Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
This is a useful guide for practice full problems of english, you can easy to learn and understand all of issues of related english full problems. The more you study, the more you like it for sure because if its values.
MOSAIC I A Content-Based Grammar Patricia K Werner University of California, Santa Barbara RANDOM HOUSE NEW YORK This book was developed for Random House by Eirik Borve, Inc First Edition 9876 Copyright © 1985 by Random House, Inc All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without permission in writing from the publisher All inquiries should be addressed to Random House, Inc., 201 East 50th Street, New York, N.Y 10022 Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Werner, Patricia, 1951Mosaic I, a content-based grammar "Developed for Random House by Eirik B0rve, Inc." Includes index English language—Text-books for foreign speakers English language—Grammar—1950 I Eirik B0rve, Inc II Title III Title: Mosaic one, a content-based grammar PE1128.W427 1985 428.2'4 85-697 ISBN 0-394-33714-X (pbk.) Manufactured in the United States of America Text design: Janet Bollow Cover design: Cheryl Carrington Cover photograph: Peter Menzel Photo Research: Stuart Renter Technical art: Brenda Booth All cartoon drawings unless otherwise noted: Jim M'Guinness ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 29, 82 Bil Keane, The Family Circus, reprinted courtesy of The Register and Tribune Syndicate 129 The Milwaukee Journal 234 John Moffit, "To Look at Anything." Copyright © 1961 by John Moffit Reprinted from his volume The Living Seed by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc 239 Cartoon by Ray Broderack 252 Relativity by M C Escher, National Gallery of Art, Washington Gift of Mr C V S Roosevelt 256 Rube Goldberg, King Features Syndicate 269 W H Auden, "The Sea and the Mirror," Copyright 1944 by W H Auden Reprinted from W H Auden: Collected Poems, edited by Edward Mendelson, by permission of Random House, Inc 290, 291 Bruce Schwoegler and Michael McClintock, Weather and Energy, Copyright © 1982, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc Reproduced by permission 315 Based on illustration by Diane Christenson Copyright 1984 by the National Wildlife Federation From the FebruaryMarch issue of National Wildlife Magazine 378-379 From the book Margaret Mead: Some Personal Views, edited by Rhonda Metraux Copyright© 1979 by Rhonda Metraux Reprinted with permission by the publisher, Walker and Company 393 John Hall Wheelock, "Earth." From The Gardener and Other Poems by John Hall Wheelock, Charles Scribner and Sons, 1961 PHOTO CREDITS 240,244, 245 Bettmann Archive 246 © Ernest Haas, Magnum 249 Bettmann Archive 280 Stuart Rosner, Stock, Boston 321 © Abraham Menashe, Photo Researchers 323 © Paolo Koch, Photo Researchers 324 β George Daniel], Photo Researchers 330 С Harma W Schreiber, Photo Researchers 335 © Abraham Menashe, Photo Researchers 337 Jean Gaumy, Magnum 339 © Phelps, Photo Researchers 344 AP/Wide World Photos 345 Arab Information Center, Photo Researchers 355 Bettmann Archive 364 NASA photo 368 Bettmann Archive 369 LIPI/Bettmann 399 Taurus CONTENTS Preface ix CHAPTER NEW CHALLENGES A REVIEW OF BASIC GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES AND TERMS Part One: The Sentence: Subjects, Verbs, and Sentence Types Part Two: Word Order in English: Modifiers Part Three: Time in English: The Tenses Part Four: The Principal Parts of Verbs Part Five: Irregular Verbs and Troublesome Structures FUNCTIONS SKILLS, AND ACTIVITIES Making introductions Describing people, places, and events Describing nonverbal communication Telling stories 11 16 23 28 CHAPTER ACADEMIC LIFE 39 A REVIEW OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Part One: Yes/No Questions, Negatives, Tag Questions, and Short Answers Part Two: Information Questions and Prepositions Part Three: Polite Questions, Requests, and Responses 42 48 55 iii FUNCTIONS SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Describing people, habits, and schedules Expressing agreement and disagreement Writing and distributing a questionnaire Interpreting charts Showing politeness in questions and requests Getting and giving directions CONTENTS CHAPTER THE FAMILY THE VERB TENSES Part One: The Present Continuous and Simple Present Tenses Part Two: The Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses Part Three: The Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Tenses Part Four: The Future Tenses: Be Going to Part Five: Would; Used to; Was/ Were Going to Part Six: The Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses FUNCTIONS SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Discussing current events and trends Expressing opinions Making generalizations, comparisons, and predictions Describing scenes, habits, and schedules Telling stories 65 68 76 82 91 98 102 CHAPTER HEALTH MODAL AUXILIARIES AND RELATED STRUCTURES Part One: The Modals of Ability and Expectations Part Two: The Modals of Request, Permission, and Preference Part Three: The Modals of Need and Advice Part Four: The Modals of Possibility and Probability FUNCTIONS SKILLS, AND ACTIVITIES Expressing abilities and expectations, and preferences Making requests iv 114 119 125 131 Making plans and appointments Giving advice and recommendations Making assumptions and speculating CONTENTS CHAPTER MONEY MATTERS NOUNS AND NOUN MODIFIERS Part One: Introduction to Count and Noncount Nouns; Plural Forms; Indefinite Articles 144 Part Two: The Definite Article with Count and Noncount Nouns 151 Part Three: Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns 159 Part Four: Units of Measurement 168 FUNCTIONS SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Making generalizations Identifying and describing particular people, places, and things Making comparisons CHAPTER LEISURE TIME INFINITIVES GERUNDS, AND OTHER VERB FORMS Part One: Forms of Gerunds and Infinitives; Prepositions Followed by Gerunds; Adjectives, Adverbs, and Nouns Followed by Infinitives Part Two: Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives (1) Part Three: Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives (2) Part Four: Verbs Followed by Either Gerunds or Infinitives Part Five: Causative and Structurally Related Verbs; Verbs of Perception: Present and Past Participles Used as Adjectives FUNCTIONS SKILLS, AND ACTIVITIES Explaining a process Giving opinions Expressing tastes and preferences Making predictions Telling stories Giving directions and explaining rules Describing places, feelings, and perceptions 177 180 189 195 202 208 CHAPTER CREATIVITY 223 COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES: ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME; FACTUAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Part One: Review of Sentence Types and Sentence Problems Part Two: Adverb Clauses of Time and Factual Conditional Sentences: Unspecified or Present Time Part Three: Adverb Clauses of Time: Past Time with the Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses Part Four: Adverb Clauses of Time: Past Time with the Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses Part Five: Adverb Clauses of Time and Factual Conditional Sentences: Future Time FUNCTIONS, SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Explaining processes Describing people and personal characteristics Giving biographical information Making plans and decisions Analyzing causes and effects CHAPTER CHOICES 226 235 240 246 253 259 HOPE, WISH AND IMAGINATIVE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Part One: Hope versus Wish; The Subjunctive Mood with Wish 262 Part Two: Otherwise; Imaginative Conditional Sentences: Present and Unspecified Time 266 Part Three: Perfect Modal Auxiliaries 270 Part Four: Imaginative Conditional Sentences: Past Time; Past and Present Time 276 FUNCTIONS SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Expressing hopes, wishes, preferences, and regrets Expressing unfulfilled intentions Expressing past possibilities and probabilities Giving advice about past and present situations vi CHAPTER THE PHYSICAL WORLD CONTENTS 281 ADVERB CLAUSES AND RELATED STRUCTURES Part One: Adverb Clauses and Related Structures Showing Cause, Purpose, and Effect or Result Part Two: Adverb Clauses and Related Structures Showing Contrast Part Three: Comparative and Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs Part Four: Comparisons Part Five: Adverb Clauses Showing Result 284 292 299 306 311 FUNCTIONS SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Explaining causes and effects Giving presentations Interpreting charts and graphs Reading maps Describing places Making comparisons Telling stories CHAPTER 10 HUMAN BEHAVIOR ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND RELATED STRUCTURES Part One: Review of Modifiers Part Two: Adjective Clauses with That, When, Where: Replacement of Subjects and Objects of Verbs Part Three: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses; Adjective Clauses with Who, Which, Whose: Replacement of Subjects Part Four: Adjective Clauses with Who(m) and Which: Replacement of Objects of Verbs, Replacement of Objects of Prepositions Part Five: Adjective Clause to Phrase Reduction: Appositives, Participial Phrases FUNCTIONS, SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Describing traditions and events Summarizing Defining terms Comparing and contrasting holidays and customs 317 320 324 329 336 343 vii CONTENTS CHAPTER 11 TECHNOLOGY THE PASSIVE VOICE Part One: The Passive Voice: Simple Tenses Part Two: The Passive Voice: Perfect Tenses Part Three: The Passive Voice: Continuous Tenses Part Four: The Passive Voice: Modal Auxiliaries FUNCTIONS SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Explaining a process Comparing past and present developments Making predictions Speculating CHAPTER 12 LIVING TOGETHER ON A SMALL PLANET NOUN CLAUSES Part One: Noun Clauses with That; Reported Speech Part Two: Noun Clauses with If and Whether; Noun Clauses with Question Words Part Three: Clause to Phrase Reduction; Review of Clauses FUNCTIONS SKILLS, AND ACTIVITIES Expressing opinions, hopes, and regrets Reporting, paraphrasing, and summarizing Debating Writing a class poem Index viii 349 352 363 368 373 377 380 390 394 400 PREFACE MOSAIC: THE PROGRAM Mosaic consists of eight texts plus two instructor's manuals for in-college or college-bound nonnative English students Mosaic I is for intermediate to high-intermediate students, while Mosaic II is for high-intermediate to low-advanced students Within each level, I and II, the books are carefully coordinated by theme, vocabulary, grammar structure, and, where possible, language functions A chapter in one book corresponds to and reinforces material taught in the same chapter of the other three books at that level for a truly integrated, four-skills approach Each level, I and II, consists of four books plus an instructor's manual In addition to A Content-Based Grammar, they include: • A Reading Skills Book I, II: Selections in these books come from many sources, including newspapers, magazines, textbooks, and literature The emphasis is on building reading and study skills; for example, skimming, scanning, determining the author's point of view, reading charts and graphs, guessing the meaning of new words from context, making inferences, outlining, and techniques for remembering what has been read • A Content-Based Writing Book I, II: These books provide students with short readings on the chapter themes and include many prewriting, revision, and vocabulary-building exercises The books focus on the writing process, particularly on techniques for gathering ideas, such as "brainstorming" and "freewriting," and on using feedback to rewrite • A Listening-Speaking Skills Book I, II: These books teach study skills and language functions through active listening activities based on lectures on chapter themes and sample conversations A variety of speaking activities to reinforce language functions is also included A cassette program with instructor's key accompanies each text • Instructor's Manual I, II: These manuals provide instructions and guidelines for use of the books separately or in any combination ... United States by Random House, Inc., and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Werner, Patricia, 195 1Mosaic I, a. .. Clause to Phrase Reduction: Appositives, Participial Phrases FUNCTIONS, SKILLS AND ACTIVITIES Describing traditions and events Summarizing Defining terms Comparing and contrasting holidays and customs.. .MOSAIC I A Content- Based Grammar Patricia K Werner University of California, Santa Barbara RANDOM HOUSE NEW YORK This book was developed for Random House by Eirik Borve, Inc First Edition