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CHAPTER 17 Understanding Accounting and Financial Information McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2015 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved LEARNING OBJECTIVES Demonstrate the role that accounting and financial information play for a business and its stakeholders Identify the different disciplines within the accounting profession List the steps in the accounting cycle, distinguish between accounting and bookkeeping, and explain how computers are used in accounting 17-2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain how the major financial statements differ Demonstrate the application of ratio analysis in reporting financial information 17-3 JOHN RAFTERY Patriot Contractors • Served in the Marines and used his G.I. Bill to study accounting • Completed an entrepreneurship program for veterans and launched Patriot Contractors • He credits his knowledge of accounting with the growth of his business 17-4 NAME that COMPANY Accounting software makes financial information available whenever the organization needs it. We specialize in software that addresses the accounting needs of small businesses that are often very different from major corporations. Name that company! 17-5 WHAT’S ACCOUNTING? LO 171 • Accounting Recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting of financial events and transactions in an organization to provide interested parties needed financial information • Outside parties like employees, owners, creditors, unions, investors and the government make use of a firm’s accounting information 17-6 The ACCOUNTING SYSTEM LO 171 17-7 ACCOUNTANTS’ RESPONSIBILITIES LO 171 17-8 MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING LO 172 • Managerial Accounting Provides information and analysis to managers inside the organization to assist them in decision making • Managerial accounting is involved with: - Costs of production - Costs of marketing - Preparation and control of budgets - Minimizing tax liabilities 17-9 USERS of ACCOUNTING INFORMATION LO 172 17-10 ACCOUNTS of the INCOME STATEMENT LO 174 • Revenue is the monetary value a firm received for goods sold, services rendered or other payments • Cost of Goods Sold (or Manufactured) Measures the cost of merchandise the firm sells or the cost of raw materials and supplies it used in producing items for resale • Gross Profit (or Gross Margin) How much a firm earned by buying (or making) and selling merchandise 17-35 THE IN’S and OUT’S of VALUING INVENTORY • Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) sometimes permits accountants to use different method of accounting for inventory • FIFO: FirstIn, FirstOut • LIFO: LastIn, FirstOut • Each valuation can affect income and ending inventory valuation 17-36 ACCOUNTS of the INCOME STATEMENT LO 174 • Operating Expenses – Cost involved in operating a business, such as rent, salaries and supplies • Depreciation The systematic writeoff of the cost of a tangible asset over its estimated useful life 17-37 The STATEMENT of CASH FLOWS LO 174 • Statement of Cash Flows Reports cash receipts and cash disbursements related to the three major activities of a firm: Operations Investments Financing 17-38 UNDERSTANDING CASH FLOW LO 174 • Cash Flow The difference between cash coming in and cash going out of a business • Managing cash flow is a key consideration of a business and can be particularly challenging for small and seasonal businesses 17-39 WOULD YOU COOK the BOOKS? • You are the only accountant employed by a small, struggling dog food company • The company requests a bank loan to keep operations going and your boss suggests you record some revenue early • This is against accounting principles, but you know if you don’t get the loan, you may lose your job. What do you do? 17-40 TEST PREP • What are the key steps in preparing an income statement? • What’s the difference between revenue and income on the income statement? • Why is the statement of cash flows important in evaluating a firm’s operations? 17-41 USING FINANCIAL RATIOS LO 175 • Ratio Analysis The assessment of a firm’s financial condition using calculations and financial ratios developed from the firm’s financial statements • Key ratios include: - Liquidity ratios - Leverage ratios - Performance ratios - Activity ratios 17-42 COMMONLY USED LIQUIDITY RATIOS LO 175 • Liquidity ratios measure a firm’s ability to turn assets into cash to pay its shortterm debts • Two key ratios are: - Current ratio - Acidtest ratio • This information is found on the firm’s balance sheet 17-43 LEVERAGE RATIOS LO 175 • Leverage ratios measure the degree to which a firm relies on borrowed funds in its operations • Key ratios include: - Debt to Owner’s Equity Ratio • This information is found on the firm’s balance sheet 17-44 PROFITABILITY RATIOS LO 175 • Profitability ratios measure how effectively a firm’s managers are using the firm’s various resources to achieve profits • Key ratios include: - Basic earnings per share - Return on sales - Return on equity • This information is found on the firm’s balance sheet and income statement 17-45 ACTIVITY RATIOS LO 175 • Activity ratios measure how effectively management is turning over inventory • Key ratios include: - Inventory turnover ratio • This information is found on the firm’s balance sheet and income statement 17-46 SPEAKING a UNIVERSAL ACCOUNTING LANGUAGE • Multinational companies must adapt their accounting reporting to the rules of multiple countries • Many countries have adopted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS ) and are pushing to make them standard • The U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission believes there should be such a standard 17-47 TIMELINE for the MOVE to IFRS LO 175 • 2008: SEC offered proposed timeline • 2009: 110 large companies had the option of using IFRS • 2012: SEC assessed progress of IFRS • 2013: Final decision on the move to IFRS • 2015: Large public companies will be required to report in IFRS (pending SEC decision) • 2016: All companies will be required to report in IFRS (pending SEC decision) Source: IFRS.org, accessed November 2014 17-48 TEST PREP • What’s the primary purpose of performing ratio analysis using the firm’s financial statements? • What are the four main categories of financial ratios? 17-49 ... business promises to pay by a certain date • Bonds Payable Longterm liabilities that the firm must pay back 17-30 OWNERS’ EQUITY ACCOUNTS LO 174 • Owners’ Equity The amount of the business that ... DoddFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act increased financial regulation by increasing the power of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board • Act was brought on by the recent financial crisis Photo Credit: Nancy... experience in internal auditing and pass an exam administered by the Institute of Internal Auditors 17-16 ELEMENTARY, MR. AUDITOR, ELEMENTARY • Fraud damages businesses, no matter the size • The SEC has committed itself to fighting fraud but not
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