Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck) Chapter 16 The Atmosphere: Composition, Structure, and Temperature 1) Air may best be described as A) an element B) a compound C) a mixture D) none of these Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering 2) Which one of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? A) oxygen B) argon C) carbon dioxide D) nitrogen Answer: D Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering 3) With which of the following is dust in the atmosphere associated? A) reflection of solar energy B) optical phenomena such as a red sky at sunset C) condensation and cloud formation D) all of these Answer: D Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering 4) Which one of the gases listed below is more important meteorologically (that is, is more important in weather processes) than the others? A) oxygen B) argon C) carbon dioxide D) nitrogen Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 5) On the AVERAGE, for every km increase in altitude in the troposphere, the air temperature A) drops about 6.5˚C B) rises about 6.5˚C C) remains constant D) rises only during the day Answer: A Diff: Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Applying 6) Fifty percent of the gases making up the atmosphere are found below A) 10 miles (16.2 km) B) ½ miles (10.4 km) C) ½ miles (5.6 km) D) miles (12.8 km) Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering 7) The tropopause is the boundary between A) the troposphere and stratosphere B) tropical and polar air masses C) the troposphere and mesosphere D) two layers of high ozone concentration Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering 8) The triatomic form of oxygen (O3) is known as A) argon B) ozone C) chlorofluorocarbon D) molecular oxygen Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9) Ozone filters out most of the radiation in sunlight A) infrared B) gamma C) ultraviolet D) microwave Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering 10) Ozone is concentrated in the A) troposphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) ionosphere Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering 11) The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the A) troposphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) ionosphere Answer: A Diff: Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering 12) The normal lapse rate in the troposphere is about per kilometer A) 3.5˚C B) 6.5˚C C) 1.5˚C D) 9.5˚C Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 13) The wavelengths of radiation emitted by Earth are A) longer than those emitted by the Sun B) shorter than those emitted by the Sun C) about the same as those emitted by the Sun D) none of these Answer: A Diff: Topic: 16.7 Heating the Atmosphere: The Greenhouse Effect Bloom's: Remembering 14) The longest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum are A) gamma B) ultraviolet C) radio D) infrared Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's: Remembering 15) The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere produced by certain heat absorbing gases is called the A) adiabatic effect B) greenhouse effect C) grey-body effect D) photon effect Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.7 Heating the Atmosphere: The Greenhouse Effect Bloom's: Remembering 16) On the average, how much of the Sun's energy that is intercepted by Earth is reflected back to space? A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40% Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.6 The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 17) Which one of the following statements is true about the equinoxes? A) They occur in June and December B) The Sun's vertical rays are striking either the Tropic of Cancer or the Tropic of Capricorn C) Days and nights are equal in length everywhere D) The length of daylight at the Arctic and Antarctic Circles is 24 hours Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 18) On this date the length of daylight gets progressively longer going south from the equator A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: D Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Remembering 19) The spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Remembering 20) The North Pole has a higher noon Sun angle than New York City on this date A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) none of these Answer: D Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 21) The 90˚ angle solar rays are striking the Tropic of Cancer on A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: A Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 22) The 90˚ angle solar rays are striking the Tropic of Capricorn on A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: D Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 23) The fall equinox in the Southern Hemisphere occurs on this date A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 24) This process involves the movement of a mass or substance A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) all of these Answer: D Diff: Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 25) Earth receives energy from the Sun in this way A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) all of these Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's: Remembering 26) The transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity is A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) all of these Answer: A Diff: Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's: Remembering 27) The two most important heat absorbing gases in the lower atmosphere are A) oxygen and nitrogen B) water vapor and carbon dioxide C) argon and oxygen D) ozone and chlorofluorocarbon Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.7 Heating the Atmosphere: The Greenhouse Effect Bloom's: Remembering 28) A very important control of the DAILY range of temperature is A) the amount of water vapor in the air B) Earth's elliptical orbit C) parallelism and inclination of Earth's axis D) air pressure Answer: A Diff: Topic: 16.8 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 29) If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26˚C and the minimum temperature is 14˚C, the daily mean would be A) 40˚C B) 20˚C C) 12˚C D) 13˚C Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.8 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's: Applying 30) If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26˚C and the minimum temperature is 14˚C, the daily range would be A) 40˚C B) 20˚C C) 12˚C D) 13˚C Answer: C Diff: Topic: 16.8 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's: Applying 31) The annual range of temperature may be described as the difference between A) maximum and minimum temperatures over a period of one year B) maximum and minimum temperatures during the period of one month C) the average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months D) both maximum and minimum temperatures over a period of one year and the average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months Answer: D Diff: Topic: 16.8 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's: Remembering 32) A place located along a windward coast will probably have A) warmer summer temperatures than an inland location at the same latitude B) cooler summer temperatures than an inland location at the same latitude C) summer temperatures that are very similar to an inland location at the same latitude D) none of these Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.9 Why Temperatures Vary: The Control of Temperature Bloom's: Applying Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 33) Two cities are located at the same latitude (40˚) City A is in the Southern Hemisphere and City B is in the Northern Hemisphere Assume the two cities reflect the general characteristics of the hemispheres where they are located Which city should have the warmest winter temperatures? A) City A B) City B C) Both cities should have nearly identical winter temperatures D) More information is required to answer the question Answer: A Diff: Topic: 16.9 Why Temperatures Vary: The Control of Temperature Bloom's: Applying 34) Two cities are located at the same latitude (40˚) City A is in the Southern Hemisphere and City B is in the Northern Hemisphere Assume the two cities reflect the general characteristics of the hemispheres where they are located Which city should have the largest annual temperature range? A) City A B) City B C) Both cities should have nearly identical temperatures D) More information is required to answer the question Answer: B Diff: Topic: 16.9 Why Temperatures Vary: The Control of Temperature Bloom's: Applying Word Analysis Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases Choose the option which does not fit the pattern 35) Tropic of Cancer Equator Answer: Arctic Circle Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 36) conduction scattering Answer: scattering Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing Arctic Circle convection Tropic of Capricorn radiation Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 37) oxygen nitrogen hydrogen Answer: hydrogen Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Analyzing argon 38) Weather and climate are synonymous terms Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 16.1 Focus on the Atmosphere Bloom's: Analyzing 39) Tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere are collectively called aerosols Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Analyzing 40) More solar energy is reflected back to space than is absorbed directly by the atmosphere Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 41) Distance variations between Earth and the Sun are very important in understanding seasonal temperature variations Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 42) Isotherms are more irregular in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 16.8 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's: Analyzing 43) The line separating the dark half of Earth from the lighted half is called the Answer: circle of illumination Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Remembering 10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 44) The movement of Earth in its orbit around the Sun is referred to as Answer: revolution Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Remembering 45) List three mechanisms of heat transfer Answer: conduction, convection, radiation Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's: Remembering 46) Located adjacent to red on the electromagnetic spectrum, and having a longer wavelength, is radiation, which we cannot see but which we can detect as heat Answer: infrared Diff: Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's: Remembering 47) The closest invisible wavelengths to violet on the electromagnetic spectrum are called and are responsible for sunburns Answer: ultraviolet Diff: Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's: Remembering 48) The fraction of the total radiation encountered that is reflected by a surface is called its Answer: albedo Diff: Topic: 16.6 The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation Bloom's: Remembering Critical Thinking and Discussion Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 16 to answer the questions below 49) You are given a six-month assignment by your employer to work at a remote location in Australia In order to pack as lightly as possible, you try to research the climate of the small town in Australia, but there is little data since no major cities are located within 300 miles What are some geographic or other considerations that might help you "predict" what general weather patterns exist at the location? Answer: The latitude is very important and will tell you it is hot and dry, but you must also be aware of the elevation and time of year Diff: Topic: 16.9 Why Temperatures Vary: The Control of Temperature Bloom's: Applying 11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 50) Considering the albedo of various surfaces, compare daily temperature ranges and means for an urban area to a more rural setting of crops and forests Also, are there any other factors other than albedo that might affect these temperature variations? Answer: Albedo will make for daily temperature ranges in cities to be more severe due to pavement and urbanization relative to a rural setting The least steep of the temperature fluctuations will occur with crops and forests due to the vegetation and amount of water present Diff: Topic: 16.9 Why Temperatures Vary: The Control of Temperature Bloom's: Applying and Understanding 51) Label the troposphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, and stratosphere on the diagram below Answer: See Figure 16.8 in Chapter 16 of Earth Science, 13e Diff: Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's: Applying 12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 52) Label the mechanisms of heat transfer on the diagram below Answer: See Figure 16.17 in Chapter 16 of Earth Science, 13e Diff: Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's: Analyzing and Applying 13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc  ... of temperature is A) the amount of water vapor in the air B) Earth' s elliptical orbit C) parallelism and inclination of Earth' s axis D) air pressure Answer: A Diff: Topic: 16.8 For the Record:... Equator Answer: Arctic Circle Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth- Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 36) conduction scattering Answer: scattering Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth- Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing... directly by the atmosphere Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 16.4 Earth- Sun Relationships Bloom's: Analyzing 41) Distance variations between Earth and the Sun are very important in understanding seasonal