Chapter Emergency Procedures and First Aid © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • Definition – Any instance in which individual suddenly becomes ill and requires immediate attention • Signs of emergencies – Use your senses; be sensitive for strange behavior • First aid – Designed to render immediate and temporary care to persons injured before arrival of health care practitioner © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • Emergency situations: – – – – – – Choking and breathing crises Chest pain Bleeding Shock Stroke Poisoning © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • Emergency situations: – – – – – Burns Wounds Sudden illnesses (fainting/falling) Illnesses related to heat and cold Fractures © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • Act quickly • Assess nature of situation • Screen situation • Assess patient Check for universal emergency medical identification >> © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • Primary survey – ABCDEs: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Expose and Evaluate © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • Using the 911 or EMS system – Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system: local network of police, fire, medical personnel trained to respond to emergency situations – Network activated by calling 911 © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • While waiting for EMS to arrive, check for following signs: – – – – – Degree of responsiveness Airway/breathing ability Heartbeat (rate and rhythm) Bleeding Signs of shock • Monitor vital signs Keep patient warm â 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • Good Samaritan laws – Provide some degree of legal protection to health care professional who offers first aid – Generally protect off-duty health care professionals – Primary principle of first aid is to prevent further injury – Conditions of law vary from state to state © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Recognizing an Emergency • Blood, body fluids, disease transmission – Always protect yourself and the patient – Establish and follow strict guidelines – Follow Standard Precautions © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Common Emergencies • Sudden illness – Seizures (convulsions) • When normal brain functioning disrupted • Caused by fever, diabetes, infection, brain injury, epilepsy, other conditions and diseases • Patient should never be restrained • Treat patient with compassion • Protect patient from injury • Determine if EMS should be called © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Common Emergencies • Sudden illness – Diabetes • Inability of body to properly convert sugar from food into energy • Body does not produce insulin at all or does not produce enough • Type (insulin-dependent) • Type (noninsulin-dependent) • Diabetic coma and insulin shock or reaction may occur © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Common Emergencies • Sudden illness – Hemorrhage • External bleeding: capillary, venous, arterial bleeding • Epistaxis (nosebleeds) • Internal bleeding – Minor or serious depending on cause of injury – Important to recognize signs and symptoms – Stay with patient and have someone call EMS © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Control of Bleeding © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Common Emergencies • Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) – Common term is stroke – Result of ruptured blood vessel in brain – Can be caused by occlusion of blood vessel or by a clot © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Common Emergencies • Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) – – – – – – – – Numbness in face, arm, leg on one side of body Loss of vision Severe headache Mental confusion Slurred speech Nausea, vomiting Difficulty in breathing and swallowing Paralysis © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Common Emergencies • Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) – Treatment of CVA • • • • • Activate EMS; keep patient comfortable Maintain open airway Do not give anything by mouth Monitor vital signs Immediate emergency care critical © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Common Emergencies • Heart attack – Also known as myocardial infarction (MI) – Usually caused by blockage of coronary arteries – Symptoms: tightness of chest, pain radiating down one or both arms, pain radiating into left shoulder and jaw – Signs: rapid and weak pulse, excessive perspiration, agitation, nausea, cold and clammy skin – Symptoms in women may or may not be similar to men © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Common Emergencies • Heart attack – – – – Contact EMS immediately Keep patient comfortable Prepare to give oxygen and medications (aspirin) Cardioversion or defibrillation may be necessary with AED – Begin CPR if necessary © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Breathing Emergencies and Cardiac Arrest • When patient stops breathing, give artificial or rescue breathing immediately • Give chest compressions with rescue breathing (CPR) if patient has breathing emergency and cardiac arrest © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Breathing Emergencies and Cardiac Arrest • Rescue breathing – Previously called mouth-to-mouth resuscitation – Provide oxygen until emergency personnel arrive – Resuscitation mouthpieces recommended © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Breathing Emergencies and Cardiac Arrest • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) – Combination of rescue breathing and chest compressions – Preliminary care until advanced medical help available – CPR plus shock with AED treatment for cardiac arrest – Early recognition, calling EMS, immediate CPR can double or triple victim’s chances of surviving © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Safety and Emergency Practices • Mass disasters – – – – – – – – – Floods Hurricanes Tornadoes Tsunamis Earthquakes Explosions Structural collapses Transportation accidents War or terrorism © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Safety and Emergency Practices • • • • • • • Assisting at local shelters Using first aid and CPR skills Helping at clinic or hospital Giving injections for mass immunizations Supporting providers Working with American Red Cross Giving emotional support © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Safety and Emergency Practices • Be prepared to respond to emergency in medical office or home environment • Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) volunteer units assigned to specific areas © 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part ... or EMS system – Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system: local network of police, fire, medical personnel trained to respond to emergency situations – Network activated by calling 911 © 2014 Cengage... or in part Common Emergencies • Shock – Learn to recognize signs and symptoms – Defined by categories or by underlying cause • • • • • • • Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Neurogenic Anaphylactic Septic... Common Emergencies • Burns – Caused by heat, chemicals, explosions, electricity, solar radiation – Critical burns can be life threatening and require immediate medical attention • • • • Breathing