cell Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Saladin - Chapter 12 #25 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System Saladin - Chapter 12 26 This image shows a representative neuron What does "5" represent? A synaptic knobs B Schwann cells C trigger zone D node of Ranvier E axon collateral Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Saladin - Chapter 12 #26 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System 27 This image shows a representative neuron What does "1" represent? A synaptic knobs B axons C dendrites D interneurons E axon collaterals Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Saladin - Chapter 12 #27 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System 28 are the primary site for receiving signals from other neurons A Synaptic knobs B Axons C Axon collaterals D Somas E Dendrites Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Saladin - Chapter 12 #28 Section: 12.02 Topic: Nervous System 29 _ form myelin in the spinal cord A Schwann cells B Astrocytes C Satellite cells D Oligodendrocytes E Microglia Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.03.b Describe the myelin sheath that is found around certain nerve fibers and explain its importance Saladin - Chapter 12 #29 Section: 12.03 Topic: Nervous System 30 Most of the myelin sheath is composed of A lipids B carbohydrates C glycoproteins D proteins E polysaccharides Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.03.b Describe the myelin sheath that is found around certain nerve fibers and explain its importance Saladin - Chapter 12 #30 Section: 12.03 Topic: Nervous System 31 The myelin sheath is formed by A fibers B cells C macromolecules D polymers E organelles Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.03.b Describe the myelin sheath that is found around certain nerve fibers and explain its importance Saladin - Chapter 12 #31 Section: 12.03 Topic: Nervous System 32 Conduction speed of a nerve fiber would be the fastest in a A large myelinated fiber B small myelinated fiber C large unmyelinated fiber D small unmyelinated fiber E small fiber with multiple Schwann cells Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.03.b Describe the myelin sheath that is found around certain nerve fibers and explain its importance Saladin - Chapter 12 #32 Section: 12.03 Topic: Nervous System 33 In order for a peripheral nerve fiber to regenerate it must have A all dendrites intact B at least half the length of the fiber intact C at least the entire axon and neurilemma intact D the soma and at least some neurilemma intact E at least part of the soma intact Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.03.d Explain how damaged nerve fibers regenerate Saladin - Chapter 12 #33 Section: 12.03 Topic: Nervous System 34 _ has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential A Sodium B Chloride C Calcium D Phosphate E Potassium Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.04.a Explain why a cell has an electrical charge difference (voltage) across its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #34 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 35 Most local potentials happen at the A dendrites B somas C axon hillock D trigger zone E Schwann cells Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #35 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 36 Opening of sodium gates typically leads to A repolarization of the plasma membrane B hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane C depolarization of the plasma membrane D drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value E plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #36 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 37 Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP? A inflow of sodium B inflow of potassium C inflow of calcium D inflow of chloride E outflow of chloride Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #37 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 38 Local potentials are _, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus A B C D E stabile graded self propagating excitatory inhibitory Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #38 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 39 An inhibitory local potential A depolarizes the plasma membrane B hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane C repolarizes the plasma membrane D neutralizes the plasma membrane E drifts the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #39 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 40 While the membrane is depolarizing its A chloride gates are partially open B chloride gates are fully open C potassium gates are fully open D sodium gates are partially open E sodium gates are fully open Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #40 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System Learning Outcome: 12.04.c Explain how local responses generate a nerve signal Saladin - Chapter 12 41 This image shows an action potential What does "1" represent? A a rising local potential B a critical voltage called threshold C hyperpolarization of the membrane D repolarization of the membrane E resting membrane potential Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #41 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 42 This image shows an action potential What does "6" represent? A a critical voltage called threshold B hyperpolarization of the membrane C depolarization of the membrane D repolarization of the membrane E resting membrane potential Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #42 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 43 Local potentials are _, whereas action potentials are _ A irreversible; reversible B self-propagating; local C graded; all or none D nondecremental; decremental E produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #43 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 44 During hyperpolarization (or afterpotential) A sodium ions are entering the cells B sodium ions are leaving the cell C potassium ions are entering the cell D potassium ions are leaving the cell E both sodium and potassium ions are leaving the cell Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #44 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 45 When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35mV towards mV, we say the cell is A depolarizing B repolarizing C hyperpolarizing D reaching the threshold E exiting the threshold Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #45 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 46 During the absolute refractory period A if a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion B the neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold C the signal grows weaker with distance D it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus E no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential Blooms Level: Evaluate Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane Saladin - Chapter 12 #46 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 47 A traveling wave of excitation is what we know as A a local potential B a graded potential C an action potential D a nerve signal E a depolarizing signal Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.04.c Explain how local responses generate a nerve signal Saladin - Chapter 12 #47 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 48 What would be the best explanation for why myelinated fibers conduct signals faster than unmyelinated fibers? A There are no internodes in unmyelinated fibers B There are more internodes in unmyelinated fibers C Facilitated diffusion of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated fibers D Active transport of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated fibers E Diffusion of ions along the axoplasm is faster Blooms Level: Evaluate Learning Outcome: 12.04.d Explain how a nerve signal is conducted down an axon Saladin - Chapter 12 #48 Section: 12.04 Topic: Nervous System 49 All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except A they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron B they are released in response to stimulation C they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell D they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell E they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #49 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 50 A cholinergic synapse employs _ as its neurotransmitter A monoamine B acetylcholine C epinephrine D norepinephrine E catecholamine Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #50 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 51 _ binds to ligand-regulated gates, and is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B C D E Noradrenaline Epinephrine Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #51 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 52 Which of these happens first in an cholinergic synaptic transmission? A acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft B postsynaptic potential is produced C sodium enters the postsynaptic cell D synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine E acetylcholine binds to ligand-regulated gates Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #52 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 53 Which of these happens first in an adrenergic synaptic transmission? A ATP is converted to cyclic AMP B adenylate cyclase is activated C G protein dissociates from the NE receptor D G protein binds to adenylate cyclase E cyclic AMP induces several effects in the cell Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #53 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 54 Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO), which is an enzyme A that binds to chloride gates B that breaks down monoamines C that blocks sodium channels D that converts ATP to cyclic AMP E that degrades acetylcholine Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.05.c Explain how stimulation of a postsynaptic cell is stopped Saladin - Chapter 12 #54 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 55 All of these contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission except A synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis B neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid C neurotransmitters stop being released D the synaptic knob reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis E enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.05.c Explain how stimulation of a postsynaptic cell is stopped Saladin - Chapter 12 #55 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 56 _ excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle A Norepinephrine B Dopamine C Histamine D Acetylcholine E β-endorphin Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #56 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 57 Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with A depolarization of the cell membrane B repolarization of the cell membrane C hyperpolarization of the cell membrane D no change of the cell membrane potential E no change of the threshold Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.06.a Explain how a neuron "decides" whether or not to generate action potentials Saladin - Chapter 12 #57 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 58 Opening of gates produces an _ A chloride; IPSP B sodium; IPSP C calcium; IPSP D potassium; EPSP E calcium and sodium; IPSP Blooms Level: Evaluate Learning Outcome: 12.06.a Explain how a neuron "decides" whether or not to generate action potentials Saladin - Chapter 12 #58 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 59 Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron? A a voltage change from mV to +0.35 mV B a voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV C a voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV D a voltage change from +35 mV to mV E a voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.06.a Explain how a neuron "decides" whether or not to generate action potentials Saladin - Chapter 12 #59 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 60 A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called A temporal summation B neural summation C spatial summation D neuronal coding E recruitment Blooms Level: Understand Learning Outcome: 12.06.b Explain how the nervous system translates complex information into a simple code Saladin - Chapter 12 #60 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 61 Presynaptic inhibition is the opposite of A coding B integration C recruitment D summation E facilitation Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.06.b Explain how the nervous system translates complex information into a simple code Saladin - Chapter 12 #61 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 62 The best type of neural pool for producing a prolonged output is A a converging circuit B a diverging circuit C a reverberating circuit D a presynaptic pool E an autonomic pool Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.06.c Explain how neurons work together in groups to process information and produce effective output Saladin - Chapter 12 #62 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 63 Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural A recruitment B pooling C integration D facilitation E coding Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.06.b Explain how the nervous system translates complex information into a simple code Saladin - Chapter 12 #63 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 64 Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to the degeneration of specific neurons These neurons secrete an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain This neurotransmitter is A serotonin B dopamine C acetylcholine D GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) E glutamate (glutamic acid) Blooms Level: Remember Learning Outcome: 12.06.d Describe how memory works at cellular and molecular levels Saladin - Chapter 12 #64 Section: 12.05 Topic: Nervous System 65 Accumulation of Ca2+ in the synaptic knob is called _, and probably plays an important role in _ A synaptic facilitation; short-term memory B neural coding; immediate memory C postsynaptic potential; long-term memory D neural coding; short-term memory E long-term potentiation; long-term memory Blooms Level: Apply Learning Outcome: 12.06.d Describe how memory works at cellular and molecular levels Saladin - Chapter 12 #65 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 12 Summary Category # of Questions Blooms Level: Remember 29 Blooms Level: Understand 11 Blooms Level: Apply 23 Blooms Level: Evaluate Learning Outcome: 12.01.a Describe the overall function of the nervous system Learning Outcome: 12.01.b Describe the major anatomical and functional subdivisions of the nervous system Learning Outcome: 12.02.b Define the three most basic functional categories of neurons Learning Outcome: 12.02.c Identify the parts of a neuron Learning Outcome: 12.02.d Explain how neurons transport materials between the cell body and tips of the axon Learning Outcome: 12.03.a Name the six types of cells that aid neurons and state their respective functions Learning Outcome: 12.03.b Describe the myelin sheath that is found around certain nerve fibers and explain its importance Learning Outcome: 12.03.d Explain how damaged nerve fibers regenerate Learning Outcome: 12.04.a Explain why a cell has an electrical charge difference (voltage) across its membrane Learning Outcome: 12.04.b Explain how stimulation of a neuron causes a local electrical response in its membrane 13 Learning Outcome: 12.04.c Explain how local responses generate a nerve signal Learning Outcome: 12.04.d Explain how a nerve signal is conducted down an axon Learning Outcome: 12.05.b Give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions 10 Learning Outcome: 12.05.c Explain how stimulation of a postsynaptic cell is stopped Learning Outcome: 12.06.a Explain how a neuron "decides" whether or not to generate action potentials Learning Outcome: 12.06.b Explain how the nervous system translates complex information into a simple code Learning Outcome: 12.06.c Explain how neurons work together in groups to process information and produce effective output Learning Outcome: 12.06.d Describe how memory works at cellular and molecular levels Saladin - Chapter 12 67 Section: 12.01 Section: 12.02 11 Section: 12.03 Section: 12.04 18 Section: 12.05 12 Section: 12.06 10 Topic: Nervous System 65 ... 37 Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP? A inflow of sodium B inflow of potassium C inflow of calcium D inflow of chloride E outflow of chloride... diffusion of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated fibers D Active transport of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated fibers E Diffusion of ions along the axoplasm is faster 49 All of. .. examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe their actions Saladin - Chapter 12 #14 Section: 12.06 Topic: Nervous System 15 Memories are formed by neural pathways of modified