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Cracking the sat with 5 practice the princeton review Cracking the sat with 5 practice the princeton review Cracking the sat with 5 practice the princeton review Cracking the sat with 5 practice the princeton review Cracking the sat with 5 practice the princeton review Cracking the sat with 5 practice the princeton review Cracking the sat with 5 practice the princeton review Cracking the sat with 5 practice the princeton review
Editorial Rob Franek, VP Test Prep Books, Publisher Mary Beth Garrick, Director of Production Selena Coppock, Senior Editor Calvin Cato, Editor Kristen O’Toole, Editor Meave Shelton, Editor Random House Publishing Team Tom Russell, Publisher Nicole Benhabib, Publishing Director Ellen L Reed, Production Manager Alison Stoltzfus, Managing Editor The Princeton Review, Inc 111 Speen Street, Suite 550 Framingham, MA 01701 E-mail: editorialsupport@review.com Copyright © 2013 by The Princeton Review, Inc Cover art © Jonathan Pozniak All rights reserved Published in the United States by Random House LLC, New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto A Penguin Random House Company [Itzy] SAT is a registered trademark of the College Board, which does not sponsor or endorse this product The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University Terms of Service: The Princeton Review Online Companion Tools (“Online Companion Tools”) for the Cracking book series and 11 Practice Tests for the SAT & PSAT are available for the two most recent editions of each book title Online Companion Tools may be activated only once per eligible book purchased Activation of Online Companion Tools more than once per book is in direct violation of these Terms of Service and may result in discontinuation of access to Online Companion Tools services The SAT questions throughout the book were selected from the following publications of the College Entrance Examination Board: SATs, 1981; SATs, 1982; SATs, 1984; 10 SATs, 1983; SATs, 1992 These questions, as well as test directions throughout the book, are reprinted by permission of Educational Testing Service, the copyright owner of the sample questions Permission to reprint the material does not constitute review or endorsement by Educational Testing Service or the College Board of this publication as a whole or of any other sample questions or testing information it may contain All other questions in the book were created by the authors eBook ISBN: 978-0-307-94588-4 Trade Paperback ISBN: 978-0-307-94561-7 Editor: Calvin Cato Production Editor: Lauren Helmer Production Artist: Maurice Kessler 2014 Edition v3.1 Acknowledgments An SAT course is much more than clever techniques and powerful computer score reports The reason our results are great is that our teachers care so much about their students Many teachers have gone out of their way to improve the course, often going so far as to write their own materials, some of which we have incorporated into our course manuals as well as into this book The list of these teachers could fill this page The Princeton Review would never have been founded without the advice and support of Bob Scheller Bob’s program, Pre-test Review, provides the best sort of competition; his fine results make us work all the harder Thanks to Ed Carroll, Eric Ginsberg, and Pete Stajk for their work on previous iterations of this title Thanks to Jonathan Chiu, David Stoll, and Curtis Rutherford for their hard work in reviewing and updating this year’s edition Finally, we would like to thank the people who truly have taught us everything we know about the SAT: our students Special thanks to Adam Robinson, who conceived of and perfected the Joe Bloggs approach to standardized tests and many of the other successful techniques used by The Princeton Review Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Foreword So Much More Online Part I: Orientation The SAT, The Princeton Review, and You Cracking the SAT: Basic Principles Cracking the SAT: Advanced Principles Part II: How to Crack the Critical Reading Section Joe Bloggs and the Critical Reading Section Sentence Completions Drill Drill Drill Reading Comprehension: An Open-Book Test Drill Reading Comprehension: Wait, There’s More! Drill Vocabulary Part III: How to Crack the Math Section Joe Bloggs and the Math Section 10 The Calculator 11 Fun with Fundamentals Drill Drill Drill Drill Drill 12 Algebra: Cracking the System Drill 13 Advanced Arithmetic Drill Drill 14 Geometry 15 Grid-Ins: Cracking the System 16 Putting It All Together Part IV: How to Crack the Writing Section 17 Grammar Drill Drill Drill Drill 18 Essay Part V: Taking the SAT Part VI: Answer Key to Drills Part VII: The Princeton Review SAT Practice Tests and Explanations 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Practice Test Answers and Explanations for Practice Test Answers and Explanations for Practice Test Answers and Explanations for Practice Test Answers and Explanations for Paying for College 101 About the Authors Practice Test Practice Test Practice Test Practice Test Foreword Welcome to the 2014 edition of Cracking the SAT The SAT is not a test of aptitude, how good of a person you are, or how successful you will be in life The SAT simply tests how well you take the SAT And performing well on the SAT is a skill, one that can be learned like any other The Princeton Review was founded more than 20 years ago on this very simple idea, and—as our students’ test scores show—our approach is the one that works Sure, you want to well on the SAT, but you don’t need to let the test intimidate you As you prepare, remember these two important things about the SAT: It doesn’t measure the stuff that matters It measures neither intelligence nor the depth and breadth of what you’re learning in high school It doesn’t predict college grades as well as your high school grades do, and many schools are still hesitant to use the score from your 25-minute essay in their application decisions at all Colleges know there is more to you as a student— and as a person—than what you at a single 4-hour test administration on a random Saturday morning It underpredicts the college performance of women, minorities, and disadvantaged students Historically, women have done better than men in college but worse on the SAT For a test that is used to help predict performance in college, that’s a pretty poor record Your preparation for the SAT starts here We at The Princeton Review spend millions of dollars every year improving our methods and materials Our teachers take each and every SAT to make sure nothing slips by us, and our books contain the most accurate, up-to-date information available We’re always ready for the SAT, and we’ll get you ready too However, there is no magic pill: Just buying this book isn’t going to improve your scores Solid score improvement takes commitment and e ort from you If you read this book carefully and work through the problems and practice tests included in the book, not only will you be thoroughly versed in the format of the SAT and the concepts it tests, you will also have a sound overall strategy and a powerful arsenal of test-taking skills that you can apply to whatever you encounter on test day In addition to the thorough review in Cracking the SAT, we’ve tied the book to drills and tests on our website—PrincetonReview.com—to make it even more e cient at helping you to improve your scores Before doing anything else, be sure to register at PrincetonReview.com/cracking When you do, you’ll gain access to the most up-to-date information on the SAT, detailed score reports for the tests in this book, exercises that will reinforce our techniques, and the opportunity to have your essays scored by our LiveGraderTM service You’ll also nd great information on college admissions, online applications, and nancial aid The more you take advantage of the resources we’ve included in this book and the online companion tools that go with it, the better you’ll on the test Read the book carefully and learn our strategies Take full-length practice tests under actual timed conditions Analyze your performance and focus your e orts where you need improvement Perhaps even study with a friend to stay motivated This test is challenging, but you’re on the right track We’ll be with you all the way Good luck! The Staff of The Princeton Review …So Much More Online! More Lessons… • Step-by-step guide to solving difficult math and verbal problems • Video tutorials that put our strategies into action More Practice… • Math drills on Ballparking, Geometry, and Plugging In • Verbal drills on Sentence Completion and Diction • Full-length practice test More Scores… • Automatic scoring for online tests • Instant scoring for your book tests • Optional essay scoring with our LiveGraderSM service • Performance analysis to tell you which topics you need to review More Good Stuff… • Plan your review sessions with study plans based on your schedule—4 weeks, weeks, 12 weeks …then College! • Detailed profiles for hundreds of colleges help you find the school that is right for you • Information about financial aid and scholarships • Dozens of Top 10 ranking lists including Quality of Professors, Worst Campus Food, Most Beautiful Campus, Party Schools, Diverse Student Population, and tons more Register your book now! • Go to PrincetonReview.com/cracking • You’ll see a Welcome page where you should register your book using the book’s ISBN number: 9780307945884 Simply type this into the window and go on to the next page! • Next you will see a Sign Up/Sign In page where you will type in your e-mail address (username) and choose a password • Now you’re good to go! Part I Orientation The SAT, The Princeton Review, and You Cracking the SAT: Basic Principles Cracking the SAT: Advanced Principles correction is seen in B C and E are incorrect because the pronoun that should not be used for people D uses the subject pronoun A The sentence is correct as written The verb learn is parallel with the other verbs in the list, wear and maintain None of the other answers is parallel 10 D The sentence has a verb tense error, because runs indicates the simple present tense, which does not fit with the continuous action of over 100 years In B the construction has ran is incorrect C and E contain misplaced modifiers D is correct because it uses the correct construction has run without introducing any new errors 11 A The sentence is correct as it stands The descriptive phrase is set off from the present tense part of the sentence by a pair of commas and uses consistent past tense verbs within it to describe the history of the Institute discussed in the sentence B and C require the use of was before named D contains agreement problems between was opened and had been E has a misplaced modifier 12 D The sentence as written contains a comma splice We need a transition at the end of the underlined portion B uses the opposite direction transition, nevertheless, when we need a same direction transition C changes the meaning of the sentence D is correct because it uses the same direction transition since without introducing any other errors E is unclear and changes the meaning of the sentence 13 E There is a parallelism error between to kill and otherwise selling in the sentence as written B uses the plural pronoun they that should refer to the singular friend The plural verb have does not agree with my friend D uses the simple past tense when we need the past perfect for raised E contains the correct had raised and the construction to sell is parallel to to kill 14 E The sentence as written contains a comparison error between the gifts and Brian B contains the same error and adds a subject-verb agreement error C creates an improper comparison between the gifts and the shop D has a subject-verb error between the singular selection and the plural verb are E is correct because that of refers to The selection and Joanne’s … Shop is parallel to Brian’s shop Paying For College 101 If you’re reading this book, you’ve already made an investment in your education You may have shelled out some cold hard cash for this book, and you’ve de nitely invested time in reading it It’s probably even safe to say that this is one of the smaller investments you’ve made in your future so far You put in the hours and hard work needed to keep up your GPA You’ve paid test fees and application fees, perhaps even travel expenses You have probably committed time and e ort to a host of extracurricular activities to make sure colleges know that you’re a wellrounded student But after you get in, there’s one more issue to think about: How you pay for college? Let’s be honest: College is not cheap The average tuition for a private four-year college is about $33,000 a year The average tuition of a four-year public school is about $6,695 a year And the cost is rising Every year the sticker price of college education bumps up about percent More Great Titles from The Princeton Review Paying for College Without Going Broke The Best 376 Colleges Like many of us, your family may not have $33,000 sitting around in a shoebox With such a hefty price tag, you might be wondering: “Is a college education really worth it?” The short answer: Yes! No question about it A recent survey by the College Board showed that people with a college degree earn 60 percent more than people who enter the workforce with only a high school diploma Despite its steep price tag, a college education ultimately pays for itself Still, the cost of college is no joke It’s said that a college education ultimately pays for itself; however, some pay better than others It’s best to be prudent when determining the amount of debt that is reasonable for you to take on Here’s the good news Even in the wake of the current nancial crisis, nancial aid is available to almost any student who wants it There is an estimated $177 billion—that’s right, billion!—in nancial aid o ered to students annually This comes in the form of federal grants, scholarships, state- nanced aid, loans, and other programs We know that nancial aid can seem like an overwhelmingly complex issue, but the introductory information in this chapter should help you grasp what’s available and get you started in your search How Much Does College Really Cost? When most people think about the price of a college education, they think of one thing and one thing alone: tuition It’s time to get that notion out of your head While tuition is a signi cant portion of the cost of a college education, you need to think of all the other things that factor into the final price tag Let’s break it down Tuition and fees Room and board Books and supplies Personal expenses Travel expenses Collectively, these things contribute to your total Cost of Attendance (COA) for one year at a college or university Understanding the distinction between tuition and COA is crucial because it will help you understand this simple equation: Check out our Financial Aid Library PrincetonReview.com When you begin the nancial aid process, you will see this equation again and again We’ve already talked about the COA, so let’s talk about the Estimated Family Contribution, or EFC The EFC simply means, “How much you and your family can afford to pay for college.” Sounds obvious right? Here’s the catch: What you think you can a ord to pay for college, what the government thinks you can a ord to pay for college, and what a college or university thinks you can a ord to pay for college are, unfortunately, three different things Keep that in mind as we discuss financing options later on The nal term in the equation is self-explanatory Anything that’s left after what you and your family have contributed, still needs to be covered That’s where financial aid packages come in WHAT’S IN A FINANCIAL AID PACKAGE? A typical nancial aid package contains money—from the school, federal government, or state—in various forms: grants, scholarships, work-study programs, and loans Let’s look at the non-loan options rst Non-loan options include grants, scholarships, and work-study programs The crucial thing about them is that they involve monetary assistance that you won’t be asked to pay back They are as close as you’ll get to “free money.” Grants Grants are basically gifts They are funds given to you by the federal government, state agencies, or individual colleges They are usually need-based, and you are not required to pay them back One of the most important grants is the Pell Grant Pell Grants are provided by the federal government but administered through individual schools Amounts can change yearly The maximum Federal Pell Grant award is $5,550 for the 2012– 2013 award year (July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2013) You apply for a Pell Grant by lling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) Remember that acronym because you’ll be seeing it again Completing the FAFSA is the rst step in applying for any federal aid The FAFSA can be found online at www.fafsa.ed.gov There are several other major federal grant programs that hand out grants ranging from $100 to thousands annually Some of these grants are given to students entering a speci c eld of study and others are need-based, but all of them amount to money that you never have to pay back Check out the FAFSA website for complete information about qualifying and applying for government grants The federal government isn’t the only source of grant money State governments and speci c schools also o er grants Use the Internet, your guidance counselor, and your library to see what non-federal grants you might be eligible for Believe It or Not… The Chick and Sophie Major Memorial Duck Calling Contest, held annually by the Chamber of Commerce of Stuggart, Arkansas, gives out college scholarships totaling $4,250 (as of 2011) to those high school seniors who can master hailing, feeding, comeback, and mating duck calls Scholarships Like grants, you never have to pay a scholarship back But the requirements and terms of a scholarship might vary wildly Most scholarships are merit- or needbased, but they can be based on almost anything There are scholarships based on academic performance, athletic achievements, musical or artistic talent, religious affiliation, ethnicity, and so on When hunting for scholarships, one great place to start is the Department of Education’s free “Scholarship Search,” available at www.careerinfonet.org/scholarshipsearch It includes over 5,000 scholarships, fellowships, loans, and other opportunities It’s a free service and a great resource There is one important caveat about taking scholarship money Some, but not all, schools think of scholarship money as income and will reduce the amount of aid they offer you accordingly Know your school’s policy on scholarship awards Federal Work-Study (FWS) One of the ways Uncle Sam disperses aid money is by subsidizing part-time jobs, usually on campus, for students who need nancial aid Because your school will administer the money, they get to decide what your work-study job will be Workstudy participants are paid by the hour, and federal law requires that they cannot be paid less than the federal minimum wage One of the bene ts of a work-study program is that you get a paycheck just like you would at a normal job The money is intended to go towards school expenses, but there are no controls over exactly how you spend it Colleges and universities determine how to administer work-study programs on their own campuses, so you must apply for a FWS at your school’s nancial aid office The Bottom Line? Not So Fast! It is possible to appeal the amount of the financial aid package a school awards you To learn more about how to that, check out “Appealing Your Award Package” at PrincetonReview.com/appealing-your-award.aspx LOANS Most likely, your entire COA won’t be covered by scholarships, grants, and workstudy income The next step in gathering the necessary funds is securing a loan Broadly speaking, there are two routes to go: federal loans and private loans Once upon a time, which route to choose might be open for debate But these days the choice is clear: Always try to secure federal loans rst Almost without exception, federal loans provide unbeatable low xed-interest rates; they come with generous repayment terms; and, although they have lending limits, these limits are quite generous and will take you a long way toward your goal We’ll talk about the bene ts of private loans later, but they really can’t measure up to what the government can provide Stafford Loans The Sta ord loan is the primary form of federal student loan There are two kinds of Sta ord loans: direct Sta ord loans, which are administered by the Department of Education; and Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL), which are administered by a private lender bound by the terms the government sets for Sta ord loans (FFEL loans are sometimes referred to as indirect Sta ord loans, as well) Both direct and FFEL loans can be subsidized or unsubsidized Students with demonstrated nancial need may qualify for subsidized loans This means that the government pays interest accumulated during the time the student is in school Students with unsubsidized Sta ord loans are responsible for the interest accumulated while in school You can qualify for a subsidized Sta ord loan, an unsubsidized Stafford loan, or a mixture of the two Sta ord loans are available to all full-time students and most part-time students Though the terms of the loan are based on demonstrated nancial need, lack of need is not considered grounds for rejection No payment is expected while the student is attending school The interest rate on your Sta ord loan will depend on when your rst disbursement is The chart below shows the xed rates set by the government Finally, depending on the amount owed and the payment plan agreed upon by the borrower and lender, students have between 10 and 25 years to pay off their loan As with grants, you must start by completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to apply for a Stafford loan PLUS Loans Another important federal loan is the PLUS loan This loan is designed to help parents and guardians put dependent students through college Like the Sta ord loan, a PLUS loan might be a direct loan from the government, administered by your school’s nancial aid o ce, or it might be administered by a private lender who is bound to federal guidelines Unlike the Sta ord loan, the PLUS has no xed limits or xed interest rates The annual limit on a PLUS loan is equal to your COA minus any other nancial aid you are already receiving It may be used on top of a Sta ord loan The interest rates on PLUS loans are variable though often comparable to, or even lower than, the interest rates on Sta ord loans Borrowers can choose when they will start paying the loan back: starting either 60 days from the rst disbursement or six months after the dependent student has finished school To apply for a PLUS loan, your guardians must apply to the your school or with a FFEL private lender nancial aid o ce of Perkins Loans A third and final federal loan you should be aware of is the Perkins loan Intended to help out students in extreme need, the Perkins loan is a government-subsidized loan that is administered only through college and university nancial aid o ces Under the terms of a Perkins loan, you may borrow up to $5,500 a year of undergraduate study, up to $27,500 The Perkins loan has a xed interest rate of just percent Payments against the loan don’t start until nine months after you graduate Apply for Perkins loans through your school’s financial aid office Private Lenders We said it before, and we’ll say it again: DO NOT get a private loan until you’ve exhausted all other options That said, there are some bene ts to securing a private loan First o , many students nd that non-loan and federal loan options don’t end up covering the entire bill If that’s the case, then private lenders might just save the day Second, loans from private sources generally o er you greater exibility with how you use the funds Third, private loans can be taken out at anytime during your academic career Unlike most non-loan and government-backed nancial options, you can turn to private lenders whenever you need them All private lenders are not the same! As the old song says, “You better shop around.” Every lender is going to o er you a di erent package of terms What you need to is nd the package that best ts your needs and plans Aside from low interest rates, which are crucially important, there are other terms and conditions you will want to look out for Low origination fees Origination fees are fees that lenders charge you for taking out a loan Usually the fee is simply deducted automatically from your loan checks Obviously, the lower the origination fee, the better Minimal guaranty fees A guaranty fee is an amount you pay to a third-party who agrees to insure your loan That way, if the borrower—that is you—can’t pay the loan back, the guarantor steps in and pays the di erence Again, if you can minimize or eliminate this fee, all the better Interest rate reductions Some lenders will reduce your interest rates if you’re reliable with your payments Some will even agree to knock a little o the interest rate if you agree to pay your loans through a direct deposit system When shopping for the best loan, pay careful attention to factors that might help you curb your interest rates Flexible payment plans One of the great things about most federal loans is the fact that you don’t have to start paying them o until you leave school In order to compete, many private lenders have been forced to adopt similarly exible payment plans Before saying yes to a private loan, make sure that it comes with a payment timetable you can live with WHERE THERE’S A WILL THERE’S A WAY No matter what the state of the economy, going to college will always make good nancial sense This is especially true today, with the wealth of low-interest federal assistance programs available to you There are plenty of excellent nancing options out there With a little e ort (and a lot of form- lling!) you’ll be able to pay your way through school without breaking the bank About the Authors Adam Robinson was born in 1955 and lives in New York City John Katzman was born in 1959 He graduated from Princeton University in 1980 After working brie y on Wall Street, he founded The Princeton Review in 1981 Having begun with 19 high school students in his parents’ apartment, Katzman now oversees courses that prepare millions of high school and college students annually for tests, including the SAT, GRE, GMAT, and LSAT He lives in New York City Diagnostic Test Forms (Click here to download a PDF of the Diagnostic Test Forms) Additional Images Instructions for the Grid-In Sections Directions: For Student-Produced Response questions 29-38, use the grids at the bottom of the answer sheet page on which you have answered questions 21-28 Each of the remaining 10 questions requires you to solve the problem and enter your answer by marking the circles in the special grid, as shown in the examples below You may use any available space for scratch work Note: You may start your answers in any column, space permitting Columns not needed should be left blank Mark no more than one circle in any column Because the answer document will be machine-scored, you will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly Although not required, it is suggested that youwrite your answer in the boxes at the top of thecolumns to help you fill in the circles accurately Some problems may have more than one correct answer In such cases, grid only one answer No question has a negative answer Decimal Answers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded or truncated, but it must fill the entire grid For example, if you obtain an answer such as 0.6666…, you should record your result as 666 or 667 A less accurate value such as 66 or 67 will be scored as incorrect Acceptable ways to grid are: Click here to return to Chapter 15 ... Orientation The SAT, The Princeton Review, and You Cracking the SAT: Basic Principles Cracking the SAT: Advanced Principles Part II: How to Crack the Critical Reading Section Joe Bloggs and the Critical... book or in The Princeton Review? ??s 11 Practice Tests for the SAT & PSAT Go Online Take the Practice Test to see your current score and the score you should shoot for at PrincetonReview.com /cracking. .. before you plan on taking the test Chapter Cracking the SAT: Basic Principles The rst step to cracking the SAT is to know how best to approach the test The SAT is not like the tests you’ve taken