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Unit 1: Vocabulary learning New words Meaning Example foreign form a country that is not your own ( a person is a foreigner). gist SING the gist of sth is the general meaning but not all the details text the written part of a book, newspaper,etc. recognize sbsth know whowhat sbsth is because you’ve seen heard them before N recognition go through sth read sth carefully from beginning to end. identify sth recognize sth and decide what it is guess sth give an answer to sth without being sure of the facts. N guess context the words before and after the new word that help you to understand the meaning keep a record of sth write sth down to help you remember it V record sth make a note of sth write sth down quickly to help you remember it. construction the way words are used together in a sentence. V construct sth translation a text that has been changed from one language into another. V translate sth B. Speaking and listening repeat sth say sth again. N repetition explain sth make sth cleareasy to understand N explanation pronounce sth make a sound of a word or letter. N pronunciation opportunity a itme when it’s possible to do sth that you want to do. SYN chance experiment with sth try sth to see what the result it has. make mistakes NOT do mistakes revise sth study sth again ( you do revision). method a way of doing sth work get or have the result you want. Spotlight formal Spotlight conversation, chat, discussion, argument We use formal language to appear serious or official, or sometimes when we don’t know people well. OPP informal N formality OPP informality A conversation is a talk between 2 or more people. You can also have a chat with sb, which is a friendly informal conversation (chat v). A discussion about sth is when you talk about sth seriously (discuss sth). An argument is a dicussion in which people disagree, often angrily.
Unit 1: Vocabulary learning New words foreign Meaning form a country that is not your own ( a person is a foreigner) gist the gist of sth is the general meaning but not all the details text the written part of a book, newspaper,etc recognize sb/sth know who/what sb/sth is because you’ve seen/ heard them before N recognition go through sth read sth carefully from beginning to end SING identify sth guess sth context keep a record of sth recognize sth and decide what it is give an answer to sth without being sure of the facts N guess the words before and after the new word that help you to understand the meaning write sth down to help you remember it V record sth Example make a note of sth write sth down quickly to help you remember it construction the way words are used together in a sentence V construct sth translation a text that has been changed from one language into another V translate sth repeat sth explain sth pronounce sth opportunity experiment with sth make mistakes revise sth method work B Speaking and listening say sth again N repetition make sth clear/easy to understand N explanation make a sound of a word or letter N pronunciation a itme when it’s possible to sth that you want to SYN chance try sth to see what the result it has NOT mistakes study sth again ( you revision) a way of doing sth get or have the result you want Spotlight formal We use formal language to appear serious or official, or sometimes when we don’t know people well OPP informal N formality OPP informality Spotlight conversation, chat, discussion, argument A conversation is a talk between or more people You can also have a chat with sb, which is a friendly informal conversation (chat v) A discussion about sth is when you talk about sth seriously (discuss sth) An argument is a dicussion in which people disagree, often angrily Unit 2: Progress and aims New words enthusiastic motivated after a while improve express sth effectively obvious encouraging accurately Meaning A Making progress very interested in sth or excited by it N enthusiasm if you’re motivated , you really want to sth N motivation after a period of time become better SYNS get better say or show what you think or feel in a way that gives you the result you want ADJ effective easily seen and understood SYN clear if sth is encouraging , it gives u hope and makes u want to continue V encourage N encouragement with no mistakes ADJ accurate be aware of sth if u are aware of sth, u know about it frustrating making u annoyed because u can’t sth u want to N frustration B Future goals goal everyday a thing u want to be able to in the future SYN aim normal or usual Example expand become bigger or make sth bigger a wide range a large number of different things complex not simple; often difficult to understand SYN complicated fluent able to speak a foreign language easily and well ADV fluently in detail appropriate fully and including a lot of information right or suitable in a particular situation OPP inappropriate relevant to sth useful for and connected to sth OPP irrelevant spcialized having or needing a lot of spcial knowledge Spotlight contain and include We can often use contain or include with the same meaning Example: The film contains/includes scenes of violence Sometimes we can only use one of the verbs Example: - The bos contains magazines (There are magazines inside the box) - The price includes service.( Service is one part of the price) Unit 3: Dictionary New words Meaning Example definition avoid doing sth idiom entry provide sth style for instance slang offensive symbol syllable relate sth to sth build sth select sth an exact statement of what a word or phrase means V define sth if you avoid doing sth, you try not to or experience it a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words ( also expression) one of a list of items included in a dictionary, list,etc give sth to sb or make sth available for sb the way sth is written or spoken e.g: an informal/formal style SYN for example very informal words or phrases used in spoken language rude and likely to upset sb B offend sb a letter, number, sign that has a particular meaning a part of a word which contains a vowel sound connect sth to sth ADJ related make sth bigger; increase sth SYN choose sth (but select is more formal) N selection There are dictionary entries on this page The symbol /∫/ is pronounced ‘sh’ Go has one syllable and prefer has two syllables Spotlight stress and emphasize Both verbs mean to say a syllable, word, or phrase with extra loudness The related nouns are stress (on sth) and emphasis (on sth) The stress is on the first syllable Don’t emphasize every word They are also used to say that sth is more important Example: - The newspaper stressed the need for urgent action - The emphasis mainly on education Unit 4: English punctuation New words Meaning full stop comma , colon : semicolon ; question mark exclamation mark apostrophe hyphen dash brackets slash quotation mark abbreviation capital letter pause separate sb/sth list omit sth Example A full stop is used at the end of a sentence that is not a question or an exclamation A comma in writing is like a pause in speech A colon is often used to introduce further details A semicolon is sometimes used instead of a full stop ? ! ’ _ () / ‘’ “” B Punctuation rules a.m is an abbreviation a short form of a word meaning in the morning A B C are capital letters a b c are small letters a short period of time when sb stops talking keep people or things away from each other SYN divide sb/sth a series of names, items, a shopping list, a list of or numbers countries if you omit sth, you don’t’t include it leave sth out occur in the middle of sth and stop it continuing small pieces of information about sth SYN interrupt sth details instead of sb/sth connect sth such as alternative in the place of sb/sth put or more things together SYN join sth you used such as to introduce an example SYN like one of or more things that you can choose between Unit 5: Appearance New words well built skinny in a good/bad shape plump fattish clean-shaven stubble dark-skinned bald scar Meaning Example A Male appearance with a solid, strong body He’s got a broad shoulders and is well built very thin, but not in an attractive way in a good/bad physical condition quite fat, in a nice way quite fat without a beard and moustache râu (tóc) mọc lởm chởm OPP without hair sẹo SYN go bald light/pale-skinned lose hair recede He’s tall and skinny I want to be in a good shape so that I could become healthier My father is quite plump He also has a fattish face He’s clean-shaven He’s got thick eyebrows and stubble When I was sick, I have a paleskinned My grandfather is bald Because of my cat, I have a lot of scars on my arm He’s going bald/ losing his hair OR His hair is receding B Femal appearance be pregnant smooth skin tanned slim figure appearance go grey OR white neat contact lenses wrinkle(s) SYN be expecting a baby with a completely flat surface OPP rough Your skin covers your body having brown skin after spending time in the sun N tan thin in an attractive way SYN slender the shape of a woman’s body the way sb looks become grey-haired or white-haired tidy and carefully arranged small round pieces of plastic you wear in your eyes to help you see better nếp nhăn vùng trán, mắt miệng My mother was pregnant when she’s 27 years old My younger brother has a rough face My skin is quite smooth I want to have a tanned skin because it makes me look stronger I want to have a slim body My mother is getting older, she’s got few wrinkles Spotlight –ish The suffix –ish is used with some adjectives to mean ‘quite’ A roundish face is a face which is quite round Also: tallish, youngish, fattish, etc Unit 6: Character New words see sb as sth ambitious self-confident generous impatient arrogant aggressive cheerful easy-going energy responsible honest hard-working tolerant Meaning imagine or think of sb in a particular way having a strong desire to well or be successful OPP unambitious N ambition feeling sure about your own ability OPP insecure happy to give more money and help than is usual OPP mean N generosity not able to stay calm and wait for sth/sb OPP patient N patience thinking you are better than other people OPP modest N arrogance likely to fight or argue N aggression felling happy relaxed and not worried by what other people the ability to be very active without getting tired ADJ energetic able to act sensibly and intellignetly OPP irresponsible always telling the truth OPP dishonest N honesty OPP lazy able to accept ideas you don’t agree with OPP intolerant Example tolerance boring the ability to laugh at things and see when sth is funny N dull sense of humor Unit 7: Feelings New words Meaning Example A Feelings thrilled very happy and excited SYN delighted He was thrilled to win and he kissed the cup very angry I lost his keys: he was absolutely furious very surprised SYN amazed I was astonished to hear he was married very sad and emotionally upset She was heartbroken when her dog died very frightened SYN scared stiff I was terrified when the plane took off unhappy and depressed SYN fed up You look very miserable What’s wrong? pleased about sth you or other people have done I felt very proud when my company was successfully organised 1.angry or sad ‘cause ur afraid of losing sb’s love 2.angry or sad ‘cause sb has sth you don’t have SYN envious My boyfriend is jealous when I’m with other boys I’ve always been jealous of Tom; everyone likes him worried and afraid He was anxious before he went into hospital sad and angry ‘cause of She was very upset ‘cause no furious astonished heartbroken terrified miserable proud jealous anxious upset in other words circle sth approximately reach sth space far-fetched gain sth knowledge round a bigger object in space used for saying sth in a differnet way go round sth in a circle SYN revolve around sth about SYN roughly arrive at a place the area beyond the earth round the planets and stars not easy to believe because it is very improbable get more and more of sth useful, such as knowledge or experience what you know and understand about sth B scientist satellite explore sth carry out sth experiment analysis confirm sth exist Scientific exploration a person who studies the physical world N science ADJ scientific a piece of electronic equipment that is sent into space and moves around travel round a place in order to learn about it N exploration and complete a task a scientific test done in order learn sth a careful study of sth in order to explain it V analyse say or show that sth is true or define N confirmation If sth exists, it is present in the real world N existence Spotlight discover or invent? If you discover something, you learn about or find something for the first time N discovery If you invent something, you create something that didn’t exist before N invention Ex: - They’ve discovered a new planet - Who invented the telescope? Unit 12: Rivers and the sea New words flow burst ocean tide low/high tide capsize underwater drown wide > < narrow deep > < shallow dry up pond puddle canal Meaning A Water move smoothly ( like water) break open suddenly and violently a very big sea Ex: the Atlantic Ocean the regular change in the sea level caused by the moon and sun (used of boats) turn over in the water happening or existing below the surface of the water die in water because you can’t breathe N width rộng >< hẹp N depth sâu >< nông cạn ao nước vũng nước kênh, sông đào B coast shore steep protect sb/sth rough horizon rock beach harbour Example The coast the area of land that is close to or next to the sea or an ocean the land along the edge of the sea, a lake, etc A steep hill or cliff goes up quickly from a low place to a high one keep sb/sth safe from sth N protection A rough sea has big waves OPP calm the line between the land or the sea and the sky a large piece of stone an area of sand or small stones beside the sea a place where ships or boats are tied up and protected from caves bay the sea a large hole in a cliff or under the ground an area of the coast where the land goes in to form a curve Spotlight cause To cause sth is to make sth (often unpleasant) happen Ex: The wind caused problems for cyclists The cause of sth is the person or thing that makes it happen Ex: The police don’t know the cause of the accident Unit 1: Meaning and style A/ Asking about meaning New words Meaning synonymous Having the same, or nearly the same, meaning synonym N The meaning of a word or phrase If two things are interchangeable you can use one instead of the other and the effect will be the same Not clear; able to be explained in different ways Ambiguity N sense Interchangeable ambiguous Interpret sth Transparent Self-explantory precise virtually Decide that sth has particular meaning Interpretation N (of language) easy to understand Opp opaque Easy to understand and not needing more explanation Clear and accurate Syn exact Preciosion N Almost; very nearly (virtually the same/ impossible/ certain) B/ Explaining meaning and style Word Irony N Ironic Adj Sarcasm N Sarcastic Adj Figurative Literary Disapproving Old-fashioned Slang Pejorative Insulting Insult sb V Example Meaning ‘Thank you, Sam,’she said, The use of words to say the with heavy irony In fact, opposite of what you mean, Sam had hardly helped at all often humorously (a trace/hint of irony = a little irony) ‘I’ve broken your CD.’ The use of words to say the ‘Oh, that’s just great,’ was opposite of what you mean her sarcastic reply in order to be unpleasant to sb or make fun of sb Slim is used figuratively in (of words) not used with the sentence their literal (=usual) Many firms are slimmer than meaning they were Heart can be used in a Used of the kind of literary way, e.g, language you find in stories She put her hand on her and poems heart The dictionary marks stupid (often used in dictionaries) as ‘disapproving’ showing that sth is bad or wrong Spiffing means ‘great’, but No longer modern old it’s very old-fashioned fashionable Syn dated Opp in current use In slang, wicked means Very informal words which ‘very good’ are not suitable in formal situations His pejorative comments FML, expressiong about my essay upset me disapproval or criticism Syn derogatory He called Mark an ‘old Rude or offensive woman’: how insulting! (deliberatedly/ highly insulting) • Spotlight: Make fun of someone If you make fun of or poke fun at someone or something, you make jokes about them in an unkind way To mock someone means to make fun of them, often by copying what they say or Stop making fun of her! He’s always mocking her country accent Unit 2: Familiar words in a new way A/ Phrases and figurative meaning Word Crawl Have second thoughts Meaning (of a vehicle) move very slowly Start having doubts about a decision you have made Be in two minds about sth Be unable to decide what to about sth Sweet (of sb) Kind (of sb) Be tied up Be busy and unable to other things Dawn on sb If sth dawns on you, you begin to realize it for the first time Ulterior motive A reason for doing sth that you keep hidden Thick INF stupid Be the last thing on sb’s Be the thing that sb is least likely to be thinking mind about Get out of sth Avoid doing sth Send sth/sb flying Make sth/sb move quickly and without control You’re not gonna believe Used to introduce surprising and often un welcome this news (gonna INF = going to) B/ Common verbs with less familiar meanings Verb Get sth/sb to sth Keep Keep sb going Put sth Push sb Leave sth to/with sb Example I finally got the car to start I couldn’t get him to leave the party We must eat the grapes – they won’t keep, I”ll have a sandwich That will keep me going until lunchtime It’s hard to put your feelings into words I think he put it very well in his essay Some parents push their kids really hard I need to push myself more at work We need to book a table I’ll leave that to you Leave it to/with me – I’ll it Make sth sth My watch says 10.20 What time you make it? He bought ten more; I make that 25 now Meaning Make or persuade sb/sth to sth Remain fresh Be enough for sb until a later time Say or write sth in a particular way Make sb work harder Allow sb to take care of sth Think or calculate sth to be a particular time or number Bring sb swh It was the war that brought him to Cause sb to reach aparticular power condition or place What brings you here? ~ I’ve got a meeting Come with Come in I’m sure the radio comes with batteries The chairs come in four different colours Do (for sb/sth) I peeled six potatoes Will that do? Will these shoes for the wedding? Be sold or produced with a particular feature Be enough or be acceptable in a particular situation Unit 3: I can use compounds A/ Nouns Compound noun Meaning Driving licence An official document that shows you are qualified to drive Birth certificate An official document showing when and where you were born Spare part A part for a car or machine to replace an old or broken part Passer-by A person walking past a place by a chance Long weekend A short holiday from Fri to Sun, or Sat to Mon Life expectancy The number of years that a person is likely to live Short cut / shortcut A path or route that is quicker than the normal way Fancy dress Clothes that you wear to a party to make you appear a different character Nursery rhyme A short and usually very old song or poem for young children Fruit/slot machine A machine into which you put money in the hope of winning more back Next of kin Your closest living relative (often used on official documents) B/ Adjectives Compound Adj Last-minute Built-up Panic-stricken Thick-skinned Off-putting Tongue-tied Worn out Hard-wearing Never-ending Bad-tempered Meaning Happening at the last possible moment A built-up area has a lot of houses and not many open spaces Extremely anxious about sth Not easily upset by unkind or critical comments (of behavior) irritating or unattractive Unable to speak easily because of nerves or shyness (of a thing) no longer useful because it has been used so much (of a person) exhausted from work or execise (of a product) remaining in good condition for a long time (especially of sth unpleasant) seeming to last for ever Often angry and easily annoyed • Spotlight: Adjectives with “-minded” Narrow-minded = not willing to listen to the ideas and opinions of others, SYN bigoted OPPS broad-minded, open-minded Absent-minded = forgetful Single-minded = thinking in a concentrated way about sth and determinded to achive it C/ Phrasal verb to compound noun Compound noun Meaning Let-down A disappointment let sb down V Drop out (of sth) Leave school, college, a course, etc, without finishing your studies dropout N Turnout The number of people who attend an event turn out V Shake-up Large changes made in an organization to improve it Shake sth up V Break down (of a vehicle or machine) stop working, breakdown N Hold sth/sb up Delay sth/sb Hold-up N Tailback A long line of traffic, moving very slowly Tail back V Write-off A vehicle that is so badly damaged that it is not worth repairing, write sth off V Break-up The ending of a relationship or association Break up V Setback A problem that delays or prevents progress, of makes a situation worse for sb Set sth/sb back V • Spotlight: outbreak, outlay, etc A few compounds based on phrasal verbs change the position of the particle When did war break out? (=start) The outbreak of war followed Did he lay out much money? (INF =spend) What was the initial outlay? Unit 4: Collocations A/ Collocations relating to fire Example Two boys set fire to the school These buildings catch fire easily The fire broke out in the kitchen The building is on fire The fire spread to the first floor The plane burst into flames The cottage went up in flames The fire/flames soon died down They managed to put out the fire We get a lot of forest fires here I lit a fire this morning The fire went out last night • Meaning Made it start burning Start to burn The fire started Burning The fire moved and covered a larger area Suddenly began burning strongly Was destroyed by fire The fire/flames became weak Stop the fire burning SYN extinguish the fire FML Fires that occur in forests during hot summer months Started a fire for a purpose (e.g in a fireplace or garden) The fire stopped burning Spotlight: collocation Notice how the verbs above collocate with other nouns Suddenly the lights went out Put that cigarette out, please A fight broke out between the gangs The little girl burst into tears This disease could spread easily The noise soon died down B/ Adjective + noun Example We had torrential rain last night They are predicting gale-force winds tonight I had considerable difficulty getting here The storms caused extensive damage He speaks with a strong accent Meaning Very heavy rain Very strong winds A lot of difficulty SYN great difficulty A lot of damage SYN widespread damage A very noticeable accent OPP slight accent It was a great honour to meet the An action or occasion that creates a feeling president of pride We made a real effort to finish it on A big effort time SYNS special/concerted effort My main concern is the effect of Biggest worry SYN principal concern the drugs (also growing concern = an increasing concern) It’s nice to see a familiar face A person who you recognize and know Could you give us a brief A short statement giving the main points of summary? sth It was a classic example of his A very typical example of sth stupidity SYN perfect example I had to face strong criticism over A lot of disapproval from others this issue SYN fierce criticism (also widespread criticism) The plane was in utter chaos when A state of complete confusion I arrived SYN total chaos The children had a narrow escape = they were lucky to get away safely C/ Collocation in text Collocation A real eyesore Take offence (at sth) Make it clear (that) Do no such things Reach (an) agreement Face the prospect (of/that…) Settle a dispute Hold sb responsible (for sth) Take the blame (for sth) Reach the point (where/when) Back down • Meaning A building or object that is very unpleasant to look at Show you are angry or upset about sth, or feeling insulted by it Say sth to make sb understand a situation Refuse to the thing you have been asked to Successfully arrive at an agreement (reach a conclusion/compromise/verdict) Recognize the possibility that sth may happen End an argument between people (settle an argument) Think that sb should be blamed for sth Accept responsibility for sth Arrive at a time or stage at which sth happens Stop asking for sth, or stop saying you will sth Spotlight: entirely Entirely means ‘completely’ and is often used with these words: entirely different; entirely responsible; agree entirely Not entirely is used to soften what you are saying and is often used with these words: I’m not entirely sure/happy/satisfied Unit 6: Build word families A/ Making one word from another Word Mistake N Example of related word I mistook her for a friend Excellent ADJ The university excels at/in sciences Final ADJ I haven’t finalized my plans Point N Follow V House N Heart N Handle V Emotion N Apologize V Forgive V Describe v Notice V Include V Compare V Reputation N Meaning of related word Mistake sb/sth for sb/sth wrongly think that sb/sth is sb/sth else Be very good at sth Complete the past part of a plan/an arrangement Having no purpose The exercise was completely pointless Chelsea have a large following A group of supporters in Asia We need more family housing Buildings for people to live in It was a heartless thing to say Showing no kindness or consideration SYN cruel The situation needs careful The way sb deals with sth/sb handling Cancer is a very emotive Causing people to have strong subject emotions It’s his fault and he’s very Showing you’re sorry apologetic His behaviour was So bad it cannot be forgiven unforgivable SYN inexcusable The pain in my arm was So extreme it is impossible to indescribable describe The scar on his face is quite Easily noticed noticeable Bed and breakfast is $80,fully (of a price or cost) including inclusive everything This year’s figures look good Similar; able to be compared Are there comparable figures for last year? It’s a very reputable company, Having a good reputation; Furniture N Event N Explain V Recognize V • so you should be OK Are they going to furnish the flats? ~ One is fully furnished already; the other will be unfurnished I hear you had a very eventful trip in China known to be good Furnish sth put furniture in a place Furnished containing furniture OPP unfurnished Full of interesting or important things that happen OPP uneventful His behaviour was inexplicable That cannot be explained There is a growing recognition Acceptance that sth is true or that we can’t go on polluting the legal atmosphere Spotlight: Different related forms: There may be several related forms with different meanings I thought the meeting was very worthwhile (= important, interesting, etc,) The necklace is worthless (= without value) He’s a worthy champion (= one who deserved to win) B/ Saying things another way Word Occupy sth Confess (to sth) Commit yourself Origin Assure sb (that/of sth) Example Meaning How does she occupy her time? ~ She keeps herself occupied with work Did he confess to the robbery? ~ Yes, he eventually made a confession He won’t commit himself, will he? ~ No, he just can’t make a commitment What’s the origin of the disease? ~ Nobody knows where it originated Did he assure you it would be OK? ~ Yes, he gave us his full Fill or use a space, area, or amount of time Occupied ADJ Admit formally that you have done sth wrong or illegal Confession N Promise to sth that requires time and loyalty Commitment N The cause of sth, or the place where it starts to exist Originate V Tell sb that sth is definitely true or definitely going to happen Simplify sth Abuse sb Defend sb/yourself Severe Indicate sth assurance Assurance N Should we try to simplify things? ~ Yes We need a simplification of the rules Was he abused when he was young? ~ Yes, he suffered physical abuse as a child Couldn’t you defend yourself? ~ No, I was completely defenceless Are the injuries severe? ~ We don’t know the severity of them yet What does the report indicate? ~ Well, it gives some indication of progress Make sth easier to or understand Simplification N Treat sb in a cruel or violent way, often sexually Abuse N Protect sb or yourself Defenceless ADJ Extremely bad or serious Severity N Show that sth exists or is likely to be true Indication N