NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors

1K 266 0
NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

Thông tin tài liệu

NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors NeuroSience exploring the brain 4th by bear w connors

NEUROSCIENCE EXPLORING THE BRAIN 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd i 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com NEUROSCIENCE EXPLORING THE BRAIN FOURTH EDITION MARK F BEAR, Ph.D Picower Professor of Neuroscience The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts BARRY W CONNORS, Ph.D L Herbert Ballou University Professor Professor of Neuroscience and Chair Department of Neuroscience Brown University Providence, Rhode Island MICHAEL A PARADISO, Ph.D Sidney A Fox and Dorothea Doctors Fox Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Department of Neuroscience Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd iii 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com Acquisitions Editor: Jonathan Joyce Product Development Editor: Linda G Francis Development Editor: Tom Lochhaas Editorial Assistant: Tish Rogers Production Project Manager: Alicia Jackson Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt Illustration Coordinator: Jennifer Clements Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech Marketing Manager: Shauna Kelley Prepress Vendor: Absolute Service, Inc Fourth Edition Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright © 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright © 1996 Williams & Wilkins All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at lww.com (products and services) Printed in China Not authorised for sale in United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, and United States Virgin Islands Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bear, Mark F., author Neuroscience : exploring the brain / Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradiso — Fourth edition p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4511-0954-2 (hardback : alk paper) I Connors, Barry W., author II Paradiso, Michael A., author III Title [DNLM: Brain Neurosciences Spinal Cord WL 300] QP355.2 612.8—dc23 2014047026 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work LWW.com 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_IE_revised_final.indd iv 12/31/14 3:23 AM www.downloadslide.com DEDICATION Anne, David, and Daniel Ashley, Justin, and Kendall Brian and Jeffrey Wendy, Bear, and Boo 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd v 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com PREFACE THE O ORIGINS RIGINS OF NEUROSCIE NEUROSCIENCE: ENCE: EXPLORING THE B RAIN N BRAIN For over 30 years, we have taught a course called Neuroscience 1: An Introduction to the Nervous System “Neuro 1” has been remarkably successful At Brown University, where the course originated, approximately one out of every four undergraduates takes it For a few students, this is the beginning of a career in neuroscience; for others, it is the only science course they take in college The success of introductory neuroscience reflects the fascination and curiosity everyone has for how we sense, move, feel, and think However, the success of our course also derives from the way it is taught and what is emphasized First, there are no prerequisites, so the elements of biology, chemistry, and physics required for understanding neuroscience are covered as the course progresses This approach ensures that no students are left behind Second, liberal use of commonsense metaphors, realworld examples, humor, and anecdotes remind students that science is interesting, approachable, exciting, and fun Third, the course does not survey all of neurobiology Instead, the focus is on mammalian brains and, whenever possible, the human brain In this sense, the course closely resembles what is taught to most beginning medical students Similar courses are now offered at many colleges and universities by psychology, biology, and neuroscience departments The first edition of Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain was written to provide a suitable textbook for Neuro 1, incorporating the subject matter and philosophy that made this course successful Based on feedback from our students and colleagues at other universities, we expanded the second edition to include more topics in behavioral neuroscience and some new features to help students understand the structure of the brain In the third edition, we shortened chapters when possible by emphasizing principles more and details less and made the book even more user-friendly by improving the layout and clarity of the illustrations We must have gotten it right because the book now ranks as one of the most popular introductory neuroscience books in the world It has been particularly gratifying to see our book used as a catalyst for the creation of new courses in introductory neuroscience NEW IN TH THE HE FOURTH EDITION The advances in neuroscience since publication of the third edition have been nothing short of breathtaking The elucidation of the human genome has lived up to its promise to “change everything” we know about our brains We now have insight into how neurons differ at the molecular level, and this knowledge has been exploited to develop revolutionary technologies to trace their connections and interrogate their functions The genetic basis for many neurological and psychiatric diseases has been revealed The methods of genetic engineering have made it possible to create animal models to examine how genes and genetically defined circuits contribute to brain function Skin cells derived from patients have vii 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd vii 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com viii PREFACE been transformed into stem cells, and these have been transformed into neurons that reveal how cellular functions go awry in diseases and how the brain might be repaired New imaging and computational methods now put within reach the dream of creating a “wiring diagram” for the entire brain A goal for the fourth edition was to make these and other exciting new developments accessible to the first-time neuroscience student We authors are all active neuroscientists, and we want our readers to understand the allure of brain research A unique feature of our book is the Path of Discovery boxes, in which famous neuroscientists tell stories about their own research These essays serve several purposes: to give a flavor of the thrill of discovery; to show the importance of hard work and patience, as well as serendipity and intuition; to reveal the human side of science; and to entertain and amuse We have continued this tradition in the fourth edition, with contributions from 26 esteemed scientists Included in this illustrious group are Nobel laureates Mario Capecchi, Eric Kandel, Leon Cooper, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard Moser AN OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK K Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain surveys the organization and function of the human nervous system We present material at the cutting edge of neuroscience in a way that is accessible to both science and nonscience students alike The level of the material is comparable to an introductory college text in general biology The book is divided into four parts: Part I, Foundations; Part II, Sensory and Motor Systems; Part III, The Brain and Behavior; and Part IV, The Changing Brain We begin Part I by introducing the modern field of neuroscience and tracing some of its historical antecedents Then we take a close look at the structure and function of individual neurons, how they communicate chemically, and how these building blocks are arranged to form a nervous system In Part II, we go inside the brain to examine the structure and function of the systems that serve the senses and command voluntary movements In Part III, we explore the neurobiology of human behavior, including motivation, sex, emotion, sleep, language, attention, and mental illness Finally, in Part IV, we look at how the environment modifies the brain, both during development and in adult learning and memory The human nervous system is examined at several different scales, ranging from the molecules that determine the functional properties of neurons to the large systems in the brain that underlie cognition and behavior Many disorders of the human nervous system are introduced as the book progresses, usually within the context of the specific neural system under discussion Indeed, many insights into the normal functions of neural systems have come from the study of diseases that cause specific malfunctions of these systems In addition, we discuss the actions of drugs and toxins on the brain using this information to illustrate how different brain systems contribute to behavior and how drugs may alter brain function Organization of Part I: Foundations (Chapters 1–7) The goal of Part I is to build a strong base of general knowledge in neurobiology The chapters should be covered sequentially, although Chapters and can be skipped without a loss of continuity In Chapter 1, we use an historical approach to review some basic principles of nervous system function and then turn to the topic of how neuroscience research is conducted today We directly confront the ethics of neuroscience research, particularly that which involves animals 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd viii 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com PREFACE ix In Chapter 2, we focus mainly on the cell biology of the neuron This is essential information for students inexperienced in biology, and we find that even those with a strong biology background find this review helpful After touring the cell and its organelles, we go on to discuss the structural features that make neurons and their supporting cells unique, emphasizing the correlation of structure and function We also introduce some of the feats of genetic engineering that neuroscientists now use routinely to study the functions of different types of nerve cell Chapters and are devoted to the physiology of the neuronal membrane We cover the essential chemical, physical, and molecular properties that enable neurons to conduct electrical signals We discuss the principles behind the revolutionary new methods of optogenetics Throughout the chapter, we appeal to students’ intuition by using a commonsense approach, with a liberal use of metaphors and real-life analogies Chapters and cover interneuronal communication, particularly chemical synaptic transmission Chapter presents the general principles of chemical synaptic transmission, and Chapter discusses the neurotransmitters and their modes of action in greater detail We also describe many of the modern methods for studying the chemistry of synaptic transmission Later chapters not assume an understanding of synaptic transmission at the depth of Chapter 6, however, so this chapter can be skipped at the instructor’s discretion Most coverage of psychopharmacology appears in Chapter 15, after the general organization of the brain and its sensory and motor systems have been presented In our experience, students wish to know where, in addition to how, drugs act on the nervous system and behavior Chapter covers the gross anatomy of the nervous system Here we focus on the common organizational plan of the mammalian nervous system by tracing the brain’s embryological development (Cellular aspects of development are covered in Chapter 23.) We show that the specializations of the human brain are simple variations on the basic plan that applies to all mammals We introduce the cerebral cortex and the new field of connectomics Chapter 7’s appendix, An Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy, covers the surface and cross-sectional anatomy of the brain, the spinal cord, the autonomic nervous system, the cranial nerves, and the blood supply A self-quiz will help students learn the terminology We recommend that students become familiar with the anatomy in the guide before moving on to Part II The coverage of anatomy is selective, emphasizing the relationship of structures that will be covered in later chapters We find that students love to learn the anatomy Organization of Part II: Sensory and Motor Systems (Chapters 8–14) Part II surveys the systems within the brain that control sensation and movement In general, these chapters not need to be covered sequentially, except for Chapters and 10 on vision and Chapters 13 and 14 on the control of movement We chose to begin Part II with a discussion of the chemical senses—smell and taste—in Chapter These are good systems for illustrating the general principles and problems in the encoding of sensory information, and the transduction mechanisms have strong parallels with other systems Chapters and 10 cover the visual system, an essential topic for all introductory neuroscience courses Many details of visual system organization are presented, illustrating not only the depth of current knowledge but also the principles that apply across sensory systems 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd ix 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com x PREFACE Chapter 11 explores the auditory system, and Chapter 12 introduces the somatic sensory system Audition and somatic sensation are such important parts of everyday life; it is hard to imagine teaching introductory neuroscience without discussing them The vestibular sense of balance is covered in a separate section of Chapter 11 This placement offers instructors the option to skip the vestibular system at their discretion In Chapters 13 and 14, we discuss the motor systems of the brain Considering how much of the brain is devoted to the control of movement, this more extensive treatment is clearly justified However, we are well aware that the complexities of the motor systems are daunting to students and instructors alike We have tried to keep our discussion sharply focused, using numerous examples to connect with personal experience Organization of Part III: The Brain and Behavior (Chapters 15–22) Part III explores how different neural systems contribute to different behaviors, focusing on the systems where the connection between the brain and behavior can be made most strongly We cover the systems that control visceral function and homeostasis, simple motivated behaviors such as eating and drinking, sex, mood, emotion, sleep, consciousness, language, and attention Finally, we discuss what happens when these systems fail during mental illness Chapters 15–19 describe a number of neural systems that orchestrate widespread responses throughout the brain and the body In Chapter 15, we focus on three systems that are characterized by their broad influence and their interesting neurotransmitter chemistry: the secretory hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system, and the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain We discuss how the behavioral manifestations of various drugs may result from disruptions of these systems In Chapter 16, we look at the physiological factors that motivate specific behaviors, focusing mainly on recent research about the control of eating habits We also discuss the role of dopamine in motivation and addiction, and we introduce the new field of “neuroeconomics.” Chapter 17 investigates the influence of sex on the brain, and the influence of the brain on sexual behavior Chapter 18 examines the neural systems believed to underlie emotional experience and expression, specifically emphasizing fear and anxiety, anger, and aggression In Chapter 19, we investigate the systems that give rise to the rhythms of the brain, ranging from the rapid electrical rhythms during sleep and wakefulness to the slow circadian rhythms controlling hormones, temperature, alertness, and metabolism We next explore aspects of brain processing that are highly developed in the human brain Chapter 20 investigates the neural basis of language and Chapter 21 discusses changes in brain activity associated with rest, attention, and consciousness Part III ends with a discussion of mental illness in Chapter 22 We introduce the promise of molecular medicine to develop new treatments for serious psychiatric disorders Organization of Part IV: The Changing Brain (Chapters 23–25) Part IV explores the cellular and molecular basis of brain development and learning and memory These subjects represent two of the most exciting frontiers of modern neuroscience Chapter 23 examines the mechanisms used during brain development to ensure that the correct connections are made between neurons The cellular aspects of development are discussed here rather than in Part I 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd x 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com PREFACE xi for several reasons First, by this point in the book, students fully appreciate that normal brain function depends on its precise wiring Because we use the visual system as a concrete example, the chapter must also follow a discussion of the visual pathways in Part II Second, we survey aspects of experience-dependent development of the visual system that are regulated by behavioral state, so this chapter is placed after the early chapters of Part III Finally, an exploration of the role of the sensory environment in brain development in Chapter 23 is followed in the next two chapters by discussions of how experience-dependent modifications of the brain form the basis for learning and memory We see that many of the mechanisms are similar, illustrating the unity of biology Chapters 24 and 25 cover learning and memory Chapter 24 focuses on the anatomy of memory, exploring how different parts of the brain contribute to the storage of different types of information Chapter 25 takes a deeper look into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of learning and memory, focusing on changes in synaptic connections HELPING HELP PING S STUDENTS TUDENTS LEARN Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain is not an exhaustive study It is intended to be a readable textbook that communicates to students the important principles of neuroscience clearly and effectively To help students learn neuroscience, we include a number of features designed to enhance comprehension: • Chapter Outlines and Introductory and Concluding Remarks These elements preview the organization of each chapter, set the stage, and place the material into broader perspective • Of Special Interest Boxes These boxes are designed to illuminate the relevance of the material to the students’ everyday lives • Brain Food Boxes More advanced material that might be optional in many introductory courses is set aside for students who want to go deeper • Path of Discovery Boxes These essays, written by leading researchers, demonstrate a broad range of discoveries and the combination of hard work and serendipity that led to them These boxes both personalize scientific exploration and deepen the reader’s understanding of the chapter material and its implications • Key Terms and Glossary Neuroscience has a language of its own, and to comprehend it, one must learn the vocabulary In the text of each chapter, important terms are highlighted in boldface type To facilitate review, these terms appear in a list at the end of each chapter in the order in which they appeared in the text, along with page references The same terms are assembled at the end of the book, with definitions, in a glossary • Review Questions At the end of each chapter, a brief set of questions for review are specifically designed to provoke thought and help students integrate the material • Further Reading We include a list of several recent review articles at the end of each chapter to guide study beyond the scope of the textbook • Internal Reviews of Neuroanatomical Terms In Chapter 7, where nervous system anatomy is discussed, the narrative is interrupted periodically with brief self-quiz vocabulary reviews to enhance understanding In Chapter 7’s appendix, an extensive self-quiz is provided in the form of a workbook with labeling exercises 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd xi 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com REFERENCES Wang S, Morris RGM 2010 Hippocampal-neocortical interactions in memory formation, consolidation, and reconsolidation Annual Review of Psychology 61:49–79 Wilson MA, McNaughton BL 1993 Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space Science 261:1055–1058 Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR, Amaral DG, Suzuki WA 1989 Lesions of perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex that spare the amygdala and hippocampal formation produce severe memory impairment Journal of Neuroscience 9:4355–4370 Chapter 25 Abraham WC, Logan B, Greenwood JM, Dragunow M 2002 Induction and experiencedependent consolidation of stable long-term potentiation lasting months in the hippocampus Journal of Neuroscience 22:9626–9634 Abraham WC, Robins A 2005 Memory retention: the synaptic stability versus plasticity dilemma Trends in Neuroscience 28:73–78 Bailey CH, Kandel ER 1993 Structural changes accompanying memory storage Annual Review of Neuroscience 55:397–426 Bear MF 1996 A synaptic basis for memory storage in the cerebral cortex Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93:13453–13459 Bear MF 2003 Bidirectional synaptic plasticity: from theory to reality Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 358:649–655 Bienenstock EL, Cooper LN, Munro PW 1982 Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex Journal of Neuroscience 2:32–48 925-954_Bear_References_revised_final.indd 951 Blais BA, Cooper LN, Shouval H 2000 Formation of direction selectivity in natural scene environments Neural Computation 12:1057–1066 Blais BS, Intrator N, Shouval HZ, Cooper LN 1998 Receptive field formation in natural scene environments: comparison of singlecell learning rules Neural Computation 10:1797–1813 Bliss TVP, Collingridge GL 1993 A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus Nature 361:31–39 Bredt DS, Nicoll RA 2003 AMPA receptor trafficking at excitatory synapses Neuron 40:361–379 Cajal SR 1894 The Croonian Lecture: la fine structure des centres nerveux Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 55:344–468 Carew TJ, Sahley CL 1986 Invertebrate learning and memory: from behavior to molecules Annual Review of Neuroscience 9:435–487 Castellucci VF, Kandel ER 1974 A quantal analysis of the synaptic depression underlying habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 77:7492–7496 Chen WR, Lee S, Kato K, Spencer DD, Shepherd GM, Williamson A 1996 Long-term modifications of synaptic efficacy in the human inferior and middle temporal cortex Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93:8011–8015 Colledge M, Snyder EM, Crozier RA, Soderling JA, Jin Y, Langeberg LK, Lu H, Bear MF, Scott JD 2003 Ubiquitination regulates PSD-95 degradation and AMPA receptor surface expression Neuron 40:595–607 Cooper LN, Bear MF 2012 The BCM theory of synapse modification at 30: interaction of theory and experiment Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13:798–810 951 Davis HP, Squire LR Protein synthesis and memory 1984 Psychological Bulletin 96:518–559 Dudai Y, Jan YN, Byers D, Quinn WG, Benzer S 1976 Dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 73:1684–1688 Dudek SM, Bear MF 1992 Homosynaptic long-term depression in area CA1 of hippocampus and effects of N-methyl-Daspartate receptor blockade Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:4363–4367 Hofer SB, Bonhoeffer T 2010 Dendritic spines: the stuff that memories are made of? Current Biology 20:R157–R159 Ito M 1982 Experimental verification of Marr-Albus’ plasticity assumption for the cerebellum Acta Biology 33:189–199 Kandel ER 1970 Nerve cells and behavior Scientific American 223:57–67 Kandel ER 2001 The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses Science 294:1030–1038 Kandel ER 2006 In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind New York: Norton Kessels HW, Malinow R 2009 Synaptic AMPA receptor plasticity and behavior Neuron 61:340–350 Kirkwood A, Bear MF 1994 Homosynaptic long-term depression in the visual cortex Journal of Neuroscience 14:3404–3412 Kirkwood A, Rioult MC, Bear MF Experience-dependent modification of synaptic plasticity in visual cortex Nature 1996;381:526–528 Konorski J 1948 Conditioned Reflexes and Neuron Organization Cambridge, MA: University Press 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com 952 REFERENCES Leopold DA, Bondar IV, Giese MA 2006 Norm-based face encoding by single neurons in the monkey inferotemporal cortex Nature 442:572–575 Levy WB, Steward O 1983 Temporal contiguity requirements for long-term associative potentiation/depression in the hippocampus Neuroscience 8:791–797 Linden DJ, Connor JA 1993 Cellular mechanisms of longterm depression in the cerebellum Current Opinion in Neurobiology 3:401–406 Lisman JE, Fallon JR 1999 What maintains memories? Science 283:339–340 Lisman J, Schulman H, Cline H 2002 The molecular basis of CaMKII function in synaptic and behavioural memory Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3:175–190 Lynch G, Baudry M 1984 The biochemistry of memory: a new and specific hypothesis Science 224(4653):1057–1063 Malenka RC, Bear MF 2004 LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of riches Neuron 44:5–21 Malinow R 2003 AMPA receptor trafficking and long-term potentiation Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 358:707–714 Markram H, Lubke J, Frotscher M, Sakmann B 1997 Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs Science 275:213–215 925-954_Bear_References_revised_final.indd 952 Marr D 1969 A theory of cerebellar cortex Journal of Physiology 202:437–470 Morris RGM, Anderson E, Lynch GS, Baudry M 1986 Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5 Nature 319:774–776 Quinlan EM, Olstein DH, Bear MF 1999 Bidirectional, experience-dependent regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit composition in the rat visual cortex during postnatal development Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:12876–12880 Quinlan EM, Philpot BD, Huganir RL, Bear MF 1999 Rapid, experience-dependent expression of synaptic NMDA receptors in visual cortex in vivo Nature Neuroscience 2:352–357 Roberts AC, Glanzman DL 2003 Learning in Aplysia: looking at synaptic plasticity from both sides Trends in Neurosciences 26:662–670 Rolls ET, Baylis GC, Hasselmo ME, Nalwa V 1989 The effect of learning on the face selective responses of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus of the monkey Experimental Brain Research 76:153–164 Schwartz JH 1993 Cognitive kinases Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:8310–8313 Shouval H, Intrator N, Cooper LN 1997 BCM network develops orientation selectivity and ocular dominance in natural scene environment Vision Research 37:3339–3342 Silva AJ, Paylor R, Wehner JM, Tonegawa S 1992 Impaired spatial learning in alphacalcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice Science 257:206–211 Silva AJ, Stevens CF, Tonegawa S, Wang Y 1992 Deficient hippocampal long-term potentiation in alpha-calciumcalmodulin kinase II mutant mice Science 257:201–206 Tang YP, Shimizu E, Dube GR, Rampon C, Kerchner GA, Zhuo M, Liu G, Tsien JZ 1999 Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice Nature 401:63–69 Thorndike EL 1911 Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies New York: Macmillan Tsien JZ, Huerta PT, Tonegawa S 1996 The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory Cell 87:1327–1338 Whitlock JR, Heynen AJ, Shuler MG, Bear MF 2006 Learning induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus Science 313:1093–1097 Yin JC, Tully T 1996 CREB and the formation of long-term memory Current Opinion in Neurobiology 6:264–268 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures; those followed by b and t refer to boxes and tables, respectively A A1 See Primary auditory cortex Abducens nerve, 246, 247 Ablation of auditory cortex, 402–403 experimental ablation method, 10 Absence seizures, 657 Absolute refractory period, 85, 98 Absorption, of light, 296, 296 Accessory olfactory bulb, 279b Accessory olfactory system, 279b Accommodation, of lens, 301, 301–302 Acetylcholine (ACh), 49, 121, 121t, 122 ANS and, 537 ATP and, 160 brain stem and, 545, 545–546 ChAT and, 50, 154–156 cholinergic system and, 144 diffuse modulatory system and, 539 EPSP and, 459 excitation-contraction coupling and, 467 falling asleep and, 668 forebrain and, 545, 545–546 as G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor, 170t hair cells and, 388 life cycle of, 155 Loewi and, 111b myasthenia gravis and, 464b neuromuscular junction and, 130 sleep and, 666, 667 synthesis and degradation of, 156 for taste, 270 transporter of, 154 Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), 150, 150–151, 151t, 801, 805, 805 See also Muscarinic ACh receptors; Nicotinic ACh receptors Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 130, 156, 464b ACh See Acetylcholine AChE See Acetylcholinesterase Achromatopsia, 316b, 359–360 AChRs See Acetylcholine receptors Acoustic radiation, 399 ACTH See Adrenocorticotropic hormone Actin, 39, 467 Action potential, 57, 81–107, 84, 134 axons and, 104–105 dendrites and, 104–105 depolarization of, 84, 85 electrical conductance and, 88–90, 89, 100, 100–104 velocity of, 101, 102b firing frequency of, 85, 85 by ganglion cells, 319 generation of, 82–84 generation of multiples, 84–88 ins and outs of, 90 molecular basis of, 99 myelin and, 103–104 phase locking and, 392–393 properties of, 82–88 in reality, 90–99 recording of, 83b in theory, 88–90 ups and downs of, 82 Activational effects, of steroid hormones, 599 Active zones, 115 Adams, Raymond, 792b–793b Adaptation for behavior, 12 to light, 316–319, 318, 319 sleep and, 663, 664 to smell, 282 of thermoreceptors, 450, 450 Addiction dopamine and, 569b to drugs, 20, 572b–573b Addison, Thomas, 530 Addison disease, 530 Address selection, 796 Adenosine, for sleep, 671–672 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 38 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 63 adenylyl cyclase and, 139 axoplasmic transport and, 44, 44 bitterness and, 270, 274 excitation-contraction coupling and, 468 as G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor, 170t hair cells and, 386 hyperplasia and, 439 mitochondria and, 38, 38 myosin and, 467 neurotransmitters and, 160 nociceptors and, 438 Parkinson’s disease and, 502b purinergic receptors of, 164 receptors of, 151t sodium-potassium pump and, 71 sweetness and, 270 umami and, 270 Adenylyl cyclase, 139, 172, 173, 175 ADHD See Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Adiposity, 553 Adkins, Janet, 78b Adolphs, Ralph, 632 ADP See Adenosine diphosphate Adrenal cortex, 528, 530 Adrenaline See Epinephrine Adrenal insufficiency, 530 Adrenal medulla, 528 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 528t, 529, 530, 557–558, 560, 759, 759 Affective aggression, 636, 639, 639 Affective disorders, 763–771 See also Depression diffuse modulatory system and, 766, 767 MAO and, 764–766 monamine hypothesis of mood disorders, 764–766 treatment for, 767–771 Affective neuroscience, 616 Afferent axons, 185 pain and, 446 primary afferent axons, 422–423, 423, 442–443 for taste, 269 AFP2 See Anterior face patch After-hyperpolarization, of action potential, 82 2-AG See Arachidonoylglycerol Aggression, 635–642 amygdala and, 635–636 dreams and, 665 hypothalamus and, 638–639 midbrain and, 639–640 neural components of, 638–640, 640 PAG and, 640 serotonin and, 640–641 VTA and, 639 Agnosia, 437 Agoraphobia, 756t, 757, 758b Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), 558, 560, 561 Agrammatism, 699 Agrin, 801, 802 AgRP See Agouti-related peptide Aguayo, Albert, 800f Akinesia, 501 Alcohol addiction, 20 Alcoholism amnesia from, 829 Korsakoff’s syndrome from, 845b Alpha helix, 60 Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (␣MSH), 557–558 Alpha motor neurons, 458–461, 460, 461, 469, 474, 477 of ventral horn, 469 Alpha rhythms, 651, 652 ALS See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Altered state of consciousness, from hallucinogens, 742 Altman, Joseph, 787b Alvarez, Francisco, 472b Alzheimer, A., 40b Alzheimer’s disease, 19, 19t basal forebrain complex and, 545 cytoskeleton and, 39, 40b–41b estrogen replacement therapy and, 610 neurons in, 41b programmed cell death and, 804 Amacrine cells, 305, 305 American Sign Language (ASL), 689, 705, 705, 715b Amines, 120, 144 953 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 953 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com 954 INDEX Amino acid-gated channels, 164–169 Amino acids, 60, 61 axoplasmic transport and, 43 mRNA and, 32 mutations of, 96 as neurotransmitters, 120, 121, 144, 159, 159–160 proteins and, 163 Ammon’s horn, 874 Amnesia, 829–830, 830 animal model of, 843–844 antegrade, 829, 830, 841–843, 842, 845b diencephalon and, 845b Parkinson’s disease and, 861–862, 862 retrograde, 829, 830, 845b, 854 temporal lobe and, 841–843, 842 AMPA-gated channels, 165–167, 166 AMPA receptors, 150, 150, 884–885, 885 glutamate-gated channels, 165–167, 166 LTP and, 878–879 synaptic scaling and, 891 Amperes (amps), 64 Amphetamine, 158, 546–547, 775 CART, 557–558 Amplification cochlear amplifier and, 386–388 signal amplification, by G-proteincoupled receptors, 175, 175 of sound, 375–376, 386–388, 388 Amplitude of EEG, 647 in electromagnetic radiation, 295, 295 Amps See Amperes Ampulla, 407, 407 Amputations, phantom limb sensations with, 436 Amygdala, 226, 235, 235 aggression and, 635–636 anatomy of, 631, 631–632 fear and, 626, 630–635 HPA and, 760, 760–761, 761 memory and, 633–635, 635, 845 for unconscious emotion, 619, 621 Amygdalectomy, 636 Amyloid, Alzheimer’s disease and, 41b Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 167b, 463b Anabolism, 553, 554 Analgesia, 440b Anandamide, 161b Anatomical planes of section, 182, 182 Anatomical references anterior, 180 caudal, 180, 238, 238 contralateral, 182 dorsal, 180, 229, 229–230, 230, 240, 241 ipsilateral, 182 lateral, 182 medial, 182, 225, 225 for nervous system, 180–183, 182 posterior, 180 rostral, 180, 238, 238, 239, 239 ventral, 180, 228, 228 Andersen, Per, 850b Androgen insensitivity, 602 Androgens, 584, 635 Anesthesia, 102b 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 954 Anger, 626, 627, 628, 635–642 hypothalamus and, 638–639 neural components of, 638–640, 640 serotonin and, 640–641 Angiotensin I, 527 Angiotensin II, 527, 527 Angiotensinogen, 527 Angular acceleration, 407 Angular gyrus, 702 Animal models, 11–12 of amnesia, 843–844 Animals auditory cortex of, 400b–401b language in, 688–690, 690 in neuroscience research, 16–18, 18 Aniston, Jennifer, 840 Anodes, 64 Anomia, 699 Anomic aphasia, 697t Anorectic peptides, 558 Anorexia, 556 Anorexia nervosa, 571 ANS See Autonomic nervous system Antagonist muscle, 455, 456, 477 Antegrade amnesia, 829, 830, 841–843, 842, 845b Anterior anatomical reference, 180 Anterior cerebral artery, 248, 248, 249, 249 Anterior cingulate cortex, 767, 768, 773 Anterior communicating artery, 248, 248 Anterior face patch (AFP2), 362 Anterior pituitary, 528–531, 528t Anterograde transport, 44 Antianxiety drugs, 158–159, 761–763 Antibiotics, 388, 402b Anticonvulsants, 656 Antidepressants, 158–159, 669b, 768–769, 769 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) See Vasopressin Antigens, 146 Antihistamines, 439, 442 Anti-nogo antibody (IN-1), 800f Anxiety dreams and, 665 fear and, 758 frontal lobotomy for, 637b stress response and, 758, 759 Anxiety disorders, 756–763, 756t benzodiazepines for, 761, 761–762 treatment for, 761–763 Anxiolytic drugs, 158–159, 761–763 Aphasia, 694–695 bilinguals and, 705 deafness and, 705 language and, 697–705 types of, 697t Wernicke–Geschwind model of, 701–704, 702, 703, 704 Apical dendrites, 209, 344 Apical end, 269 Aplysia, 870b–872b, 871, 888b Apoptosis, 804 Appetite, 562–566 marijuana and, 563, 563b Aqueous humor, 298, 299 Arachidonic acid, 602 Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 161b Arachnoid membrane, 185, 186 Arcuate fasciculus, 702, 704–705 Arcuate nucleus, 557 Area 1, 431, 492, 493 Area 2, 431, 492, 493 Area 3, 492, 493, 791, 794 Area 3b, 431, 431 Area 4, 492, 492 Area 5, 492 Area 6, 492, 492, 494, 495, 498 Area 7, 492, 493 Area 17, 333, 341, 791 Area A1 See Primary auditory cortex Area IT, 360–362 attention and, 731 receptive field and, 363 synapses in, 886, 886 vision memory and, 868, 868–869 Area LIP See Lateral intraparietal cortex Area MT, 493 MST and, 358–359 receptive fields and, 363 Area V1 See Striate cortex Area V4, 29–30, 731, 744 receptive fields in, attention and, 733, 734 Aristotle, Aromatase, 584 Arousal in dimensional theories of emotion, 627 in sexual response cycle, 587–588 Ascending pain pathways, 443–446, 445 Ascending reticular activating system, 542, 667–668 Ascending sensory pathways, 243, 243 ASD See Autism spectrum disorder Aserinsky, Eugene, 659 ASL See American Sign Language Aspinous neurons, 46 Aspirin, for hyperplasia, 440 Association areas, 214, 224, 224 Associative learning, 827–828 Astereognosia, 437 Astigmatism, 302b Aston-Jones, Gary, 543b Astrocytes, 49, 52, 76, 77, 786–788 Asymmetrical cell division, 785 Asymmetrical synapses, 117, 119 Ataxia, 511 Atonia, 659 ATP See Adenosine triphosphate Atrophy, 463, 488b Atropine, 150, 538 Attention, 719, 723–742, 725, 737 area V4 and, 733, 734 behavior and, 725–728 brain and, 734–742 divided-attention experiments, 730, 730 frontoparietal attention network, 740–742, 741 parietal lobe and, 731, 731–733, 732 physiological effects of, 728–733 reaction time and, 727–728, 728 receptive fields in area V4 and, 733, 734 selective-attention experiments, 730, 730 spotlight of, 728, 729 visual sensitivity and, 725–727, 726, 727 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com INDEX Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 724b Attenuation reflex, 376–377 Atypical neuroleptics, 776 Aubertin, Simon Alexandre Ernest, 695 Audition, 370 Auditory canal, 373, 373 Auditory cortex, 237 ablation of, 402–403 of animals, 400b–401b lesions of, 402–403 tonotopy and, 380 Wernicke–Geschwind model and, 702 Auditory nerve, 381, 382, 392–393, 403 axons of, hair cells and, 386, 386 Auditory relay nuclei, 380 Auditory system, 369–403 A1 and, 374, 399, 399 brain stem and, 389 central auditory processes of, 388–391 disorders of, 402b encoding in, 391–393 hearing loss and, 402b inner ear and, 374, 376, 377–388 middle ear and, 373, 374–377, 375, 376 pathways in, 389–391, 390 sound and, 370–372, 371 localization of, 394–399 structure of, 373–374, 374 visual system and, 374 Auditory-vestibular nerve, 246, 247, 382 Aura, 658 Autism, 19t Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 803b Autonomic ganglia, 532, 533 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 185, 244, 244, 522–523, 531–538, 532 aggression and, 636 anxiety disorders and, 756 emotion and, 619 enteric division of, 535–537, 536 heart and, 454 hypothalamus and, 198–199 neurotransmitters and, 537–538 parasympathetic division of, 245, 245, 532, 532, 533–534, 534 sexual response cycle and, 588 sympathetic division of, 245, 245, 532, 532, 533–534, 534 sexual response cycle and, 588 Autoradiography, 147, 345, 346 Autoreceptors, 129–130 Autostereogram, 365, 365b Axel, Richard, 282 Axial muscles, 456 Axoaxonic synapse, 115, 116 Axodendritic synapse, 115, 116 Axon collaterals, 39–40, 42 Axon hillock, 39, 41, 42, 85, 135 Axons, 26 action potential and, 104–105 afferent axons, 185 pain and, 446 for taste, 269 of auditory nerve, hair cells and, 386, 386 A␤ axons, 423, 426, 427, 428, 441 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 955 of CNS, non-regeneration of, 800b collections of, 192t efferent axons, 185 glia on, 49 guidance of, 797–801 in hindbrain, 202 Ia axons, 469, 470, 472b, 474 Ib axons, 475–476 of neurons, 26, 26, 39–44, 42, 56–57 pioneer axons, 797 primary afferent axons, 422–423, 423, 442–443 as wires, 56–57 Axon terminal, 41–42, 42, 43 Axoplasmic transport, 43–44 Axosomatic synapse, 115, 116 Axospinous synapse, 115 A␤ axons, 423, 426, 427, 428, 441 A␦ fibers, 439, 443, 451 B Babinski, Joseph, 488b Babinski sign, 488b Bacteria, 131b Bal, Ramazan, 394b Balance energy, 553–554, 554 vestibular nuclei for, 240 Bálint’s syndrome, 722 Ballism, 504 Bamberg, Ernst, 86b Barbiturates, 168 Bard, Philip, 617–619, 618 Barlow, Horace, 319 Barrels, of cerebral cortex, 434b, 794 Barry, Caswell, 851 Bartels, Andreas, 594 Basal cells, 279 Basal forebrain, 232, 232, 234, 249 sleep and, 667 Basal forebrain complex, 545 Basal ganglia, 233, 233, 498–505, 499, 500, 501, 861 Basal lamina, 801 Basal nucleus of Meynert, 545 Basal telencephalon, 197 Basic emotions, 626, 627 Basic theories of emotion, 626, 627 Basilar artery, 248, 248 Basilar membrane, 377, 377, 378, 381 sound and, 379, 379–380, 380 stereocilia and, 382–383, 383 Basolateral nuclei, 631, 631 Baynes, Kathleen, 708–709 BC See Bulbocavernosus muscles BCM theory, 880, 880b–881b BDNF See Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, 760 Behavior See also Motivated behavior adaptations for, 12 attention and, 725–728 gender and, 580 genetics and, 603–606 phrenology and, 10 procedural memory for, 825 sex and, 587–595 sex hormones and, 599–603 955 Behavioral neurophysiology, 495b Behavioral neuroscience, 13–14 Behaviorism, 753 Bekoff, Anne, 572b Bell, Charles, 9, 15, 17, 184 Benzer, Seymour, 888b Benzodiazepines, 168, 599, 761, 761–762, 762 Berlioz, Hector, 765b Berry, Halle, 840, 840–841 Berson, David, 678 Betz, Vladimir, 506 Betz cells, 506 Bichler, Edyta, 472b Bienenstock, Elie, 880, 880b–881b Bilateral symmetry, 182 Bilinguals, aphasia and, 705 Binocular competition, 811–812, 812 Binocular neurons, 348, 351, 364b–365b Binocular receptive fields, 348 Binocular rivalry, consciousness and, 743–748, 746, 747 Binocular vision, 809 Binocular visual field, 334, 335 Biological clocks, 674–676, 676 Bipolar cells, 304, 305, 321–323, 322 Bipolar disorder, 764 Bipolar neurons, 46 Bitemporal hemianopia, 337b Bitterness ATP and, 270 of poisons, 267 transduction of, 273, 274 Bleuler, Eugen, 771 Blob pathway, 354–355, 355 Blobs, 347, 348, 353–354 Blood-brain barrier, 76, 537 Blood supply, to brain, 248, 248–249, 249 Bloom, Floyd, 542b–543b Body fat, 554, 554–556 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 279b Bottom-up attention, 725 Botulinum toxins, 131b Bouillaud, Jean-Baptiste, 695 Boutons en passant, 42, 43 Boyden, Ed, 87b Bradykinesia, 501 Bradykinin, 438, 439, 440 Braille, 715b Brain, 8, 183 See also specific structures attention and, 734–742 blood supply to, 248, 248–249, 249 cross-sectional anatomy of, 231, 231–240 default mode network of, 721, 721–723 diffuse modulatory system of, 523, 538–548, 540b, 544 dorsal anatomical reference for, 229, 229–230, 230 dreams and, 14 electrical stimulation of, language and, 711–712, 712 electrical synapses in, 113 emotion and, 615–642, 633 on endocannabinoids, 161b functional states of, 658–660, 659t gender and, differences of, 595–612 genetics and, 603–606 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com 956 INDEX Brain (continued) in Greece, ancient, imaging of, 186–190, 189b, 190b, 191 kidneys and, 527, 527 language in, 694–697, 697, 698b, 711–712, 712 localization in, 10–11, 11, 12, 12 love and, 594, 594–595 of mammals, 181 maps of, 850b–851b masculinization of, 600–601 memory acquisition and, 867 mental illness and, 752–756 in molecular neuroscience, 13 motor system and, 483–516 neurogenesis in, 785–795, 787b neurons in, 24, 783–820 in nineteenth century, 8–13 pathway formation in, 795–802, 796 in Renaissance, 6–7 reproductive organs and, 586 resting state activity in, 720–723, 723 in Roman Empire, 5–6 self-stimulation of, 567b sex and, 579–612 sex hormones and, 599–603 sexual dimorphisms of, 597–598 stress response and, 531b surface anatomy of, 220–230, 221 synchronous rhythms in, 653, 653–654 tumors of, amnesia from, 829 ventral anatomical reference of, 228, 228 ventricles in, 196, 200, 205, 227, 227 ventricular system of, 204–205, 205t, 207 vesicles of, 195–196 working memory and, 833–834, 834, 835 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 804 Brain rhythms cerebral cortex and, 655, 655 EEG and, 646, 646–658, 647, 648, 649 functions of, 655 sleep and, 658–673, 659t synchronous, 653, 653–654 thalamus and, 655 Brain stem, 8, 183 ACh and, 545, 545–546 auditory system and, 389 cross-sectional view of, 231, 231 Korsakoff’s syndrome and, 845b LGN and, 341 medial anatomical reference for, 225, 225 pupillary light reflex and, 303 sleep and, 666, 667 Breast cancer, 609–610 Brenner, Sidney, 211 Broca, Paul, 10, 11, 695, 698b clinical neuroscientists and, 14 frontal lobe and, 15 limbic lobe of, 622, 622 Broca’s aphasia, 697t, 699–700 Broca’s area, 695, 702, 703, 704–705 Brodmann, Korbinian, 210, 210, 211–212 Brown–Séquard syndrome, 445 Buck, Linda, 282 Bucy, Paul, 630–631, 637b Bulbocavernosus muscles (BC), 596 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 956 Bulimia nervosa, 571 Bullinger, Katie, 472b Bundle, 192t Burgess, Neil, 851 Byrne, Richard, 689 C CA1, 874, 875, 875–879, 879, 882–884 LTP in, learning and, 887, 887 CA3, 874 Cabanis, Emanuel, 698b Caenorhabditis elegans, 211 Caffeine, 671 CAH See Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Cajal, Santiago Ramón y, 27, 27, 211, 872b Calcarine fissure, 226 Calcium cortisol and, 531b excitation-contraction coupling and, 464–465 glutamate receptors and, 877 light adaptation and, 318, 318 LTD and, 884 LTP and, 884 protein phosphatases and, 884 from SR, 465, 467 taste of, 268b troponin and, 467 Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), 174, 878, 891, 892, 892–893 Calcium channel, 122–124, 136, 465, 465 Calcium imaging, 350b–351b Calcium pump, 71 Calcium release channel, 465, 465 Call-echo delays, 400b–401b CaMK See Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cAMP See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Campbell, Alfred Walter, 492 cAMP-gated channels, for smell, 283–284 CAMs See Cell-adhesion molecules Candolle, Augustin de, 675 Cannabinoid receptor (CB), 161b, 170t Cannabis sativa, 161b Cannon, Walter, 617–619, 618, 891 Cannon–Bard theory, 617–619, 618 Capecchi, Mario, 33, 34b–35b Capsaicin, 440, 440b Capsule, 192t, 198, 233, 235, 487 Carbonation, taste of, 268b Carbon monoxide (CO), 162 Carboxyl group, 60 Cardiac muscle, 149, 454 Carlsson, Arvid, 543 Carotid arteries, 248, 248 CART See Cocaine- and amphetamineregulated transcript Carter, Sue, 592b Catabolism, 553, 554 Cataplexy, 669b Cataracts, 300, 300b Catecholamines, 156, 156–158, 157, 547 Cathodes, 64 Cations, 59 Caton, Richard, 646 Cauda equina, 425 Caudal anatomical reference, 180, 238, 238 Caudate nucleus, 233, 233, 235, 498, 499, 703 CB See Cannabinoid receptor CCK See Cholecystokinin Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), 797, 797 Cell assembly, 836–837, 837 Cell body, 26 Cell death See Programmed cell death Cell differentiation, in neurogenesis, 789–790 Cell membranes, 59, 68, 68 Cell migration, 788–789, 789 Cell proliferation, 785–788, 786, 787 Cell theory, 12 Cellular neuroscience, 13 Cellular respiration, 38, 38 Center-surround receptive fields, 323, 363 Central auditory processes, 388–391 Central motor system See Motor system Central nervous system (CNS), 8, 183–184 See also Brain; Spinal cord amino acid-gated channels and, 164 ATP in, 160 axons of, non-regeneration of, 800b chemical synapses of, 115, 115–119, 116 development of, 192–207 electrical synapses in, 112, 113 GABA and, 167 muscle fibers and, 454 neural outputs of, 532 neurotransmitters in, 148, 523 nociceptors and, 439 oligodendroglial cells in, 49 sexual dimorphisms and, 596–598, 597 special features for humans, 205–207, 206 spinal cord in, synapses in, formation of, 801–802, 802 synaptic transmission in, 110 vibration and, 420 Central nucleus, 631, 631 Central pathways for smell, 284–287, 287 for taste, 274–276 Central pattern generators, 479 Central sulcus, 8, 207, 207, 229, 430, 431 Central visual system, 331–366 lateral geniculate nucleus and, 338, 338–341 motion processing in, 358–359 parietal lobe and, 358–359 retinofugal projection, 333–338, 334, 336 striate cortex and anatomy of, 341–347 physiology of, 347–356 ventral stream in, 359–362 visual perception and, 362–364 Cephalic phase, 562 Cerebellar peduncle, 230, 230 Cerebellum, 8, 183, 202, 225, 225, 511–516, 513 cross-section of, 239, 239 estradiol in, 585 Galen and, 5–6 hemispheres of, 513–514 Korsakoff’s syndrome and, 845b motor loop through, 514–515, 515 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com INDEX Cerebral aqueduct, 200, 205t, 227, 227, 236, 238, 238 Cerebral cortex, 192t, 208, 208–214, 209, 214 See also specific structures and areas association areas of, 224, 224 barrels of, 434b, 794 brain rhythms and, 655, 655 cytoarchitectural map of, 210, 210 differentiation of, 791–792, 795 engrams in, 836, 868 inside-out assembly of, 789, 790 motor areas of, 224, 224 neurons in, 106b plasticity of, 435, 435–436 sensory areas of, 224, 224 somatotopy of, 431–433, 433, 434 synapses of, plasticity of, 814–818 transcription factors in, 791, 794 vision and, 294 white matter of, 197–198 Cerebral hemispheres, 183, 206, 229, 229, 230, 233, 233 language and, 696, 696b, 706–710, 708 visual hemifield and, 334, 335 Cerebral palsy, 19t Cerebral peduncle, 486, 487 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 186 cauda equina and, 425 cerebral aqueduct for, 200 hydrocephalus and, 187b in spinal canal, 203 Cerebrum, 8, 183 dorsal anatomical reference for, 229, 229 Flourens and, 16 Galen and, 5–6 lobes of, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223 localization in, 16 memory and, Cervical nerves, 240, 241 Cervical vertebrae, 240, 241, 423–426, 424 C fibers, 422, 442, 451 CGMP See Cyclic guanosine monophosphate Chalmers, David, 742, 744b Channelopathy, 96 Channel proteins, 62–63 Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), 86b–87b, 87, 858 Characteristic frequency, 390 Charcot, Jean-Martin, 463b ChAT See Choline acetyltransferase Chemical nociceptors, 439 Chemical senses, 265–291 See also Smell; Taste Chemical synapses, 110, 113–119 of CNS, 115, 115–119, 116 neurotransmitters and, 120–130 synaptic transmission of, 119–132 for taste, 269 Chemoaffinity hypothesis, 799 Chemoattraction, 797, 798 Chemokines, 439 Chemoreceptors, 266 Chemorepulsion, 798, 798 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 86b–87b Chlorpromazine, 776, 779 Cho, Z H., 190b 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 957 Cholecystokinin (CCK), 121t, 564, 564 Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), 50, 51, 154–156, 358b–359b Cholinergic motor neurons, 49 Cholinergic neurons, 154–156 Cholinergic system, 144 Chorea, 503 ChR2 See Channelrhodopsin-2 Chromosomes, 581, 581–583 Chun, Marvin, 360b Churchill, Winston, 765b Churchland, Patricia, 744b Ciliary muscle, 298, 299 Cingulate gyrus, 226 Circadian rhythms, 525, 673–681, 674 SCN and, 676–681, 677, 678b, 681 of sleep, 675 of wakefulness, 675 Circle of Willis, 248 Cirelli, Chiara, 673 CLARITY, 187 Clark, Brian, 472b Classical conditioning, 827, 828 Claustrum, 745b Clinical neuroscientists, 14 Clioquinol, 830 Clitoris, 587–588, 660 Clock genes, 679, 680 Clostridium botulinum, 131b Clozapine, 776 CNS See Central nervous system CNTNAP2 gene, 694 CO See Carbon monoxide Cobain, Kurt, 765b Cocaine, 102b, 158, 547 Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), 557–558 Cochlea, 373, 373, 375, 377, 377–388, 403 Cochlear amplifier, 386–388 Cochlear fluid, 375 Cochlear implants, 382b–383b, 384 Cochlear nuclei, 202, 239, 239, 389 Cocktail party effect, 724 Cognition deficits of, amnesia and, 829 sexual dimorphisms of, 598, 598 sleep and, 663 Cognitive map theory, 852 Cognitive neuroscience, 14 Cohen, Stanley, 804 Coincidence detection, 394b Cole, Kenneth C., 92 Coleman, Douglas, 555 Color blindness, 581 Color-opponent ganglion cells, 325–327 Colors, perception of, 295, 308b–309b, 316, 316 genetics of, 316b Commissure lemniscus, 192t Commissures, 706 Communication See also Language in nervous system, 523 Complex cells, receptive field and, 352–354, 353 Computed tomography (CT), 188 Concentration gradient, 64, 67, 70–72, 71 Concussion, amnesia from, 829 957 Conditional stimulus (CS), 827, 838 Conditioned response (CR), 827, 838 Conditioning, 827–828, 828 Conductance, amino acid-gated channels and, 165 Conduction aphasia, 697t, 704–705 Conduction deafness, 402b Cone photoreceptors, 306–309, 307 distribution of, 310–311, 311 photopigments in, 316, 316 phototransduction in, 315–319 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 603 Congenital insensitivity, to pain, 438b Conjunctiva, 296, 297 Connectome, 211, 212b–213b Connexins, 111 Connexon, 111 Connors, Barry, 113 Consciousness, 742–749 binocular rivalry and, 743–748, 746, 747 NCC, 743–749, 745 neural mechanisms of, 744b–745b vision and, 746–747, 748 wakefulness and, 742 Constantine-Paton, Martha, 808b Content words, 699 Contralateral anatomical reference, 182 Contrast enhancement, 429b Convergence, 629b of neurotransmitter systems, 176, 176–177 of nociceptors, 443 of synapses, 809–811 Convulsants, 656 Cooper, Leon, 880, 880b–881b Cooperativity, 876 Cope, Timothy C., 472b–473b Corkin, Suzanne, 841 Cormack, Allan, 188 Cornea, 296, 296, 299, 299–300, 300 Coronal plane, 182, 182 Corpus callosum, 198, 226, 226, 229, 229, 233, 233, 235, 237, 706, 706 estradiol in, 585 sexual dimorphism and, 597 Cortical modules, 356–357, 357 Cortical plate, 789, 789, 790, 791, 793 Corticomedial nuclei, 631, 631 Corticospinal tract, 202, 239, 243, 486, 487 Corticotropin See Adrenocorticotropic hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 529, 530, 759, 759, 769 Cortisol, 528, 529–531, 531b Co-transmitters, 153, 160 COX See Cyclooxygenase CR See Conditioned response Cranial nerves, 185, 228, 246, 246, 247, 428, 489 See also specific nerves taste and, 274–276 Cre, 50b–51b CREB See Cyclic AMP response element binding protein CRH See Corticotropin-releasing hormone Cribriform plate, 280 Crick, Francis, 744b–745b Cristae, 36 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com 958 INDEX Critical period, 809, 810b Crossed-extensor reflex, 478, 479 CS See Conditional stimulus CSF See Cerebrospinal fluid CT See Computed tomography Cuatrecasas, Pedro, 152b Cupula, 407, 407 Curare, 130–131, 150 Cushing disease, 530–531 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 139, 139–140 second messenger cascade and, 172 signal amplification and, 175 sleep and, 672–673 smell and, 382 Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), 894–896, 896 Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 284b, 312–315, 315, 318, 318 Cyclooxygenase (COX), 602 Cyclothymia, 764 Cytoarchitectural map, of cerebral cortex, 210, 210 Cytoarchitecture of neurons, 25 of striate cortex, 343, 344 Cytochrome oxidase, 347, 348 Cytokines hyperplasia and, 439 sleep and, 672 Cytoplasm of dendrites, 46 neuronal membrane and, 38 protein synthesis in, 29 Cytoskeleton, 59 Alzheimer’s disease and, 39, 40b–41b microtubules of, 38–39, 39, 43, 44 Cytosol, 29, 57–59, 71 DBH in, 158 excitation-contraction coupling and, 465, 465 serotonergic neurons and, 159 D DA See Dopamine DAG See Diacylglycerol Dale, Henry, 144, 148 Dale’s principle, 153 Damasio, Antonio, 625b, 628, 629b, 632 Damasio, Hanna, 625b Dark adaptation, 316–318 Darwin, Charles, 11, 616, 616–617, 626, 627 Das, Gopal, 787b Daughter cells, 785, 786 DBH See Dopamine ␤-hydroxylase DBS See Deep brain stimulation Deafness, 402b, 705 Declarative memory, 824–825, 825, 828–829, 835–841 cell assembly and, 836–837, 837 medial temporal lobe and, 837–841, 838 neocortex and, 835–837 Decussation, 202, 202, 333–334, 444, 487 Deep brain stimulation (DBS), 504b–505b, 771, 772b, 773 Deep cerebellar nuclei, 239, 239, 513 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 958 Default mode network, of brain, 721, 721–723 Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine, 691 De humani corporis (Vesalius), Deisseroth, Karl, 87b Déjà vu, 658 Delayed non-match to sample (DNMS), 824, 833, 843–844 Delayed rectifier, 98 Delayed-response task, 831 Delayed-saccade task, 834–835, 835 Delta rhythms, 651, 668 Dement, William, 659 Dementia, 19, 19t, 503 See also Alzheimer’s disease Dendrites action potential and, 104–105 of neurons, 26, 26–27, 44–46 classification by, 46–48 synapses of, 44–46, 46, 115–117 integration of, 134–136 Dendritic cables, 133–135, 135 Dendritic spines, 46, 46, 47b, 608 Dendritic tree, 25b, 44, 49 Dendrodedtritic synapses, 117 Denervation supersensitivity, 891 Denk, Winfried, 212b–213b Dense-core vesicles, of chemical synapses, 114 Dentate gyrus, 874 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 29 ASD and, 803b Cre and, 50b–51b folic acid and, 194 genome and, 32 obesity and, 555 sex and, 581–583 Dephosphorylation, 174, 174 Depolarization of action potential, 84, 85 dendritic cables and, 134, 135 generator potential and, 83–84 of hair cells, 385, 385 mechanosensitive ion channels and, 420 of membrane potential, 75, 75 neurotransmitters and, 148 sodium channel and, 92, 94, 96 of T tubules, excitation-contraction coupling and, 467 voltage-gated potassium channels and, 98 Depression, 19–20, 19t, 763–771, 765b, 772b See also Long-term depression with eating disorders, 571 frontal lobotomy for, 637b Dermatomes, 424, 425, 426, 426b Dermis, 416, 417 Descartes, René, 7, 7, 752 Descending motor pathways, 243, 243 Descending pain-control pathways, 446–447, 447 Descending tracts, of spinal cord, 485–491, 486, 491 Desensitization, 130 Detached retina, 300b Diabetes insipidus, 574 Diabetes mellitus, 565, 565b Diacylglycerol (DAG), 173, 420 Diathesis-stress hypothesis of affective disorders, 766–767 Diazepam (Valium), 168, 761 Dichromats, 316b Diencephalon, 196, 205, 845b Differentiation of cells, 789–790 of cerebral cortex, 791–792, 795 defined, 195 of forebrain, 196–199 of hindbrain, 200–203, 202 membrane, 115 of midbrain, 199, 199–200 of sex, 583–584, 584 of spinal cord, 203, 203–204 Diffuse modulatory system affective disorders and, 766, 767 of brain, 523, 538–548, 540b, 544 nutrition and, 540b psychoactive drugs and, 546–548, 547 serotonergic neurons and, 544 sleep and, 666, 667, 672–673 Diffusion of ions, 64, 64 of neurotransmitters, 130 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 188, 188 Digit span, 829, 831–832 Dimensional theories of emotion, 627–628, 628 Diopter, 299 Direction selectivity, 351, 352 Direction vector, 508, 508 Direct pathways, through basal ganglia, 498–500, 501 Disgust, 626, 627, 628, 632 Dissociated amnesia, 829 Distal muscles, 456 Distributed memory, 869–870, 870 Disynaptic pathway, 533 Divalent, 59 Divergence, 629b of neurotransmitter systems, 176, 176–177 Divided-attention experiments, 730, 730 DNA See Deoxyribonucleic acid DNMS See Delayed non-match to sample Doeller, Christian, 851 Dolan, Ray, 619 Donoghue, John, 509 Dopa, 157–158 Dopa decarboxylase, 157–158 Dopamine (DA), 121t, 157 addiction and, 569b ATP and, 160 diffuse modulatory system and, 539 dopa for, 158 as G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor, 170t lactation and, 607 midbrain and, 543–544 motivated behavior and, 568–571, 569b motivation and, 568–571 Parkinson’s disease and, 501–502 schizophrenia and, 775, 775–777, 776 stimulants and, 547 substantia nigra and, 543, 544 in VTA, 569, 569b, 570, 607 Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, 775, 775–777, 776 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com INDEX Dopamine ␤-hydroxylase (DBH), 158 Doppler shifts, 400b Dorsal anatomical reference, 180, 240 for brain, 229, 229–230, 230 for cerebrum, 229, 229 for spinal cord, 240, 241 for spinal nerves, 240, 241 Dorsal cochlear nucleus, 239, 239, 389 Dorsal column nuclei, 240, 240, 428, 431 Dorsal columns, 203, 242, 242, 243, 243, 428 Dorsal horn, 203, 426, 451 Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, 639 Dorsal root, 184, 242 Dorsal root ganglia, 185, 242, 242, 426b, 429b, 440b Dorsal stream, 356–359 Double-opponent cells, 354 Dowling, John, 320 Downing, Paul, 361b Down syndrome, 602 Drayton, Michael, 765b Dreams, 14, 664–666 Drinking behavior, 573–575 Drive reduction, for feeding behavior, 566 Dronkers, Nina, 698b Drugs See also specific drugs and drug types addiction to, 20, 572b–573b GABA receptors and, 169, 169–170 transient global amnesia from, 830 DTI See Diffusion tensor imaging Dualism, 742 Du Bois-Reymond, Emil, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 468b, 581 Dudai, Yadin, 888b Duplex retina, 309 Duplex theory of sound localization, 396 Dura mater, 185, 186, 242 Dynein, 44 Dynorphin, 121t Dyskinesias, 503 Dyslexia, 693–694 Dysmetric, 511 Dyssynergia, 511 Dystrophin, 468b E Ear inner, 373, 374, 376, 377–388 middle, 373, 374–377, 375, 376 outer, 373, 374 Eardrum See Tympanic membrane Easy problems of consciousness, 742 Eating disorders, 571 EBA See Extrastriate body area Eccles, John, 110, 461 ECT See Electroconvulsive therapy Ectoderm, 193 EEG See Electroencephalogram Effectors, 124–130, 170–176, 312 Efferent axons, 185 Egg carton model of AMPA receptor trafficking, 884–885, 885 Ehrlich, Paul, 754 Einstein, Albert, 690 Ejaculation, 588 Electrical charge, on cell membranes, 68, 68 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 959 Electrical conductance, 65 action potential and, 88–90, 89, 100, 100–104 velocity of, 101, 102b Electrical coupled gap junctions, 112 Electrical current, 64 action potential and, 88–90, 89 into neuron, 85 phospholipid bilayer and, 65 Electrical potential, 65 Electrical resistance, 65 Electrical self-stimulation, for feeding behavior, 566–567, 567b Electrical stimulation of brain, language and, 711–712, 712 DBS, 504b–505b, 771, 772b, 773 of temporal lobes, 839–840 Electrical synapses, 110, 111–113, 114 in brain, 113 in CNS, 112, 113 for taste, 269 Electricity, ions and, 64–66, 65 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 768, 828, 856 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 646, 646–658 normal, 652 pyramidal cells and, 647, 648, 651b rhythms of, 650–653, 652 for seizures of epilepsy, 655–658, 657 of sleep, 658–673, 662 standard positions for placement, 648 synchronous activity and, 647, 649 Electromagnetic radiation, 295, 295 Electromagnetic spectrum, 295, 295 Electron microscopy, 28, 28, 52, 116, 213 Electron-transport chain, 38 Emission, 588 See also Positron emission tomography otoacoustic, 387b Emmetropia, 302b, 303 Emotion ANS and, 619 basic theories of, 626, 627 body activation and, 620b brain and, 615–642, 633 dimensional theories of, 627–628, 628 early theories of, 616–621 limbic system and, 621, 621–625 memory and, 633–635, 635 neural representations of, 625–630 spinal cord and, 619 thalamus and, 618 theories of, 625–630 unconscious and, 619–621, 621 Emx2, 791 Encephalitis, amnesia from, 829 Encephalon, 196 Endocannabinoids, 160–162, 161b, 162, 439 Endocytosis, 124 Endoderm, 193 Endogenous attention, 725 Endolymph, 379, 385, 407, 407 Endoplasmic reticulum, 36, 36, 37, 71 Endorphins, 151, 448 Endplate potential, 459 Energy balance, 553–554, 554 959 Engrams, 835 cell assembly and, 836–837, 837 in cerebral cortex, 836, 868 in medial temporal lobe, 840 memory consolidation and, 853–857, 855 in visual cortex, 868 Enkephalins (Enk), 121t, 151, 170t Enteric division of, 535–537, 536 Entorhinal cortex, 838 Enzymes, 59, 71, 145–147 Ependymal cells, 52 Ephrins, 801 Epidermis, 416, 417 Epiglottis, 267 Epilepsy, 19t generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, 96 seizures of, EEG for, 655–658, 657 Epinephrine (adrenaline), 121t, 157, 158, 537, 538 Episodic memory, 824 EPSP See Excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP summation, 133, 134 Epstein, Russell, 361b Equilibrium potentials, 67, 67–70, 69, 70b Erectile dysfunction, 588 Erection, 535, 587–588 Estradiol, 584, 585 disease and, 609–610 estrous cycle and, 608 GABA and, 608 hypothalamus and, 585, 608–609 Estrogen replacement therapy, 610 Estrogens, 584, 585, 608, 608–610 Estrous cycle, 587, 596–597, 608, 610 Ethanol, GABA receptors and, 168 Eustachian tube, 374, 375 Evans, Martin, 33 Evarts, Edward, 495b Evolution, theory of, 11–12 Excitable dendrites, 136 Excitable membrane, 57 Excitation-contraction coupling, 464–468, 465 Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), 126, 128 ACh and, 459 ANS and, 537 dendritic cables and, 135 excitation-contraction coupling and, 464, 467 G-protein-coupled receptors and, 537 LTP and, 875–876, 876 muscle contraction and, 472b–473b NMDA and, 166 presynaptic action potential and, 134 quantal analysis of, 132–133 Excitotoxicity, 463b Execution, 484, 485, 485t Exocytosis, 122–124, 123, 125b Exogenous attention, 725 Exotropia, 300, 300b Experimental ablation method, 10 Experimental neuroscientists, 14, 15t Experiments and Observations on Electricity (Franklin), 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com 960 INDEX Explicit memory, 825 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 616 Extension, 455–456, 456 Extensors, 456, 477 Extracellular fluid, 57–59, 439 Extracellular matrix, 797 Extracellular recording, of action potential, 83b Extracellular space, 49 Extraocular muscles, 296, 296 Extrastriate body area (EBA), 361b Eye movements See also Rapid eye movement sleep FEF and, 735, 735–736, 736 MST and, 359 tracking moving objects with, 294 Eyes, 293–329 blind regions of, 298b cleaning of, 294 cross-section of, 298, 299 disorders of, 300b early development of, 196, 196 gross anatomy of, 296, 296–297 image formation by, 299–304 LGN and, 339, 339–340 light properties and, 294–295 ophthalmoscope of, 297, 297 structure of, 296–298 EyeWire, 213b F Face perception, 360b–361b, 362 Facial nerve, 246, 247, 274, 428 Falck, Bengt, 539 Falling phase, of action potential, 82, 98 False memories, 858b–859bϩ Fasciculation, 797, 797 Fast axoplasmic transport, 43–44 Fast fatigable fibers (FF), 461, 462 Fast motor units, 461 Fat body fat, 554, 554–556 taste of, 268b Fatigue-resistant fibers (FR), 461, 462 Fear, 627, 628 amygdala and, 626, 630–635 anxiety and, 758 learned, 633–635, 634 Feeding behavior appetite and, 562–566 body fat and, 554, 554–556 CCK and, 564, 564 eating disorders and, 571 electrical self-stimulation for, 566–567, 567b hypothalamus and, 554–556, 557, 558 insulin and, 564–565, 566 lateral hypothalamic area and, 560–561 long-term regulation of, 553–561 reinforcement of, 566–567 reward for, 566–567 serotonin and, 571, 572 short-term regulation of, 561–566, 562 FEF See Frontal eye fields Feng Zhang, 87b Ferragamo, Michael, 394b 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 960 Ferrier, David, 11, 492 Fesenko, E E., 284b ␣-Fetoprotein, 600–602 FF See Fast fatigable fibers FFA See Fusiform face area Filopodia, 796, 796 Firing frequency, of action potential, 85, 85 First pain, 442, 442 FISH See Fluorescence in situ hybridization Fissures, 7, 8, 223, 223 Fitzgerald, F Scott, 765b Flavor aversion learning, 276b Fleming, Alexander, 754 Flexion, 455, 456 Flexors, 456, 477 Flexor withdrawal reflex, 477–478, 478 Flourens, Marie-Jean-Pierre, 10, 16 Floxed DNA, 50b–51b Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 147 Fluoxetine (Prozac), 159, 768 Flynn, John, 639 FMR1 gene, 803b FMRI See Functional magnetic resonance imaging Focal distance, 299 Foliate papillae, 267, 269 Folic acid, 194 Follicles, of hairs, 419 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 528t, 585–586 Foote, Steve, 543b Footplate, 374, 375, 379 Ford, David, 699–700 Forebrain, 226, 226, 639 ACh and, 545, 545–546 basal forebrain, 232, 232, 234, 249 sleep and, 667 brain vesicles in, 196 cross-sectional view of, 231, 231, 232, 232–238, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238 differentiation of, 196–199 features of, 197 sleep and, 666 Fornix, 226, 226, 233, 233, 235, 845 Fourth ventricle, 200, 205, 205t, 227, 227, 230, 230, 239, 239 Fovea, 297, 297, 299, 310, 311 FOXP2 gene, 692, 692–694 FR See Fatigue-resistant fibers Fragile X syndrome (FXS), 32, 803b Franklin, Benjamin, 9, 64, 302b Freeman, Walter, 655 Free ribosomes, 36, 36, 37 Free-run, 675 Frequency characteristic, 390 in electromagnetic radiation, 295 firing, 85, 85 mechanoreceptors and, 419, 419 sound, 391–393 of sound, 371, 371, 391–393 Freud, Sigmund, 102b, 616, 665, 753, 753 Frey, Julietta, 894 Friedman, Jeffrey, 555 Frisén, Jonas, 787b Fritsch, Gustav, 10–11, 492 Frontal eye fields (FEF), 735, 735–736, 736 Frontal lobe, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223, 232, 232 Broca and, 15 conduction aphasia and, 704–705 speech and, 15 working memory and, 833, 834 Frontal lobotomy, 636, 637b Frontoparietal attention network, 740–742, 741 FSH See Follicle-stimulating hormone Fugate, Bob, 308b Fulton, John, 637b Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 190, 190b for attention, 728–730 for behavioral neurophysiology, 495b for default mode network, 721 for dorsal stream, 356 for emotions, 626, 633, 633 for face perception, 360–361b, 362 for hemispheric language dominance, 696, 696b for language, 713, 713–717 for language acquisition, 691 for love, 594, 594–595 MEG and, 649–650 for mirror neurons, 496 for resting state activity, 720–721 for somatotopy, 432 for spatial memory, 851 Function words, 699 Fungiform papillae, 267, 269 Furosemide, 388 Furshpan, Edwin, 110 Fusiform face area (FFA), 361, 361b, 362, 362 Fuxe, Kjell, 543b FXS See Fragile X syndrome G GABA See Gamma-aminobutyric acid GABAergic system, 145 GABA-gated channels, 168–169 GABA receptors drugs and, 169, 169–170 IPSP and, 168 progesterone and, 599 GABA transaminase, 160 GAD See Glutamic acid decarboxylase Gage, Fred, 787b Gage, Phineas, 624b–625b, 831 Galen, 5–6 Gall, Franz Joseph, 10, 10 Galvani, Luigi, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 121, 121t, 122, 159–160 anxiety disorders and, 761 ATP and, 160 CNS and, 167 estradiol and, 608 GABAergic system and, 145 from glutamate, 159, 159 as G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor, 170t Gray’s type II synapses and, 138 mutations, epilepsy and, 656 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com INDEX pulvinar nucleus and, 735 receptors of, 151t SCN and, 679 for taste, 270 Gamma band, 744b Gamma motor neurons, 473–474, 474 Gamma rhythms, 652, 652 Ganglion cell layer, of retina, 305, 306 Ganglion cells, 304, 305 action potentials by, 319 center-surround receptive fields and, 363 LGN and, 339, 339–340 photoreceptors of, 327–328 receptive fields of, 323–327 retinotopy and, 342 Gap junctions, 111–113, 112 Garcia, John, 276b Gardner, Allen, 689 Gardner, Beatrix, 689 Gardner, Howard, 699–700 Gardner, Randy, 664b Gastric phase, 562 Gate theory of pain, 446, 447 Gating, 63 Gazzaniga, Michael, 707, 708–709 GDP See Guanosine diphosphate Gelatinous cap, 403 Geminus, 428 Gender behavior and, 580 brain and, differences of, 595–612 sex and, 580–584 Gender identity, 581, 604b Gene copy number variations, 32, 755 Gene expression, 29, 33b, 48–49 Generalized anxiety disorder, 756t Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, 96 Generalized seizure, 655 General paresis of the insane, 753–754 Generator potential, 83–84 Genes, 32, 96 Gene targeting, 34b–35b Genetic engineering, 32–33 Genetics ASD and, 803b behavior and, 603–606 brain and, 603–606 of color vision, 316b dyslexia and, 693–694 language and, 692–694 schizophrenia and, 774, 774–775 of sex, 581–583, 603–606 sleep and, 672–673 wakefulness and, 672–673 Genetic sex, 581, 602–603 Gene transcription, 29–31, 31 Genome, 32, 33b, 96 Genotype, 581–582 Georgopoulos, Apostolos, 507–508 Geschwind, Norman, 701–704, 709–710 Gesner, Johann, 694–695 GFP See Green fluorescent protein GH See Growth hormone Ghrelin, 564 Gigaohm seal, 95b Girdle muscles, 456 Glabrous skin, 416, 417 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 961 Glaucoma, 300b Glia, 49–53 astrocytes and, 49 potassium ions and, 76 Global aphasia, 697t, 705 Globus pallidus, 233, 233, 498, 499 Glomeruli, 285, 286 Glossopharyngeal nerve, 246, 247, 274, 428 Glottis, 687, 687 Glu See Glutamate Glucocorticoid receptors, 761 GluR1, 885 Glutamate (Glu), 121, 121t, 122 ALS and, 463b ATP and, 160 GABA from, 159, 159 glutamatergic system and, 145 as G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor, 170t hyperplasia and, 439 pain and, 442 as poison, 167b receptors of, 151t for taste, 270 Glutamate-gated channels, 165–167, 166, 814, 815 Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, 777, 777–778, 778 Glutamate receptors calcium and, 877 LTD and, 884–885 LTP and, 884–885 potassium channels and, 164 as tetramers, 164 Glutamatergic system, 145, 150, 150 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), 159 Glycine (Gly), 121, 121t, 122, 159–160, 168 mutation and, 137b Glycine-gated channels, 168–169 Glycine receptors, 168 Glycogen, 553 GnRH See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gold, Geoffrey, 283, 284b Golding, Nace, 394b Goldman equation, 72, 73b, 75 Golgi, Camillo, 26, 26, 27, 36 Golgi apparatus, 36, 37 Golgi stain, 25–27, 26, 47b, 118b Golgi tendon organ, 474–477, 476 Golgi type I neurons, 48 Golgi type II neurons, 48 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 585 Gonadotropins, 585 Gonads See Reproductive organs Gorgan, Philip, 700–701 Gould, Elizabeth, 607–608 GPe, 498 GPi, 498, 500, 504b G-protein-coupled receptors, 126–128, 129, 139, 169, 169–175, 170t ATP and, 160 bitterness and, 273 CB and, 161b diffuse modulatory system and, 539 effectors and, 170–176 961 EPSP and, 537 rod photoreceptors and, 312, 313 second messenger cascade of, 175, 175 signal amplification by, 175, 175 for smell, 282–283 G-proteins, 127, 170, 171 adenylyl cyclase and, 173 shortcut pathway for, 171–172, 172 Graceful degradation, 870 Grandmother cells, 363 Gray, Charlie, 744b Gray matter, 7, 7, 192t, 203, 242, 242, 426 Gray’s type I synapses, 117, 119 Gray’s type II synapses, 119, 119, 138 Greece, ancient, brain in, Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 48, 187, 187 Grenness, Carl-Erik, 850b Grid cells, 847–852, 852 Grillner, Sten, 479 Growth cone, 796, 796 Growth hormone (GH), 337b, 528t Grundfest, Harry, 871b GTP See Guanosine triphosphate Guanosine diphosphate (GDP), 170, 171 Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 170, 171 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 103b Gustation See Taste Gustatory nucleus, 240, 240 Gynandromorph, 603, 605 Gyri, 7, 205, 223, 223 H H2S See Hydrogen sulfide Habits, learning, 861–862 Habituation, 827 Hair cells, 380–388, 381, 388 antibiotics and, 388 axons of auditory nerve and, 386, 386 depolarization of, 385, 385 receptor potential of, 384, 384, 386 spiral ganglion and, 386, 386 transduction of, 382–386 Hairs, follicles of, 419 Hairy skin, 416, 417 Hallucinogens, 546, 742 Haloperidol, 779 Hämäläinen, Matti, 650b Happiness, 626, 627, 627, 628 Hard problem of consciousness, 743 Harlow, John, 624b–625b Harris, Kristen M., 118b Hartline, Keffer, 319 Haxby, Jim, 360b HDAC2 See Histone deacetylase Hearing loss, 402b Heart, 245 ANS and, 454 Heart muscle, 149 Heath, Robert, 567b Hebb, Donald, 836–837, 866, 878b Hebbian modifications, 807 Hebb synapses, 807, 807 Hegemann, Peter, 86b Helicotrema, 379, 379 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 316 Hemiballismus, 504 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com 962 INDEX Hemispheres of cerebellum, 513–514 of cerebrum, 183, 206, 229, 229, 230, 233, 233 language and, 696, 696b, 706–710, 708 visual hemifield and, 334, 335 Hemophilia, 581 Henneman, Elwood, 459 Hermunculus, 432 Herpes, 426b Hertz (Hz), 371 Hess, W R., 638–639 Hetherington, A W., 556 5-HIAA See 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid Hillarp, Nils-Åke, 539 Hindbrain, differentiation of, 200–203, 202 Hippocampus, 209, 226, 237, 237, 838, 838 anatomy of, 874–877 estrous cycle and, 608, 610 HPA and, 760, 760–761, 761 LTD in, 882 memory and, 226, 609, 845, 846–853 microcircuits of, 874 neurogenesis and, 787b neurons of, 840, 840–841 NMDA receptors in, 609 place cells in, 848, 848–849 retrograde amnesia and, 854 Hippocrates, Histamine, 121t, 439, 440, 442, 667 Histology, 25 Histone deacetylase (HDAC2), 859b Hitzig, Eduard, 10–11, 492 HIV/AIDS, 754 HLA See Human leucocyte antigen Hobaiter, Catherine, 689 Hobson, Allan, 665 Hodgkin, Alan, 92, 97–98, 101 Hoffer, Barry, 542b Hofmann, Albert, 546 Homeostasis hypothalamus and, 524, 552–553, 639 motivated behavior and, 552–553 synaptic, 889–891 Homunculus, 432, 432 Horizontal cells, 305, 305 Horizontal connections, of LGN, 345, 345 Horizontal plane, 182, 182 Hormones, of anterior pituitary, 528t Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 45b Horsley, Victor, 504b Horvitz, Robert, 804 Hounsfields, Godfrey, 188 HPA See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HRP See Horseradish peroxidase 5-HT See Serotonin 5-HTP See 5-Hydroxytryptophan Hubel, David, 345, 349, 356, 431, 806, 809 Hudspeth, A J., 384 Hughes, John, 152b Human Genome Project, 33b Human leucocyte antigen (HLA), 669b Humoral response, 552, 557–558 Humors, Huntington disease, 502b–503b, 503, 503–504 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 962 Huxley, Andrew, 92, 97–98, 101, 468 Huxley, Hugh, 468 Hydrocephalus, 187b Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 162 Hydrophilic, 59, 62 Hydrophobic, 59 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 641 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 158 Hyperalgesia, 439–441, 441 Hyperekplexia, 137b Hyperkinesia, 501, 504 Hyperopia, 302b, 303 Hyperplasia, 439, 440, 603 Hyperpolarization, 312, 314, 320, 321, 385 Hyperreflexia, 488b Hyperthymesia, 826b Hypertonia, 488b Hypertrophy, 463 pituitary, 337b Hypocretin, 561, 667, 669b Hypoglossal nerve, 246, 247 Hypokinesia, 501 Hypomania, 764 Hypophysiotropic hormones, 528 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 759, 759–761 amygdala and, 760, 760–761, 761 antidepressants and, 769 hippocampus and, 760, 760–761, 761 Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation, 528, 667 Hypothalamus, 197, 198–199, 225, 225, 228, 232, 234, 235, 235 aggression and, 638–639 anger and, 638–639 anterior pituitary and, 528–531 body fat and, 554–556 estradiol and, 585, 608–609 feeding behavior and, 554–556, 557, 558 homeostasis and, 524, 552–553, 639 leptin and, 557–560, 559 location of, 524 motivated behavior and, 552–553, 576t neurites in, 608, 608 pituitary gland and, 525–531 posterior pituitary and, 525–528 responses of, 576t retina and, 585 sex hormones and, 585–587, 586 stress response and, 759, 759 zones of, 524–525, 525 Hypotonia, 488b Hypovolemia, 573 Hz See Hertz I Ia axons, 469, 470, 472b, 474 IACUC See Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Ib axons, 475–476 Iba-Zizen, Marie-Thérèse, 698b Immediate early genes, 673 Immunocytochemistry, 145–147, 146 Implicit memory, 825 Imprinting, 810b IN-1 See Anti-nogo antibody INAH See Interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus Indirect pathways, through basal ganglia, 498–500, 501 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), 756 Inferior colliculus, 200, 230, 230, 238, 238, 389 Inferior olive, 239, 239 Infiltration anesthesia, 102b Inflammation, hyperalgesia and, 439–441, 441 Inflammatory soup, 439 Infrasound, 372b Inhibition lateral, 429b reciprocal, 477, 477 shunting, 136–137, 138 of synaptic transmission, 136–138, 138 Inhibitors, 130 SSRIs, 159, 762–763, 768, 769, 769 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), 126, 129, 136–137, 138, 168 Inner ear, 373, 374, 376, 377–388 Inner hair cells, 381 Inner nuclear layer, of retina, 305, 306 Inner plexiform layer, of retina, 305–306, 306 Innervation, 42 Inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3), 173, 420 Input specificity, 876 Insel, Thomas, 591, 592b Inside-out assembly, of cerebral cortex, 789, 790 In situ hybridization, 146–147, 147, 148 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), 17 Instruction stimulus, 494 Instrumental conditioning, 827–828 Insula, 223, 223, 232, 234, 710, 711 Insulin, feeding behavior and, 564–565, 566 Insulin shock, diabetes mellitus and, 565, 565b Intellect, Descartes and, Intellectual disability, dendritic spines and, 47b Intelligence quotient (IQ) dendritic spines and, 47b verbal dyspraxia and, 693 Intensity, of sound, 371, 371–372, 391–393 Interblobs, 347, 353, 354–355, 355 Intercellular recording, of action potential, 83b Interleukin-1, 672 Intermediate filaments, 39 Intermediate zone, 203, 426 Internal capsule, 198, 233, 235, 487 Internal carotid artery, 248, 248 Internal mentation hypothesis, 722 Internal resistance, 135 Interneurons, 48, 460, 476–480, 480 Interoceptive awareness, 619 Interpretation, in neuroscience scientific process, 15–16 Interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH), 597, 611, 611–612 Intralaminar nuclei, 445 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com INDEX Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), 327–328, 328 Intrinsic signal imaging, 350b–351b Involuntary movements, 512b Ion channels, 63, 63 See also specific channels for smell, 284b thermoreceptors and, 449 Ionic driving force, 68 Ionic equilibrium potential See Equilibrium potentials Ion pumps, 63, 70–72, 72, 154b Ions, 58–59 diffusion of, 64, 64 electricity and, 64–66, 65 movement of, 64–66 protein and, 59 resting membrane potential and, 66–77 Ion selectivity, 63 IP3 See Inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate IpRGCs See Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells IPSCs See Induced pluripotent stem cells Ipsilateral anatomical reference, 182 IPSP See Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IQ See Intelligence quotient Iris, 296, 296 Isoleucine, 540b Itch, 441–442 Itti, Laurent, 736 IVB layer, 354–355, 355, 358 IVC layer, 345, 348, 349, 354–355, 355 J Jackson, John Hughlings, 657–658 Jacobsen, Carlyle, 637b Jaffe, Jerome, 152b James, William, 617 James–Lange theory, 617, 618 Jamison, Kay Redfield, 765b Joints, proprioception from, 476–477 Jones, Stephanie R., 650b Jordan, Michael, 840 Julesz, Bela, 364b Julius David, 440b Junzhong Liang, 308b K Kainate receptors, 150, 150, 165–166, 166 Kandel, Eric, 866, 870, 870b–872b Kanwisher, Nancy, 360b–361b Kapp, Bruce, 633–634 Karni, Avi, 665 Katz, Bernard, 110 Kauer, Julie, 572b–573b Keats, John, 765b Kennedy, Gordon, 555 Kennedy, John F., 530 Ketamine, 777 Kevorkian, Jack, 78b KIAA0319 gene, 694 Kidney, 245 ANS and, 533 brain and, 527, 527 Kinesin, 43–44 Kinetics, amino acid-gated channels and, 164 Kininogen, nociceptors and, 438 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 963 Kinocilium, 403, 406 Kleitman, Nathaniel, 659 Klinefelter syndrome, 582 Klüver, Heinrich, 630–631, 637b Klüver–Bucy syndrome, 630–631 Knee-jerk reflex, 471, 471 Knock-in mice, 33 Knockout mice, 33 Koch, Christof, 736, 744b–745b, 747 Koniocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 Konorski, Jerzy, 872b Kopell, Nancy, 650b–651b Korsakoff’s syndrome, 845b Kosterlitz, Hans, 152b Krause end bulbs, 417 Krebs, Hans, 38 Krebs cycle, 38 Kreiman, Gabriel, 747 Kuffler, Stephen, 319, 348–349 Kuypers, Hans, 487 L Labeled line hypothesis, 277 Labia, 587 Labyrinth See Vestibular labyrinth Lactation DA and, 607 somatosensory cortex and, 606–607, 607 Lactic acid, 439 Laminar organization, of retina, 305–306, 306 Lamination, of striate cortex, 343–344, 344 Laminin, 797, 797 Lange, Carl, 617 Language, 685–718 anatomical asymmetry of, 709, 709–710, 710 in animals, 688–690, 690 aphasia and, 697–705 ASL, 689, 705, 705, 715b in brain, 694–697, 697, 698b, 711–712, 712 cerebral hemispheres and, 696, 696b, 706–710, 708 cognitive neuroscience and, 14 electrical stimulation of brain and, 711–712, 712 fMRI for, 713, 713–717 genetics and, 692–694 PET for, 713–717, 716 split-brain studies and, 707, 707 thinking in different languages, 688b Language acquisition, 690–691, 691, 692 Large intestine, ANS and, 533 Larynx, 687, 687 Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 302b, 303 Lashley, Karl, 835–836, 837 LASIK See Laser in situ keratomileusis Lateral anatomical reference, 182 Lateral columns, 203, 242, 242 Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 237, 237, 332–333, 784, 784, 795–796 area 17 and, 791 autoradiography for, 345, 346 eyes and, 339, 339–340 963 ganglion cells and, 339, 339–340 horizontal connections of, 345, 345 koniocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 layer IV and, 809 magnocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 nonretinal inputs to, 341 ocular dominance columns and, 346 ocular dominance columns in, 345–347, 346 parvocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 radial connections of, 345, 345 receptive field and, 340–341 retina and, synaptic segregation and, 806–807 striate cortex and, synaptic segregation and, 808–809, 808b, 809 vision and, 294 Lateral hypothalamic area, 560–561 Lateral hypothalamic syndrome, 556 Lateral inhibition, 429b Lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP), 737 priority maps in, 736, 737–740, 739, 740 working memory and, 833–835, 835 Lateral line organs, 403 Lateral pathway, 243, 243, 486–488, 487, 499 Lateral ventricles, 196, 205t, 227, 227, 232, 232, 234, 236, 236 schizophrenia and, 775, 775 Lateral zone, of hypothalamus, 524, 525 Lawrence, Donald, 487 Layer I, 209 Layer IV, LGN and, 809 Layer of photoreceptor outer segments, of retina, 306, 306 Layer V, 506–507 Layer VI, 786, 788 L-Dopa, 504b Learned fear, 633–635, 634 Learning See also Memory associative, 827–828 flavor aversion learning, 276b forebrain and, 545 habits, 861–862 LTP in CA1 and, 887, 887 memory and, 824 NMDA receptors and, 887 nonassociative, 827, 827 sleep-learning, 666 synapses and, 43, 897 Leary, Timothy, 546 LeDoux, Joseph, 634 Left visual hemifield, 334, 335 Length constant, 134–135 Lens, 298, 299, 301, 301–302 Leptin AgRP and, 561 hypothalamus and, 557–560, 559 NPY and, 561 obesity and, 555, 555, 556, 556b pregnancy and, 606 Lethal injection, 78b Leucine, 540b LeVay, Simon, 611 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com 964 INDEX Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 804 Levitsky, Walter, 709–710 Lewis, Donald, 856 LGN See Lateral geniculate nucleus LH See Luteinizing hormone Lidocaine, 102b Ligand-binding method, 151–152 Light melatonin and, 585 properties of, 294–295 Light adaptation, 316–319, 318, 319 Lily, John, 689 Limbic lobe, 622, 622 Limbic system, 621, 621–625, 637b Lindstrom, Jon, 464b Lipid, 59 Lipostatic hypothesis, 555 Lithium, 770–771, 771 Lobectomy, 630–631, 841–843, 842 Lobes, of cerebrum, 7, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223 See also Frontal lobe; Parietal lobe; Temporal lobe limbic, 622, 622 occipital, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223 Local anesthesia, 102b Localization in brain, 10–11, 11, 12, 12 in cerebrum, 16 sleep and, 666 of sound, 394–399 Locus coeruleus, 539–541, 540, 541, 667 Loewi, Otto, 110, 111b, 144, 148 Logothetis, Nikos, 743–746, 744b Long, Michael, 113 Longitudinal cerebral fissure, 229 Long-term depression (LTD), 881–888 in CA1, 882–884 calcium and, 884 glutamate receptors and, 884–885 in hippocampus, 882 memory and, 886–889 NMDA receptors and, 882–884 synaptic scaling and, 891 synaptic transmission and, 881 Long-term memory, 828, 867 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 572b–573b, 874–879 AMPA receptors and, 878–879 of CA1, 875, 875–879, 879 learning and, 887, 887 calcium and, 884 EPSP and, 875–876, 876 glutamate receptors and, 884–885 memory and, 886–889 NMDA receptors and, 877, 877–879, 878b synaptic scaling and, 891 Lorenz, Konrad, 810, 810b Loudness See Intensity Lou Gehrig disease See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Love, brain and, 594, 594–595 Lowell, Robert, 765b Lowenstein, Werner, 420 Lower motor neurons, 456–463, 457, 458, 459 LSD See Lysergic acid diethylamide 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 964 LTD See Long-term depression LTP See Long-term potentiation Lumbar puncture, 425 Lumbar vertebrae, 240, 241, 423–426, 424 Luria, Alexander, 826b Luteinizing hormone (LH), 528t, 585–586 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 546 M MMM1 See Primary motor cortex MAChR See Muscarinic ACh receptors MacKinnon, Roderick, 73–74 MacLeod, Don, 308b Macula, 297, 297, 406 Macular degeneration, 300b Magendie, Franỗois, 9, 17 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 103b, 188, 189b Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 648–650, 649, 650b–651b Magnocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 Magnocellular neurosecretory cells, 525, 526 Magnocellular pathway, 354–355, 355 Mairan, Jean Jacques d’Ortous de, 675 Major depression, 763–764 Malleable motor map, 509, 509–510 Malleus, 374, 375 Mammillary body, 228, 235, 235, 845 Mania, 764 Manic-depressive disorder, 764 MAO See Monamine oxidase MAPs See Microtubule-associated proteins Marginal zone (MZ), 785, 793 Marijuana, appetite and, 563, 563b Masashi Yanagisawa, 669b Masculinization, of brain, 600–601 Mast cells, 439 Materialism, 742 Mating strategies, sex and, 590 Matrix, 36, 114 extracellular, 797 Mayberg, Helen, 771, 772b MC4 receptor, 560, 560ϩ McCarley, Robert, 665 McCarthy, Greg, 361, 361b McClintock, Martha, 279b McDermott, Josh, 360b McEwen, Bruce, 531b, 608 McGinley, Matthew, 394b MCH See Melanin-concentrating hormone McIlwain, James, 508–509, 510b–511b Mechanical nociceptors, 439 Mechanoreceptors frequency and, 419, 419 receptive fields of, 418 of skin, 417, 417–422, 418, 428 Mechanosensitive ion channels, 420, 421 Medial anatomical reference, 182, 225, 225 Medial forebrain bundle, 639 Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), 237, 237, 374, 380, 389 Medial lemniscal pathway, 426, 427 Medial lemniscus, 240, 240, 428 Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 408, 409 Medial prefrontal cortex, sadness and, 626 Medial superior temporal (MST), 358–359 Medial temporal lobe, 829 declarative memory and, 837–841, 838 engrams in, 840 sexual arousal and, 588–589 Medial zone, of hypothalamus, 524, 525 Medulla, adrenal, 528 Medulla oblongata, 200, 225, 225, 228, 228, 444 rostral anatomical reference for, 239, 239 spinal cord and, 240, 240 white matter and, 202 Medullary pyramids, 200, 239, 239, 240, 486, 487 Medullary reticular formation, 240 Medullary reticulospinal tract, 243, 490, 491 MEG See Magnetoencephalography Meissner’s corpuscles, 417, 417, 418, 419 Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), 561 Melanopsin, 678 Melatonin, 230, 585, 672 Melzack, Ronald, 446, 447 Membrane differentiation, 115 Membrane potential, 66 See also Resting membrane potential depolarization of, 75, 75 potassium ions and, 75–77 relative ionic permeability and, 90, 91 Membrane resistance, 135 Membrane trafficking, 125b Memory, 823–863 See also specific types acquisition of, 867–891 amygdala and, 633–635, 635, 845 basal ganglia and, 861 cerebrum and, CREB and, 894–896, 896 emotion and, 633–635, 635 estrogen and, 608–610 extraordinary examples of, 826b forebrain and, 545 hippocampus and, 226, 609, 845, 846–853 Korsakoff’s syndrome and, 845b learning and, 824 LTD and, 886–889 LTP and, 886–889 mammillary body and, 845 midline and, 845 molecular mechanisms of, 865–898 neurons and, 867–870 proteins and, 888b reconsolidation of, 856–857, 858b–859b REM sleep and, 665 structural plasticity and, 896–897 in synapses, 43, 870, 870b–872b, 871, 872, 894, 895, 897 taste and, 276b types of, 824–829 vision and, area IT and, 868, 868–869 Memory consolidation, 828, 828, 867, 891–897 CaMK and, 892, 892–893 engrams and, 853–857, 855 models for, 854–856, 855 protein kinases and, 892–893 protein synthesis and, 893–897 Memory traces See Engrams 12/20/14 7:41 AM www.downloadslide.com INDEX Mendell, Lorne, 469, 472b Meninges, 185–186, 186 Menstrual cycle, 586 Mental illness, 751–780 See also specific illnesses biological approaches to, 753–756 brain and, 752–756 psychosocial approaches to, 753 synapse and, 43 Mental imagery, cognitive neuroscience and, 14 Merkel cells, 420 Merkel’s disk, 417, 417, 418, 420 Merzenich, Michael, 435 Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, 544, 775, 776 Mesoderm, 192 Mesopic conditions, 309 Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), 29–32, 33b, 146–147, 147, 148, 157 Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), 882 Metabotropic receptors, 127 Metaplasticity, 889–891, 890 Metencephalon, 200 Metric system, 25t MGluRs See Metabotropic glutamate receptors MGN See Medial geniculate nucleus Microelectrode, 66 Microfilaments, 39, 39 Microglia, 52 Microiontophoresis, 148, 149 Microscopy, 28, 304–312 electron, 28, 28, 52, 116, 213 Microtome, 25 Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), 39 Microtubules, of cytoskeleton, 38–39, 39, 43, 44 Microvilli, 269 Midbrain, 225, 225, 228, 228, 230, 230, 487 aggression and, 639–640 caudal anatomical reference for, 238, 238 DA and, 543–544 differentiation of, 199, 199–200 estradiol in, 585 rostral anatomical reference for, 238, 238 sleep and, 667 spinothalamic pain pathway and, 444 thalamus and, 236, 236–237, 237 Middle cerebral artery, 248, 248, 249, 249 Middle ear, 373, 374–377, 375, 376 Midline, 182, 845 Mid-medulla, cross section of, 240, 240 Midsagittal plane, 182, 182 Mignot, Emmanuel, 669b Miller, Chris, 73–74, 76 Miller, Don, 308b Miller, Ralph, 856 Milner, Brenda, 841 Milner, Peter, 566 Mind, map of, 792b–793b Mind–brain problem, The Mind of a Mnemonist (Luria), 826b Miniature postsynaptic potential, 133 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 965 Mirror neurons, 495–498, 497 Misanin, James, 856 Mitochondria, 42 ATP and, 38, 38 calcium pump and, 71 MAO on, 158 in soma, 36–37, 38 Modiolus, 381 Modulation See also Diffuse modulatory system LGN and, 341 of NE, 139 by peptides, 537–538 of synapses, 812–813, 813 of synaptic transmission, 138–140, 139 Molaison, Henry, 841 Molarity, 65 Molecular medicine, 754–756, 755 Molecular neurobiologists, 15, 15t Molecular neuroscience, 13 Molecular switch hypothesis, 893 Moles, 65 Monamine hypothesis of mood disorders, 764–766 Monamine oxidase (MAO), 158, 764–766, 768, 769 Money, John, 604b Moniz, Egas, 637b Monochromats, 316b Monocular deprivation, 809, 809 Monogamy, 590 Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 267 Monosynaptic pathway, 533 Monosynaptic stretch reflex arc, 470 Monovalent, 59 Mood See also Affective disorders behavioral neuroscience and, 14 depression and, 19 Moore, Chris, 650b Morris, Richard, 847, 887, 894 Morris water maze, 847, 847 Moruzzi, Giuseppe, 667–668 Moscovitch, Morris, 854 Moser, Edvard, 850, 850b–851b Moser, May-Britt, 850, 850b–851b Motion perception, MST and, 359 Motion processing, in central visual system, 358–359 Motivated behavior, 551–578 See also Feeding behavior DA and, 568–571, 569b for drinking, 573–575 homeostasis and, 552–553 hypothalamus and, 552–553, 576t temperature regulation, 575–576 Motor areas, 212, 224, 224 Motor cortex, 486, 488, 492–493 Motor end-plate, 119, 120 Motor loop, 498–499, 499, 514–515, 515 Motor nerves, 9–10 Motor neuron pool, 459, 460 Motor neurons, 48, 56 alpha, 458–461, 460, 461, 469, 474, 477 cholinergic, 49 corticospinal tract and, 506, 506 gamma, 473–474, 474 965 lower, 456–463, 457, 458, 459 neurotransmitters and, 49 in ventral horn, 459, 459–460 Motor programs, 454, 478–481, 479 Motor proteins, 386 Motor strip, 505 Motor system brain and, 483–516 control hierarchy for, 484, 484, 484t excitation-contraction coupling and, 464–468 lower motor neurons and, 456–463, 457, 458 somatic motor system and, 454–456 spinal cord and, 453–481 in systems neuroscience, 13 Motor units, 458, 460 spinal cord and, 469–481 types of, 461–463, 462 Mouth, anatomy of, 267 Movement field, 510b MPP, 502b MPTP, 502b MRI See Magnetic resonance imaging MRNA See Messenger ribonucleic acid MS See Multiple sclerosis MSG See Monosodium glutamate ␣MSH See Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone MST See Medial superior temporal M-type ganglion cells, 325, 325, 326, 354–355, 355 Mucus, 279 Müllerian duct, 583–584, 603 Müllerian-inhibiting factor, 584, 603 Multinucleated muscle fiber, 464 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 19t, 103b, 610 Multiple trace model of consolidation, 854–856, 855 Multipolar neurons, 46 Munk, Hermann, 11 Munro, Paul, 880, 880b–881b Mu rhythms, 651–652 Muscarine, 150, 150 Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR), 150, 537 Muscle contraction, 459–461, 460 EPSP and, 472b–473b excitation-contraction coupling and, 464–468 molecular basis of, 466–468, 467 nerve regeneration and, 472b–473b sliding-filament model of, 466, 466–467 Muscle fibers CNS and, 454 structure of, 464–465, 465 Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), 801 Muscle spindles, 460, 469, 469–471 MuSK See Muscle-specific kinase Mutation, 32 ALS and, 463b of amino acids, 96 GABA, epilepsy and, 656 Gly and, 137b poisons and, 137b Myasthenia gravis, 464b Myelencephalon, 200 12/20/14 7:41 AM ...NEUROSCIENCE EXPLORING THE BRAIN 000i-0xlii _Bear_ FM_revised_final.indd i 12/20/14 7:38 AM www.downloadslide.com NEUROSCIENCE EXPLORING THE BRAIN FOURTH EDITION MARK F BEAR, Ph.D Picower Professor... Ancient Greece Views of the Brain During the Roman Empire Views of the Brain from the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century Nineteenth-Century Views of the Brain Nerves as Wires Localization... Ancient Greece Views of the Brain During the Roman Empire Views of the Brain from the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century Nineteenth-Century Views of the Brain Nerves as Wires Localization

Ngày đăng: 26/02/2018, 16:11

Từ khóa liên quan

Mục lục

  • NeuroSience Exploring the Brain 4th by Bear W Connors_1

    • NEUROSCIENCE: Exploring the Brain - Fourth Edition

    • Half-title Page

    • Title Page

    • Copyright Page

    • DEDICATION

    • PREFACE

      • THE ORIGINS OF NEUROSCIENCE: EXPLORING THE BRAIN

      • NEW IN THE FOURTH EDITION

      • AN OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK

      • HELPING STUDENTS LEARN

      • USER’S GUIDE

      • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      • PATH OF DISCOVERY AUTHORS

      • IMAGES

      • CONTENTS IN BRIEF

      • EXPANDED CONTENTS

      • LIST OF BOXES

      • PART ONE: Foundations

        • CHAPTER ONE: Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future

          • INTRODUCTION

          • THE ORIGINS OF NEUROSCIENCE

          • NEUROSCIENCE TODAY

          • CONCLUDING REMARKS

Tài liệu cùng người dùng

  • Đang cập nhật ...

Tài liệu liên quan