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Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman giáo trình Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman Understanding psychology 12e robert feldman
Understanding Psychology ROBERT S FELDMAN 12e Built for Students, Informed by Students first describes the underlying philosophy of Feldman, Understanding Psychology Designed for student success, Understanding Psychology provides students with a powerful framework in a personalized learning environment, helping them connect, engage, and feel excited about the field of psychology If I were to use only two words to summarize my goal across the twelve editions of Understanding Psychology, as well as my teaching philosophy, I would say “Students First.” I believe that effective course materials must be oriented to students—informing them, engaging them, and exciting them about the field of psychology and helping them connect it to their worlds Luckily, psychology is a science that is inherently interesting to students It is a discipline that speaks with many voices, offering a personal message to each student To some, psychology provides a better understanding of others’ behavior Some view psychology as a pathway to selfunderstanding Others see the potential for a future career, and still others are drawn to psychology by the opportunity for intellectual discovery that its study provides No matter what brings students into the introductory course, and regardless of their initial motivations, Understanding Psychology, Twelfth Edition is designed to draw students into the field and stimulate their thinking By focusing on students first and connecting with them, Understanding Psychology promotes students success by engaging and informing them, which results in students learning the course content and becoming excited about the field of psychology ~ Robert S Feldman Better Data, Smarter Revision, Improved Results Students study more effectively with SmartBook™ McGraw-Hill LearnSmart® is an adaptive learning program designed to help students learn faster, study smarter, and retain more knowledge for greater success Distinguishing what students know from what they don’t, and focusing on concepts they are most likely to forget, LearnSmart continuously adapts to each student’s needs by building an individual learning path Millions of students have answered more than a billion questions in LearnSmart since 2009, making it the most widely used and intelligent adaptive study tool that’s proven to strengthen memory recall, keep students in class, and boost grades Fueled by LearnSmart, SmartBook is the first and only adaptive reading experience currently available • Make It Effective. SmartBook creates a personalized reading experience by highlighting the most impactful concepts a student needs to learn at that moment in time This ensures that every minute spent with SmartBook is returned to the student as the most value-added minute possible • Make It Informed. SmartBook's real-time reports quickly identify the concepts that require more attention from individual students—or the entire class Student Data Students helped inform the revision strategy: STEP Over the course of three years, data points showing concepts that caused students the most difficulty were anonymously collected from Connect Psychology’s LearnSmart product STEP The data from LearnSmart was provided to the authors in the form of a Heat Map, which graphically illustrated “hot spots” in the text that impacted student learning (see the image to the right) STEP The author used the Heat Map data to refine the content and reinforce student comprehension in the new edition Additional quiz questions and assignable activities were created for use in Connect Psychology to further support student success RESULT: Because the Heat Map gave Bob Feldman empirically based feedback at the paragraph—and even sentence—levels, he was able to develop the new edition using precise student data that pinpointed concepts that caused students the most difficulty Personalized Grading, On the Go, Made Easier The first and only analytics tool of its kind, Connect Insight is a series of visual data displays that provide at-a-glance information regarding how your class is doing Designed for mobile devices, Connect Insight travels from office to classroom, available on demand wherever and whenever it’s needed TWELFTH EDITION Understanding Psychology ROBERT S FELDMAN University of Massachusetts Amherst UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY, TWELFTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121 Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Previous editions © 2013, 2011, and 2008 No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States This book is printed on acid-free paper DOW/DOW ISBN 978-1-259-33035-3 MHID 1-259-33035-4 Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L Strand Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Vice President, Content Design & Delivery: Kimberly Meriwether David Managing Director: William Glass Executive Director: Krista Bettino Brand Manager: Krista Bettino Marketing Managers: Ann Helgerson and AJ Laferrera Lead Product Developer: Dawn Groundwater Senior Product Developer: Sarah Colwell Director, Content Design & Delivery: Terri Schiesl Program Manager: Debra B Hash Content Project Manager: Debra B Hash Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy Design: David Hash Content Licensing Specialists: Ann Marie Jannette (text); Keri Johnson (image) Cover Image: Sam Edwards/Getty Images Compositor: Aptara®, Inc Printer: R R Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Robert S (Robert Stephen), 1947– Understanding psychology / Robert S Feldman, University of Massachusetts, Amherst — Twelfth edition pages cm ISBN 978-1-259-33035-3 (alk paper) — ISBN 1-259-33035-4 Psychology I Title BF121.F34 2014 150—dc23 2014011838 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites www.mhhe.com Dedication To Jon, Leigh, Alex, Miles, Josh, Julie, Sarah, Jeff, and Kathy About the Author ROBERT S FELDMAN is Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Deputy Chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst A recipient of the College Distinguished Teacher Award, he teaches psychology classes ranging in size from 15 to nearly 500 students During the course of more than two decades as a college instructor, he has taught undergraduate and graduate courses at Mount Holyoke College, Wesleyan University, and Virginia Commonwealth University in addition to the University of Massachusetts Professor Feldman, who initiated the Minority Mentoring Program at the University of Massachusetts, also has served as a Hewlett Teaching Fellow and Senior Online Teaching Fellow He initiated distance-learning courses in psychology at the University of Massachusetts A Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science, Professor Feldman received a BA with High Honors from Wesleyan University and an MS and PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison He is a winner of a Fulbright Senior Research Scholar and Lecturer Award and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Wesleyan He is President of the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (FABBS) Foundation, which advocates for the field of psychology He has written and edited more than 200 books, book chapters, and scientific articles He has edited Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Children, Applications of Nonverbal Behavioral Theory and Research, Improving the First Year of College: Research and Practice, and co-edited Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior He is also author of P.O.W.E.R Learning: Strategies for Success in College and Life His textbooks, which have been used by more than million students around the world, have been translated into Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, German, Italian, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese His research interests include deception and honesty in everyday life, work that he described in The Liar in Your Life, a trade book published in 2009 His research has been supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute on Disabilities and Rehabilitation Research Professor Feldman loves music, is an enthusiastic pianist, and enjoys cooking and traveling He serves on the Board of New England Public Radio He has three children and two grandsons He and his wife, a psychologist, live in western Massachusetts in a home overlooking the Holyoke mountain range v Brief Contents Preface xxv CHAPTER Introduction to Psychology MODULE MODULE MODULE CHAPTER Psychological Research 30 MODULE MODULE MODULE CHAPTER MODULE MODULE Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior 59 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating Within the Body 68 The Brain 76 Sensation and Perception 94 MODULE 10 MODULE 11 MODULE 12 MODULE 13 CHAPTER The Scientific Method 33 Conducting Psychological Research 37 Critical Research Issues 48 Neuroscience and Behavior 56 MODULE CHAPTER Psychologists at Work A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future 14 Psychology’s Key Issues and Controversies 22 Sensing the World Around Us 97 Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye 102 Hearing and the Other Senses 111 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World 124 States of Consciousness 138 MODULE 14 MODULE 15 MODULE 16 Sleep and Dreams 141 Hypnosis and Meditation 154 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness 161 vii Subject Index A AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), 172, 560 A-B-C model of rational-emotive behavior therapy, 552, 553f Abnormal behavior, 506 See also Psychological disorders Absolute threshold, 98 Abu Ghraib prison, 591 Academic success, 286 Academic tasks, 151 Accommodation, 104 Accutane, 392f Acetylcholine (ACh), 65, 65f Achievement motivation, 327–328 Achievement-related imagery, 328 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 374, 392f Acrophobia, 515 Action potential, 61 Activation information modulation (AIM), 148–149 Activation-synthesis theory, 147f, 148 Activity theory of aging, 430–431 Acupuncture, 119, 120 Adaptation, 100 Adaptive learning, 195 Adaptive testing, 292–293 Addictive drugs, 161 Adenosine, 164 ADHD, 531 Adolescence, 412–421 coming-of-age ceremonies, 420–421 defined, 412 Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, 416–417, 416f Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, 414–415, 415f moral development, 414–416 physical development, 412–414 puberty, 413, 413f, 414 rebelliousness, 417–418 social development, 416–420 suicide, 418–420 visual summary, 435 Adolescent egocentrism, 418 Adolescent suicide, 418–420 Adrenal gland, 73f Adulthood, 422–431 changing roles of men and women, 426 late, 426–430 marriage, divorce, family ties, 425 menopause, 423–424 middle, 424 midlife transition, 424 physical development, 423–424 social development, 424–425 stages, 422 visual summary, 435 Affiliation needs, 328 I-22 African Americans See Race and ethnicity Afterimage, 109 Age of viability, 389 Aggression, 605–607 Aggressive behavior, 350 Aggressive cues, 607 Agoraphobia, 516f, 517 Agreeableness, 451f “Aha!” phenomenon, 260 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 374, 392f AIM (activation information modulation), 148–149 Ainsworth strange situation, 400 Alcohol, 65, 166–169 AA, 560 alcoholism, 168–169 binge drinking, 166, 167f cultural and ethnic differences, 167 effects of, 168f fetus, and, 391, 392f gender, 166 identifying abuse, 171–172 incidence of alcohol dependence, 534 national hotlines/self-help groups, 172, 560 teenagers, 162f Alcohol use disorders, 531 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 172, 560 Alcoholism, 168–169 Algorithm, 251 All-or-none law, 60 Allport’s trait theory, 450 Alprazolam, 568 Altered states of consciousness, 140, 159 Alternate paths to conception, 392 Alternation model of bicultural competence, 274 Altruism, 609 Alzheimer’s disease, 239, 429 Ambivalent children, 400 American Anorexia Bulimia Association, 325 American Psychological Association (APA), 20 Amitriptyline, 566f Amnesia, 229, 239 Amok, 537 Amphetamines, 162f, 164, 165f Amplitude, 113 Amygdala changes in behavior, 80–81, 81f emotions, 333 memory, 222 racial prejudice, 599 Anal stage, 441f, 442 Analogies, 265 Analytical intelligence, 287 Analytical learning style, 206, 206f Androgen, 353, 358 Androgynous people, 355 Anger management, 610 “Animal brain,” 81 Animal research, 50–51 Animals and language, 272–273 Anorexia nervosa, 323, 537 Anorgasmia, 375 Anterior commissure, 369 Anterograde amnesia, 239 Antianxiety drugs, 566f, 568 Antidepressant drugs, 566–567, 566f Antipsychotic drugs, 565–566, 566f Antisocial personality disorder, 529–530 Anus, 358f Anvil, 111, 112f Anxiety disorders, 515–517, 519 drug therapy, 566f, 568 generalized anxiety disorder, 517, 518f panic disorder, 516 phobic disorder, 515–516, 516f Aphasia, 84 Apparent movement, 129–130 Applying Psychology in 21st Century cosmetic surgery, 452 distracted parenting, 400 distraction of cell phone conversations, 158 finding motivation to get unstuck, 324 harnessing brainpower to improve lives, 79 hero, 46 high tech therapy, 558 Internet addiction, 532 LGBT people, 369 media and gender, 205 mind pops, 230 money and happiness, 497–498 negative stereotype, 597 overview, 20 study-break soundtrack, 130 thinking during sleep, 260 Archetypes, 445–446 Archival research, 37 Arousal approaches to motivation, 313 Arrangement problem, 255, 256f, 257f Artificial hormones, 73 Artificial intelligence, 253 Asch conformity experiments, 588–589 Assessing intelligence, 287–293 See also Intelligence tests Assessing personality, 462–468 Association areas, 82f, 83–84 Assumed-similarity bias, 585 Ataque de nervios, 537 Attachment, 398–400 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 531 Attitudes, 579, 581–582 Attribution bias, 584–586 Attribution processes, 584 Attribution theory, 584 Atypical antipsychotics, 565 Auditory area, 82f, 83 Auditory association area, 82f Auditory canal, 111, 112f Auditory cortex, 114 Subject Index Auditory nerve, 112f Authoritarian parents, 403, 404f Authoritative parents, 403, 404f Autism spectrum disorder, 20, 191, 531 Autobiographical memory, 232–233 Autonomic division, 70 Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage, 405, 416f Availability heuristic, 252 Aversive conditioning, 549 Avoidant children, 400 Avoidant coping, 482 Awa tribe (New Guinea), 420 Axon, 59, 60f Azithromycin, 373 B Babbling, 268 Babinski reflex, 395 Background stressors, 477 Balance, 114–115 Barbiturates, 165f, 169 Basilar membrane, 111 Bath salts, 162f, 164, 165f Becoming an Informed Consumer anger management, 610 behavior analysis/behavior modification, 197–198 biofeedback, 89–90 choosing the right therapist, 572 coping strategies, 485 date rape, 376 death, 431–432 dieting/losing weight, 325–326 drug and alcohol problems, identifying, 171–172 memory, improving your, 240 pain management, 120–121 personality tests, 468 psychological research, 52 sleeping better, 152 standardized tests, 294 thinking critically about psychology, 26–27 thinking critically and creatively, 264–265 when does one need help?, 538–539 Behavior analysis, 197 Behavior assessment, 467 Behavior-change strategy, 198 Behavior-change techniques, 197–198 Behavior modification, 197–198 Behavioral economics, 586 Behavioral genetics, 9, 72, 384 Behavioral neuroscience, Behavioral neuroscientists, 58 Behavioral perspective, 18 criticism of, 508 defined, 18, 508 emphasis on observable behavior, 508 key issues and controversies, 22f Behavioral treatment approaches, 548–551 Behaviorism (Watson), 15f Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein/Murray), 301, 302 Bell-shaped distribution, 289, 289f Benevolent sexism, 348 Benzedrine, 164, 165f Benzodiazepines, 566f Bereavement support group, 559 Beta amyloid precursor protein, 239, 429 Bias assumed-similarity, 585 attribution, 584–586 confirmation, 263 experiments, 51 self-serving, 585 Biculturalism, 274 Big Five personality traits, 450–451, 451f “Big” foods, 325 Bilingual education, 273–274 Bimodal distribution, A–7 Binge drinking, 166, 167f Binge-eating disorder, 532 Binging-and-purging cycles, 324 Binocular disparity, 127 Biofeedback, 89–90, 120 Biological and evolutionary approaches to personality, 455–458, 460f Biological preparedness, 185 Biomedical therapy, 544, 565–570 Biopsychologist, 58 Biosocial explanation of gender differences, 354 Bipolar cells, 105, 105f Birth complications, 297 Bisexual, 368 Bladder, 358f “Blank slate” (tabula rasa), 14 Blind spot, 105, 106f Blue-yellow color blindness, 108f BMI (body mass index), 319, 320f Bodily kinesthetic intelligence, 284f Body mass index (BMI), 319, 320f Boomerang children, 418 Borderline personality disorder, 530 Boston Marathon massacre, Bottom-up processing, 126 Braille, 85 Brain, 76–89 See also Neuroscience in Your Life AIM, 148–149 central core, 78–80 cerebral cortex, 81–84 cocaine, and, 166 cognitive behavior therapy, 554 cross-cultural differences, 50, 88 daydreaming, 151 depression, 524 fear module, 196 food intake, 321, 321f happiness, 332 hemispheres, 86–87, 89f information processing, 352 intelligence, 283, 285 limbic system, 80–81 memory, 222 mental rehearsal, 248 neuroplasticity, 84–85 prejudice, 599 psychosurgery, 569 scanning techniques, 76–78 sex differences, 87–88 sexual orientation, 369 sleep, and, 142f split-brain patients, 88 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 150 thinking during sleep, 260 unconscious wish fulfillment theory, 148 visual summary, 93 Brain fag, 537 Brain lateralization, 86, 88 Brain-scanning techniques, 76–78 EEG, 76–77, 77f fMRI, 76–77, 77f PET scan, 77, 77f TMS, 77–78, 77f Broca’s aphasia, 84 Broca’s area, 82f Bulimia, 324, 325 Bupropion, 566 Bystander apathy, 32, 34, 44–45, 45–46 I-23 C Caffeine, 163–164, 163f Cancer, 488–489 Candle problem, 261, 261f, 262f Cannabis, 165f, 170 Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, 334 CAPS (cognitive-affective processing system), 454 Carbamazepine, 567 Cardinal trait, 450 Career success, 286 Case study, 39 Castration anxiety, 442 Cat in the Hat, The (Dr Seuss), 390 Cataclysmic events, 476 Cathinone, 165f Celexa, 566f Cell phone conversations, 158, 401 Central core, 78–80 Central nervous system (CNS), 68–70 Central route processing, 580 Central tendency, A–6 Central trait, 450, 583 Cerebellum, 78, 80f Cerebral cortex, 80f, 81–84, 82f association areas, 83–84 defined, 81 motor area, 82–83 sensory area, 83 Cervix, 358f Chilcotin Indian tribe, 205 Child care, 402–403 Childhood disorders, 531 Childhood sexual abuse, 372–373 Children babbling, 268 boomerang, 418 courtroom testimony, 231–232 development See Growth and development intelligence, 285 sex determination, 387, 388f China National Tobacco Corporation, 492 Chlamydia, 373 Chlorpromazine, 565, 566f Chromosomes, 387, 388f Chronic pain, 118 Chunk, 216 Cigarette smoking See Smoking Cingulotomy, 569 Circadian rhythms, 150–151 Classical conditioning, 179–185 challenging basic assumptions, 185 conditioned stimulus/response, 180 defined, 180 extinction, 183–184 generalization and discrimination, 184 operant conditioning, compared, 196–197, 196f overview, 181–182, 181f, 196f spontaneous recovery, 184 unconditioned stimulus/response, 180 visual summary, 209 Classical conditioning treatments, 548–550 Claustrophobia, 515 Client-centered therapy, 557 Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers), 15f Clinical mental health counselor, 545f Clinical neuropsychology, Clinical psychologist, 545f Clinical psychology, Clinical social worker, 545f I-24 Subject Index Clitoris, 358f, 360 Close relationship, 602 Closure, 124, 125f Clozapine, 566f Clozaril, 566f CNS (central nervous system), 68–70 Coca-Cola, 163f Cocaine, 162f, 164–166 Cochlea, 111, 112f Coffee, 163f Cognition and language, 244–277 algorithm, 251 artificial intelligence, 253 concepts, 248–251 critical thinking and creativity, 264–265 deductive/inductive reasoning, 251 divergent/convergent thinking, 263 grammar, 267–268 heuristics, 252 language development, 268–271 See also Language mental images, 247–248 problem solving See Problem solving prototype, 249, 249f reasoning, 251–252 thinking, 247, 264–265 Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS), 454 Cognitive appraisal, 553 Cognitive approaches to learning, 200–204 Cognitive approaches to motivation, 315 Cognitive behavior therapy, 553, 554 Cognitive-behavioral approach, 552 Cognitive complexity, 263 Cognitive development, 405–410 defined, 406 Piaget’s theory, 406–407, 406f Vygotsky’s theory, 410 Cognitive dissonance, 581, 582 Cognitive learning theory, 200 Cognitive map, 201 Cognitive perspective, 19 criticism of, 508 defined, 19, 508 key issues and controversies, 22f primary goal of treatment, 508 Cognitive psychology, 6, 246 Cognitive restructuring, 121 Cognitive tasks, 151 Cognitive treatment approaches, 552–554 Cohort, 386 Collective orientation, 586 Collective unconscious, 445 College crisis center, 571 Color blindness, 108 Color-sequence synesthesia, 122 Color vision, 107–110 Columbia space shuttle disaster, 590 Coming-of-age ceremonies, 420–421 Communalism, 301 Community psychology, 570–571 Companionate love, 603 Compliance, 591–593 Compulsion, 517 Computer mimicry, 252 Computerized adaptive testing, 292–293 Computers and problem-solving, 252–253 Concept cells, 223 Conception, 387, 388f, 392 Concepts, 248–251 Concrete operational stage, 406f, 407, 408 Conditional positive regard, 459 Conditioned response (CR), 180 Conditioned stimulus (CS), 180 Condoms, 374 Cones, 104 Confederate, 45 Confirmation bias, 263 Conformity, 588–591 Conscientiousness, 451f Conscious versus unconscious causes of behavior, 23 Consciousness, 140 See also States of consciousness Consolidation, 222 Constructive processes, 229–233 Contemporary IQ tests, 289–290 Contingency contracting, 551 Continuous reinforcement schedule, 192 Contract, 551 Control group, 41 Conventional morality, 415f Convergent thinking, 263 Conversion disorder, 519–520, 520f Coping, 481–485 avoidant, 482 defense mechanisms, 482 defined, 481 emotion-focused, 482 hardiness, 483 pointers/guidelines, 485 problem-focused, 482 resilience, 483 social support, 484–485 Cornea, 103, 105f Coronary heart disease, 489–490 Corpus callosum, 80f, 89f Correlation, 39, A–15 to A–18 Correlation coefficient, 39, A–17 “Correlation does not imply causation,” 40 Correlational research, 39–41 Cosmetic surgery, 452 Counseling psychologist, 545f Counseling psychology, Courtroom and memory, 231–232 CR (conditioned response), 180 Creative intelligence, 287 Creative nonadherence, 493 Creativity, 151, 263–264 Crisis centers, 571 Critical thinking and creativity, 264–265 Critical thinking procedures, 26 Cross-cultural differences See Cultural differences Cross-cultural psychology, Cross-sectional research, 385–386 Crystallized intelligence, 283, 429 CS (conditioned stimulus), 180 Cue-dependent forgetting, 237 Cultural differences See also Diversity alcohol, 167 altered states of consciousness, 159 biculturalism, 274 bilingual education, 273–274 brain lateralization, 88 categorizing the world, 250 child rearing, 404 children’s style of play, 402 cognitive development, 410 collective/individualist orientation, 586 coming-of-age ceremonies, 420–421 depression, 535 depth perception, 132 emotions, 337–338 female circumcision, 361 food intake, 322 fundamental attribution error, 586 fundamental biological processes, 50 intelligence, 282, 301, 303 language, 272 learning, 205–207 mate selection, 604–605, 604f memory, 233–234 memory loss during old age, 429 pain, 119 perception, 132 premarital intercouse, 367–368 psychological disorders, 537–538 smoking, 491–492 stereotype threat, 597 weight standards, 319–320 Culture-fair IQ test, 301 Curiosity, 312 D D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 484 Daily hassles, 477, 478f Dalai Lama, 283 D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education), 163 Dark adaptation, 104 Date rape, 376 Date rape drug (Rohypnol), 169 Daydreaming, 151–152 Death, 431–432 Debriefing, 48 Decaffeinated coffee, 163f Decay, 237 Decibels, 113 Declarative memory, 219 Deductive reasoning, 251 Defense mechanisms, 442–444, 482 Deinstitutionalization, 571, 571f Delusions, 526 Dendrites, 59, 60f Denial, 443f Depakote, 566f Dependent variable, 42 Depressants, 165f, 166–169 Depression brain, 524 causes, 524 cultural differences, 535 death, and, 432 drug therapy, 566–567, 566f incidence, 534 Internet-based treatment, 553 student exercise, 522f women, 522, 524–525 Depth perception, 126–128, 132 DES (diethylstilbestrol), 369, 392f Descriptive research, 37 See also Psychological research Descriptive statistics, A–5 Desipramine, 566f Desyrel, 566f Determinism, 19, 23 Development, 380–435 See also Growth and development Developmental psychology, 6, 383 Deviation IQ score, 289 Devil’s tuning fork, 132, 132f Dexedrine, 164, 165f Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), 510–513 DID (dissociative identity disorder), 520, 537 Diet pills, 327 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 369, 392f Dieting/losing weight, 326–327 Difference threshold, 99 Diffusion of responsibility, 34, 608 Discrimination, 596–601 Discriminative stimulus, 195 Subject Index Diseases/disorders See Psychological disorders Disengagement theory of aging, 430 Disorganized-disoriented children, 400 Displacement, 443f Dispositional causes, 584 Dispositional factors, 46 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 536 Dissociation, 155 Dissociative amnesia, 521 Dissociative disorders, 520–521 Dissociative fugue, 521 Dissociative identity disorder (DID), 520, 537 Distracted driving, Distracted parenting, 400 Divalproex sodium, 567 Divergent thinking, 263 Diversity, 24–25 brain, 87–88 cultural differences See Cultural differences gender differences See Gender differences race and ethnicity See Race and ethnicity race norming, 463 representative participants, 49 Divided consciousness, 155 Divorce, 425 DNA sequence, 388f Doctor of philosophy (PhD), 11 Doctor of psychology (PsyD), 11 Doctoral-level psychologists, 9, 11 Doom (video game), 204 Door-in-the-face technique, 592 Dopamine, 65f cocaine, 164–166 negative consequences, 66 Parkinson’s disease, 65 reinforcement of behavior, 189 Dopamine (DA), 65f Dopamine-4-receptor gene, 457 Dopamine pathways, 65f Double-blind procedure, 52 Double standard, 366 Down syndrome, 297, 391 Doxycycline, 373 Dream interpretation, 546 Dreaming common elements, 146f daydreams, 151–152 evolutionary explanations, 148 neuroscience explanations, 148–149 nightmares, 146 overview, 147f psychoanalytic explanations, 146–148 Dreams-for-survival theory, 147f, 148 Drive, 312 Drive-reduction approaches to motivation, 312 Drug reduction programs, 163 Drug therapy, 565–568 antianxiety drugs, 566f, 568 antidepressant drugs, 566–567, 566f antipsychotic drugs, 565–566, 566f mood stabilizers, 566f, 567–568 overview, 566f Drug use, 161–172 alcohol See Alcohol amphetamines, 164, 165f barbiturates, 165f, 169 cocaine, 164–166 depressants, 165f, 166–169 drug reduction programs, 163 fetus, and, 391 hallucinogens, 165f, 170–171 identifying drug abuse, 171–172 marijuana, 165f, 170 MDMA, 165f, 171 narcotics, 165f, 169–170 national hotlines, 172 overview, 165f psychoactive/addictive drugs, 161 Rohypnol, 165f, 169 stimulants, 163–166 teenagers, 162f visual summary, 175 why people take drugs, 162–163 DSM-5, 510–513 E e-cigarettes, 490 Ear, 111, 112f See also Hearing Eardrum, 111, 112f Early adulthood, 422 Eating disorders, 323–325 anorexia nervosa, 323 binge-eating disorder, 532 bulimia, 324, 325 causes, 324–325 prevalence, 324 resources, 325 Eating habits, 319–327 biological factors, 320–321 burning 150 calories, 326f dieting/losing weight, 326–327 eating disorders, 323–325 roots of obesity, 322–323 social factors, 321–322 Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, 236f Echoic memory, 214 ECoG implant, 79 Ecstasy (MDMA), 162f, 165f, 171 ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 568–569 Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 297 Educational psychology, 7f EEG (electroencephalogram), 76–77, 77f Ego, 440 Ego-integrity-versus despair stage, 416f, 417 Egocentric thought, 407 Egocentrism, 418 Ejaculation, 360 Ejaculatory duct, 358f Elaborative rehearsal, 217 Elavil, 566f Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 568–569 Electrocorticographic (ECoG) implant, 79 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 76–77, 77f Electronic cigarettes, 490 Electrophobia, 515 Embryo, 389 Embryonic period, 389 Emerging adulthood, 422 EMI (computer), 252 Emotion-focused coping, 482 Emotional insulation, 482 Emotional intelligence, 287 Emotional meaning of experiences, 230 Emotional stability, 451f Emotions, 330–338 Cannon-Bard theory, 334 cultural differences, 337–338 defined, 330 facial expressions, 338 functions, 331 infants, 397 James-Lange theory, 333–334 labeling our feelings, 331–332 neuroscience, 335–336 Schachter-Singer theory, 334–335 visual summary, 341 I-25 Empathy, 609 Encoding, 213, 236 Endocrine system, 72–74 Endorphins, 65f, 66 Engram, 222 Entrapment, 590 Environmental psychology, 7f Episodic buffer, 218 Episodic memory, 220 Erectile dysfunction, 375 Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, 404–405, 416–417, 416f Erogenous zones, 359 ESP (extrasensory perception), 133–134 Espresso, 163f Esteem needs, 316, 316f Estrogen, 353, 358 Ethics of research, 48–52 animal research, 50–51 bias, 51–52 debriefing, 48 informed consent, 48 representative participants, 49, 50 safeguards for participants, 48 Ethnic group, 24 Ethnicity, 24 See also Race and ethnicity Eustachian tube, 112f Evaluating information of psychological nature, 27 Everyday life See Applying Psychology in 21st Century Evidence-based psychotherapy practice, 562 Evolutionary psychology, 8–9, 72 Excedrin (Extra Strength), 163f Excitatory message, 64 Excitement phase, 360 Executive functions, 84 Existential intelligence, 283 Experiment, 41 Experimental bias, 51–52 Experimental group, 41 Experimental manipulation, 41 Experimental psychology, Experimental research, 41–44 example (propanolol/heart disease), 43 experiment, defined, 41 experimental/control groups, 41–42 experimental manipulation, 41 independent/dependent variable, 42 key elements, 44 overview, 44 random assignment of participants, 42–43 random assignment to condition, 43 visual summary, 55 Experimental validity, 51–52 Experimenter expectations, 51, 52 Explicit memory, 227 Expressed emotion, 528 Extinction, 183–184 Extramarital sex, 368 Extrasensory perception (ESP), 133–134 Extraversion, 450, 450f, 451f Extrinsic motivation, 315 Eye, 103–104 See also Vision Eyewitness testimony, 20, 231 F Faceblindness, 96 Faces Scale, 497f Facial-affect program, 338 Facial expressions, 338 Facial-feedback hypothesis, 338 I-26 Subject Index Factor analysis, 450 Factors, 450 Fad diets, 327 FAE (fetal alcohol effects), 391 Fallingwater, 265 False memory, 232 Familial retardation, 297 Familiarity heuristic, 252 Family therapy, 559 FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome), 297, 391 Fear module, 196 “Fearless Peer,” 551 Feature detectors, 106 Feedback loops, 312 Female circumcision, 361 Feminine archetype, 446 Fetal alcohol effects (FAE), 391 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 297, 391 Fetal period, 389 Fetus, 389–392 Fight or flight response, 70 Five axes model, 511 Fixations, 441 Fixed-interval schedule, 193f, 194 Fixed-ratio schedule, 193, 193f Flashbulb memories, 228–229 Flooding, 550 Fluid intelligence, 282, 428–429 Fluoxetine, 566f, 567 Flynn effect, 303 fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 26, 77, 77f Foot-in-the-door technique, 591–592 Forced immigration, 207 Forebrain, 78 Forensic psychology, 7f Forgetfulness, 429 Forgetting, 235–240 Formal operational stage, 406f, 407, 408 Formal reasoning, 250 Forming impressions of others, 583–584 Fovea, 105f Fractionation, 265 Framing, 257, 258f Free association, 546 Free will, 19, 23 Free will versus determinism, 23 Frequency, 112 Frequency distribution, A–5, A–6f Frequency theory of hearing, 114 Freudian slip, 439 Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, 439–445 defense mechanisms, 442–444 fixations, 441 Freud’s legacy, 444–445 iceberg analogy, 440f id, ego, superego, 440–441 Oedipal conflict, 442 psychosexual stages, 441–442, 441f Frontal lobe, 81f, 82f Frustration, 607 Full inclusion, 298 Functional fixedness, 261–262 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 26, 77, 77f Functionalism, 16 Fundamental attribution error, 585, 586 G g, 282 g-factor, 282 GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid), 65, 65f Gag reflex, 394 Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), 392 Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), 65, 65f Gamma knife surgery, 569 Ganglion cells, 105, 105f Gardner’s multiple intelligences, 283, 284f Gate-control theory of pain, 119–120 Gays and lesbians, 364, 368–371 Gender See also Gender differences defined, 345 media, and, 205 psychologists, 10 Gender differences See also Women adolescent suicide, 418 aggressive behavior, 350 alcohol, 166 biological and evolutionary factors, 353–354 brain, 87–88 cognitive abilities, 351–352 happiness, 496 jealousy, 353 masturbation, 365 need for power, 328 personality factors, 350–351 self-esteem, 350 self-perception, 350, 351f sexual changes during adolescence, 413–414, 413f sexual fantasies, 359 sleep, 145 smell, 115 social environment, 354–355 speech patterns, 350 Gender dysphoria, 512 Gender equality, 346, 346f Gender roles, 345 Gender schema, 355 Gender stereotypes, 345, 346f Gene, 387–388, 388f General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 479–480, 480f General Aptitude Test Battery, 463 General intelligence factor, 282 General Motors, 468 Generalized anxiety disorder, 517, 518f Generativity-versus-stagnation stage, 416f, 417 Genetic and chromosomal difficulties, 390–391 Genetic and environmental determinants See Nature-nurture issue Genetic programming theories of aging, 427 Genetics, 387–389 Genital herpes, 373 Genital stage, 441f, 442 Genital warts, 374 Genitals, 358, 358f German measles, 392f Germinal period, 389 Gestalt laws of organization, 124–125 Gestalt psychology, 16 “Getting in the zone,” 248 Ghrelin, 321 GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer), 392 Giftedness, 298–299 Glans, 358f Glass ceiling, 347 Glial cells, 59 Glucose, 320 Glutamate, 65, 65f, 566 Gonorrhea, 374 Graduate Record Exam, 292 Grammar, 267–268 Gravity (film), 115 Group IQ tests, 290 Group therapy, 559–561 Groups, 588 Groupthink, 590 Growth and development, 380–435 See also individual subentries adolescence, 412–421 adulthood, 422–431 developmental research techniques, 386–387 genetic and chromosomal difficulties, 390–391 head circumference, 399f infancy through childhood, 398–410 late adulthood, 426–431 nature-nuture issue, 383–386 newborns, 394–398 prenatal development, 389–392 sex determination, 387, 388f Gustation, 116 H Habituation, 179, 396 Hagaii, 332 Hair cells, 112 Haldol, 566f Hallucinations, 166, 170, 526 Hallucinogens, 162f, 165f, 170–171 Halo effect, 585 Haloperidol, 566f Hammer, 111, 112f Happiness cerebral cortex, 332 characteristics of happy people, 496 days of week, 150f Faces Scale, 497f gender differences, 496 late adulthood, 431 life’s little moments, 20 money, and, 497–498 set point, 497 zygomatic major, 338 Hardiness, 483 Hash oil, 165f Hashish, 165f Head circumference, 399f Health and wellness, 493–498 following medical advice, 493–496 happiness, 496–498 Health psychology, 6–8, 472–501 cancer, 488–489 coronary heart disease, 489–490 defined, 474 following medical advice, 493–496 smoking, 489–492 stress and coping, 475–485 See also Stress Type A/B behavior, 487–488 well-being and happiness, 496–498 Hearing, 111–115 amplitude, 113 balance, 114–115 frequency, 112 frequency theory, 114 parts of ear, 111, 112f physical aspects of sound, 112–115 pitch, 112 place theory, 114 Help Center (APA), 572 Helpers, 46 Helping others, 608–610 Hemispherectomy, 87 Hemispheres of brain defined, 86 functions, 86 lateralization, 86 split-brain patients, 88 work interdependently, 88 Heredity versus environment See Naturenurture issue Subject Index Heritability, 301 Hermaphrodite, 371 Hero, 46 Heroin, 165f, 169 Heterosexuality, 366 Heuristics, 252, 265 Hierarchy of fears, 550 High intelligence, 298–299 High need for achievement, 327 High-quality child-care centers, 403 High school crisis center, 571 High tech therapy, 553, 558 Hindbrain, 78 Hippocampus, 81, 81f, 222, 222f, 333 Hispanic Americans See Race and ethnicity Histogram, A–5, A–6f Holidays, 150f Homeostasis, 80, 312, 312f Homosexuality, 364, 368–371 Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 73 Hormone therapy (HT), 423 Hormones, 72, 73 Horney’s neo-Freudian perspective, 446–447 Hostility, 488 Hot cocoa, 163f HPV vaccines, 374 HRT (hormone replacement therapy), 73 HT (hormone therapy), 423 https://implicitharvard.edu/implicit, 600 Human Genome Project, 388–389 Humanistic approaches to personality, 459–460, 460f Humanistic perspective, 19 criticism of, 509 defined, 19, 508 focuses on relationship of individual to society, 509 key issues and controversies, 22f Humanistic therapy, 556–557 Hunger See Eating habits Hurting others, 605–607 Hyperthymestic syndrome, 212 Hypnosis, 120, 154–156 Hypothalamus, 73, 73f, 80, 80f, 321, 321f Hypothesis, 34 II/O (industrial-organizational) psychology, 592 IAT (Implicit Association Test), 600 iBrain, 79 Iceberg analogy, 440f Icelandic language, 272 Iconic memory, 214 Id, 440 Identical twins, 385, 456, 458 Identification, 442 Identity, 416 Identity-versus-role-confusion stage, 416, 416f Ill-defined problem, 255 Illness anxiety disorder, 519 Imitation, 203 Immersion programs, 273 Immigration and learning, 207 Implicit Association Test (IAT), 600 Implicit memory, 227 Impression formation, 583–584 Imprinting, 399 Impulses, 60 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 392 Incentive approaches to motivation, 313–315 Incentives, 314 Independent variable, 42 India, hook-swinging ritual, 119 Individual differences versus universal principles, 23 Individualist orientation, 586 Inductive reasoning, 251 Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology, 592 Industrial psychology, 7f Industry-versus-inferiority stage, 405, 416f Ineffability, 159 Infallibility, 27 Infancy through childhood, 398–410 attachment, 398–400 child care outside the home, 402–403 cognitive development, 405–410 Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, 404–405 father’s role, 401 head circumference, 399f height/weight, 399f mental programs, 409 parenting style, 403–404, 404f peer relationships, 402 physical development, 398 Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, 406–407, 406f social development, 398–405 visual summary, 435 Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development, 410 Inferential statistics, A–14 Inferiority complex, 447 Infertility, 392 Information processing, 409 Informed consent, 48 Ingroup, 598 Inhibited ejaculation, 375 Inhibited sexual desire, 376 Inhibitory message, 64 Initiative-versus-guilt stage, 405, 416f Inner ear, 111 Insight, 259–260 Insomnia, 149 Instincts, 311 Insulin, 321 Intellectual disability, 296–298 defined, 296 degree of retardation, 297 Down syndrome, and, 297 familial retardation, 297 fetal alcohol syndrome, and, 297 full inclusion, 298 mainstreaming, 297–298 Intellectually gifted, 298–299 Intelligence, 278–307 analytical, 287 assessing, 287–293 See also Intelligence tests biological basis, 283–285 brain, and, 283, 285 creative, 287 crystallized, 283 cultural differences, 282, 301, 303 defined, 282 emotional, 287 existential, 283 fluid, 282 Flynn effect, 303 g-factor, 282 Gardner’s multiple intelligences, 283, 284f genetic and environmental determinants, 300–304 giftedness, 298–299 intellectual disability, 296–298 IQ, 288–289 major approaches to, 287f practical, 286 race and ethnicity, 301, 302 visual summary, 307 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 288–289 Intelligence tests, 264, 287–293 adaptive testing, 292–293 contemporary IQ tests, 289–290 culture-fair IQ test, 301 defined, 287 group IQ tests, 290 historical overview, 288 IQ, 288–289 reliability, 290 standardized tests, 292, 294 validity, 291 Interactionist approach (to language development), 271 Interference, 237–238 Intermittent reinforcement schedule, 192 Internet addiction, 532 Interpersonal attraction, 602 Interpersonal intelligence, 284f Interpersonal therapy, 557–558 Intersex, 371 Intimacy-versus-isolation stage, 416f, 417 Intrapersonal intelligence, 284f Intrinsic motivation, 315 Introspection, 14 Ion, 60 IQ, 288–289 IQ score (formula), 288 IVF (in vitro fertilization), 392 J“Jabberwocky” (Carroll), 267 James-Lange theory of emotion, 333–334 Japan brain activity, 50 child rearing, 404 hagaii, 332 vowel sounds, 88 Jealousy, 353 Jennifer Aniston neuron, 223 Jolt cola, 163f Judgment, 261 Jung’s collective unconscious, 445–446 Just noticeable difference, 99 K Kanzi (chimpanzee), 273 Key issues and controversies, 22–23 Keyword technique, 240 Kinsey scale, 369f Kitty Genovese syndrome, 32, 34, 44–45, 45–46 Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, 414–415, 415f Koro, 537 Korsakoff’s syndrome, 239 Kpelle tribe (Africa), 301 Kübler-Ross’ stage theory of death, 431–432 L Language, 267–274 animals, 272–273 babbling, 268 bilingual education, 273–274 defined, 267 grammar, 267–268 I-27 I-28 Subject Index Language—Cont interactionist approach, 271 learning-theory approach, 269–270 linguistic-relativity hypothesis, 271–272 nativist approach, 270 production of, 268–269 visual summary, 277 Language development, 268–271 Lanugo, 394 Large intestine, 358f Latané and Darley experiment (bystander effect), 44–45 Late adulthood, 426–430 activity theory of aging, 430–431 cognitive changes, 428–430 death, 431–432 disengagement theory of aging, 430 genetic programming theories of aging, 427 happiness, 431 Kübler-Ross’ stage theory of death, 431–432 life review, 431 loneliness, 430 memory changes, 429 physical changes, 427–428 social world, 430–431 wear-and-tear theories of aging, 427 Latency period, 441f, 442 Latent content of dream, 146, 147f, 546 Latent learning, 200–202 Lateral hypothalamus, 321 Lateralization, 86, 88 Law enforcement and hypnosis, 156 Law of effect, 187–188 Learned helplessness, 482–483, 524 Learning, 176–209 adaptive, 195 biological constraints, 195–196 classical conditioning See Classical conditioning cognitive approaches, 200–204 cultural differences, 205–207 defined, 179 habituation, 179 imitation, 203 immigration, 207 latent, 200–202 media violence, 203–204 observational, 202–204 operant conditioning See Operant conditioning styles of, 206 Learning styles, 206 Learning-theory approach language development, 269–270 personality, 452–455, 460f sexual orientation, 369 Lecture notes, 240 Left hemisphere, 86 Lens, 104, 105f Leptin, 323 Levels-of-processing theory, 226 LGBT people, 364, 368–371 Licensed professional counselor, 545f Life cycles (circadian rhythms), 150–151 Life orientation test, 465f Life review, 431 Life stages See Growth and development Light adaptation, 104 Light therapy, 120 Liking and love, 602–605 Limbic system, 80–81 Linear perception, 127, 128 Linguistic intelligence, 284f Linguistic-relativity hypothesis, 271–272 Lithium, 566f, 567, 568 Lithonate, 566f Little Albert, 182 Lobes, 82, 82f Logical-mathematical intelligence, 284f Long-term memory, 214, 219–220 Long-term memory modules, 219–220 Long-term potentiation, 222 Longitudinal research, 386 Love, 603–605 Love and belongingness needs, 316, 316f Low achievement motivation, 327 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 165f, 171 Luvox, 566f Lymphocytes, 481 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 165f, 171 M Mainstreaming, 297–298 Major depressive disorder, 521–522 See also Depression Male archetype, 446 Mania, 523 Manic-depressive disorder, 523 Manifest content of dream, 146, 147f, 546 Mantra, 156 MAO inhibitors, 566, 566f Marijuana, 162f, 165f, 170 Marital sex, 368 Marriage, 425 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 315–317 Master’s-level psychologists, 11 Masturbation, 363 MDMA, 162f, 165f, 171 Mean, A–6, A–8f, A–9f Means-end analysis, 258 Measures of central tendency, A–6 to A–9 Measures of variability, A–10 to A–11 Media gender, 205 observational learning, 203–204 Media-inspired copycat crime, 203 Media violence, 203–204 Medial temporal lobes, 222 Median, A–7, A–8f, A–9f Medical advice, 493–496 Medical perspective, 507 Medical student’s disease, 538 Meditation, 156–158 Medulla, 78, 80f Memory, 210–243 Alzheimer’s disease, 239 amnesia, 239 autobiographical, 232–233 childhood, during, 409 children’s reliability, 231–232 concept cells, 223 constructive processes, 229–233 courtroom, 231–232 cultural differences, 233–234 decay, 237 declarative, 219 defined, 213 echoic, 214 emotional meaning of experiences, 230 episodic, 220 explicit, 227 eyewitness testimony, 231 false, 232 flashbulb, 228–229 forgetting, 235–240 iconic, 214 implicit, 227 interference, 237–238 late adulthood, 429 levels-of-processing theory, 226 long-term, 219–221 mind pops, 230 mnemonics, 217 neuroscience of, 222–223 primacy/recency effect, 219 priming, 227 procedural, 219 rehearsal, 217 repressed, 232 retention without remembering, 228 retrieval cues, 225–226 schemas, 229 semantic, 219 semantic networks, 220–221 sensory, 214–215 serial position effect, 219 short-term, 215–217 spreading activation, 221 strategies for improving memory, 240 three-system approach, 213–214, 214f tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, 225 working, 217–218 Memory dysfunctions, 238–240 Memory modules, 219–220 Menopause, 73, 423–424 Mental age, 288 Mental illness, 507 See also Psychological disorders Mental images, 247–248 Mental programs, 409 Mental rehearsal, 248 Mental retardation, 296, 297 Mental set, 262 Meta-analysis, 45, 561 Metabolism, 321 Metacognition, 409 Methadone, 169 Methamphetamine (meth), 164 Microsoft, 468 Midbrain, 78 Midday naps, 152 Middle adulthood, 422, 424 Middle ear, 111 Midlife crisis, 424 Midlife transition, 424 Mild retardation, 297 Milgram’s obedience experiment, 593–594 Millivolt, 60 Mind pops, 230 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), 464–465, 466f Mirror neuron, 62–63, 202 MMPI-2-RF, 464–465, 466f Mnemonics, 217 Mode, A–7, A–8f, A–9f Models, 607 Moderate negative relationship, A–16f Moderate positive relationship, A–16f Moderate retardation, 297 Modern racism, 596 Molly (MDMA), 162f, 165f, 171 Money and happiness, 497–498 Monoamines, 144 Monocular cues, 127 Mood disorders, 521–525 bipolar disorder, 523 causes, 524 defined, 521 drug therapy, 566–568, 566f major depressive disorder See Depression Subject Index Mood stabilizers, 566f, 567–568 Moods, 150–151 Moon illusion, 129 Moral development, 414–416 Morphine, 165f, 169 Mother archetype, 445 Motion parallax, 127 Motion perception, 129–130 Motivation, 311–328 arousal approaches, 313 cognitive approaches, 315 defined, 311 drive-reduction approaches, 312 eating habits See Eating habits incentive approaches, 313–315 instinct approaches, 311–312 intrinsic/extrinsic, 315 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 315–317 need for achievement, 327–328 need for affiliation, 328 need for power, 328 overview, 317f self-determination theory, 317 taking action, 324 visual summary, 341 Motivation and Personality (Maslow), 15f Motor area, 82–83, 82f Motor (efferent) neurons, 70 Mountain-climbing problem, 255, 257f Müller-Lyer illusion, 131, 132f Multimodal perception, 121 Multiple personality disorder, 520 Musical intelligence, 284f Musu, 332 Myelin sheath, 60, 60f Myers-Briggs personality test, 446 N Napping, 152 Narcissism, 454 Narcissism Personality Inventory (NPI), 454 Narcissistic personality disorder, 530 Narcolepsy, 149 Narcotics, 165f, 169–170 Narcotics Anonymous, 172 Nardil, 566f National Council on Alcoholism, 172 National Institute of Mental Health, 49 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 172 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 172 National Science Foundation, 49 Nativist approach (to language development), 270 Natural disasters, 476 Naturalist intelligence, 284f Naturalistic research, 37–38 Nature-nurture issue, 22–23, 383–386 characteristics most affected by heredity, 384f defined, 383 gender differences, 353–354 intelligence, 300–304 interactionist position, 384–385 major perspectives of psychology, 22f mood disorders, 524 obesity, 323 personality, 455–458 twin studies, 385 visual summary, 435 Necker cube, 124f Need for achievement, 327–328 Need for affiliation, 328 Need for cognition, 580, 581f Need for power, 328 Nefazodone, 566, 566f, 567f Negative correlation, 39 Negative punishment, 190, 191f Negative reinforcer, 190, 191f Negative relationship, A–15, A–16f Negative stereotype, 597 Negative-symptom schizophrenia, 526 Negatively framed messages, 495 Nembutal, 165f, 169 Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, 445–447 Neonate, 394 See also Newborns Nervous system, 68–72 autonomic division, 70–71 evolutionary foundations, 71–72 hierarchically organized, 72 overview, 69f peripheral, 70 visual summary, 93 Neurocognitive disorders, 532 Neurofeedback, 89 Neuron all-or-none law, 60 bridging the gap, 63–64 defined, 59 excitatory/inhibitory message, 64 how neurons fire, 60–63 mirror, 62–63, 202 motor, 70 neuroplasticity, 84 primary components, 60f sensory, 68 speed of transmission, 61–62 visual summary, 93 Neuroplasticity, 84–85 Neuroscience and behavior, 56–93 behavioral neuroscientists, 58 biofeedback, 89–90 brain See Brain endocrine system, 72–74 nervous system See Nervous system neuron See Neuron neurotransmitters, 64–66 personality, 458 Neuroscience in Your Life categorizing the world, 250 cognitive behavior therapy, 554 eating disorders, 325 infants and emotion, 397 information processing, 352 intelligence and the brain, 285 irritability and lack of sleep, 145 learning through imitation, 203 memory, 223 plastic brain, 85 prejudiced brain, 599 PTSD, 484 reading the movies in your mind, 26 representative participants, 50 schizophrenia, 528 synesthesia and overconnected brain, 122 Neuroscience perspective, 17–18 defined, 17 key issues and controversies, 22f moral situations, 610 Neuroscientist, Neurosis, 444 Neurotic anxiety, 443 Neuroticism, 450, 450f, 451f Neurotransmitters ACh, 65 defined, 64 dopamine, 65–66 endorphins, 66 I-29 GABA, 65 glutamate, 65 overview, 65f serotonin, 66 Neutral stimulus, 180 “New brain,” 81 New Guinea jungle tribe, 337 Newborns, 394–398 development of the senses, 395–398 emotions, 397 facial expressions, 396, 396f overview, 395f reflexes, 394–395 vision, 396, 397 Nicotine, 164 Night terrors, 149 Nightmares, 146 Nine-dot problem, 262, 265f NoDoz, 163f Noise, 98 Non-REM sleep, 142f, 143 Noncompliance with medical advice, 493–494 Nondeclarative memory, 219 Nondirective counseling, 557 Normal distribution, A–8, A–8f Norms, 292, 462–463, 588 Norpramin, 566f Not-so-free sample, 592 NPI (Narcissism Personality Inventory), 454 NREM sleep, 142f, 143 O Obedience, 593–594 Obesity, 20, 319 See also Eating habits Object permanence, 406 Observable behavior versus internal mental processes, 23 Observational learning defined, 202 handling fears and anxieties, 551 hurting others, 607 media violence, 203–204 personality, 453 stereotyping and prejudice, 598 Obsession, 517 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 517–519 Obstacles to taking action, 324 Occipital lobe, 82f OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder), 517–519 OCEAN, 450 Oedipal conflict, 442 Olanzapine, 565, 566f “Old brain,” 78 Older adults See Late adulthood Olfaction, 115 Olfactory cells, 115, 116 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), One-a-Day vitamins, 240 Openness to experience, 451f Operant conditioning, 187–198 classical conditioning, compared, 196–197, 196f defined, 187 discrimination and generalization, 194–195 overview, 196f positive/negative reinforcement, 190 punishment, 190–192 reinforcement, 189 schedules of reinforcement, 192–194 shaping, 195 Skinner box, 188, 188f Thorndike’s law of effect, 187–188 visual summary, 209 I-30 Subject Index Operant conditioning techniques, 550–551 Operational definition, 35 Opponent-process theory of color vision, 109 Optic chiasm, 106, 107f Optic nerve, 105, 107f Optic tract, 107f Optogenetics, 78 Oral stage, 441–442, 441f Organization cues, 240 Organizational psychology, 7f Orgasm, 360 Otoliths, 114 Outer ear, 111 Outgroup, 598 Oval window, 111, 112f Ovary, 73f, 358, 358f Overattention, 528 Overgeneralization, 269 Overlearning, 240 Ovulation, 358 Oxycodone, 165f, 170 OxyContin, 170 Oxytocin, 73 P Pain, 118–121 chronic, 118 cultural differences, 119 gate-control theory, 119–120 hypnosis, and, 156 management of, 120–121 psychosurgery, 569 Pain management, 120–121 Painkilling drugs, 120 Paliperidone, 565 Pancreas, 73f Panic attack, 515, 517, 518 Panic disorder, 516 Paraphilic disorders, 532 Paraplegia, 70 Parasympathetic division, 70 Parathyroid gland, 73f Parenting style, 403–404, 404f Parietal lobe, 82f Parkinson’s disease, 65, 85 Parnate, 566f Parthenon, 131f Partial reinforcement schedule, 192, 193 Participant expectations, 51 Passionate love, 603 Patient-physician communication, 493–496 Paxil, 566f Pendulum problem, 407 Penis, 358f, 360 Pepsi, 163f Perception, 97 See also Perceptual organization Perceptual constancy, 128–129 Perceptual illusions, 130–134 Perceptual organization, 124–134 bottom-up processing, 126 cultural differences, 132 depth perception, 126–128 ESP, 133–134 gestalt laws of organization, 124–125 motion perception, 129–130 perceptual constancy, 128–129 perceptual illusions, 130–134 top-down processing, 126 visual summary, 137 Peripheral-nerve stimulation, 120 Peripheral nervous system, 70 Peripheral route processing, 580 Peripheral vision, 104 Permissive parents, 403, 404f Permissiveness with affection, 367 Person-centered therapy, 556–557 Personal fables, 418 Personal stressor, 476 Personality, 436–471 Adler and other neo-Freudians, 447 Allport’s trait theory, 450 assessing, 462–468 behavior assessment, 467 Big Five personality traits, 450–451, 451f biological and evolutionary approaches, 455–458, 460f CAPS, 454 defined, 438 factor analysis, 450 Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, 439–445 Horney’s neo-Freudian perspective, 446–447 humanistic approaches, 459–460, 460f Jung’s collective unconscious, 445–446 learning approaches, 452–455, 460f neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, 445–447 overview, 460f projective personality tests, 466–467 psychodynamic approaches, 438–447, 460f psychological tests, 463–467 Rogers and need for self-actualization, 459, 460f self-efficacy, 453 self-esteem, 454–455 self-report measures, 464–465, 466f situationism, 454 Skinner’s behaviorist approach, 452–453 social cognitive approaches, 453 temperament, 457 trait approaches, 449–451, 460f visual summary, 471 Personality disorders, 529–530 Personality psychology, Personality testing, 462–468 behavior assessment, 467 pointers/guidelines, 468 projective methods, 466–467 race norming, 463 self-report measures, 464–465, 466f test reliability and validity, 462 Perspectives of psychology behavioral See Behavioral perspective cognitive See Cognitive perspective functionalism, 16 humanistic See Humanistic perspective neuroscience See Neuroscience perspective psychodynamic, 18, 22f structuralism, 14 Persuasion, 579–582 PET scan, 77, 77f Phallic stage, 441f, 442 Phantom limb pain, 85 PhD (doctor of philosophy), 11 Phenelzine, 566f Phenobarbital, 165f, 169 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 390 Pheromones, 116 Phobias, 182 Phobic disorder, 515–516, 516f Phoneme, 267 Phonology, 267 Physical attractiveness, 603 Physical development adolescence, 412–414 adulthood, 423–424 infancy through childhood, 398 Physician-patient communication, 493–496 Physiological needs, 316, 316f Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, 406–407, 406f Piano players, 248 Piraha language, 272 Pitch, 112 Pituitary gland, 72–73, 73f, 80f PKU (phenylketonuria), 390 Place theory of hearing, 114 Placebo, 52 Placebo effects, 51 Plane crashes, 476 Plateau phase, 360 PNI (psychoneuroimmunology), 474, 480–481 Pons, 78, 80f Population, 38, A–14 Positive correlation, 39 Positive punishment, 190, 191f Positive reinforcer, 190, 191f Positive relationship, A–15, A–16f Positive-symptom schizophrenia, 526 Positively framed messages, 495 Positron emission tomography (PET scan), 77, 77f Postal (video game), 204 Postconventional morality, 415f Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 182, 476, 484 Power needs, 328 Practical intelligence, 286 Practical intelligence tests, 286, 286f Preconscious, 439 Predisposition model of schizophrenia, 529 Prefrontal lobotomy, 569 Prejudice, 596–601 Premarital sex, 366–368 Premature ejaculation, 375 Prenatal development, 389–392 age of viability, 389 alternate paths to conception, 392 embryonic period, 389 fetal period, 389 genetic and chromosomal difficulties, 390–391 germinal period, 389 mother’s health/actions, 391–392, 392f sensitive periods, 390 Preoperational stage, 406, 406f Preparatory grief, 432 Preterm infants, 390 Primacy effect, 219 Primary auditory area, 82f Primary drives, 312 Primary instincts, 311 Primary orgasmic dysfunction, 375 Primary reinforcer, 189 Prime, 227 Priming, 133 Primitive reflexes, 394–395 Principle of conservation, 407, 408f Principles of Psychology (James), 15f Proactive interference, 237, 238f Problem-focused coping, 482 Problem solving candle problem, 261, 261f, 262f computers, 252–253 confirmation bias, 263 creativity, 263–264 evaluating solutions, 261 framing, 257, 258f functional fixedness, 261–262 generating solutions, 257–260 impediments to solutions, 261–263 insight, 259–260 judgment, 261 kinds of problems, 255, 256f, 257f means-end analysis, 258 Subject Index mental set, 262 mountain-climbing problem, 255, 257f nine-dot problem, 262, 265f representing and organizing the problem, 255–257 steps in process, 255f subgoals, 259 thinking outside the box, 262 Tower of Hanoi puzzle, 254f understanding and diagnosing problems, 254–257 water-lily problem, 258 well-defined/ill-defined problem, 255 Problems of inducing structure, 255, 256f, 257f Procedural memory, 219 Process schizophrenia, 526 Profound retardation, 297 Program evaluation, 7f Projection, 443f Projective personality tests, 466–467 Promoting health and wellness, 493–498 Propanolol and heart disease, 43 Prosocial behavior, 608–610 Prostate, 358f Prototype, 249, 249f Proximity, 124, 125f Prozac, 566f, 567 Pseudo-psychology, 26 Psychiatric social worker, 545f Psychiatrist, 11, 545f Psycho (film), 184 Psychoactive drugs, 161 Psychoactive substance use disorders, 531 Psychoanalysis, 445, 546–547 Psychoanalyst, 545f Psychoanalytic perspective, 507–508 Psychoanalytic theory, 439 Psychodynamic approaches to personality, 438–447, 460f Psychodynamic perspective, 18, 22f Psychodynamic therapy, 546–548 Psychological disorders, 502–575 abnormality, defined, 505–506 ADHD, 531 alcohol use disorders, 531 anxiety disorders, 515–517, 519 autism, 531 childhood disorders, 531 college students, 535f comorbidity, 534 cultural differences, 537–538 depression See Depression dissociative disorders, 520–521 DSM-5, 510–513 eating disorders, 323–325, 532 global concern, 534–535, 537–538 Internet addiction, 532 mood disorders, 521–525 neurocognitive disorders, 532 OCD, 517–519 personality disorders, 529–530 perspectives on abnormality, 507–510 psychoactive substance use disorders, 531 race and ethnicity, 509 schizophrenia, 525–529 sexual disorders, 532 social and cultural context, 535–537 somatic symptom disorders, 519–520 treatment See Treatment of psychological disorders visual summary, 541 when does one needs help?, 538–539 Psychological research, 30–55 animal research, 50–51 archival research, 37 assessing validity of research findings, 52 case study, 39 correlational research, 39–41 ethics See Ethics of research experimental research, 41–44 experimental validity, 51–52 meta-analysis, 45 naturalistic research, 37–38 replicated research, 45 survey research, 38 visual summary, 55 Psychological testing, 39 Psychological tests, 463–467 Psychologist, careers, 11, 12f education, 11 psychiatrist, compared, 11 statistical portrait, 10–11 Psychology academic settings, cognitive, 246 community, 570–571 defined, developmental, 383 distinguishing legitimate psychology from pseudo-psychology, 26–27 evolutionary, 72 founding mothers, 16–17 future directions, 25 Gestalt, 16 health See Health psychology historical overview, 14–17 industrial-organizational, 592 job ads, key issues and controversies, 22–23 perspectives See Perspectives of psychology quiz, 5f social See Social psychology subfields, 6–8 work sites, 9, 10f, 12f Psychology majors, 11, 12f Psychology of women, 7f Psychology professors, Psychology student’s disease, 538 Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), 474, 480–481 Psychophysics, 97 Psychophysiological disorders, 478 Psychosexual stages, 441–442, 441f Psychosocial development, 404–405, 416–417, 416f Psychosurgery, 569 Psychotherapy, 544 See also Treatment of psychological disorders Psychoticism, 450, 450f PsyD (doctor of psychology), 11 PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), 182, 476, 484 Puberty, 413, 413f, 414 Pubic bone, 358f Punishment, 190–192 Pupil, 103, 104 Purging, 324 Q Quadriplegia, 70 Quanterra Mental Sharpness Product, 240 Quizzes/tests See Student quizzes/tests R Race and ethnicity See also Cultural differences adolescent suicide, 418–419 AIDS, 374 definitions, 24 discrimination, 596 genetic and chromosomal difficulties, 391 hospitalization for psychological disorders, 509 intelligence, 301, 302 LGBT people, 370 masturbation, 365 prejudice, 596 premarital intercouse, 367–368 psychologists, 10–11 psychotherapy, 562–563 race norming, 463 rape, 372 single-parent families, 425 wage gap, 347 Racial prejudice, 596 Random assignment to condition, 43 Random sample, 38 Range, A–10 to A–11 Rape, 371–372, 376 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 142f, 143–144, 143f Rational-emotive behavior therapy, 552–553 Rationalization, 443f Reaction formation, 443f Reactive schizophrenia, 526 Reality principle, 440 Reasoning, 251–252 Rebound effect, 144 Recall, 225 Recency effect, 219 Receptor cells, 312 Reciprocity-of-liking effect, 603 Recognition, 225 Red Bull, 163f Red-green color blindness, 108f Reflex, 68 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS), 117 Reflexes, 394–395 Refractory period, 360 Regression, 443f Rehearsal, 217 Reinforcement, 189 Reinforcement schedule, 192–194 Reinforcer, 189 Relational learning style, 206, 206f Relationship harmony, 454 Relative size, 127 Relaxation techniques meditation, 157 pain management, 120 sense of calmness, 549f Reliability, 290, 462 REM sleep, 142f, 143–144, 143f Replicated research, 45 Repressed memory, 232, 521 Repression, 443, 443f, 546 Research, 37 See also Psychological research Resilience, 404, 483 Resolution stage, 360 Resting state, 60 Retention without remembering, 228 Reticular formation, 78, 80f Retina, 104, 105f Retrieval cues, 225–226 Retroactive interference, 238, 238f Retrograde amnesia, 239 Reuptake, 64 Rhodopsin, 105 Right hemisphere, 86 Risperidone, 565, 566f I-31 I-32 Subject Index Rods, 104 Rogers and need for self-actualization, 459, 460f Rohypnol, 165f, 169 Romantic love, 603 Rooting reflex, 394 Rorschach test, 466, 467, 467f RSDS (reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome), 117 Rubella (German measles), 392f Rugged individualism, 301 Runner’s high, 66 Russian language, 272 S Sadness, 332 Safer sex practices, 374 Safety needs, 316, 316f Salvia, 162f Same-sex marriage, 364 Sample, 38, A–14 Scaffolding, 410 Scatterplot, A–15, A–16f Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, 334–335 Schadenfreude, 332 Schedules of reinforcement, 192–194 Schemas, 229, 583 Schizophrenia, 66, 525–529 biological causes, 526–527 brain, 528 characteristics, 525–526 defined, 525 DSM-5, 526 over/underattention, 528 predispositional model, 529 process/reactive, 526 situational causes, 528–529 socioeconomic status, 509 visual summary, 541 School psychology, 7f Science and Human Behavior (Skinner), 15f Scientific method, 33, 46 SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus), 150 Scrotum, 358f Search for identity, 416–417 Seasonal affective disorder, 150 Seconal, 165f, 169 Second shift, 426 Secondary drives, 312 Secondary orgasmic dysfunction, 375 Secondary reinforcer, 189 Secondary traits, 450 Securely attached children, 400 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 64, 566, 566f, 567f Self-actualization, 316, 316f, 459, 556 Self-concept, 459 Self-determination theory, 317 Self-efficacy, 453 Self-esteem, 350, 454–455 Self-fulfilling prophecy, 596 Self-help therapy, 559–560 Self-perception, 350, 351f Self-report measures, 464–465, 466f Self-serving bias, 585 Semantic memory, 219 Semantic networks, 220–221 Semantics, 268 Semen, 360 Semicircular canals, 112f, 114 Seminal vesicle, 358f Senility, 429 Sensation, 97 Sensation and perception, 94–137 absolute threshold, 98 adaptation, 100 definitions, 97 difference threshold, 99 hearing, 111–115 how senses interact, 121–122 pain, 118–121 perception See Perceptual organization psychophysics, 97 skin senses, 117–121 smell, 115–116 stimulus, 97 synesthesia, 121, 122 taste, 116 vision See Vision Weber’s law, 99, 100 Sensation seeking, 314f Sense of calmness, 549f Sensitive periods, 390 Sensorimotor stage, 406, 406f Sensory adaptation, 100 Sensory area, 83 Sensory memory, 214–215 Sensory (afferent) neurons, 68 September 11 terrorist attacks, 476f, 477 Serial position effect, 219 Serotonin, 65f, 66 Serotonin pathways, 65f Serzone, 566, 566f, 567f Settling point, 323 Severe retardation, 297 Sex determination, 387, 388f Sex flush, 360 Sex organs, 358f Sexism, 345 Sexting, 367 Sexual anesthesia, 376 Sexual arousal, 70 Sexual arousal disorders, 532 Sexual attraction, 413 Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Kinsey), 365 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Kinsey), 365 Sexual desire disorders, 532 Sexual disorders, 532 Sexual fantasies, 359 Sexual harassment, 348–349 Sexual orgasm, 70 Sexual orientation, 366–371 Sexual problems, 375–376 Sexual response cycle, 360, 360f Sexuality and sexual behavior, 357–376 anatomy, 358f approaches to sexual normality, 364–365 basic biology, 357–358 childhood sexual abuse, 372–373 homosexuality, 368–371 Kinsey’s research, 365, 369f marital sex, 368 masturbation, 365–366 phases of sexual response, 359–360 physiological aspects of sexual excitement, 359 premarital sex, 366–368 rape, 371–372 safer sex practices, 374 sexual problems, 375–376 STIs, 373–374 transsexualism, 371 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 373–374 Shaping, 195 Short-term memory, 214, 215–217 Sickle-cell anemia, 391 SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 149 Significant outcome, 45, A–15 Similarity, 124, 125f Simplicity, 124, 125f Single-parent families, 425 Situational causes, 584 Situational factor, 46 Situationism, 454 Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), 450 Skewed distribution, A–8, A–8f, A–9f Skin senses, 117–121 Skin sensitivity, 118f Skinner box, 188, 188f Skinner’s behaviorist approach, 452–453 Sleep and dreams, 141–152 benefits of sleep, 144–145 dreams See Dreaming irritability and lack of sleep, 145 number of hours of sleep, 144f, 145 REM sleep, 142f, 143–144, 143f sleep apnea, 149 sleep deprivation experiments, 145–146 sleep disturbances, 149–150 sleep quiz, 141 stages of sleep, 142 tips on sleeping better, 152 visual summary, 175 Sleep apnea, 149 Sleep deprivation experiments, 145–146 Sleep disturbances, 149–150 Sleep quiz, 141 Sleeping pills, 152 Sleeptalking, 149–150 Sleepwalking, 149–150 Slenderness, 325 Slumbering problems, 149–150 Smartphones, 158, 401, 558 Smell, 115–116 Smoking, 489–492 e-cigarettes, 490 fetus, and, 392, 392f hypnosis, and, 156 nicotine, 164 quitting, 490–491 teenagers, 162f, 491f why people smoke, 489–490 world-wide problem, 491–492 Snack foods, 327 Social cognition, 582–586 Social cognitive approaches to personality, 453 Social development adolescence, 416–420 adulthood, 424–425 Erikson’s theory, 404–405, 416–417, 416f infancy through childhood, 398–405 Social identity theory, 598 Social influence, 588–594 Social learning theory, 354, 607 Social media, 20 Social neuroscience, 25, 599 Social phobia, 515, 516, 516f Social potency, 456 Social psychology, 8, 576–613 aggression, 605–607 anger management, 610 attribution bias, 584–586 attribution processes, 584 compliance, 591–593 conformity, 588–591 defined, 578 discrimination, 596–601 Subject Index forming impressions of others, 583–584 helping others, 608–610 liking and love, 602–605 obedience, 593–594 persuasion, 579–582 prejudice, 596–601 prosocial behavior, 608–610 social cognition, 582–586 social influence, 588–594 Social support, 484–485 Social supporter, 589 Socialization, 354 Sociocultural perspective, 509 Sociopathic personality, 529–530 Somatic division, 70 Somatic symptom disorders, 519–520 Somatosensory area, 82f, 83 Somatosensory association area, 82f Sopranos, The (TV), 203 Sound, 111 See also Hearing Sound localization, 111 Source amnesia, 229 Space sickness, 115 Spatial intelligence, 284f Specific phobia, 515 Speed (amphetamines), 164 Spicy foods, 121 Spinal cord, 68, 80f, 81f Split-brain patients, 88 Spontaneous recovery, 184 Spontaneous remission, 560 Sport psychology, 7f Spreading activation, 221 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 64, 566, 566f, 567f St John’s wort, 567 Stage sleep, 142 Stage sleep, 142 Stage sleep, 142 Stage sleep, 142 Standard deviation, A–11 Standardized tests, 292, 294 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 289 Startle reflex, 394 States of consciousness, 138–175 altered, 140, 159 circadian rhythms, 150–151 daydreaming, 151–152 drug use See Drug use hypnosis, 154–156 meditation, 156–158 sleep See Sleep and dreams working consciousness, 140 Statistics correlation, A–15 to A–18 defined, A–5 descriptive, A–5 inferential, A–14 mean, A–6, A–8f, A–9f median, A–7, A–8f, A–9f mode, A–7, A–8f, A–9f normal distribution, A–8, A–8f population, A–14 range, A–10 to A–11 sample, A–14 skewed distribution, A–8, A–8f, A–9f standard deviation, A–11 Status, 589 Stem cells, 85, 86 Stereotype, 345, 596, 597 Stereotype threat, 597 Steroids, 73–74, 162f, 165f Stimulants, 163–166 Stimulus, 97 Stimulus control training, 194 Stimulus discrimination, 184 Stimulus generalization, 184, 195 Stirrup, 111, 112f STIs (sexually transmitted infections), 373–374 Storytellers, 233 Stress, 475–485 coping, 481–485 defined, 475 detrimental effects, 477–478, 481f GAS, 479–480, 480f learned helplessness, 482–483 psychoneuroimmunology, 480–481 social support, 484–485 stressors, 475–477 student exercise, 479f Stressors, 475–477 Strong correlation, 40 Strong negative relationship, A–16f Strong positive relationship, A–16f Structuralism, 14 Student quizzes/tests aggression, 606f body mass index, 320f depression, 522f life orientation test, 465f need for cognition, 581f sensation seeking, 314f sensitivity, 98f sleep quiz, 141f stress, 479f taste test, 117f Study-break soundtrack, 130 Subfields of psychology, 6–8 Subgoals, 259 Subjective well-being, 496 Sublimation, 443f Subliminal perception, 133 Substance P, 118 Sucking reflex, 394 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 149 Suicide, 418–420, 476 Suicide bomber, 20 Sulci, 82 Sultan (chimpanzee), 259f Super-recognition, 96 Superego, 440 Supertasters, 116 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 150 Surrogate motherhood, 392 Survey research, 38 Sybil, 520 Sympathetic division, 70 Synapse, 63 Synesthesia, 121, 122 Syntax, 267 Synthetic marijuana, 162f Syphilis, 374, 392f Systematic desensitization, 549–550 T Tabula rasa, 14 Taste, 116, 121 Taste aversion, 185 Taste buds, 116 Taste test, 117f TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), 328, 466, 467 Tay-Sachs disease, 391 Tegretol, 566f, 567 Telegraphic speech, 269 Telephone “hot lines,” 571 Television as agent of socialization, 355 I-33 Temperament, 404, 457 Temporal lobe, 82f Temporary sleep deprivation, 146 Teratogens, 391 Terminal buttons, 59, 60f Terrorism, 20 Terrorist attacks, 476–477 Test standardization, 465 Test validity and reliability, 290–292, 462 Testis, 73f, 358f Testosterone, 73 Tests/quizzes See Student quizzes/tests Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 170, 484 Texting and driving, Texture gradient, 128 Thalamus, 78, 80f That’s-not-all technique, 592 THC (D9-tetrahydrocannabinol), 170, 484 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 328, 466, 467 Theories, 34 Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, A (Festinger), 15f Theory of multiple intelligences, 283, 284f “Thin slices of behavior,” 583 Thinking, 247, 264–265 Thinking outside the box, 262 Thorazine, 566f Thorndike’s law of effect, 187–188 Three Faces of Eve, The (film), 520 Three-system approach of memory, 213–214, 214f Thrill-seeking behavior, 312, 457 Thyroid gland, 73f Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, 225 TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), 77–78, 77f, 569 Token system, 189, 551 Top-down processing, 126 Tornadoes, 476 Tower of Hanoi puzzle, 254f Traditionalism, 456 Trait approaches to personality, 449–451, 460f Trait theory, 449 Traits, 449 Tranquilizers, 162f Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 77–78, 77f, 569 Transference, 547 Transformation problem, 255, 256f, 257f Transgenderism, 371 Tranylcypromine, 566f Trazodone, 566f Treatment, 41 Treatment of psychological disorders, 542–575 aversive conditioning, 549 behavioral treatment approaches, 548–551 biomedical therapy, 565–570 choosing the right therapist, 545f, 572 classical conditioning treatments, 548–550 cognitive behavior therapy, 553, 554 cognitive treatment approaches, 552–554 community psychology, 570–571 drug therapy, 565–568 ECT, 568–569 effectiveness of psychotherapy, 560–562 effort demanded of patient, 573 family therapy, 559 flooding, 550 group therapy, 559–561 high tech therapy, 553, 558 humanistic therapy, 556–557 interpersonal therapy, 557–558 operant conditioning techniques, 550–551 person-centered therapy, 556–557 I-34 Subject Index Treatment of psychological disorders—Cont psychoanalysis, 546–547 psychodynamic therapy, 546–548 psychosurgery, 569 psychotherapy, 546–562 racial and ethnic factors, 562–563 rational-emotive behavior therapy, 552–553 self-help therapy, 559–560 systematic desensitization, 549–550 visual summary, 575 Trephining, 14 Triangular theory of love, 604, 604f Trichomoniasis, 374 Trichromatic theory of color vision, 108–109 Tricyclic antidepressants, 566, 566f Trukese navigation, 281 Trust-versus-mistrust stage, 405, 416f Twin studies, 385, 456, 458 Type A behavior pattern, 487, 488 Type B behavior pattern, 488 Type D behavior pattern, 488 U UCR (unconditioned response), 180 UCS (unconditioned stimulus), 180 Ulysses (Joyce), 505 Umami, 116 Unconditional positive regard, 459, 557 Unconditioned response (UCR), 180 Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), 180 Unconscious, 439 Unconscious wish fulfillment theory, 146–148 Underarm smells, 115 Underattention, 528 Understanding others, 582–586 Uninvolved parents, 403, 404f Universal cures, 27 Unmarried couples, 425 Uplifts, 477, 478f Urethra, 358f Uterus, 358f V Vagina, 358f, 360 Validity, 291, 462 Valium, 65, 566f, 568 Variability, A–10 Variable-interval schedule, 193f, 194 Variable-ratio schedule, 193, 193f Variables, 39 Vas deferens, 358f Ventromedial hypothalamus, 321 Verbal store, 218 Vernix, 394 Vestibular system, 112f, 114 Viagra, 375 Violent video games, 203–204 Visible spectrum, 102, 102f Vision, 102–110 afterimage, 109 camera/human eye, compared, 103f color, 107–110 color blindness, 108 dark/light adaptation, 104 feature detectors, 106 processing the visual message, 106–107 sending message from eye to brain, 104–106 structure of eye, 103–104 visible spectrum, 102, 102f visual summary, 137 Visual area, 82f, 83 Visual association area, 82f Visual store, 218 Vomeronasal organ, 116 “Voodoo death,” 70 Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development, 410 W Wage gap, 347, 347f WAIS-IV, 289–290, 291f Washoe (chimpanzee), 272 Water-lily problem, 258 Watson (computer), 246 Wear-and-tear theories of aging, 427 Web survey, 38 Weber’s law, 99, 100 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS-IV), 289–290, 291f Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV), 290 Weekends, 150f Weight reduction, 326–327 Weight set point, 321 Weight-set-point thesis, 323 WEIRD participants, 49 Well-being and happiness, 496–498 See also Happiness Well-being set point, 497 Well-defined problem, 255 Wellbutrin, 566 Wernicke’s aphasia, 84 Wernicke’s area, 82f What Every Boy Should Know, 363 Winnowing out nonessential information, 255 WISC-IV, 290 Women See also Gender anorgasmia, 375 depression, 522, 524–525 double standard, 366 fetal alcohol syndrome, 297 founding mothers of psychology, 16–17 gender stereotypes, 345, 346f glass ceiling, 347 moral development, 415–416 second shift, 426 sex flush, 360 sex organs, 358f wage gap, 347, 347f working outside the home, 426 Working consciousness, 140 Working memory, 217–218 Workplace sexual harassment, 348–349 World Trade Center terrorist attack, 476f, 477 www.aabainc.org, 325 www.apa.org/helpcenter, 572 www.nlm.nih.gov, 325 www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org, 420 X Xanax, 566f Y Yucatec, 272 Yue-Yue’s case, 32 Z Zen Buddhism, 156 Zero gravity, 115 ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer), 392 Zimbardo prison experiment, 591 Zoloft, 566f Zone of proximal development (ZPD), 410 Zyban, 566 Zygomatic major, 338 Zygote, 389 Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), 392 ... page Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Robert S (Robert Stephen), 1947– Understanding psychology / Robert S Feldman, University of Massachusetts, Amherst — Twelfth edition... wherever and whenever it’s needed TWELFTH EDITION Understanding Psychology ROBERT S FELDMAN University of Massachusetts Amherst UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY, TWELFTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill... by Students first describes the underlying philosophy of Feldman, Understanding Psychology Designed for student success, Understanding Psychology provides students with a powerful framework in