Systems Design: Process Costing Chapter McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Similarities Between Job-Order and Process Costing  Both systems assign material, labor and overhead costs to products and they provide a mechanism for computing unit product costs  Both systems use the same manufacturing accounts, including Manufacturing Overhead, Raw Materials, Work in Process, and Finished Goods  The flow of costs through the manufacturing accounts is basically the same in both systems 4-2 Differences Between Job-Order and Process Costing  Process costing is used when a single product is produced on a continuing basis or for a long period of time Job-order costing is used when many different jobs having different production requirements are worked on each period  Process costing systems accumulate costs by department Job-order costing systems accumulated costs by individual jobs  Process costing systems compute unit costs by department Job-order costing systems compute unit costs by job on the job cost sheet 4-3 Comparing Job-Order and Process Costing Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Work in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold 4-4 Comparing Job-Order and Process Costing Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Costs are traced and applied to departments in a process cost system Processing Department Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold 4-5 Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Raw Materials (in T-account form) Raw Materials •Direct Materials Work in Process Department A •Direct Materials Work in Process Department B •Direct Materials 4-6 Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Labor Costs (in T-account form) Salaries and Wages Payable •Direct Labor Work in Process Department A •Direct Materials •Direct Labor Work in Process Department B •Direct Materials •Direct Labor 4-7 Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Manufacturing Overhead Costs (in T-account form) Work in Process Department A Manufacturing Overhead •Actual Overhead •Overhead Applied to Work in Process •Direct Materials •Direct Labor •Applied Overhead Work in Process Department B •Direct Materials •Direct Labor •Applied Overhead 4-8 Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept A to WIP-Dept B (in T-account form) Work in Process Department A •Direct Transferred Materials to Dept B •Direct Labor •Applied Overhead Department Department A A Work in Process Department B •Direct Materials •Direct Labor •Applied Overhead •Transferred from Dept A Department Department B B 4-9 Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept B to Finished Goods (in T-account form) Work in Process Department B •Direct •Cost of Materials Goods •Direct Manufactured Labor •Applied Overhead •Transferred from Dept A Finished Goods •Cost of Goods Manufactured 4-10 Equivalent Units – The Basic Idea Two half completed products are equivalent to one complete product + = So, So, 10,000 10,000 units units 70% 70% complete complete are are equivalent equivalent to to 7,000 7,000 complete complete units units 4-11 Equivalent Units of Production Weighted-Average Method The weighted-average method Makes no distinction between work done in prior or current periods Blends together units and costs from prior and current periods Determines equivalent units of production for a department by adding together the number of units transferred out plus the equivalent units in ending Work in Process Inventory 4-12 Compute and Apply Costs The formula for computing the cost per equivalent unit is: Cost per equivalent = unit Cost of beginning Work in Process + Cost added during the period Inventory Equivalent units of production 4-13 Operation Costing Operation cost is a hybrid of job-order and process costing because it possesses attributes of both approaches Operation Operation costing costing is is commonly commonly used used when when batches batches of of many many different different products products pass pass through through the the same same processing processing department department 4-14 End of Chapter 4-15 ... costs by department Job-order costing systems accumulated costs by individual jobs  Process costing systems compute unit costs by department Job-order costing systems compute unit costs by job... costs from prior and current periods Determines equivalent units of production for a department by adding together the number of units transferred out plus the equivalent units in ending Work