Liên từ (conjunctions) LIÊN TỪ (Conjunctions) Định nghĩa: Liên từ từ dùng để nối từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề Phân loại: Liên từ chia làm hai loại chính: a Đẳng lập (song song): Dùng loại liên từ để nối từ loại cụm từ/ nhóm từ loại, mệnh đề ngang hàng (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ ): Ví dụ: He and I are students She is beautiful and kind They are learning to read and write b Liên từ phụ thuộc: Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết nhóm từ, cụm từ mệnh đề có chức khác - mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề câu Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song): Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm: AND Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife I have many books and notebooks BOTH AND Ví dụ: She is both good and loyal They learn both English and French AS WELL AS Ví dụ: He has experience as well as knownledge NO LESS THAN Ví dụ: You no less than he are very rich NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO) Ví dụ: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese I like playing not only tennis but (also) football OR Ví dụ: Hurry up, or you will be late EITHER OR Ví dụ: He isn't either good or kind I don't have either books or notebooks NEITHER NOR Ví dụ: He drinks neither wine nor beer She has neither husband nor children BUT Ví dụ: He is intelligent but very lazy She is ugly but hard-working THEN Ví dụ: You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't been watered for long CONSEQUENTLY Ví dụ: You didn't work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam HOWEVER Ví dụ: He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar NEVERTHELESS Ví dụ: She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks STILL, YET Ví dụ: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE Ví dụ: We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam ONLY Ví dụ: Go where you like; only not stay here THEREFORE Ví dụ: He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ): Những liên từ phụ thuộc: FOR Ví dụ: WHEREAS He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard Ví dụ: He learns hard whereas his friends don't Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it WHILE Ví dụ: Don't sing while you work Don't talk while you eat BESIDES, MOREOVER Ví dụ: We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention to physical exercise He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window SO Ví dụ: He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students It rained very hard; so, we didn't go out that night HENCE Ví dụ: I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson - Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ): a Thời gian (Time): AFTER Ví dụ: A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard The ship was checked carefully after she had been built AS Ví dụ: He came her, as the clock struck six They left as the bell rang AS SOON AS Ví dụ: I will phone you as soon as I come home They will get married as soon as they finish university BEFORE Ví dụ: Don't count your chickens before they are hatchd He talks as if he were very wise Ví dụ: He has been very weak, since he was taken sick AS LONG AS Ví dụ: No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back UNTIL Ví dụ: People not know the value of health until they lose it WHEN Ví dụ: When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes WHILE Ví dụ: Make hay while the sun shines Step while you dance b Nơi chốn (Places): WHERE Ví dụ: The bed room is the best place where I my homework WHEREVER Ví dụ: His mother follows him wherever he goes I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me c Thể cách (Manner): AS Ví dụ: Do as I told you to AS IF Ví dụ: He talks as if he knew everything about her He dances as if he were a professional dancer d So sánh (Comparisons): AS Ví dụ: He is as tall as his brither This bag is as expensive as that one THAN Ví dụ: She is more beautiful than her sister She looks fatter than his friend e Lí (Reasons): AS Ví dụ: As it rained very hard, we stopped they games BECAUSE Ví dụ: We could not pass the test because we didn't learn hard I didn't meet her because she had left earlier SINCE Ví dụ: I must go since she has telephoned three times f Mục đích (Purposes): THAT Ví dụ: I work hard that I may succeed in life SO THAT Ví dụ: We went very early so that we could catch the last bus IN ORDER THAT Ví dụ: We learn French in order to study in France g Điều kiện (Conditions) : IF Ví dụ: I will phone him if I have his phone number UNLESS (IF NOT) Ví dụ: You will be late unless you set off now Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams PROVIDED THAT Ví dụ: I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket IN CASE Ví dụ: You should take an umbrella in case it rains Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost h Sự tương phản, trái ngược: ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH Ví dụ: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her AS Ví dụ: Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy EVEN IF Ví dụ: Even if my watch is right, we will be too late NOT WITH STANDING THAT Ví dụ: He is poor not with standing that he works very hard *EXERCISES - CONJUNCTIONS EXI Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when Things were different _ I was young I it _ I like it Let us wait here _ the rain stops You cannot be a lawyer _ you have a law degree That was years _ years ago She has not called _ she left last week I saw him leaving an hour _ two ago This is an expensive _ very useful book We were getting tired _ we stopped for a rest 10 He was angry _ he heard what happened 11 Walk quickly _ you will be late 12 He had to retire _ of ill health 13 We will go swimming next Sunday _ it's raining 14 I heard a noise _ I turned the light on 15 Would you like a coffee _ tea? 16 Do you know _ she will arrive? 17 _ the car is old, it still runs well 18 Do you want a pen _ a bit of paper? 19 I would like to go _ I am too busy 20 She will die _ the doctors operate immediately Multiple choices I want to work as an interpreter in the future, , I am studying Russian at university a but b so c however d therefore I am going shopping for food this evening I not have to go at the weekend a so b but c however d moreover When she got the news from her family, she could not anything, cry a but b and c so d however We live in the same building we have hardly seen each other a and b therefore c but d so I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD the shop didn't have it a and b but c therefore d so Anna needed some money, , she took a part-time job a furthermore b moreover c however d therefore Julie has a guitar she plays it really well a and b so c but d therefore My fingers were injured my sister had to write the note for me a and b however c so d but The concert was cancelled we went to a nightclub instead a so b however c so on d but 10 This is an expensive very useful book a but b so c therefore d however 11 long it takes, I will wait for you a However b But c So d Therefore 12 I must say that you have done very well , you should be aware that you still have a lot of thing to learn a Therefore b So c But d However 13 He is only sixteen, and , he is not eligible to drive a car a nevertheless b but c therefore d however 14 Maria tried to read a novel in French the book was too difficult for her to understand a so that b therefore c but d and 15 To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, you can ride the ferry a or b but c so d however 16 I bought a bottle of wine we drank it together a therefore b so c and d but 17 The waiter was not very nice, _, the food was delicious a however b but c so d and so 18 _ hard he worked, he could earn enough money to support the family a But b However c Therefore d Whatever 19 I wanted to give him some money after he helped me with the car _ he absolutely refused to accept it a so b but c therefore d and so 20 Everyone is ready for the discussion, him a however b but c so d therefore 21 The first part of the test was easy; the second, , took hours a therefore b but c so d however 22 He has done nothing to prepare for the final examination, played a but b so c therefore d and 23 He told me not to it; , I did it a Therefore b So c But d However 24 We have not yet won; , we will keep trying a moreover b however c therefore d so as 25 I am afraid that the company is in deep trouble , we are going to make some people redundant a Therefore b However c But d And EX II Choose the best answer Receptionists must be able to relay information pass messages accurately A or B and C but D because I did not go to the show I had already seen it (A) until (B) because (C) so (D) but Mary is a member of the Historical Society the Literary Society (A) as (B) or (C)and (D) but Read over your answers correct all mistakes before you pass them up (A) or (B)and (C) because (D) while Keep the food covered the flies will contaminate it (A) or (B) and (C) until (D) though he is thin, he is strong (A) But (B) As (C)Though (D) Because Susie phoned wrote after she left home (A) either, or (B)neither, nor (C) while, and (D) though, or She had an unpleasant experience she was in Thailand (A) but (B) and (C) because (D) while The committee rejected the proposal they did not think it was practical (A) or (B) but (C) though (D) because 10 John welcomed his guests offered them drinks (A)and (B) while (C) until (D) as 11 You can come to the meeting you don't say anything A so that B as long as C while D until 12 I'm not leaving I get an apology from you A so that B while C until D as if 13 I came here you could give me an explanation A while B as long as C until D so that 14 Bob is very tall Bill is very short A.as long as B so that B.while D.as if 15 I refuse to pay anything you the work properly A so that A.while C as long as D.until 16 I'm going shopping for food this evening I don't have to go at the weekend so that as long as while as if 17.These rooms are very comfortable _ they have a good view of the city (A) also (B) and (C) still (D) as 18 _ the teacher explained the lesson several times, some of the students still did not understand it (A) Although (B) Even if (C) Unless (D) Since 19 He did not join us for the movie _ he had already seen it (A) and (B) but (C) although (D) because 20 She could not find the book she wanted _ she borrowed a magazine instead (A) so (B) and (C) but (D) so that 21 I tried to make her realize the consequences _ she refused to listen (A) because (B) since (C) but (D) also 22 He will show us around himself _ send someone else (A) and (B) if (C) or (D) so 23 _ he was not interested in music, he agreed to go to the concert (A) Though (B) as long as (C) while ( D) as if EX III Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of inverted word order, fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets For example: I opened the door _ looked out (and, yet) She was not in the back yard, _ was she upstairs (or, nor) The sun had set, _ it was still light outside (or, yet) Do you know his address _ telephone number? (but, or) He has not arrived yet, _ have they (and, nor) I read the book, _ did not understand it (but, or) We searched diligently, found nothing (or, yet) I invited him _ his friends (and, but) EX IV Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate For example: I have both respect _ admiration for them Hardly had I finished reading over the problem, _ the answer leapt to my mind It will rain either today _ tomorrow He could not decide whether to tell the truth _ keep silent It was not only a beautiful day, _ the first day of Spring If you follow the instructions, you should have no difficulty He is neither proud _ condescending.(hạ mình) What with one thing _ another, it was very late by the time we left the house No sooner had I opened my eyes _ I remembered where I was 10 Scarcely had I heard the news, _ my friend arrived 11 I not know whether he has seen the movie before not 12 I would rather wait here _ risk missing the bus 13 She could find the book neither at the Library, _ at the bookstore 14 No sooner had I opened the window, _ a butterfly flew into the room 15 The crowd was both large _ enthusiastic Ex V Fill in the blanks with the correct subordinate conjunctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs given in brackets For example: We recognized her at once, we had not seen her for years (although, in case) He kept reading _ he fell asleep (for, until) The moon will rise the sun sets (as soon as, than) It looks the train will be late (while, as though) she got her degree, she became a teacher (After, Than) We will not go skiing the weather is good (as if, unless) he left, he made sure he had his keys with him (Before, For) I told the truth, you would not believe me (Even if, So that) They have known her _ she was a child (until, since) 10 I must leave now, I have a great deal of work to (as, than) 11 What shall we it rains? (or else, supposing) 12 you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it (If, Until) 13 The door was open, we could hear everything (in case, so) 14 I studied more he did (than, whereas) 15 We packed a lunch, we knew we would soon be hungry (lest, for) 16 I will join you, the weather is fine (providing, than) 17 he is very busy, he is seldom at home (Or else, Because) 18 We must hurry, _ we will be late (so that, or else) Ex VI For each of the following sentences, paying attention to the structure of the sentence, fill in the blank with either the conjunction or the preposition given in brackets For example: We stayed up late, we were tired (although, despite) They went swimming, the coldness of the water (although, despite) I enjoy the course, the professor is a good teacher (because, because of) She looks _ your sister (as if, like) Please wait _ I make a phone call (during, while) Did you hear any noises the night? (during, while) It looked we would not be able to leave until the next day (as if, like) We all felt tired the hot weather (because, because of) I read a book _ I was waiting (during, while) 10 Her eyes shone _ stars (as if, like) 11 They managed to work together, _ their differences of opinion (although, despite) 12 I left home early, I had to several errands (because, because of) 13 He speaks about the subject he were an expert (as if, like) 14 We rested the hottest part of the day (during, while) 15 she lost her way twice, she arrived safely (Although, Despite) 16 their interest in comets, they decided to study astronomy (Because, Because of) Ex VII fill in the blanks with the correct connecting adverbs chosen from the pairs given in brackets For example: The work was new to me , it did not seem difficult (Consequently, Nevertheless) Continue along Queen Street turn left (Then, Therefore) It was very misty , we could not get a clear view of the mountain (Hence, However) We had walked several miles , we did not feel tired (Accordingly, Still) She is a talented actress , she is very beautiful (Moreover, Thus) We take the bus every day , we are familiar with the bus route (Nevertheless, Thus) The child was sleepy , we went home early (Otherwise, Therefore) The food was delicious _, the service was excellent (Likewise, Nevertheless) We looked everywhere _, we could not find the keys (However, Thus) 10 The book is long _, the vocabulary is difficult (Consequently, Furthermore) 11 Luckily, the moon was bright , we could not have seen the path (Accordingly, Otherwise) 12 He is old _, his mind is still active (Nonetheless, Therefore) Ex VIII fill in the blanks with the conjunctions or connecting adverbs given in brackets Make sure that the sentences confirm to the rules of correct formal English For example: I have invited him , I have invited his sister (Also, And) He walked up to the door knocked (and, likewise) The bus fare is expensive; , I prefer to walk (so, therefore) She is well-educated , she has very good manners (And, Besides) I would rather travel by train, _ the bus leaves earlier (but, however) We were born in this village; , we know everyone here (hence, so that) Put less wood on the fire, _ it will be too smoky (or, otherwise) They got off the train they began to search for a hotel (And, Then) She studied for many months; , she knew the material thoroughly (consequently, so that) 10 The weather was hot; , the air was humid (and, moreover) 11 Please come with us, I can introduce you to my friends (thus, so that) 12 The sun was warm, a cool breeze blew in from the sea (but, however) 13 I have read this book before; , I not remember the plot (but, however) 14 They were hot tired (also, and) 15 The door was locked; , we would have waited inside (or, otherwise) 16 I have known her for many years; , I understand her character well (so that, thus) 17 We opened the window fresh air would blow into the room (consequently, so that) 18 He is ignorant; , he is lazy (and, furthermore) 19 They visited many stores; _, they could not find what they were looking for (but, however) 20 You should go to sleep now, you will be tired tomorrow (or, otherwise) 21 I was worried; _, I was determined not to show it (but, nevertheless) Ex IX The following sentences are incorrect, because they contain correlative conjunctions, but not use parallel construction Rewrite the sentences correctly, using parallel construction For example: The train proceeded neither quickly nor was it smooth They will leave either today or they will go tomorrow The child hates both getting up in the morning and to go to bed at night She is neither kind nor has patience He is not only talented, but also he has charm The street is lined with both oak trees and there are elm trees The lecture was not only very long but also it was very dull You should either eat less, or should exercise more I am not only proud to be here, but also feel happy to meet you 10 The town is both historical and it is picturesque Ex X The following sentences are incorrect, because they present lists of ideas, but not use parallel construction Rewrite the sentences correctly, using parallel construction For example: We walked out of the door, down the steps and went across the street 2 She loves singing, dancing and to play the piano The wind moaned, shrieked and was howling The music was fast, brilliant and sounded exciting He proposes to borrow money, open a store and going into business The town boasts four libraries, two theaters and there are many schools The clouds were thick, black and looked threatening He likes running, jumping and to ride a bicycle They worked carefully, quickly and were quiet 10 The vegetables were fresh, tender and tasted delicious  ... THEREFORE Ví dụ: He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ): Những liên từ phụ thuộc: FOR Ví dụ: WHEREAS He will surely succeed, for (because) he works... hence I did not buy the book He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson - Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ): a Thời gian (Time): AFTER Ví dụ: A man shoud take a little rest, after