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Đây là cuốn sổ tay cho kỹ sư xây dựng chuyên đề về kết cấu Structural Engineer’s Pocket Book
Structural Engineer’s Pocket Book This Page Intentionally Left Blank Structural Engineer’s Pocket Book Fiona Cobb AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2004 Copyright ª 2004, Fiona Cobb All rights reserved The right of Fiona Cobb to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (ỵ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (ỵ44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 7506 5638 For information on all Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at http://books.elsevier.com Typeset by Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India www.integra-india.com Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi General Information Metric system Typical metric units for UK structural engineering Imperial units Conversion factors Measurement of angles Construction documentation and procurement Drawing conventions Common arrangement of work sections Summary of ACE conditions of engagement 10 11 Statutory Authorities and Permissions Planning Building regulations and standards Listed buildings Conservation areas and Tree preservation orders Archaeology and ancient monuments Party Wall etc Act CDM 13 14 17 18 19 21 24 Design Data Design data checklist Structural form, stability and robustness Structural movement joints Fire resistance periods for structural elements Typical building tolerances Historical use of building materials Typical weights of building materials Minimum imposed floor loads Typical unit floor and roof loadings Wind loading Barrier and handrail loadings 25 26 29 30 31 32 34 38 41 43 44 vi Contents Selection of materials Selection of floor construction Transportation Temporary works toolkit 46 47 48 52 Basic and Shortcut Tools for Structural Analysis Load factors and limit states Geometric section properties Parallel axis theorem and Composite sections Material properties Coefficients of linear thermal expansion Coefficients of friction Sign conventions Beam bending theory Deflection limits Beam bending and deflection formulae Clapeyron’s equations of three moments Continuous beam bending formulae Struts Rigid frames under lateral loads Plates Torsion Taut wires, cables and chains Vibration 55 56 60 61 64 65 66 67 68 69 76 78 79 81 84 88 89 91 Geotechnics Geotechnics Selection of foundations and retaining walls Site investigation Soil classification Typical soil properties Preliminary sizing Trees and shallow foundations Contamined land 92 93 94 95 96 100 109 113 Timber and Plywood Timber Timber section sizes Laminated timber products Durability and fire resistance Preliminary sizing of timber elements 117 119 120 122 125 Contents vii Timber design to BS 5268 Timber joints 127 135 Masonry Masonry Geometry and arrangement Durability and fire resistance Preliminary sizing of masonry elements Masonry design to BS 5628 Masonry design to CP111 Lintel design to BS 5977 Masonry accessories 141 143 147 148 152 166 168 170 Reinforced Concrete Reinforced concrete Concrete mixes Durability and fire resistance Preliminary sizing of concrete elements Reinforcement Concrete design to BS 8110 Reinforcement bar bending to BS 8666 Reinforcement estimates 175 177 179 180 182 185 205 207 Structural Steel Structural steel Mild steel section sizes and tolerances Slenderness Durability and fire resistance Preliminary sizing of steel elements Steel design to BS 5950 Steel design to BS 449 Stainless steel to BS 5950 208 210 239 242 246 249 261 269 10 Composite Steel and Concrete Composite steel and concrete Preliminary sizing of composite elements Composite design to BS 5950 275 277 281 11 Structural Glass Structural glass Typical glass section sizes and thicknesses Durability and fire resistance Typical glass sizes for common applications Structural glass design Connections 284 287 288 289 291 293 viii Contents 12 Building Elements, Materials, Fixings and Fastenings Waterproofing Basement waterproofing Screeds Precast concrete hollowcore slabs Bi-metallic corrosion Structural adhesives Fixings and fastenings Cold weather working Effect of fire on construction materials Aluminium 295 296 299 300 301 302 304 307 308 310 Useful Mathematics 314 13 Useful Addresses 320 Further Reading 331 Sources 336 Index 339 Preface As a student or graduate engineer it is difficult to source basic design data Having been unable to find a compact book containing this information, I decided to compile my own after seeing a pocket book for architects I realised that a Structural Engineer’s Pocket Book might be useful for other engineers and construction industry professionals My aim has been to gather useful facts and figures for use in preliminary design in the office, on site or in the IStructE Part exam, based on UK conventions The book is not intended as a textbook; there are no worked examples and the information is not prescriptive Design methods from British Standards have been included and summarized, but obviously these are not the only way of proving structural adequacy Preliminary sizing and shortcuts are intended to give the engineer a ’feel’ for the structure before beginning design calculations All of the data should be used in context, using engineering judgement and current good practice Where no reference is given, the information has been compiled from several different sources Despite my best efforts, there may be some errors and omissions I would be interested to receive any comments, corrections or suggestions on the content of the book by email at sepb@inmyopinion.co.uk Obviously, it has been difficult to decide what information can be included and still keep the book a compact size Therefore any proposals for additional material should be accompanied by a proposal for an omission of roughly the same size – the reader should then appreciate the many dilemmas that I have had during the preparation of the book! If there is an opportunity for a second edition, I will attempt to accommodate any suggestions which are sent to me and I hope that you find the Structural Engineer’s Pocket Book useful Fiona Cobb .. .Structural Engineer? ??s Pocket Book This Page Intentionally Left Blank Structural Engineer? ??s Pocket Book Fiona Cobb AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG... 17 18 19 21 24 Design Data Design data checklist Structural form, stability and robustness Structural movement joints Fire resistance periods for structural elements Typical building tolerances... 5950 275 277 281 11 Structural Glass Structural glass Typical glass section sizes and thicknesses Durability and fire resistance Typical glass sizes for common applications Structural glass design