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ANOTHER LOOK ELEVATORS WHEN GUITARS INNOVATE OTIS RAISE THE ROOF RESONATE GOT REAL LOUD EVALUATE AT HUCK FINN History Cherokee Stand Watie’s surrender ended America’s Civil War, and brought uneasy peace to the Cherokee Nation 1778 1815 1928 APRIL 2015 HistoryNet.com Think You’re Having a Bad Day? Trust Us, It Could Be Worse JANUARY Crappy New Year! Fifth-century monk and martyr Telemachus stepped into the middle of a gladiatorial fight in Rome and tried to stop the human slaughter, only to be stoned to death by the bloodthirsty audience unappreciative of the effort JULY 1, 1916 No Day at the Beach: In the Jaws of Death Charles Epting Vansant became an unwitting American original, in a most horrific way: he was the first to succumb to a shark attack in the nontropical waters of the continental United States H istory is full of struggle and triumph, determination and discovery, courage and revolution, and let’s face it—some really, really bad days In this wickedly entertaining book, best-selling author and historian Michael Farquhar chronicles the worst of the worst for each day of the year The mishaps range from eyebrow raising to world changing—think Vegas hotelier Steve Wynn’s unfortunate run-in with a priceless Picasso to Napoleon’s frost-ridden, troop-depleting defeat in Russia For anyone who’s had a rough time, this charming romp through history’s gloomier side will be grand company AVAILABLE WHEREVER BOOKS ARE SOLD and at nationalgeographic.com/books Like us on Facebook: Nat Geo Books Follow us on Twitter: @NatGeoBooks © 2015 National Geographic Society American History OUR th 50 YEAR APRIL 2015 Features 32 COVER STORY Stand Watie’s War Stand Watie, a Cherokee, was the last Confederate general to surrender in 1865 after the long Civil War had torn the Cherokee Nation asunder, pitting the Indians against the North, the South and each other by Theda Perdue 42 Constitution’s Last Victory Marking 200 years since the legendary U.S frigate Old Ironsides’ stunning win at sea by Tom and Gena Metcalf 50 What Fools These Mortals Be The beautiful—and biting— political cartoons of turn-of-thecentury Puck magazine by Sarah Richardson 58 Mexico’s Lindbergh Emilio Carranza hoped to emulate a goodwill flight made by Charles Lindbergh, but the daring young aviator’s dream ended tragically in New Jersey by Allen Barra 64 The First Whistleblowers In 1778 the Continental Congress set a precedent that is surprisingly relevant today: Protecting those who risk everything to expose wrongdoing at the highest levels by Steve Boisson LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ON THE COVER: Stand Watie, circa 1866, and the regimental flag of his Cherokee Mounted Rifles 32 Cherokee Indian regiments fought for the Confederacy at the March 1862 Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas, but postwar images depicted them in stereotypical Plains dress and war paint WATIE: NATIONAL ARCHIVES; COLORIZATION BY SLINGSHOT STUDIOS, NORTHAMPTON, N.H FLAG: COURTESY OF WILSON’S CREEK NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD, #WICR 30118 APRIL 2015 EDITOR IN CHIEF Rhode Island was a major participant in the early American slave trade, and the Cathedral of St John Episcopal Church in Providence will become the nation’s first museum to study the trade in the North and the church’s role in it Roger L Vance History ® Vol 50, No APRIL 2015 Roger L Vance EDITOR Peyton McMann Christine M Kreiser Richard Ernsberger Sarah Richardson Elizabeth G Howard Patty Kelly DIGITAL Brian King Gerald Swick Barbara Justice PRESIDENT & CEO Art Director Managing Editor Senior Editor Senior Editor Copy Editor Photo Editor Director Editor Senior Graphic Designer Eric Weider Bruce Forman Chief Operating Officer Karen G Johnson Rob Wilkins Military Ambassador and Business Director Partnership Marketing Director George Clark ADVERTISING AP Departments 16 18 21 22 24 Letters 26 American Mosaic Lincoln memorials; Mormon Church on polygamy’s real origins; lighthouses for sale; feds save e-mails—and more The First Electric guitar 31 73 We’ve Been Here Before Midterms change the playing field—again Details A super-complicated watch 82 Here Is Where Elisha Otis rises out of small-town Vermont FOLLOW US AT facebook.com/AmericanHistoryMag AMERICAN HISTORY Karen M Bailey Production Manager/Advertising Services Karen.Bailey@weiderhistorygroup.com Richard E Vincent National Sales Manager Richard.Vincent@weiderhistorygroup.com Interview Andrew Levy revisits the world that inspired Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn Kim Goddard National Sales Manager Kim.Goddard@weiderhistorygroup.com Rick Gower Georgia rick@rickgower.com Terry Jenkins Tenn., Ky., Miss., Ala., Fla., Mass Terry.Jenkins@weiderhistorygroup.com Kurt Gardner Creative Services Director Letter From the Editor Our next half-century begins DIRECT RESPONSE Russell Johns Associates ADVERTISING 800-649-9800 • amh@russelljohns.com Stephen L Petranek Editor-at-Large Reviews Eleanor Roosevelt on the air; Raymond Chandler’s noir classics; World War I in a box—and more Last Call Hedy Lamarr: Screen siren, wireless technology pioneer Encounter Hemingway catches a movie with the Roosevelts Single Copy Sales Director AMERICAN HISTORY NOW AVAILABLE ON the iPad® Download the free American History App for the iPad® today Add to a current print subscription or get a digitalonly edition Get exciting interactive features and bonus content in every issue Go to www.AmericanHistoryMag.com/subscribe Subscription Information 800-435-0715 Yearly subscriptions in U.S.: $39.95 Back Issues : 800-358-6327 © 2015 Weider History Group List Rental Inquiries: Belkys Reyes, Lake Group Media, Inc 914-925-2406; belkys.reyes@lakegroupmedia.com Canada Publications Mail Agreement No 41342519 Canadian GST No 821371408RT0001 American History (ISSN 1076-8866) is published bimonthly by Weider History Group, Inc 19300 Promenade Drive Leesburg, VA 20176-6500 703-771-9400 Periodical postage paid at Leesburg, VA and additional mailing offices POSTMASTER, send address changes to American History PO Box 422224 Palm Coast, FL 32142-2224 The contents of this magazine may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the written consent of Weider History Group PROUDLY MADE IN THE U.S.A Advertisement Mr Lincoln and the Declaration by Lewis E Lehrman "Let us revere the Declaration of Independence." Those were the watchwords of Abraham Lincoln's political life "Let us readopt the Declaration of Independence, and with it the practices and policy which harmonize with it." This is what Mr Lincoln said and this is what he meant Harry Jaffa, one of the most distinguished Lincoln scholars, wrote in his pathbreaking Crisis of the House Divided, that President "Lincoln's interpretation of 'all men are created equal' transforms that proposition from a pre-political, negative, minimal, and merely revolutionary norm, a norm which prescribes what civil society ought not to be, into a transcendental affirmation of what it ought to be." In New Birth of Freedom, Jaffa wrote: "Lincoln did not appeal to the Declaration of Independence merely because it was our first and foremost founding document It was, he said, the immortal emblem of man's humanity and the father of all moral principle because it incorporated a rational, nonarbitrary moral and political standard The equality of man and man was a necessary inference from the inequality of man and beast — and of man and God No one possessed of a civilized conscience can fail to feel this sympathy The empirical evidence bears Lincoln out." In his 1863 Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln embraced the Declaration of Independence as the foundation of the Republic — a foundation which had been undermined by the apologists for slavery We remember that Mr Lincoln said: "Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Echoing Professor Jaffa, Garry Wills wrote in Lincoln at Gettysburg: "The Gettysburg Address has become an authoritative Abraham Lincoln Engraving Courtesy of the Gilder Lehrman Collection, NY expression of the American spirit — as authoritative as the Declaration itself, and perhaps even more influential, since it determines how we read the Declaration ” TO READ THE WHOLE ARTICLE, VISIT: www.mrlincolnandthefounders.org/Declaration LincolnResource.org A Free Resource For All Lincoln Enthusiasts Also find these great titles & more from TLI Books Find a network of informative websites dedicated to the preservation of Abraham Lincoln’s story and his influence over this great nation LINCOLN “by littles” A Project of The Lehrman Institute Visit www.LincolnResource.org Today! The American Founders Letters I know you must agree that this period deeply affected African Americans at the time and their descendants, like myself, and that those effects are still evident today Were slaves not affected or did you forget to mention them? Curtis Williams Atlanta, Ga History Under Wraps You never know when you will learn something! I was completely unaware of Germans in the United States being sent to internment camps and then back to Germany during World War II until I read “Trade-Off ” in the February 2015 issue My dad was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1912 My grandfather was in the German army in World War I They came to the United States in 1927 I was born in 1938 My grandfather’s brother and his family were still living in Berlin, in the Russian sector, after World War II The letters my grandparents received from the family had so much material blacked out that they eventually quit exchanging letters Mein Gott! That damn J Edgar Hoover could have sent us to the internment camp in Crystal City, Texas, or to Germany I find it very interesting that I never knew any of this until I read American History Bill Zimmer Varna, Ill The Whole Truth I read and enjoyed your articles on the antebellum period (Interview, Last Call, February 2015) You mention the effects this period had on America, but you exclude its effects on black people AMERICAN HISTORY Limited space precludes us from covering every detail of every story, especially when it comes to big issues like slavery and its impact—which span centuries of our history Both stories focused largely on antebellum America and did provide some insight into black history of that period As for the era’s long-term effects—including Jim Crow segregation, lynching and civil rights—American History has featured those topics in the past and will continue to so of this testimony, modern-day apologists for the South’s enslavers have no response other than the mere assertion that it just wasn’t that way, or that their abstract economic speculations argue against it I should also add that white enslavers left ample testimony of their own brutality in the records of their slave labor–camp enterprises This is detailed and sourced not only in my recent book, but in many other historians’ works as well Secretary, Not Senator I enjoy reading the magazine, but a caption in the article on Andrew Carnegie (February 2015) identifies William Howard Taft as a senator in 1906 when the photo was taken Taft was Theodore Roosevelt’s secretary of war at that time; he was never a U.S senator Mark Leopold Tequesta, Fla The Whole Truth, Part II I am shocked that two readers of American History would call General Robert E Lee a traitor (Letters, February 2015) The general was not a proponent of the War for Southern Independence, but could not raise the sword against his native Virginia It is also apparent that Edward E Baptist is attempting to rewrite history (Interview, February 2015) Few if any plantations used the “pushing system.” It would have been counterproductive You don’t get maximum production out of people if you mistreat them There was a bond between many plantation families and their slaves My great-grandfather had a family slave who accompanied him throughout his time as a soldier in the Confederate Army Robert J Tiller Mayesville, S.C Edward Baptist responds: Sadly, Mr Tiller is the one who is attempting to rewrite history Hundreds of interviews with, and memoirs written by, the survivors of the pushing system testify that enslavers used torture to force people to work harder, faster and longer In the face William Howard Taft went from TR’s Cabinet to the Oval Office to the U.S Supreme Court American History 19300 Promenade Drive Leesburg, VA 20176-6500 americanhistory@weiderhistorygroup.com LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Weider Reader Selections from our sister publications, chosen by the editors of American History MILITARY HISTORY WILD WEST AVIATION HISTORY Crusaders in Crisis A Hollywood Ending This Is No Joke B y the summer of 1192 the Third Crusade had ground to a bitter halt After a string of early successes King Richard I of England, popularly known as “the Lionheart,” had twice led the Christian army to within sight of Jerusalem only to be turned back by bad weather, strategic concerns and dissension among the Crusaders The French contingent—long resentful of Richard’s leadership—openly refused to follow him any longer, and even his own men were dissatisfied at how their king had shirked his sacred vow to take the city Worse yet, disturbing reports from England warned Richard of his brother John’s schemes to seize the throne for himself With his authority waning on all fronts, the Crusade seemed on the verge of collapse In the Muslim camp Saladin, founding sultan of the Ayyūbid dynasty, watched events unfold with a mixture of relief and consternation Though his army still held Jerusalem, the Crusaders controlled a swath of the Holy Land coastline stretching from Acre in the north to Ascalon in the south The latter foothold was particularly troubling, as it provided a launching point for Crusader operations against Egypt, the sultan’s power base Seizing the initiative, Saladin formulated a bold plan to split the Crusader territory in two, sever their lines of communication and defeat the Crusaders in detail To accomplish this he would strike where Richard least expected it—at Jaffa —from “Lionheart’s Greatest Victory,” by Alex Zakrzewski, March 2015 C heyenne and Lakota warriors were in the midst of a devastating raid along the Little Blue River in southeast Nebraska in 1864 when stage driver Robert Emery pulled in to Kiowa Station on the morning of August Indians were to the west, but Emery was determined to go through, not waiting to join a slower wagon train also about to leave the station About 2½ miles beyond the station the road forked The coach stayed to the right on the bluff road, and there John Gilbert saw the Indians ahead “They looked awful naked sitting there on their ponies,” he said, “their lances glistening in the sun.” Emery decided to turn back The Indians saw them as they swung around and the race began In a scene reminiscent of many Hollywood Westerns, the bouncing coach careened ahead as the Indians closed in, with passengers leaning out to shoot at their pursuers With all the jarring, probably no Indians were hit, but two of the passengers had bullets pass through their hats Emery beat the Indians to the junction by 50 yards and kept going as fast as the horses would pull until they met up with the lumbering wagon train Emery had raced nearly three miles in less than eight minutes The Indians stopped short of the wagons and pulled back, and Emery decided that he would go the rest of the way with the train I n the early morning hours of the first day of 1945, Allied pilots in northwest Europe might have expected to see pink elephants before they saw Nazi aircraft Since the Normandy invasion, Royal Air Force and U.S Army Air Forces fighters had largely driven the Luftwaffe from the skies Poor late-December weather had hindered efforts to counter the German ground offensive in the Ardennes—the Battle of the Bulge— but with the new year dawning cold and clear, all that prevented a renewed Allied aerial assault was aircrew hangovers Sergeant Peter Crowest, an RAF air controller at Ursel, Belgium, reported for duty at 0900 hours “We barely had time to judge the extent of our hangovers from the ‘night before’ when we heard and saw a squadron of lowflying fighters approaching An enquiry from my CO as to whether we were expecting Spitfires was answered when I said they were not Spitfires but Focke Wulf 190s Moments later I was firmly gripping the ground!” With Germans fighters raking his field at Knokke, Belgium, Squadron Leader G Dickinson made an urgent call to headquarters, only to be told, “This is January 1st, old boy, not April 1st.” Then he heard, “My God, the bastards are here!” and the line went dead —from “Luftwaffe’s Last Blow!” by Don Hollway, March 2015 —from “Stagecoach Attack—Roll It!” by Gregory Michno, April 2015 To order these or any other Weider History magazines, visit: www.HistoryNet.com or call (800) 435-0715 APRIL 2015 American Mosaic Compiled by Sarah Richardson Crafting Colonial Beer in Virginia A TWO–SENTENCE, 300-year-old recipe by 11-year-old Jane Randolph found in the files of the Virginia Historical Society prompted brewers at Ardent Craft Brewery in Richmond to concoct an unusual historical artifact: persimmon beer According to Richmond.com, the result was thin and fruity, more like wine than beer The brewers said the most difficult part was getting enough persimmons—17 pounds of fruit yielded only three gallons of beer Participants at a December event at the brewery were able to sample the beverage, which contained about percent alcohol Abraham Lincoln’s life and death had global impact The World Grieves for Lincoln AFTER President Lincoln died on April 15, 1865, condolences poured in from across the nation—and beyond Within the voluminous collection of the Illinois-based Papers of Abraham Lincoln Project are letters from abroad lamenting the loss They came from heads of state as well as obscure groups like the French-speaking Federal Society of Gymnasts, the Mauritian Gentlemen of Free Color in London and the London Committee of Deputies of British Jews Whatever the death of the president meant for the United States, his commitment to human rights and freedom resonated worldwide In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s death, Daniel Stowell, director of the Lincoln papers project, solicited comments from representatives of governments and groups related to the AMERICAN HISTORY letter-writers of 1865 A contributor from the Republic of China (Taiwan) notes that the Gettysburg Address is a must-read there for students learning English Japan’s note likens the tumultuous years of Lincoln’s presidency to the transformative years of the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos notes that he drew upon Lincoln’s tactic of assembling a team of rivals to promote national unity The response from Oman focuses on Lincoln’s honesty and integrity, while the contributor from Greece recognizes his mastery of Euclid’s Elements The ambassador from Iceland shares a Viking saying: “Every man is mortal: But the good name never dies of one who has done well.” To read the letters from 1865 and 2014, visit www.citizenlincoln.org Diospyros virginiana, the common persimmon, thrives in the humid climate of the South Atlantic states Tiny Island Living? THE REVOLUTION in navigating technology has left the General Services Administration, the property management arm of the federal government, with aging lighthouses to dispose of Over the past decade some 100 have been sold or given to preservation groups, according to an Associated Press article, and 70 more are headed that way As of mid-December two New England lighthouses were listed Bids start at $10,000, and nonprofits have first dibs Some lighthouses have sold for more than $280,000; renovation costs are extra For more information, see propertydisposal.gsa.gov/ LighthouseProgram LINCOLN: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS; GLOBE: THINKSTOCK PHOTOS; PERSIMMON: © NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON/ALAMY Providence Church to Highlight Slavery A STATELY 200-year-old Episcopal church, the now-closed Cathedral of St John, in Providence, R.I., may become the first U.S museum dedicated to the history of slavery and slave-trading in the North, according to Providencejournal.com Dwindling attendance shuttered St John in 2012, but church leaders are considering how to use the historic stone structure, which dates from 1810, to illuminate Rhode Island’s role in the slave trade The state was home to three major slave-trading ports, and a 2006 report by Brown University found that 1,000 slave-trading voyages—60 percent of all those originating in the North—departed from Rhode Island The prospective museum would also highlight how church members supported and opposed slavery Helping the church develop the project is the Boston-based Tracing Center (www.tracingcenter.org), a group formed by descendants of the nation’s most prominent slave-trading family, the DeWolfs of Rhode Island James DeWolf, who represented the state in the U.S Senate, was also a renowned slave trader who had a distillery in West Africa, a plantation in Cuba and a company that insured slavetrading voyages He was reputed to be the second-richest man in the United States at the time of his death in 1837 An interior view of the Cathedral of St John from the 1937 Historic American Buildings Survey shows the upper-level galleries where slaves worshipped Honoring Six Brothers Killed in the Civil War SIX BROTHERS from Louisa County, Iowa, served in the Civil War and not one of them survived The story of this enormous loss was discovered in 2011 through a scrapbook of the Littleton family donated to the Louisa County Historical Society in Wapello Now an effort is underway to raise money for a granite obelisk commemorating the 1862-63 service of brothers Thomas, Noah, Kendall, William, George and John Littleton The Littleton family had emigrated in the 1840s from Ohio to Toolesboro, Iowa, with the help of abolitionists and the Underground Railroad, but the mixed-race brothers—described as “mulatto” in the 1860 census— evidently passed for white and served in white Civil War units Both parents died before the war ended One brother died in Andersonville Prison in Georgia Another drowned while serving in Missouri The others died in combat or from combat-related illnesses Contributions for the monument can be sent to LCHS— Littleton Fund, P.O Box 302, Wapello, IA, 52653 FROM TOP: AP; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS; COURTESY OF WILL THOMPSON, ARMADILLO ARTS, IOWA CITY, IOWA The proposed monument of Mesabi Black granite will stand 11 feet tall and be surrounded by six oak trees APRIL 2015 American Mosaic Top Bid $36,000,000 A former Navy sailor, Jasper Johns is descended from William Johns, a Revolutionary War soldier who rescued the American flag at Fort Moultrie in South Carolina Perhaps those two strands of his biography contributed to why he decided in 1954, at age 22, to paint an American flag that would become one of the most iconic images of modern American art Johns made numerous versions of his 48star flag, which is built upon newsprint painted over with encaustic, a mix of wax and paint A 1983 version of the flag sold last fall at Sotheby’s for $36 million, a far higher price than had been expected The painting belonged to an assistant of Johns and had never before been at auction 50 Brides for Seven Brothers POLYGAMY among early Mormons is no secret, but the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints itself has now brought the surprising origins of the practice to light in a lengthy essay posted on its website in 2014 The essay details how Mormon founder Joseph Smith introduced the practice in the 1830s after what he described as three divine revelations, but he did not document it until 1843, a year before his death The early church never formalized plural marriages, which were not legal, but Smith conducted ceremonies in private A footnote in the essay estimates that Smith may have had 30 to 40 wives Ten were teens, and some of the others were already married Church leaders were apparently motivated to publish the essay in an effort to grapple with questions raised by information widely available on the Internet According to a November 10, 2014, New York Times article, many Mormons had believed that the practice of polygamy originated with Brigham Young, Smith’s successor But the church essay claims that in addition to Smith and his wives, 29 men and 50 women 10 AMERICAN HISTORY Emma Hale married Mormon founder Joseph Smith in 1827 The LDS Church now believes that Smith may have had more than 30 wives had entered into plural marriage by the time of the founder’s death in 1844 Interestingly, the essay addresses the attitudes—ranging from reluctance to abhorrence—both female and male members faced in entering plural marriages In fact, Emma Smith, Joseph’s first wife, denied in 1860 that her husband engaged in polygamy The LDS Church has also digitized Joseph Smith’s letters, diaries and revelations They are available online at josephsmithpapers.org/the-papers Emmett Till Commemorated ON NOVEMBER 17, 2014, a small group gathered on Capitol Hill around a newly planted American sycamore to commemorate Emmett Till, the 14-yearold African-American boy who was killed in Mississippi in 1955 for allegedly whistling at a white woman Senator Susan Collins (R-Maine) sponsored the event, which was attended by Attorney General Eric Holder, both senators from Mississippi and Janet Cohen, author of Anne and Emmett, a play about an imagined conversation between Holocaust victim Anne Frank and Till Cohen, the wife of William Cohen, former Maine senator and secretary of defense under President Bill Clinton, came up with the idea for the memorial Till, a Chicago native, was visiting family in the Mississippi Delta when he was murdered FLAG: COURTESY OF SOTHEBY’S NEW YORK; OTHER IMAGES: AP Inside Information Military analyst Daniel Ellsberg leaked the Pentagon Papers in 1971 and changed public perceptions about the Vietnam War National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden spilled the beans in 2013 about the agency’s seemingly limitless reach But did you know: Torture Chamber—2007 John Kiriakou, a retired CIA counterterrorism specialist, publicly confirmed that the agency used “enhanced interrogation techniques,” particularly waterboarding, on detainees in the War on Terror and that the practice was then sanctioned by John Kiriakou the Department of Justice Kiriakou was tried and convicted in 2012 on one count of providing classified information to the media and is currently serving a 30-month sentence in federal prison To date he is the only CIA operative to go to jail on a charge related to the controversial interrogation program Human Guinea Pigs—1972 When U.S Public Health Service researcher Peter Buxtun discovered the agency was conducting a decades-long study on syphilis with the Tuskegee Institute, he tried to get USPHS to admit it was wrong to withhold treatment for Herman Shaw, 94, who took part the disease from hundreds in the Tuskegee study, embraces of black men in Alabama President Bill Clinton in 1997 Failing that, Buxtun resigned and took the story to the press The study abruptly ended, and Buxtun testified before Congress; in 1974 legislation was passed to protect the rights of human subjects in medical research The federal government issued a formal apology in 1997 Spies Like Us—1971 National Security Agency analyst Perry Fellwock exposed a mass surveillance program that included spying on American citizens—42 years before Snowden came forward with similar charges Few Americans at the time even knew the supersecret NSA existed, and Fellwock’s revelations in part inspired congressional investigations of U.S intelligence agencies In 1978 Congress passed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, which forbade domestic surveillance without a warrant, an issue that resurfaced in 2013 with the Snowden leaks The prototype C-5A in 1968 The 764,500-pound cargo plane was the world’s largest aircraft Price Gouging—1969 A Ernest Fitzgerald, a civilian systems analyst for the U.S Air Force, lost his job after testifying before Congress that Lockheed’s government contract to produce the C-5A cargo plane was nearing $2 billion in cost overruns Fitzgerald was reinstated after a 13-year A Ernest Fitzgerald legal battle, and soon made headlines again with reports on wasteful defense spending that included $400 hammers and $600 toilet seats Business Is Booming—1935 Two-time Medal of Honor winner Maj Gen Smedley Butler published War Is a Racket and charged American big business with profiteering during World War I Coming from one of the country’s most decorated Marines of all time, Butler’s allegations were widely read and lent credence to the ongoing work of the Senate Munitions Committee, which was investigating the influence of American armament manufacturers on the decision to go to war in 1917 Maj Gen Smedley Butler 1777, aboard one of those ships, Providence, now in Hopkins’ fleet Captain Abraham Whipple presided over the court, with Hopkins and his son John assisting in the grilling Marvin proved to be an unshakable and slightly arrogant defendant “I was born in England but America is grown dear to me,” he told Hopkins, who asked about his place of birth “What was it that I ever did that was injurious to the public welfare?” asked Hopkins “A number of facts coming to our knowledge which we thought was our duty to submit to Congress.” “Do you remember what the facts were?” “I remember.” “If you remember will you tell what they were?” asked Whipple “Whenever Congress or any body authorized by them calls upon me I am ready to relate the facts.” “Do you think you was acting in the character of an officer when you made and signed a complaint and sent it away privately against your superior officer?” asked Whipple “I think I was.” Marvin was dishonorably discharged for having “treated the Commander-in-Chief of the American Navy with the greatest indignity and defamed his character in the highest manner,” but he was later granted a federal pension for his 11 months of service Though Hopkins was unaware of it, his service was over as well: Eight days earlier Congress had voted to suspend him Since news traveled slowly, Hopkins received a copy of his suspension order on April 15, delivered by a Continental prize agent from Rhode Island “Although I have lost the Interest of a parcel of mercenary merchants…I not think I have lost it in the major part of this State,” he wrote to William Ellery “I am obliged to you for your advice to continue a Friend to my Country, and you may depend I shall, should I have a few friends in it—neither I expect to remain inactive.” Hopkins never gave Congress a rebuttal to the petition and complaints He never answered the charge—lodged by some petitioners—that the fleet’s crew shortage stemmed from his reputation, not privateering He never made public the conspiracy of privateer owners who bought off Marvin and his shipmates, if such a conspiracy ever existed But when Hopkins was formally dismissed from the Continental Navy on January 2, 1778, he decided it was time to salvage his reputation, at least in Rhode Island He brought a suit for criminal libel against the 10 petitioners, with damages set at £10,000 Only Marvin and Samuel Shaw were arrested; the rest were at sea or otherwise unreachable The defendants turned to Congress for help They were not men of means, they wrote, and they had suffered much trouble and expense for doing what they believed was their duty It is unclear whether Congress was aware that Shaw had recanted his claims against Hopkins; on July 31, 1778, Henry Laurens, president of Congress, wrote to inform Marvin and Shaw that reasonable expenses for their defense would be provided He enclosed a copy of a law passed the previous day, the first whistleblower protection act, which they could present in court “Resolved, that it is the duty of all persons in the service of the United States, as well as all others the inhabitants thereof, 70 AMERICAN HISTORY to give the earliest information to Congress or other proper authority of any misconduct, frauds or misdemeanors committed by any officers or persons in the Service of these States, which may come to their knowledge.” William Channing, Rhode Island attorney general and sonin-law of William Ellery, was hired for the defense Hopkins brought forth an estimable group of character witnesses to attest to his fairness: a sea captain, a clergyman and college president, a prize agent and a judge of the maritime court of the state The affidavits of the men disavowing their complaints were also submitted The defense relied heavily on documents released by Congress, including the original petition and affidavits After five days of trial, the men were found not guilty The defendants’ congressional support no doubt impressed the jury, but Hopkins had few allies in Philadelphia and many delegates likely welcomed the chance to drive one more nail in his coffin Future whistleblowers would rarely enjoy such government cooperation T he next federal action to protect whistleblowers came in 1863 with the passage of the False Claims Act Referred to as the “Lincoln Law,” it rewarded those who uncovered corruption among contractors and other government service providers, even if the whistleblowers were involved in the malfeasance “It takes a rogue to catch a rogue” went the thinking, and the informer earned a slice of the settlement The Lincoln Law went virtually unchanged for almost a century In 1952 Senator Richard M Nixon introduced a whistleblower protection act when he was concerned about upcoming hearings on the Truman administration’s handling of the Korean War and other matters “Unless protection is given to witnesses who are employees of the Armed Services or employees of the Government,” he wrote, “the scheduled hearings will amount to no more than a parade of ‘yes-men’ for Administration policies past, present and future.” Nixon’s proposed legislation stalled and was never signed into law Ironically, the actions of Nixon as president inspired the next significant whistleblower protection legislation, 200 years after Congress first shielded those who came forward To curtail Watergate-style cover-ups, the 1978 Civil Service Reform Act granted civil servants protection from reprisal for the “lawful disclosure of information” related to “mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.” That law was strengthened by the 1989 Whistleblower Protection Act; 25 years later, on July 30, 2014, the U.S Senate unanimously recognized the second annual National Whistleblower Appreciation Day as an acknowledgment that whistleblowers “risk their careers, jobs, and reputations” to “serve the public interest by ensuring that the United States remains an ethical and safe place.” ■ Steve Boisson wrote about Hollywood’s 1942 pro-Soviet film, Mission to Moscow, in the February 2014 issue of American History He is currently researching a biography of fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey Scientifically ENGINEERED AR LL O D LINI NG A N C IC G-DEFY SUPER WALK R LE OOM F O R E EU O RO-STYLE T TEM EN T YS 5, V 8, P AT E N T # U S S ILATION S IA SPEC 52 B E BO X S WI G G OC K E TO SH DEFY GRAVITY AVS U UL to ID W S OR B S H A R M AB F OV OT ABLE ORTH L RU TS O LE UR NAT TH T RE M ENSITI VE SS OO SM H APED S U OR PP S AL HE IN SK S OO T ® B BER O U SHOES THAT WILL CHANGE YOUR LIFE GUARANTEED! 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NEW! www.vietnammag.com/subscribe www.aviationhistory.com/subscribe www.civilwartimes.com/subscribe www.worldwarii.com/subscribe Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S and other countries App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc Reviews Edited by Richard Ernsberger Jr A Voice for the People WERE ELEANOR ROOSEVELT alive today and active in public life, there is no doubt she’d be making ample use of social media to convey her progressive social and political viewpoints But she lived before our digital breakthroughs and so had to settle for writing newspaper columns and books, while her husband, Franklin D Roosevelt, was president The First Lady of Radio: Eleanor Roosevelt’s Historic Broadcasts edited by Stephen Drury Smith The New Press editor and host of American Public Media’s documentary series American RadioWorks, thoughtfully selected this anthology of 38 addresses ranging from Roosevelt’s first days as the president-elect’s wife to her final message on V-J Day in August 1945, four months after FDR died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the start of his fourth term Eleanor Roosevelt was every bit her husband’s ambitious political partner, writes historian and ER biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook in a foreword The first lady’s radio broadcasts “sought to enhance her husband’s efforts, and build support for his best visions,” says Cook But Roosevelt also pushed her own agenda She matter-of-factly tackled issues of race and poverty, government housing, women and the workplace, education and labor strikes Her broadcasts, usually about 15 minutes long, were classic news commentary sprinkled with her views Roosevelt was well paid by commercial sponsors, such on lighter topics such as as the Pond’s cold cream company, for her broadcasts Critics said the payments were undignified, but the first horse races and tennis lady donated all the money to various charities championships And she occasionally told listeners The first lady also made some 300 about her daily life in the White House radio broadcasts during her years in She mentioned, for example, her the White House, from 1932 to 1945 habit of driving herself after breakfast They are the subject of The First Lady from the White House to nearby of Radio: Eleanor Roosevelt’s Historic horse stables for a brisk ride along Broadcasts Stephen Drury Smith, the Potomac Refreshingly, Roosevelt © HULTON-DEUTSCH COLLECTION/CORBIS was forthright and unapologetic, even examining her own shortcomings as a mother in a program called “Education of a Daughter for the Twentieth Century,” a 1937 interview with her daughter Anna Roosevelt Boettiger from Seattle, Wash “If only our companionship could have developed as freely when you were little as it did later on,” said Eleanor to Anna “I would have probably understood a great deal more You are doing a better job with your child.” Roosevelt more than once dwelled on the lingering tragedy of World War I, and she expressed her own and the nation’s anxieties about getting into another global war When it happened, it was Mrs Roosevelt who, on December 7, 1941, first addressed the nation after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, directing her commentary from NBC’s studios in Washington to the “women of the country” who had husbands and sons in service, while gently, and characteristically, acknowledging the nation’s shock: “You have friends and families in what has suddenly become a danger zone You cannot escape anxiety You cannot escape a clutch of fear at your heart And yet I hope that the certainty of what we have to meet will make you rise above these fears.” Drury describes Roosevelt as “a first lady of firsts”—first to fly in an airplane, first to testify before Congress and first to address a national political convention Historians have praised Roosevelt’s famously exhaustive schedule, her boundless energy and her great achievements Curiously, the texts of these revealing and quite intimate radio broadcasts have never been collected in a book until now, and they offer a means for visiting anew the lifework of an extraordinary American woman —Daisy Ridgway Khalifa APRIL 2015 73 Reviews Master of the Urban Underworld IN HIS LIFETIME (1888-1959), Raymond Chandler was known for just seven novels, a dozen or so stories, two film scripts (for Billy Wilder’s Double Indemnity and Alfred Hitchcock’s Strangers on a Train) and a famous essay, “The Simple Art of Murder,” in which he acknowledged his debt as a writer of American “tough guy” mysteries to Dashiell Hammett Nowadays, creative types pay homage to Chandler And well they should: While the books of other early 20th-century crime writers read like period pieces, Chandler’s still crackle with their lurid, neon-lit atmospheres, acerbic dialogue and taut Los Angeles–based plots And Chandler still influences global culture, both high and low Last year Irish novelist John Banville, a winner of Britain’s prestigious Man Booker Prize for fiction, borrowed Chandler’s archetypal detective, Philip Marlowe, for his book The Black-Eyed Blonde Frank Miller, the godfather of the graphic novel, has credited Chandler with inspiring the genre And, of course, Chandler’s hard-bitten style set the tone for film noir in the 1940s and its subsequent iterations In The World of Raymond Chandler, Barry Day takes us on a tour of Chandler’s sinewy Los Angeles using the author’s own words from letters and the classic novels, most notably The Big Sleep, Farewell, My Lovely and The Long Goodbye Day selected apt passages to give readers a vivid if cynical taste of both the well-to-do and, more fascinating, the ne’er-do-wells who inhabit L.A.’s demi-monde—the 76 AMERICAN HISTORY The World of Raymond Chandler: In His Own Words edited by Barry Day Knopf blackmailers, pornographers, wouldbe actresses, crooked cops, tinhorn gamblers, bored society girls, druggies, nymphomaniacs and minor league hoods Taken together these passages might suffice for the autobiography that Chandler never wrote For Chandler, Los Angeles is “a big, hard-boiled city with no more personality than a paper cup.” The rich take refuge in houses like those described in Farewell, My Lovely: “Great silent estates, with twelve-foot walls and wrought-iron gates and ornamental hedges; and inside, if you could get inside, a special brand of sunshine, very quiet, put up in noise-proof containers just for the upper classes.” Chandler thought of L.A as a stand-in for all of urban America; as one character tells Marlowe, “It is the same in all big cities, amigo.” Chandler, who was born in Chicago but grew up in London and was a British citizen for most of his life, was both intrigued and disgusted Raymond Chandler’s first novel, The Big Sleep, was published in 1939 His first original screenplay was for the 1946 movie Blue Dahlia starring (below) Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake The film noir was a success with southern California “No doubt in years or centuries to come,” he wrote to a friend in 1939, “this will be the center of civilization, if there is any left, but the melting-pot stage bores me horribly I like people with manners, grace, some social institution…people whose pride of living does not express itself in their kitchen gadgets and their automobiles.” The World of Raymond Chandler is a superb mix of the literary and the visual Enhancing the text are more than 100 black-andwhite photographs and illustrations, including old L.A institutions like the original Brown Derby and Schwab’s Pharmacy, as well as covers from French editions of Chandler’s books, copies of letters to and from other noir novelists (such as James M Cain) and stills from the films made from Chandler’s novels One, from The Big Sleep, shows Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart, a Smith & Wesson 38 in his hand, peering out a window into the dark Beverly Hills night—looking for trouble…and sure to find it This is an essential book for Chandler aficionados —Allen Barra TOP: © 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