Chapter Introduction to Disease Pathology at First Glance Homeostasis: internal stability of the body Pathology: abnormal condition causing measurable changes in structure and function Pathogenesis: development of disease in stages Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Pathology at First Glance (cont’d.) Syndrome: Defined collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a condition Diagnosis: Use of scientific or clinical methods to determine nature of the disease Basis for treatment based on exam, signs, symptoms history, lab data, diagnostic tests Prognosis: Predicted course and outcome Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Describing Disease Signs   Abnormal objective findings Examples: redness, swelling, purulent discharge, fever, pulse, pallor Symptoms   Subjective patient reports Examples: difficulty swallowing, pain, fatigue, headache, dizziness, itching Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Describing Disease (cont) Acute Illness    onset is usually abrupt symptoms present themselves over hours to days duration brief ( months) Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Disease     Remission: Signs and symptoms subside Exacerbation: Signs and symptoms recur in all severity during this period Relapse: Occurs when a disease returns weeks or months after its apparent cessation Complication: Disease or other abnormal state developing when a person already suffers from another disease Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Causes of Disease oEtiology: Cause of a disease oIdiopathic: The cause of the disease is not known Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Risk factors  Predisposing Factors       age gender lifestyle environment heredity Non-changeable predisposing factors    age gender heredity Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Risk factors (cont)  Changeable predisposing factors   Lifestyle • physical abuse and violence • poor nutrition • tobacco, drugs, and alcohol Environment • air and water pollution • chronic stress Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc More Diagnosis Info  Diagnosis of Disease       medical history physical exam laboratory tests (blood count, chemistry, etc.) imaging tests (MRI, CT, X-ray, ultrasound, etc.) biopsy miscellaneous tests (pulmonary function, cultures, etc.) Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 10 Patient Teaching  Goals of patient teaching     facilitate patient compliance with the medical treatment plan clarify information and instructions foster patient independence and responsibility establish trusting, therapeutic relationship Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 11 Patient Teaching (cont’d.)  Additional reasons for patient teaching      ease anxiety facilitate greater sense of patient control improve patient/family coping highlight goals for recovery or acceptance reduce unnecessary clinic visits and hospitalizations Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 12 ... and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 11 Patient Teaching (cont’d.)  Additional reasons for patient teaching      ease anxiety facilitate greater sense of patient... Complication: Disease or other abnormal state developing when a person already suffers from another disease Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Causes of Disease. .. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 10 Patient Teaching  Goals of patient teaching     facilitate patient compliance with the medical treatment plan