CHAPTER COST ALLOCATION FOR JOINT PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS MULTIPLE CHOICE If a company obtains two salable products from the refining of one ore, the refining process should be accounted for as a(n) a b c d mixed cost process joint process extractive process reduction process ANSWER: c d obtain a cost per unit for financial statement purposes provide accurate management information on production costs of each type of product compute variances from expected costs for each joint product allow the use of high-low analysis by the company ANSWER: a EASY Joint costs are allocated to which of the following products? a b c d By-products yes yes no no ANSWER: EASY Joint costs are allocated to joint products to a b b c Scrap yes no no yes EASY Joint cost allocation is useful for a b c d decision making product costing control evaluating managers’ performance ANSWER: b EASY 9–1 9–2 Chapter Joint costs are useful for a b c d setting the selling price of a product determining whether to continue producing an item evaluating management by means of a responsibility reporting system determining inventory cost for accounting purposes ANSWER: a EASY Each of the following is a method to allocate joint costs except a b c d relative sales value relative net realizable value relative weight, volume, or linear measure average unit cost ANSWER: d EASY Joint costs are most frequently allocated based upon relative a b c d profitability conversion costs prime costs sales value ANSWER: EASY direct material, direct labor, and overhead direct material and direct labor only direct labor and overhead only overhead and direct material only ANSWER: d Which of the following components of production are allocable as joint costs when a single manufacturing process produces several salable products? a b c d Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products d EASY When allocating joint process cost based on tons of output, all products will a b c d be salable at split-off have the same joint cost per ton have a sales value greater than their costs have no disposal costs at the split-off point ANSWER: b EASY Chapter 10 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products If two or more products share a common process before they are separated, the joint costs should be assigned in a manner that a b c d assigns a proportionate amount of the total cost to each product on a quantitative basis maximizes total earnings minimizes variations in unit production costs does not introduce an element of estimation into the process of accumulating costs for each product ANSWER: 11 d EASY finished unit of product that has no sales value residual of the production process that has limited sales value residual of the production process that can be reworked for sale as an irregular unit of product residual of the production process that has no sales value ANSWER: b EASY Waste created by a production process is a b c d accounted for in the same manner as defective units accounted for as an abnormal loss material that can be sold as an irregular product discarded rather than sold ANSWER: 13 a Scrap is defined as a a b c 12 9–3 d EASY While preparing a salad, you remove the core of a head of lettuce This core would be classified as a b c d defective shrinkage waste scrap ANSWER: c EASY 9–4 14 Chapter Which of the following is/are synonyms for joint products? a b c d Main products no yes yes no ANSWER: 15 EASY × studs sawdust wood chips tree bark ANSWER: a EASY Company Q produces three products from a joint process The products can be sold at split-off or processed further In deciding whether to sell at split-off or process further, management should a b c d allocate the joint cost to the products based on relative sales value prior to making the decision allocate the joint cost to the products based on a physical quantity measure prior to making the decision subtract the joint cost from the total sales value of the products before determining relative sales value and making the decision ignore the joint cost in making the decision ANSWER: 17 b Co-products no yes no yes In a lumber mill, which of the following would most likely be considered a primary product? a b c d 16 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products d EASY By-products are a b c d allocated a portion of joint production cost not sufficient alone, in terms of sales value, for management to justify undertaking the joint process also known as scrap the primary reason management undertook the production process ANSWER: b EASY Chapter 18 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products Which of the following statements is true regarding by-products or scrap? a b c d Process costing is the only method that should result in by-products or scrap Job order costing systems will never have by-products or scrap Job order costing systems may have instances where by-products or scrap result from the production process Process costing will never have by-products or scrap from the production process ANSWER: 19 By-products no yes yes no ANSWER: MEDIUM b Waste no no yes yes EASY Under an acceptable method of costing by-products, inventory costs of the by-product are based on the portion of the joint production cost allocated to the by-product a b c d but any subsequent processing cost is debited to the cost of the main product but any subsequent processing cost is debited to revenue of the main product plus any subsequent processing cost minus any subsequent processing cost ANSWER: 21 c Which of the following has sales value? a b c d 20 9–5 c EASY Which of the following is a false statement about scrap and by-products? a b c d Both by-products and scrap are salable A by-product has a higher sales value than does scrap By-products and scrap are the primary reason that management undertakes the joint process Both scrap and by-products are incidental outputs to the joint process ANSWER: c EASY 9–6 22 Chapter The split-off point is the point at which a b c d output is first identifiable as individual products joint costs are allocated to joint products some products may first be sold all of the above ANSWER: 23 c d EASY its marketability will be enhanced the incremental cost of further processing will be less than the incremental revenue of further processing the joint cost assigned to it is not already greater than its prospective selling price both a and b ANSWER: d EASY Which of the following would not be considered a sunk cost? a b c d direct material cost direct labor cost joint cost building cost ANSWER: 25 d A product may be processed beyond the split-off point if management believes that a b 24 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products d EASY The definition of a sunk cost is a b c d a cost that cannot be recovered regardless of what happens a cost that relates to money poured into the ground considered the original cost of an item also known as an opportunity cost ANSWER: a EASY Chapter 26 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products The net realizable value approach mandates that the NRV of the by-products/scrap be treated as a b c d an increase in joint costs a sunk cost a reduction of joint costs a cost that can be ignored totally ANSWER: 27 EASY insignificant yes no no yes ANSWER: b significant yes yes no no EASY Approximated net realizable value at split-off for joint products is computed as a b c d selling price at split-off minus further processing and disposal costs final selling price minus further processing and disposal costs selling price at split-off minus allocated joint processing costs final selling price minus a normal profit margin ANSWER: 29 c The net realizable value approach is normally used when the NRV is expected to be a b c d 28 9–7 b EASY Which of the following is a commonly used joint cost allocation method? a b c d high-low method regression analysis approximated sales value at split-off method weighted average quantity technique ANSWER: c EASY 9–8 30 Chapter Incremental separate costs are defined as all costs incurred between _ and the point of sale a b c d inception split-off point transfer to finished goods inventory point of addition of disposal costs ANSWER: 31 EASY sunk costs incremental separate costs joint cost committed costs ANSWER: b EASY Incremental revenues and costs need to be considered when using which allocation method? a b c d Physical measures yes yes no no ANSWER: 33 b All costs that are incurred between the split-off point and the point of sale are known as a b c d 32 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products c Sales value at split-off yes no no yes MEDIUM The method of pricing by-products/scrap where no value is assigned to these items until they are sold is known as the a b c d net realizable value at split-off point method sales value at split-off method realized value approach approximated net realizable value at split-off method ANSWER: c MEDIUM Chapter 34 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products Relative sales value at split-off is used to allocate a b c d costs beyond split-off yes yes no no ANSWER: 35 c joint costs yes no yes no EASY For purposes of allocating joint costs to joint products using the relative sales value at split-off method, the costs beyond split-off a b c d are allocated in the same manner as the joint costs are deducted from the relative sales value at split-off are deducted from the sales value at the point of sale not affect the allocation of the joint costs ANSWER: 36 9–9 d EASY Not-for-profit organizations are required by the _ to allocate joint costs a b c d AICPA FASB CASB GASB ANSWER: a DIFFICULT 9–10 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products Use the following information for questions 37–45 P.O.P Co produces two products from a joint process: X and Z Joint processing costs for this production cycle are $8,000 X Z Sales price per yard at split-off $6.00 9.00 Yards 1,500 2,200 Disposal cost per yard at split-off $3.50 5.00 Further processing per yard $1.00 3.00 Final sale price per yard $ 7.50 11.25 If X and Z are processed further, no disposal costs will be incurred or such costs will be borne by the buyer 37 Using a physical measure, what amount of joint processing cost is allocated to X (round to the nearest dollar)? a b c d $4,000 $4,757 $5,500 $3,243 ANSWER: 38 EASY Using a physical measure, what amount of joint processing cost is allocated to Z (round to the nearest dollar)? a b c d $4,000 $3,243 $5,500 $4,757 ANSWER: 39 d d EASY Using sales value at split-off, what amount of joint processing cost is allocated to X (round to the nearest dollar)? a b c d $5,500 $2,500 $4,000 $3,243 ANSWER: b MEDIUM 9–20 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products Briefly discuss the restrictions and requirements on service organizations and notforprofits that relate to joint cost allocation ANSWER: Service and not-for-profit organizations incur costs that may be considered joint in nature, such as advertising and printing of multipurpose documents Service organizations are not required to allocate these costs to the items worked on, delivered, or advertised but may choose to so for a better matching of revenues and expenses Not-for-profits are required by the AICPA to allocate these costs among the activities of fundraising, accomplishing an organizational program, or conducting an administrative function MEDIUM Briefly discuss the net realizable value at split-off point method of allocating joint costs ANSWER: The net realizable value at split-off method assigns joint costs based on each product’s proportional NRV at the split-off point NRV is equal to sales price minus costs that are necessary to prepare and dispose of the product To use this method, all products must be salable at the split-off point MEDIUM Why is the net realizable value of scrap used to lower estimated overhead costs in setting a predetermined overhead rate in a job order costing situation in which scrap is expected on most jobs? ANSWER: The net realizable value of scrap is used in this way because the amount received from the sale of scrap is considered to be a reduction of the total cost incurred in the production process This process is similar to the treatment of sales values of assets purchased and then sold in a “basket” of goods The estimated cost of scrap is used in setting overhead rates; therefore, when the scrap is sold the amount received should be a reduction of total overhead MEDIUM Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products 9–21 Use the following information for questions and BL Company produces only two products and incurs joint processing costs that total $3,750 Products Aba and Ibi are produced in the following quantities during each month: 4,500 and 6,000 gallons, respectively BL also runs one ad each month that advertises both products at a cost of $1,500 The selling price per gallon for the two products are $20 and $17.50, respectively What amount of joint processing costs is allocated to each product based on gallons produced? ANSWER: A = 4,500/10,500 × $3,750 = $1,607 I = 6,000/10,500 × $3,750 = $2,143 EASY What amount of advertising cost is allocated to each product based on sales value? ANSWER: A = 4,500 × $20.00 = $ 90,000/$195,000 × $1,500 = $692 I = 6,000 × $17.50 = 105,000/$195,000 × $1,500 = $808 $195,000 MEDIUM 9–22 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products Use the following information for questions and 10 GAB Company produces three products from the same process and incurs joint processing costs of $3,000 Mat Nat Qat Gallons 2,300 1,100 500 Sales price per gallon at split-off $ 4.50 6.00 10.00 Disposal cost per gallon at split-off $1.25 3.00 8.00 Further processing costs $1.00 2.00 2.00 Final sales price per gallon $ 7.00 10.00 15.00 Disposal costs for the products if they are processed further are: Mat, $3.00; Nat, $5.50; Qat, $1.00 What amount of joint processing cost is allocated to the three products using sales value at split-off? ANSWER: M = 2,300 × $ 4.50 = $10,350/$21,950 × $3,000 = $1,415 N = 1,100 × $ 6.00 = $ 6,600 $21,950 × $3,000 = $902 Q = 500 × $10.00 = $ 5,000/$21,950 × $3,000 = $683 $21,950 MEDIUM 10 What amount of joint processing cost is allocated to the three products using net realizable value at split-off? ANSWER: Sales price minus disposal cost* $4.50 – $1.25 = $3.25 $6.00 – $3.00 = 3.00 $10.00 – $8.00 = 2.00 M = 2,300 × $ 3.25* = $ 7,475 /$11,775 × $3,000 = $1,904 N = 1,100 × $ 3.00* = $ 3,300 /$11,775 × $3,000 = $ 841 Q = 500 × $ 2.00* = $ 1,000 /$11,775 × $3,000 = $ 255 $11,775 MEDIUM Chapter 11 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products 9–23 A company produces two main products jointly, A and B, and C, which is a by-product of B A and B are produced form the same raw material C is manufactured from the residue of the process creating B Costs before separation are apportioned between the two main products by the net realizable value method The net revenue realized from the sale of C is deducted from the cost of B Data for April were as follows: Costs before separation Costs after separation: A B C $ 200,000 50,000 32,000 4,000 Production for April, in pounds: A B C Sales for April: A B C 800,000 200,000 20,000 640,000 pounds @ $.4375 180,000 pounds @ 65 20,000 pounds @ 30 Required: Determine the gross profit for April 9–24 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products ANSWER: NRV CREVENUE 20,000 × 30 = COST NRV $6,000 (4,000) $2,000 NRV: A (800,000 × $.4375) = $350,000 – $50,000 = $300,000 B (200,000 × $.65) = $130,000 – ($32,000 – $2,000) = 100,000 $400,000 ALLOCATION: A ($300,000/$400,000 × $200,000 = $150,000 B ($100,000/$400,000 × $200,000 = 50,000 UNIT COST: A ($150,000 + $50,000)/800,000 = $ 25 B ($50,000 + $30,000)/200,000 = $ 40 GROSS PROFIT: A ($ 4375 – $.25) × 640,000 = B ($ 65 – $.40) × 180,000 = DIFFICULT $120,000 45,000 $165,000 Chapter 12 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products 9–25 The total joint cost of producing 2,000 pounds of Product A; 1,000 pounds of Product B; and 1,000 pounds of Product C is $7,500 Selling price per pound of the three products are $15 for Product A; $10 for Product B; and $5 for Product C Joint cost is allocated using the sales value method Required: a Compute the unit cost of Product A if all three products are main products b Compute the unit cost of Product A if Products A and B are main products and Product C is a by-product for which the cost reduction method is used 9–26 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products ANSWER: a SALES VALUE UNIT COST A 2,000 × $15 = $30,000/$45,000 × $7,500 = $5,000/2,000 = $2.50 b B 1,000 x $10 $10,000/$45,000 x $7,500 = $1,667/1,000 = $1.67 C 1,000 x $5 $ 5,000/$45,000 x $7,500 = $ 833/1,000 = $ 83 $45,000 $7,500 TO ALLOCATE: $7,500 – $5,000 = $2,500 SALES VALUE UNIT COST A 2,000 × $15 = $30,000/$40,000 × $2,500 = $1,875/2,000 = $.9375 B 1,000 × $10 = $10,000/$40,000 × $2,500 = $ 625/1,000 = $.625 $40,000 $2,500 EASY Chapter 13 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products 9–27 A Manufacturing Company makes three products: A and B are considered main products and C a by-product Production and sales for the year were: 220,000 lbs of Product A, salable at $6.00 180,000 lbs of Product B, salable at $3.00 50,000 lbs of Product C, salable at $.90 Production costs for the year: Joint costs Costs after separation: Product A Product B Product C $276,600 320,000 190,000 6,900 Required: Using the by-product revenue as a cost reduction and net realizable value method of assigning joint costs, compute unit costs (a) if C is a by-product of the process and (b) if C is a by-product of B 9–28 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products ANSWER: a JOINT COST – NRV C TO ALLOCATE $276,600 (38,100) (50,000 – $.90) – $6,900 $238,500 SALES VALUE – COST AFTER SEPARATION = NRV 220,000 × $6 = $1,320,000 – $320,000 = $1,000,000 180,000 × $3 = $ 540,000 – $190,000 = 350,000 $1,350,000 ALLOCATION $1,000,000/$1,350,000 × $238,500 = $176,667 $ 350,000/$1,350,000 × $238,500 = 61,833 $238,500 UNIT COST: A ($176,667 + $320,000)/220,000 = $2.26 B ($61,833 + $190,000)/180,000 = $1.40 b NRV A $1,000,000 = $1,000,000/$1,388,100 × $276,600 = $199,265 B $350,000 + $38100 = 388,100/$1,388,100 × $276,600 = $ 77,335 $1,388,100 UNIT COST A ($199,265 + $320,000)/220,000 = $2.36 B ($77,335 + $151,900)/180,000 = $1.27 MEDIUM Chapter 14 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products 9–29 Smith Co processes raw material in Department from which come two main products, A and B, and a by-product, C A is further processed in Department 2, B in Department 3, and C in Department The value of the by-product reduces the cost of the main products, and sales value is used to allocate joint costs Cost Incurred: Production: A B C Selling Price: A B C Dept $90,000 Dept $10,000 Dept $8,000 10,000 lbs 20,000 lbs 10,000 lbs $10/lb $5/lb $2/lb Required: a Compute unit costs for A and B b Ending inventory consists of 5,000 lbs of B and 1,000 lbs of C What is the value of the inventory? c Recompute a and b allocating cost based on net realizable value Dept $10,000 9–30 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products ANSWER: a JOINT COST – SALES VALUE $90,000 (20,000) (10,000 × $2) $70,000 SALES VALUE A 10,000 × $10 = $100,000/$200,000 × $70,000 = $35,000 B 20,000 × $ = 100,000/$200,000 × $70,000 = $35,000 $200,000 UNIT COST A ($35,000 + $10,000)/10,000 = $4.50 B ($35,000 + $8,000)/20,000 = $2.15 b ENDING INVENTORY B 5,000 × $2.15 = $10,750 C 1,000 × $2.00 = 2,000 $12,750 c NRV A $100,000 – $10,000 = $ 90,000/$182,000 × $70,000 = $34,615 B $100,000 – $8,000 = 92,000/$182,000 × $70,000 = 35,385 $182,000 $70,000 UNIT COST A ($34,615 + $10,000)/10,000 = $4.46 B ($35,385 + $8,000)/20,000 = $2.17 ENDING INVENTORY B 5,000 × $2.17 = $10,850 C 1,000 × $2.00 = 2,000 $12,850 MEDIUM Chapter 15 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products 9–31 Three identifiable product lines, Products A, B, and C, are obtained in fixed quantities from a basic processing operation The cost of the basic operation is $320,000 for a yield of 5,000 tons of Product A; 2,000 tons of Product B; and 1,000 tons of Product C The basic processing cost is allocated to the product lines in proportion to the relative weight produced Beltway Products Company does both the basic processing work and the further refinement of the three product lines After the basic operation, the products can be sold at the following prices per metric ton: Product A—$60 Product B—$53 Product C—$35 Costs to refine each of the three product lines follow: A Variable cost per metric ton Total fixed cost $8 $20,000 Product Lines B C $7 $4 $16,000 $6,000 The fixed cost of the refining operation will not be incurred if the product line is not refined The refined products can be sold at the following prices per metric ton: Product A—$75 Product B—$65 Product C—$40 Required: a Determine the total unit cost of each product line in a refined state b Which of the three product lines, if any, should be refined and which should be sold after the basic processing operation? Show computations 9–32 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products ANSWER: a WT A 5,000 B 2,000 C 1,000 8,000 ALLOCATION 5,000/8,000 × $320,000 = $200,000 2,000/8,000 × $320,000 = 80,000 1,000/8,000 × $320,000 = 40,000 $320,000 UNIT COST A ($200,000 + $20,000)/5,000 + $8 = $52 B ($80,000 + $16,000)/2,000 + $7 = $55 C ($40000 + $6,000)/1,000 + $4 = $50 b CHANGE IN REVENUE – CHANGE IN COST = CHANGE IN PROFIT A $75–$60 = $15 – ($20,000/5,000) + $8 = + $3 B $65–$53 = $12 – ($16,000/2,000) + $7 = – $3 C $40–$35 = $5 – ($6,000/1,000) + $4 = – $5 Therefore, process only Product A MEDIUM Chapter 16 Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products 9–33 The Stone Company produced three joint products at a joint cost of $100,000 These products were processed further and sold as follows: Product A B C Sales $245,000 330,000 175,000 Additional Processing Costs $200,000 300,000 100,000 The company has had an opportunity to sell at split-off directly to other processors If that alternative had been selected, sales would have been: A, $56,000; B, $28,000; and C, $56,000 The company expects to operate at the same level of production and sales in the forthcoming year Required: Consider all the available information and assume that all costs incurred after split-off are variable a Could the company increase net income by altering its processing decisions? If so, what would be the expected overall net income? b Which products should be processed further and which should be sold at splitoff? 9–34 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By-Products ANSWER: a Currently NI is Sales Additional Processing Costs – JC $750,000 (600,000 ) $150,000 (100,000) $ 50,000 NI can be increased by $11,000 if A is not processed b EASY  Sales –  Cost NI/(LOSS) A $189,000 (200,000) $(11,000) B $302,000 (300,000) $ 2,000 C $119,000 (100,000 ) $ 19,000 ... joint costs, compute unit costs (a) if C is a by- product of the process and (b) if C is a by- product of B 9–28 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By- Products ANSWER: a JOINT COST. .. and B are main products and Product C is a by- product for which the cost reduction method is used 9–26 Chapter Cost Allocation for Joint Products and By- Products ANSWER: a SALES VALUE UNIT COST. .. about scrap and by- products? a b c d Both by- products and scrap are salable A by- product has a higher sales value than does scrap By- products and scrap are the primary reason that management undertakes