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Psychology 4th by ciccarelli white Psychology 4th by ciccarelli white Psychology 4th by ciccarelli white Psychology 4th by ciccarelli white Psychology 4th by ciccarelli white Psychology 4th by ciccarelli white Psychology 4th by ciccarelli white
www.downloadslide.com www.downloadslide.com psychology fourth edition Sau ndr a K Cicc arelli Gulf Coast State College J Nola nd White Georgia College Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo www.downloadslide.com Associate Director of Design: Blair Brown Interior Design: Aptara (Bill Gillis), John Christiana Cover Designer: Kathryn Foot Cover Illustrator: Creative Circle (Michael Molloy) Digital Media Editor: Lisa Dotson Digital Media Project Manager: Thomas Scalzo Full-Service Project Management/Composition: Lindsay Bethoney/ PreMediaGlobal Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Printer/Binder: RR Donnelley/Willard Editor in Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Acquisitions Editor: Erin Mitchell Development Editor: Julie Swasey Editorial Assistant: Sarah Henrich Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Program Manager: Judy Casillo Program Team Lead: Amber Mackey Project Team Lead: Linda Behrens Project Manager: Sherry Lewis Operations Manager: Mary Fischer Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text (or on pages C-1–C-3) Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ciccarelli, Saundra K Psychology / Saundra K Ciccarelli, Gulf Coast Community College, J Noland White, Georgia College and State University.— Fourth edition pages cm Includes index ISBN-13: 978-0-205-97224-1 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-97224-1 (alk paper) 1. Psychology I White, J Noland II Title BF121.C52 2015 150—dc23 2013038820 10 Student case edition: 0-205-97224-1/978-0-205-97224-1 Instructor’s Review Copy: 0-205-97337-X/978-0-205-97337-8 Student paper edition: 0-205-97336-1/978-0-205-97336-1 la carte edition: 0-205-97225-X/978-0-205-97225-8 www.downloadslide.com brief contents psychology in action Secrets for Surviving College and Improving Your Grades PIA-2 The Science of Psychology 2 The Biological Perspective 44 Sensation and Perception 90 Consciousness 134 Learning 174 Memory 218 Cognition: thinking, intelligence, and language 260 Development Across the Life Span 304 Motivation and Emotion 352 10 Sexuality and Gender 386 11 Stress and Health 418 12 Social Psychology 452 13 Theories of Personality 500 14 Psychological Disorders 536 15 Psychological Therapies 574 appendix A Statistics in Psychology A-1 appendix B Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers B-1 iii www.downloadslide.com contents Preface x About the Authors PIA-1 psychology in action secrets for surviving college and improving your grades PIA-2 Study Skills PIA-4 Study Methods: Different Strokes for Different Folks PIA-4 When and Where Do You Fit in Time to Study PIA-5 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization 17 Psychology: The Scientific Methodology 20 The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 20 Descriptive Methods 22 Correlations: Finding Relationships 27 The Experiment 29 issues in psychology: Stereotypes, Athletes, and College Test Performance 32 Ethics of Psychological Research 33 The Guidelines for Doing Research With People 34 Animal Research 35 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking 37 Chapter Summary 40 Test Yourself 42 Mastering the Course Content PIA-6 Reading Textbooks: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf PIA-6 Getting the Most Out of Lectures PIA-9 Demonstrating Your Knowledge: Tests and Papers PIA-11 Studying for Exams: Cramming is Not an Option PIA-11 Writing Papers: Planning Makes Perfect PIA-14 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Strategies for Improving Your Memory PIA-17 psychology in action summary PIA-18 Test Yourself 1 the science of psychology 2 What Is Psychology? Psychology’s Goals Psychology Then: The History of Psychology In the Beginning: Wundt, Introspection, and the Laboratory Titchener and Structuralism in America William James and Functionalism issues in psychology: Psychology’s African American Roots 8 Gestalt Psychology: The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis 10 Pavlov, Watson, and the Dawn of Behaviorism 11 Psychology Now: Modern Perspectives 13 Psychodynamic Perspective 14 Behavioral Perspective 14 Humanistic Perspective 14 Cognitive Perspective 14 Sociocultural Perspective 15 Biopsychological Perspective 15 Evolutionary Perspective 16 the biological perspective 44 Neurons and Nerves: Building the Network 46 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block 46 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse 48 Sending the Message to Other Cells: The Synapse 51 Neurotransmitters: Messengers of the Network 52 Cleaning Up the Synapse: Reuptake and Enzymes 54 An Overview of the Nervous System 56 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” 56 psychology in the news: Fact or Fiction: Focus on the Brain, but Check Your Sources! 58 The Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves on the Edge 60 Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands 63 The Pituitary: Master of the Hormonal Universe 63 The Pineal Gland 65 The Thyroid Gland 65 Pancreas 65 The Gonads 65 The Adrenal Glands 65 Looking Inside the Living Brain 67 Lesioning Studies 67 Brain Stimulation 67 Mapping Structure 68 Mapping Function 69 From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain 71 The Hindbrain 72 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System 74 The Cortex 77 The Association Areas of the Cortex 80 classic studies in psychology: Through the Looking Glass—Spatial Neglect 81 The Cerebral Hemispheres: Are You in Your Right Mind? 82 iv www.downloadslide.com CONTENTS v Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Paying Attention to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 85 Chapter Summary 87 Test Yourself 89 sensation and perception 90 The ABCs of Sensation 92 What Is Sensation? 92 Sensory Thresholds 92 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation 94 The Science of Seeing 96 Perceptual Properties of Light: Catching the Waves 96 The Structure of the Eye 96 How the Eye Works 99 Perception of Color 100 The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? 104 Perception of Sound: Good Vibrations 104 The Structure of the Ear: Follow the Vibes 105 Perceiving Pitch 106 Types of Hearing Impairments 107 Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better 109 Gustation: How We Taste the World 110 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction 112 Somesthetic Senses: What the Body Knows 113 Perception of Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain 113 Pain: Gate-Control Theory 114 The Kinesthetic Sense 115 The Vestibular Sense 116 The ABCs of Perception 118 The Constancies: Size, Shape, and Brightness 118 The Gestalt Principles 118 Depth Perception 120 Perceptual Illusions 123 Other Factors That Influence Perception 126 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Beyond “Smoke and Mirrors”—The Psychological Science and Neuroscience of Magic 129 Chapter Summary 130 Test Yourself 132 consciousness 134 What Is Consciousness? 136 Definition of Consciousness 136 Altered States of Consciousness 137 Sleep 138 The Biology of Sleep 138 The Stages of Sleep 142 Sleep Disorders 146 psychology in the news: Murder While Sleepwalking 147 Dreams 150 Freud’s Interpretation: Dreams as Wish Fulfillment 151 The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis 151 What Do People Dream About? 153 The Effects of Hypnosis 154 Steps in Hypnotic Induction 154 Fact or Myth: What Can Hypnosis Really Do? 155 Theories of Hypnosis 156 The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs 158 Dependence 158 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away 160 Down in the Valley: Depressants 162 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher 165 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Thinking Critically About Ghosts, Aliens, and Other Things That Go Bump in the Night 169 Chapter Summary 170 Test Yourself 172 learning 174 Definition of Learning 176 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning 176 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs 177 Elements of Classical Conditioning 177 Putting It All Together: Pavlov’s Canine Classic, or Tick Tock Tick Tock 178 Conditioned Emotional Responses: Rats! 183 Biological Influences on Conditioning 184 Why Does Classical Conditioning Work? 185 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning 186 Frustrating Cats: Thorndike’s Puzzle Box and the Law of Effect 186 B F Skinner: The Behaviorist’s Behaviorist 187 The Concept of Reinforcement 187 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit is so Seductive 190 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning 194 issues in psychology: The Link Between Spanking and ggression in Young Children 198 A Stimulus Control: Slow Down, It’s the Cops 199 Shaping and Other Concepts in Operant Conditioning 199 www.downloadslide.com vi CONTENTS classic studies in psychology: Biological Constraints on Operant Conditioning 200 Using Operant Conditioning: Behavior Modification 201 Cognitive Learning Theory 205 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning 205 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning 207 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness 207 Observational Learning 209 Bandura and the Bobo Doll 209 The Four Elements of Observational Learning 210 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Can You Really Toilet Train Your Cat? 212 Chapter Summary 215 Test Yourself 216 cognition: thinking, intelligence, and language 260 How People Think 262 Mental Imagery 262 Concepts and Prototypes 264 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies 266 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making 270 Creativity 271 Intelligence 274 Definition 274 Theories of Intelligence 274 Measuring Intelligence 276 psychology in the news: Neuropsychology Sheds Light on Head Injuries 282 memory 218 Extremes of Intelligence 285 What Is Memory? 220 classic studies in psychology: Terman’s “Termites” 288 Three Processes of Memory 220 Models of Memory 220 The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems 222 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? 222 Short-Term Memory 225 Long-Term Memory 228 Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories 235 The Nature/Nurture Controversy Regarding Intelligence 290 Language 294 The Levels of Language Analysis 294 The Relationship Between Language and Thought 295 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Mental and Physical Exercises Combine for Better Cognitive Health 299 Chapter Summary 301 Test Yourself 302 Retrieval Cues 235 Recall and Recognition 236 classic studies in psychology: Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitnesses 239 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories 240 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? 241 Constructive Processing of Memories 242 Memory Retrieval Problems 242 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting 245 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve 246 Encoding Failure 247 Memory Trace Decay Theory 247 Interference Theory 248 Neuroscience of Memory 249 Neural Activity, Structure, and Proteins in Memory Formation 249 The Hippocampus and Memory 249 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia 250 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Health and Memory 254 Chapter Summary 256 Test Yourself 257 development across the life span 304 Issues in Studying Human Development 306 Research Designs 306 Nature Versus Nurture 306 The Basic Building Blocks of Development 308 Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA 308 Dominant and Recessive Genes 308 Genetic and Chromosome Problems 309 Prenatal Development 312 Fertilization, the Zygote, and Twinning 312 psychology in the news: Abby and Brittany Hensel, Together for Life 313 The Germinal Period 313 The Embryonic Period 314 The Fetal Period: Grow, Baby, Grow 315 www.downloadslide.com CONTENTS vii Infancy and Childhood Development 316 Physical Development 317 Baby, Can You See Me? Baby, Can You Hear Me? Sensory Development 317 classic studies in psychology: The Visual Cliff 319 Cognitive Development 320 issues in psychology: The Facts and Myths About Immunizations 326 Psychosocial Development 328 classic studies in psychology: Harlow and Contact Comfort 331 Adolescence 334 Physical Development 335 Cognitive Development 335 Psychosocial Development 337 Adulthood 339 Physical Development: Use It or Lose It 339 Cognitive Development 340 Psychosocial Development 341 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging 344 Stages of Death and Dying 344 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Cross-Cultural Views on Death 346 Chapter Summary 347 Test Yourself 349 motivation and emotion 352 10 sexuality and gender 386 The Physical Side of Human Sexuality 388 The Primary Sex Characteristics 388 The Secondary Sex Characteristics 389 The Psychological Side of Human Sexuality: Gender 390 Gender Roles and Gender Typing 390 issues in psychology: Sex Differences in Science and Math: A Game Changer? 394 Theories of Gender-Role Development 396 Gender Stereotyping 397 Gender Differences 397 Human Sexual Behavior 399 Sexual Response 399 classic studies in psychology: Masters and Johnson’s Observational Study of the Human Sexual Response 401 Different Types of Sexual Behavior 402 Sexual Orientation 404 issues in psychology: What Is the Evolutionary Purpose of H omosexuality? 408 Sexual Dysfunctions and Problems 409 Causes and Influences 410 Prevalence 411 Sexually Transmitted Infections 411 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: The AIDS Epidemic in Russia 414 Chapter Summary 415 Test Yourself 416 Approaches to Understanding Motivation 354 Instincts And The Evolutionary Approach 355 Approaches Based on Needs And Drives 355 Arousal Approaches 359 Incentive Approaches 361 Humanistic Approaches 361 What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat 365 Physiological Components of Hunger 365 Social Components of Hunger 367 Obesity 368 psychology in the news: Cartoon Characters Influence Children’s Food and Taste Preferences 369 Emotion 371 The Three Elements of Emotion 371 Theories of Emotion 375 classic studies in psychology: The Angry/Happy Man 378 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: When Motivation Is Not Enough 382 Chapter Summary 383 Test Yourself 384 11 stress and health 418 Stress and Stressors 420 Definition of Stress 420 What Are Stressors? 420 Environmental Stressors: Life’s Ups and Downs 421 Psychological Stressors: What, Me Worry? 425 Physiological Factors: Stress and Health 430 The General Adaptation Syndrome 430 Immune System and Stress 430 issues in psychology: Health Psychology and Stress 434 The Influence of Cognition and Personality on Stress 435 Social Factors in Stress: People Who Need People 441 Coping With Stress 444 Coping Strategies 445 www.downloadslide.com viii CONTENTS How Culture Affects Coping 447 How Religion Affects Coping 447 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Becoming More Optimistic 449 Chapter Summary 450 Test Yourself 451 12 social psychology 452 Social Influence: Conformity, Group Behavior, Compliance, and Obedience 454 Conformity 454 Group Behavior 457 Compliance 458 psychology in the news: Anatomy of a Cult 460 Obedience 461 Social Cognition: Attitudes, Impression Formation, and Attribution 465 Attitudes 465 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion 467 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash 468 Impression Formation 471 Attribution 473 Social Interaction: Prejudice and Discrimination 476 Defining Prejudice and Discrimination 476 How People Learn Prejudice 477 classic studies in psychology: Brown Eyes, Blue Eyes 478 Overcoming Prejudice 479 Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction 482 The Rules of Attraction 482 psychology in the news: Facing Facebook—The Social Nature of Online Networking 483 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love 484 Aggression and Prosocial Behavior 487 Aggression 487 Prosocial Behavior 490 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Peeking Inside the Social Brain 494 Chapter Summary 496 Test Yourself 498 13 theories of personality 500 Theories of Personality 502 The Man and the Couch: Sigmund Freud and the Origins of the Psychodynamic Perspective 503 The Unconscious Mind 504 Freud’s Divisions of the Personality 504 Stages of Personality Development 506 The Neo-Freudians 508 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective 509 The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality 512 Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy 512 Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies 513 Current Thoughts on the Behaviorist and Social Cognitive Views 514 The Third Force: Humanism and Personality 514 Carl Rogers and Self-Concept 515 Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality 516 Trait Theories: Who Are You? 518 Allport 518 Cattell and the 16PF 518 The Big Five: OCEAN, or the Five-Factor Model of Personality 519 Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective 520 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics 521 Twin Studies 522 Adoption Studies 522 Current Findings 523 classic studies in psychology: Geert Hofstede’s Four Dimensions of Cultural Personality 523 Assessment of Personality 525 Interviews 526 Projective Tests 526 Behavioral Assessments 527 Personality Inventories 528 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Biological Bases of the Big Five 531 Chapter Summary 533 Test Yourself 534 www.downloadslide.com CONTENTS ix 14 15 What Is Abnormality? 538 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present 576 psychological disorders 536 A Very Brief History of Psychological Disorders 538 What Is Abnormal? 539 Models of Abnormality 541 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders 543 Disorders in the DSM-5 544 How Common Are Psychological Disorders? 544 The Pros and Cons of Labels 544 Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? 547 Phobic Disorders: When Fears Get Out of Hand 547 Panic Disorder 548 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 549 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 549 Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 550 Causes of AnxIety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders 551 Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect 552 Major Depressive Disorder 552 Bipolar Disorders 553 Causes of Disordered Mood 554 Eating Disorders 556 Anorexia Nervosa 556 Bulimia Nervosa 557 Binge-Eating Disorder 558 Causes of Eating Disorders 558 Culture and Eating Disorders 558 Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities 559 Dissociative Amnesia And Fugue: Who Am I And How Did I Get Here? 559 Dissociative Identity Disorder: How Many Am I? 559 Causes of Dissociative Disorders 560 Schizophrenia: Altered Reality 562 Symptoms 562 Causes Of Schizophrenia 563 Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird 565 Antisocial Personality Disorder 566 Borderline Personality Disorder 566 Causes of Personality Disorders 566 psychological therapies 574 Early Treatment Of The Mentally Ill 576 Current Treatments: Two Kinds Of Therapy 576 Psychotherapy Begins 577 Psychoanalysis 578 Evaluation of Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Approaches 578 Interpersonal Psychotherapy 579 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human 579 Tell Me More: Rogers’s Person-Centered Therapy 580 Gestalt Therapy 581 Evaluation of the Humanistic Therapies 582 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior 584 Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning 584 Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning 586 Evaluation of Behavior Therapies 587 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing 588 Beck’s Cognitive Therapy 588 Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) 589 Evaluation of Cognitive and Cognitive–Behavioral Therapies 589 Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy 590 Types of Group Therapies 590 Evaluation Of Group Therapy 591 Does Psychotherapy Really Work? 593 Studies of Effectiveness 593 Characteristics of Effective Therapy 594 psychology in the news: Mental Health on Campus 595 Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Concerns in Psychotherapy 596 Cybertherapy: Therapy in the Computer Age 598 Biomedical Therapies 598 Psychopharmacology 598 Electroconvulsive Therapy 602 Psychosurgery 603 Emerging Techniques 604 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Virtual Reality Therapies 606 Chapter Summary 608 Test Yourself 610 appendix A: Statistics in Psychology A-1 appendix B: Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers B-1 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Taking the Worry Out of Exams 568 Answer Key AK-1 Chapter Summary 570 Test Yourself 572 References R-1 Glossary G-1 Credits C-1 Name Index NI-1 Subject Index SI-1 www.downloadslide.com SI-8 subject index Female sexual-response cycle, 399–400 Feminine cultures, 524 Fertilization, 312 Festinger, Leo, 469 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), 315 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 286, 314–315 Fetal development, hormonal exposure during, 391–392 Fetal period, 315 Fetus, 315 Fever, stress and, 434 Fight-or-flight system, 61–62, 208, 376 Figure-ground relationships, 118–119 Finding Meaning in Dreams (Domhoff ), 153 Five-factor model, 519–520 Fixation, 507 Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement, 191–192, 192–193 Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, 192, 193 Flashbulb memories, 240 Flat affect, 563 Flooding, 586 Fluid intelligence, 300 Fluoxetine (Prozac), 601 Flynn effect, 291 fMRI See Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Focus training, B12 Food, children’s preferences, 369–370 Foot-in-the-door technique, 459, 460 Forensic psychology, B1, B8 Forgetting, 245–248 curve of, 246, 247 distributed practice, 246 encoding failure, 247 interference theory, 248 memory trace decay, 247–248 reasons for, 245–248 Forgetting curve, 246, 247 Formal concepts, 264–265 Formal operations stage of cognitive development, 321, 323–324 adolescence and, 335–336 Fossey, Diane, 23 Fovea, 97, 98–99 Fowler, Rickie, B12 Fragile X syndrome, 286 Framingham Heart Study, 437 Free association, 578 Free-floating anxiety, 547 Freeman, Joan, 289 Freeman, Walter, 604 Free nerve endings, in skin, 113 Free-radical theory of aging, 344 Free will, 14 Freewriting, 272 Freidman, Meyer, 437 Frequency, 104, 107 Frequency count, 528 Frequency distributions, A2–A3 Frequency theory, 107 Freud, Anna, 10, 506, 509 Freud, Sigmund, 363 on aggression, 487 case studies and, 24 criticism of, 510 dreams and, 150, 151, 510 on phobia, 11 psychoanalysis, 10–11, 577–579 psychodynamic perspective and, 502, 503–508, 541 Friendster, 483 Frontal cortex, mental images and, 263–264 Frontal lobes, 77, 78–80 aggression and, 487 emotions and, 373 memory and, 249 Frontal operculum, 111 Frustration, 426–427 Frustration-aggression hypothesis, 427, 487 F-test, A10 Fugue, 559 Fully functioning person, 516 Functional fixedness, 270 Functionalism, 7–8 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 15, 70, 71, 94, 263, 264, 392, 398, 495, 565 Fundamental attribution error, 473–475 G GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 53 alcohol and, 163 schizophrenia and, 564 Gage, Phineas, 24, 79 Galen, 502 Gall, Franz Joseph, 531 Gambon, John, B1, B2, B8 Gandhi, Mahatma, 516 Ganglion cells, 98 Gardner, Howard, 274–275 GAS See General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Gate-control theory of pain, 114–115 Gazzaniga, Michael, 84, 372 Gender, 390–398 See also under Female; Male; Men; Women alcohol effects and, 163 antisocial personality disorder and, 566 basal metabolic rate and, 367 biological influences, 391–392 borderline personality disorder and, 566 conformity and, 455–456 culture and, 393 culture and eating habits and, 368 defined, 390 depression and, 553 display rules and, 375 dream content and, 153 environmental influences, 392–393 gender roles and identity, 390–391 helping behavior and, 493 morality and, 337 pain perception and, 115 psychotherapy and, 596–598 PTSD and, 551 sexual behavior and, 403 sexual response and, 400 sleep disorders and, 145 social networking and, 483–484 stereotype threat and, 479 Gender differences, 397–398 cognitive, 398 social/personality, 398 Gender dysphoria, 391 Gender identity, 390–391 Gender reassignment surgery, 391 Gender role, 390 Gender role development, 396–397 gender schema theory, 396–397 social learning theory, 396 Gender schema theory, 396–397 Gender stereotyping, 397 Gender typing, 390 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 430, 431 Generalization, 200 Generalized anxiety disorder, 549 Generativity, 341 Genes, 308 dominant, 308–309 recessive, 308–309 Genetic disorders, 309–310 Genetics, 308–310 aggression and, 487–488 anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders and, 551–552 behavioral, 307, 521–525 defined, 308 mood disorders and, 555 obesity and, 368 personality disorders and, 566–567 schizophrenia and, 564–565 sexual orientation and, 407–408 temperament and, 329 Genital herpes, 412 Genital stage, 508 Genital warts, 412 Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, 410–411 Genovese, Catherine "Kitty," 491, 492 Germinal period, 313–314 Gestalt principles of grouping, 118–120 Gestalt psychology, 9–10 Gestalt therapy, 10, 574, 581–582 characteristics of, 590 evaluation of, 582 Getting Things Done (Allen), 382 Getting Things Done (GTD) method, 382–383 g factor (general intelligence), 274 Gibson, Eleanor, 319–320 Gifted, defined, 286 Gifted Children Grown Up (Freeman), 289 Giftedness, 286–290 Gilligan, Carol, 337 Glial cells, 47–48 "Gloria tapes," 574 Glucagon, 365 Glutamate, 52–53, 111, 564, 600 Goleman, Dan, 289 Gonads, 64, 65, 390 Gonorrhea, 412 Google, B10 Grammar, 294 Grandiose delusions, 562 Grasping reflex, 318 Gray matter, 69 Gregory, Richard, 125 www.downloadslide.com subject index Group behavior, 457–458 deindividuation, 458 group polarization, 457 social facilitation, 457–458 social impairment, 458 social loafing, 457–458 Group polarization, 457 Groups, 30 control, 30 experimental, 30 Group therapies, 590–592 advantages of, 591 disadvantages of, 591–592 evaluation of, 591–592 family counseling, 591 self-help groups, 591 types of, 590–591 Groupthink, 456–457 characteristics of, 457 Growth hormone, 64 sleep and, 144–145 Growth spurt, 335 Gustation, 109, 110–111 defined, 110 Guthrie, Robert V., H Habits, 512 Habituation, 94, 317 Hagerman, Eric, 300 Hair cells, 106 Hall, Calvin, 153 Hallucinations, 144, 563 hypnogogic, 144, 169 hypnopompic, 169 in schizophrenia, 563 Hallucinogens, 159, 165–167 Halo effect, 526 Hamer, Dean, 408 Hammer (malleus), 105, 106 Handedness, 84 Happiness, cultural differences in, 375 Hardy personality, 438–439 Harlow, Harry, 331–332 Hashish, 166 Hassles, 424 Hassles scale, 424 Hayman, Aurelian, 221 Head injuries, 282–283 Health effects of aging on, 340 stress and, 430–444 Health psychology, B7 stress and, 434–435 Hearing, 93, 104–108 development of, 318 frequency, 104, 107 impairments, 107–108 inner ear, 106 middle ear, 105–106 outer ear, 105 pitch, 104, 106–107 sound, perception of, 104–105 structure of the ear, 105–106 timbre, 104 Heart disease See also Coronary heart disease (CHD) stress and, 432–433 Heaven’s Gate cult, 460 Heider, Fritz, 473 Helping behavior, decision points in, 492–493 Hematophobia, 547 Henning, Hans, 111 Hensel, Abby and Brittany, 313 Heritability, 523 of intelligence, 290–292 Hermann grid, 123 Heroin, 165 Hertz (Hz), 104 Heterosexuality, 402, 405, 406 Heuristics, 267–268 Hidden observer, hypnosis and, 156–157 Hierarchy of fears, 585 Hierarchy of needs, 361–363 High blood pressure, stress and, 430 Higher-order conditioning, 180–181 Hilgard, Ernest, 156 Hindbrain, 72–74 cerebellum, 72, 73–74 medulla, 72 pons, 72 reticular formation, 72, 73 Hindsight bias, 242 Hindus, view on death, 346 Hippocampus, 72, 74, 75 exercise and, 300 memory and, 249–250 PTSD and, 551 Hippocrates, 502, 538 Hirsch, Alan, 109 Histogram, A2 Histrionic personality disorder, 566 Hitler, Adolf, 307 HIV See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Hofstede, Geert, 523–525 Holophrases, 325 Homeostasis, 355 Homosexuality, 402, 405, 406 evolutionary purpose of, 408 Hormones, 61, 63–65 exposure to androgens during pregnancy, 391–392 hunger and, 365–366 immune system, stress, and, 432 Horney, Karen, 509 Hostility, coronary heart disease and, 437–438 Howard, Ruth, Hoyt, Dick, 44 Hubel, David, 123 Human development See also Adolescence; Adulthood; Infancy and childhood development defined, 306 issues in studying, 306–307 prenatal, 312–316 Human factors engineer, B9 Human factors psychology, B9–B10 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 412–413 social support and, 443 stress and, 434 SI-9 Humanistic approaches to motivation, 361–364 Humanistic perspective on personality, 14, 502, 514–516 Humanistic therapy, 579–582 characteristics of, 590 evaluation of, 582 Gestalt therapy, 10, 574, 581–582, 590 person-centered (Rogers), 580–581 Human Sexual Response (Masters & Johnson), 401 Human subjects, research on, 34–35 Humor, coping and, 446 Humors, 538 Hunger, 365–370 cartoon characters’ influence on children’s food/ taste preferences, 369–370 cultural factors/gender, 368 maladaptive eating problems, 368 obesity and, 368–369 physiological components of, 365–367 social components of, 367–368 Huntington disease, 53 Hurricane Katrina, 422 Hurricane Sandy, 422 Hussein, Saddam, 456 Hyperopia, 97, 98 Hyperthymesia, 218, 221 Hypnic jerk, 144 Hypnogogic hallucination, 144, 169 Hypnogogic images, 144 Hypnopompic hallucination, 169 Hypnosis, 154–157, 510 basic suggestion effect, 155 consciousness and defined, 154 as dissociation, 156–157 facts about, 156 hidden observer, 156–157 how it works, 155–156 hypnotic induction, steps in, 154–155 hypnotic susceptibility, 154–155 memory retrieval and, 243–244 social-cognitive theory of, 157 as social role-playing, 157 theories of, 156–157 Hypoglycemia, 65 Hypomania, 554 Hypothalamus, 72, 74, 75 hunger and, 366 sleep and, 138 Hypothesis, 20–21 testing, 21 I IAT See Implicit Association Test (IAT) ICD See International Classification of Diseases (ICD) Iconic sensory memory, 223–224 Id, 504–505, 506 Ideal self, 515, 580 Identification, 506 Identity See Dissociative disorders Identity vs role confusion, adolescents and, 337 IEDs See Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) Ikeda, Kikunae, 111 www.downloadslide.com SI-10 subject index Illness, stress and duration of, 432 Illusions, 118–119, 123–126, 129–130 defined, 123 Imagery, B12 Imaginal exposure therapies, 586 Imaginary audience, 336 Imipramine (Tofranil), 601 Imitation, observational learning and, 211 Immune system defined, 430 exercise and, 439 schizophrenia and, 565 stress and, 430–435 Immunization autism and, 326 facts and myths about, 326–327 Implicit Association Test (IAT), 472 Implicit learning, 510 Implicit memory, 230, 232, 510 Implicit personality theories, 472–473 Impression formation, 471 Improvised explosive devices (IEDs), head injury and, 283 Incentive approaches to motivation, 361 Incentives, defined, 361 Independent variable, 29 Individualistic cultures, 524 compliance and, 459 display rules and, 375 fundamental attribution error and, 475 needs and, 364 Industrial/organization (I/O) psychology, 8, B9 areas in, B9 Infancy and childhood development, 316–334 See also Children; Infants accommodation, 321 assimilation, 321 attachment, 329–332 autonomy vs shame and doubt, 333 brain development, 317 cognitive development, 320–327 concrete operations stage, 321, 323 Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development, 332–333 formal operations stage, 321, 323–324 gender role development immunizations, 326–327 industry vs inferiority, 333 initiative vs guilt, 333 language development, 325 motor development, 317 physical development, 317–320 Piaget’s theory, 320–324 preoperational stage, 321, 322–323 psychosocial development, 328–334 reflexes, 317, 318 self-concept development, 332 sensorimotor stage, 321, 322 sensory development, 317–320 temperament, 328–329 trust vs mistrust, 333 Vygotsky’s theory, 324–325 zone of proximal development (ZPD), 324 Infantile amnesia, 252–253 Infants REM sleep in, 146 sleep patterns in, 140 Inferential statistics, A9–A12 Infidelity, sexual vs emotional, 16–17 Informational social influence, 456, 457 Information-processing model, 221, 222–234 Informed consent, 34 In-groups, 477, 478 Inhibitory synapses, 52 Inner ear, 106 Insanity, 540 Insanity defense, 540 Insight, 268, 270 Insight therapies, 577, 578 Insomnia, 148 Instinctive drift, 201 Instincts, 355 Institutional review boards, 34 Instrument tuning, 225 Insula, 111 Insulin, 65, 365–366, 368 Integration, 442 Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder), 285–286, 544 causes of, 286 diagnosis of, 285–286 Down syndrome, 286 fetal alcohol syndrome, 286 fragile X syndrome, 286 Intelligence, 274–293 analytic, 276 The Bell Curve, 292 chronological age, 277 creative, 276 defined, 274 emotional, 289–290 extremes of, 285 fluid, 300 Gardner’s multiple intelligences, 274–275 genetic influences, 290–292 giftedness, 286–290 individual differences in, 285–290 intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder), 285–286 measuring, 276–282 mental age, 277 nature/nurture controversy, 290–292 practical, 276 self-theory of motivation and, 357–358 Spearman’s g factor, 274 Stanford-Binet and IQ, 277 Sternberg’s triarchic theory, 276 theories of, 274–276 twin studies, 290–291 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 277 normal curve, 279–280, A8 Intelligence tests, 276–282 Binet’s mental ability test, 277 cultural bias and, 280–281 deviation IQ scores, 280 Dove Counterbalance General Intelligence Test, 281 heritability of intelligence and, 291–292 median test scores, A6 normal curve, 279–280, A8 standardization of, 279 test construction, 278–280 usefulness of, 281–282 Wechsler Tests, 277, 278 Interaction with others, attitude formation and, 467 Interference theory, 248 Intergroup contract, 480 Internal frustration, 426–427 International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 543 Internet, research and, PIA14 Interneurons, 57 Interpersonal attraction, 482–486 companionate love, 485–486 consummate love, 486 love, components of, 484 love triangles, 484–486 online networking and, 483–484 physical attractiveness, 482 proximity, 482 reciprocity of liking, 483 romantic live, 485 rules of, 482–484 similiarity, 482 triangular theory of love, 484–486 Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), 579 Interposition, 120 The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 150 Intersexed (intersexual), 390 Interval schedule, 191, 192 Interviews, 525, 526 Intimacy, 484 Intimacy vs isolation, in adulthood, 341 Intonation, 295 Intrinsic motivation, 354 Introversion, 518 Introversion/extraversion (I/E), 529 Introverts, 520 Inuits, 296 Involuntary muscles, 60–61 I/O See Industrial/organization (I/O) psychology Ion channels, 48 Ions, 48 IPIP Neo Personality Inventory, 528 Iproniazid, 600–601 IPT See Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) IQ See Intelligence quotient (IQ) Iris, 97 Ironman competition, 44 Irreversibility, 323 Ishihara color test, 103 Isocarboxazid (Marplan), 601 Iwakabe, Shigeru, 597 J Jackson, Damien, 251 Jackson, Michael, 240 Jacobson, Lenore, 32 James, William, 7–8, 136, 376, 516 James-Lange theory of emotion, 376, 380 Jameson, Matthew, 32 Janis, Irving, 456 Janus, Cynthia L., 403 www.downloadslide.com subject index Janus, Samuel S., 403 Janus report, 403 Japanese Americans, IQ scores of, 292 Jet lag, 138 Jigsaw classroom, 480–481 Job stress, 441–442 Johnson, Virginia, 399–401, 402, 411 Jones, Jim, 459, 460, 461 Jones, Mary Cover, 11–12 Journal keeping, 272 Journal of Educational Psychology, B7 Journal of Negro Education, Jung, Carl, 10, 508–509, 520 Just noticeable differences (jnd), 92–93 K Kanzi, use of language, 297–298 Keirsey Temperament Sorter II, 525, 529 Kennedy, John F., 240, 603, 604 Kennedy, Joseph, 603 Kennedy, Rosemary, 603, 604 Kenrick, Douglas, 363 Ketamine, 601–602 Kinesthetic sense, 113, 115–116 defined, 113 King, Rodney, 477 Kin selection hypothesis, 408 Kinsey, Alfred, 402–403 Kinsey study of sexual behavior, 402–403 Kitaoka, Akiyoshi, 125 Klinefelter’s syndrome, 310 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 75 Knight, Michelle, 452 Kobasa, Suzanne, 438 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 336–337 Köhler, Wolfgang, 205, 207 Koresh, David, 461 Koro, 552 Kosslyn’s fictional island, 262 Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 344–345 L Labeling emotion, 375 Labels, for psychological disorders, 544–545 Laboratory observation, 23–24 LAD See Language acquisition device (LAD) Lamotrigine, 600 Lange, Carl, 376 Language, 294–299 animal studies in, 297–298 defined, 294 grammar, 294 linguistic relativity hypothesis, 296–297 morphemes, 294 phonemes, 294 pragmatics, 295 psychotherapy and, 597 semantics, 295 stages of development, 325 syntax, 294–295 thinking and, 295–298 Language acquisition device (LAD), 294 Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 97 Latané, Bibb, 15, 492 Late adulthood, 339 Latency stage, 508 Latent content of dreams, 151, 578 Latent learning, 205–206 Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 102 Lateral hypothalamus (LH), 366 Law, psychology and the, B8 Law of effect, 187 Law of parsimony, 39 Lazarus, Richard, 379, 435 LCSW See Licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) Learned helplessness, 207–209, 357, 439 Learning, 174–217 classical conditioning, 148, 159, 176–185, 212–214, 584–586 cognitive learning theory, 205–209 context-dependent, 236 defined, 176 implicit, 510 insight, 207 latent, 205–206 learned helplessness, 207–209, 357, 439 observational, 209–210, 467 operant conditioning, 14, 186–204, 586–587 rote, 229 state-dependent, 236 Learning curves, 187, 207 Learning/performance distinction, 209–210 Learning style, PIA4–PIA5 Ledger, Heath, 162 LeDoux, Joseph, 372–373 Lee, Shawna, 198 Left hemisphere, 82–84 Lens, of eye, 97 Leptin, 366 Lesioning, 604 Lesioning studies, of the brain, 67 Levant, Isia, 126 Levels-of-processing model, 221 Lewis, James Edward, 500, 522 LGN See Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) LH See Lateral hypothalamus (LH) Licensed clinical social worker (LCSW), B3, B4 Licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT), B4 Licensed mental health counselor (LMHC), B4 Licensed professional counselor (LPC), B4 Life review, 343 Light, perceptual properties of, 96 Light adaptation, 100 Light sleep, 144 Limbic system, 74 aggression and, 487 Linear perspective, 120, 121 Linguistic relativity hypothesis, 296–297 Linking, PIA17 Lithium, 600 "Little Albert," 11, 183 "Little Peter," 11–12 LMFT See Licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) LMHC See Licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) Lobotomy, 603–604 Loci method, PIA18 Locus of control, 357–358, 513 SI-11 Loftus, Elizabeth, 239–240, 242, 243, B1 Long, Howard Hale, Long, Karawynn, 212–214 Longitudinal design, 288, 306, 307 Long-term memory (LTM), 223, 228–233 constructive processing of memories, 242 declarative memory, 230, 231–232 defined, 228 elaborative rehearsal, 229–230 encoding, 235–236, 240 flashbulb memories, 240 nondeclarative, 230–231 organization of, 232–233 procedural LTM, 230 recall, 236–240 recognition, 236, 238–240 reconstructive nature of, 241–245 retrieval, 235–241 retrieval problems, 237, 242–244 Long-term potentiation, 249 Lorenz, Konrad, 487 Lovaas, O Ivar, 203 Love companionate, 485–486 components of, 484 consummate, 486 love triangles, 484–486 romantic, 485 triangular theory of, 484–486 Love-bombing, 460 Love needs, 362 Love triangles, 484–486 Lowball technique, 459 LPC See Licensed professional counselor (LPC) LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 166 LTM See Long-term memory (LTM) Lupus, 443 Luria, A R., 246 M Macknik, Stephen L., 129 Magic, neuroscience of, 129–130 Magical number seven, 227 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 15, 68–69, 565 Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 70 Magnification, 551, 588 Maier, Steven F., 208 Maintenance rehearsal, 228 Major depressive disorder, 47, 552–553 Major life changes, as stressors, 422–424 Major tranquilizers, 162, 167 Maladaptive behavior, 540 Maladaptive eating problems See Eating disorders Male gender stereotypes, 397 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 410 Male primary sex characteristics, 388 Male secondary sex characteristics, 389–390 Male sexual-response cycle, 399–400 Mammary glands, 388, 389 Management theory Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and, 363 psychology and, B10 Manganello, Jennifer, 198 Manic episodes, 553 Manifest content of dreams, 151, 578 www.downloadslide.com SI-12 subject index MAOIs See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Marginalized, 443 Marijuana, 166–167 Marriage, as social support, 443 Martin, Lawrence, 147 Martinez-Conde, Susanna, 129 Masculine cultures, 524 Masking, 224 Maslow, Abraham, 14, 361–363, 514, 516, B10 Mass media, attitude formation and, 467 Mass practice, 246 Master gland (pituitary gland), 63–65 Masters, William, 399–401, 402, 411 Master’s degree in psychology, careers with, B4 Math, sex differences in, 394 Maturation, 176 Mayer, John, 289, 290 Mayo, Elton, B10 Mazes, 205–206 MBTI See Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) McClelland, David C., 356–357 McCrae, Robert, 520 McDougall, William, 355 McGregor, Douglas, B10 MDMA (Ectasy, X), 166 Mean, 279, A5 Mean Girls (film), 337 Measures of central tendency, A2, A5–A6 Measures of variability, A2, A5–A6 Mechanical solutions, 266–267 Media, aggression and violence in, 489–490 Median, A5–A6 Medical model, 539 Meditation, 446–447 Medium, 468 Medulla, 72 MEG See Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Melatonin, 65, 138–139 Melzack, Ronald, 114 Memorization, PIA12 Memory, 218–259 age-related changes in, 340–341 autobiographical, 253, 324–325 brain and, 249–250 capacity, 226–227 consolidation, 249, 254 declarative, 231–232 defined, 220 echoic, 224–225 encoding, 220 episodic, 231–232 explicit, 230, 232 forgetting, 245–248 hippocampus and, 249–250 hypnosis and recovery of, 155–156 iconic, 223–224 implicit, 230, 232, 510 information-processing model, 221, 222–234 levels-of-processing model, 221 long-term (LTM), 223, 228–233, 241–245 models of, 220–221 neural activity and structure in formation of, 249 neuroscience of, 249–253 nondeclarative, 230–231 observational learning and, 211 parallel distributed processing (PDP) model, 221, 233 photographic, 224 procedural, 230 reliability of, 241–245 REM sleep and formation of, 145 retrieval, 220, 235–241 semantic, 231, 233 sensory, 222–225 short-term (STM), 223, 225–228 sleep, exercise and diet and, 254–255 sleep and formation of, 141 storage, 220 strategies for improving, PIA17–PIA18 three-stage process of, 223 working, 226, 300 Memory retrieval problems, 242–244 Memory trace decay theory, 247–248 Men See also Gender; under Male sexual behavior of, 404 Menarche, 389 Menopause, 339–340 Menstrual cycle, 389 Mental ability test, 277 Mental age, 277 Mental exercises, for cognitive health, 299–301 Mental health, on campus, 595–596 Mental illness, 541 Mental imagery, 262–264 Mental processes, Mental rehearsal, B12 Mental retardation, 285 Mental rotation experiment, 263 Mental sets, 270 Mere exposure effect, 482 Message, 468 Metabolism, 366–367, 369 Methadone, 165 Methamphetamine, 160 Meyer, Adolph, 579 MI See Motivational interviewing (MI) Microsaccades, 95, 126, 224 Microsleeps, 140 Middle age, 339 Middle ear, 105–106 Milgram, Stanley, 461–463 Military applied psychology and, B8 head injuries and, 283 Milk letdown reflec, 64 Miller, George, 226–227 Miller, William R., 581 Mind mapping, 272 Minimization, 551, 588 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 437 Minor tranquilizers, 162, 167 Mirror neurons, 79–80 Miscarriage, 315 Mischel, Walter, 520 Misinformation effect, 242–243 Mitosis, 312 MMPI See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) MMPI-2 See Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Version II (MMPI-2) Mnemonic, 238, PIA17 Mnemonist, 246 Mode, A6 Modeling, 586–587 participant, 586–587 Molaison, Henry Gustav, 250 Moniz, Antonio Egas, 604 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 601 Monochrome color blindness, 102 Monocular cues, 120–122 Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 111 Monozygotic twins, 312 Mood, helping behavior and, 493 Mood disorders, 552–555 and DSM-5, 552 biological explanations of, 554–555 bipolar disorders, 553–554 causes of, 554–555 defined, 552 genetics of, 555 major depressive disorder, 552–553 Mood-stabilizing drugs, 600 Moon, Sun Myung, 460 Moon illusion, 125 Moral anxiety, 505 Moral development, adolescence and, 336–337 Moral dilemma, example of, 336 Morality, levels of, 336–337 Moro reflex, 318 Morphemes, 294 Morphine, 165 Mortality, dealing with, 342–343 Motion, illusions of, 125–126 Motion parallax, 121 Motion sickness, 116 Motivation, 352–365 arousal approaches, 359–361 defined, 354 drive-reduction approaches, 355–356 extrinsic, 354 humanistic approaches, 361–364 incentive approaches, 361 instinct approaches, 355 intrinsic, 354 observational learning and, 211 psychological needs, 356–358 self-determination theory (SDT), 363–364 time- and task-management systems and, 382–383 Motivational interviewing (MI), 581 Motor cortex, 77, 79 Motor development, infancy and childhood development, 317 Motor pathway, 60 MRI See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) MS See Multiple sclerosis (MS) MSG See Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Müller-Lyer illusion, 124–125 Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Version II (MMPI-2), 525, 529 Multiple approach-avoidance conflict, 428–429 Multiple intelligences, 274–275 www.downloadslide.com subject index Multiple personality disorder See Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Multiple sclerosis (MS), 48, 69 Multitaskers, 270, 271 Multitasking, 134, PIA6 Munsterberg, Hugo, B10 Murray, Henry, 527 Muscles involuntary, 60–61 voluntary, 60 Muscular cue, 122 Myelin, 48 Myelin sheath, 48 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 525, 529 Myopia, 97, 98 MySpace, 483 N Naltrexone, 165 Narcolepsy, 149 Narcotics, 164–165, 167 Narcotics Anonymous, 591 NASA, B10 Nash, John, 562 National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), 162 National Institutes of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, 307 National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, 553 National Survey of Counseling Center Directors, 595 Native Americans marginalization and, 443 panic disorder and, 552 transgendered individuals and, 391 views on death, 346–347 Natural concepts, 265 Natural experiments, 290 Naturalistic observation, 23 Natural killer (NK) cell, 434 Natural selection, 7–8 Nature defined, 306 nurture vs., 306–307 Nature/nurture controversy regarding intelligence, 290–292 Navajo culture, view on death, 346–347 NDRIs See Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) NE See Norepinephrine (NE) Nearsightedness, 97, 98 Necker, Louis Albert, 118 Necker cube, 118 Need for achievement (nAch), 357–358 Need for affiliation (nAff ), 356 Need for power (nPow), 356–357 Needs defined, 355 hierarchy of, 361–363 psychological, 356–358 Negatively skewed distribution, A3 Negative reinforcement, 158, 189, 194–196 punishment by removal vs., 196 Negative symptoms, of schizophrenia, 563 Nelson, Katherine, 253 Neo-Freudians, 508–509 Adler, 509 Erikson (See Erikson, Erik) Horney, 509 Jung, 10, 508–509, 520 NEO-PI See Neuroticism/Extraversion/ Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) Nerve hearing impairment, 107–108 Nerves, 48 Nervous system See also Central nervous system (CNS); Peripheral nervous system (PNS) defined, 46 neural impulse, 48–50 neurons, 46–48 neurotransmitters, 51, 52–54 overview of, 56 reuptake and enzymes, 54–55 synapse, 51–52 Neumann, David, 394 Neural activity, memory formation and, 249 Neural impulse, 48–50 action potential, 49, 50 Neural stimulus (NS), 177 Neuroenhancers, 85 Neurofeedback, 203 Neuroleptics, 599 Neuromyths website, 58 Neurons afferent (sensory), 57 efferent (motor), 57 end-stopped, 129 inter-, 57 mirror, 79–80 structure of, 46–48 Neuropeptides, 53 Neuroplasticity, 59 Neuropsychology, B6 head injuries and, 282–283 intelligence testing and, 282 Neuroscience, 15, 46 of memory, 249–253 Neuroticism, 438, 519, 520, 531, 532 Neuroticism/Extraversion/Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), 525, 528 Neurotic personalities, 509 Neurotransmitters, 51, 52–54 Neutral stimulus (NS), 177 Newman, Constance, B4 NIAAA See National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) Nicotine, 161, 167 Night blindness, 100 Nightmares, 146–147 Night terrors, 146–147, 149 NK See Natural killer (NK) cell Nondeclarative (implicit) memory, 230–231 Nondirective therapy, 580 Non-REM (NREM) sleep, 141–144 Nonverbal communication, psychotherapy and, 597–598 Noradrenaline See Norepinephrine (NE) Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), 601 SI-13 Norepinephrine (NE), 53 exercise and, 300 memory formation and, 255 mood disorders and, 554–555 stress and, 430, 434 Normal curve, 279, A3, A8 Normative social influence, 456, 457 Norms, 279–280 Nose, 112 Note taking, PIA9 during lecture, PIA9 while reading text, PIA9 while writing papers, PIA14 NRIs See Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) NS See Neural stimulus (NS) N1 sleep, 143, 144, 169 N2 sleep, 144 N3 sleep, 144–145 Nurture defined, 306–307 nature vs., 306–307 O Obama, Barack, 240 Obedience, 459, 461–463 defined, 461 Milgram’s shock experiment, 461–463 Obesity, 368–369 defined, 368 Objective introspection, Objectivity, Object permanence, 322 Observable behavior, 11 Observational learning, 209–211 attention, 210–211 attitude formation and, 467 Bandura and the Bobo doll, 209–210 defined, 209 desire (motivation), 211 elements of, 210–211 imitation, 211 learning/performance distinction, 209–210 memory, 211 Observer bias, 23, 528 Observer effect, 23, 528 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 545, 547, 549–550 in DSM-5, 547, 549 Occipital lobes, 77, 78 mental images and, 263–264 OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Odbert, H S., 518 Odontophobia, 547 Oedipus complex, 507–508 Olfaction (olfactory sense), 93, 109, 112–113 Olfactory bulb, 75, 112–113 Olfactory receptor cells, 112 Oligodendrocytes, 48 One-word speech, 325 Online networking, social nature of, 483–484 On the Witness Stand (Munsterberg), B10 Openness, 519, 520, 532 www.downloadslide.com SI-14 subject index Operant conditioning, 14, 186–204 antecedent stimuli, 187 behavior modification and, 201–203 biological constraints, 200–201 compared to classical conditioning, 189 defined, 186 effect of consequences on behavior, 187 extinction, 200 generalization, 200 instinctive drift, 201 law of effect, 186–187 modeling, 586–587 punishment, 194–199 reinforcement, 187–189 reinforcement, schedules of, 190–194 shaping, 199–200 spontaneous recovery, 200 stimulus control, 199 therapies based on, 586–587 Thorndike’s puzzle box, 186–187 Operational definition, 29 Opium, 164 Opponent-process theory, 101–102 Optical illusions, 97 Optic disk, 99 Optic nerve, 97 crossing of, 99 Optimists, 439–440, 449–450 Optimum arousal, 359–361 Oral stage, 507 Organic amnesia, 250–253 Organic factors, in sexual dysfunction, 410 Organic sexual dysfunction, 410 Organ of Corti, 106 Orgasm, 400 Ossicles, 106 Osteoporosis, 339 Otolith organs, 116 Outer ear, 105 Out-groups, 477, 478 Outline, PIA15 Oval window, 106 Ovaries, 64, 65, 388 Overcrowding, stress and, 441 Overeaters Anonymous, 591 Overgeneralization, 551, 588 Overlap, 120 Ovum, 312 Oxytocin, 63–65 Ozone (social networking site), 483 P Pacinian corpuscles, 113 Pain, 57 gate-control theory of, 114–115 meditation and, 446 pain disorders, 114 perception of, 113–114 somatic, 113–114 visceral, 113 Pancreas, 64, 65 Panic attack, 548–549 Panic disorder, 548–549, 552 therapy for, 595 Papers, writing, PIA14–PIA16 Papillae, 110 Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model, 221, 233 Paraphilia, 410 Parasympathetic division, of the autonomic nervous system, 61, 62–63 stress and, 430 Parathyroid glands, 64 Parental investment, 404 Parenting, 341 Parenting styles, 341–342 Parent-teen conflict, 337–338 Parietal lobes, 77, 78 mental images and, 263–264 Parkinson’s disease, 52, 67 Parks, Kenneth, 147 Paroxetine (Paxil), 601 Parsimony, law of, 39 Partial dopamine agonists, 600 Partial reinforcement effect, 191 Partial report method, 223 Participant modeling, 586–587 Participant observation, 23 Passion, 484 Pavlov, Ivan, 11, 177, 178–181 PCP (phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine, phencyclidine), 166 PDP See Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model Peak experiences, 363 Peer pressure, 337 Peg-word method, PIA17 Pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), 411 Penis, 388 Penis envy, 507, 509 Penn & Teller, 129 People’s Temple cult, 459, 460 Perceiving/judging (P/J), 529 Perception binocular cues, 120, 122 brightness constancy, 118 closure, 119 common region, 120 contiguity, 120 continuity, 119 defined, 118 depth, 120–122 factors influencing, 126–128 figure-ground relationships, 118 Gestalt principles of grouping, 118–120 monocular cues, 120–122 perceptual illusions, 123–126, 129–130 proximity, 119 shape constancy, 118 similarity, 119 size constancy, 118 subliminal, 94 Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy), 126–127 Performance, arousal and, 359 Perimenopause, 340 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 56, 60–63 autonomic nervous system, 60, 61–63 defined, 60 somatic nervous system, 60–61 Peripheral-route processing, 468 Perls, Fritz, 574, 581 Permissive indulgent parenting, 342 Permissive neglectful parenting, 342 Permissive parenting, 342 Perseveration, 79 Persistence, 427 Persistence of vision, 129 Persona, 509 Personal fable, 336 Personal frustration, 426–427 Personality anal stage, 507 assessment of, 525–530 behaviorist perspective on, 502, 512–513 Big Five theory of, 519–520, 531–532 biology of (behavioral genetics), 521–525, 531–532 coronary heart disease and, 437 cultural, 523–525 defined, 502 divisions of, 504–506 ego, 504, 505–506 expectancies, 513–514 genital stage, 508 humanist perspective on, 502, 514–516 id, 504–505, 506 implicit theories of, 472–473 latency stage, 508 neo-Freudians, 508–509 oral stage, 507 phallic stage, 507–508 psychodynamic perspective, 502, 503–511 psychological defense mechanisms, 506 reciprocal determinism, 512–513 self-concept, 515–516 self-efficacy, 512–513 social cognitive perspective, 512–514 stages of development, 506–508 stress and, 436–439 superego, 504, 505, 506 theories of, 500–535 trait perspective, 502–503, 518–520 unconscious mind, 504 Personality assessment, 525–530 behavioral, 525, 527–528 interviews, 525, 526 MMPI-2, 525, 529 Neuroticism/Extraversion/Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), 525, 528 personality inventories, 525, 528–530 projective tests, 525, 526–527 Rorschach inkblots, 525, 526–527 TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), 525, 527 types of, 525 Personality differences, gender and, 398 Personality disorders, 565–567 antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), 566 borderline personality disorder (BLPD), 566 causes of, 566–567 defined, 565–566 genetic factors, 566–567 types of, 566 Personality inventories, 525, 528–530 defined, 528 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 525, 529 www.downloadslide.com subject index Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Version II (MMPI-2), 525, 529 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 525, 529 Neuroticism/Extraversion/Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), 525, 528 problems with, 530 Personality psychology, B6 Personalization, 588 Personal unconscious, 508 Person-centered therapy, 574, 580–581 basic elements, 580–581 characteristics of, 590 evaluation of, 582 motivational interviewing, 581 Persuasion, 467–468 Pessimists, 439, 449 PET See Positron emission tomography (PET) Pezdek, Kathy, 244 Phallic stage, 507–508 Phantom limb pain, 114 Phantoms in the Brain (Ramachandran), 81 Ph.D degree, B3 Phenelzine sulfate (Nardil), 601 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 309, 310 Phi phenomenon, 125 Phobias, 184, 547–548 behaviorism and, 11–12 classical conditioning of, 183 desensitization therapy and, 585 exposure therapies for, 586 scientific names, 548 virtual reality exposure therapy for, 606–607 Phobic disorders, 547–548 agoraphobia, 548 social phobias (social anxiety disorders), 547 specific phobias, 547, 548 Phonemes, 294 Photographic memory, 224 Photons, 96 Photoreactive keratectomy (PRK), 97 Photoreceptors, 98 Phrenology, 531 Physical aging, 344 Physical attractiveness, 482 Physical dependence, on drugs, 158–159 Physical development adolescence, 335 adulthood, 339–340 infancy and childhood development, 317–320 Physical exercise, for cognitive health, 299–301 Physical sexual problems, 409–410 Physical side of human sexuality, 388–390 Physiological components of hunger, 365–367 Physiological factors, stress and health, 430–444 Physiological needs, 362 Physiological psychology, 15, B6 Physiology of emotion, 371–373 Piaget, Jean, 295–296, 320–324, 335–336 Picasso, Pablo, 224 PID See Pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID) Pineal gland, 64, 65 Pinel, Philippe, 576 Pinna, 105, 106 Piriform cortex, 113 Pitch, 104, 106–107 Pituitary gland, 63–65, 72 PKU See Phenylketonuria (PKU) Placebo effect, 31–32 Placenta, 313 Place theory, 107 Plagiarism, PIA14 Plateau phase, 399–400 Plato, Pleasure principle, 505 PNS See Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Polygenic inheritance, 309 Polygon, frequency, A3, A4 Pons, 72 dreams and, 151–152 Pontac, Ellen, 405 Population, 25 Positively skewed distribution, A3, A7 Positive psychology, 207–209, 516 Positive regard, 515 Positive reinforcement, 159, 189, 194–195 Positive symptoms, of schizophrenia, 563 Positron emission tomography (PET), 15, 70–71, 151 Postconventional morality, 337 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 547, 550–551 and DSM-5, 547, 549 emerging techniques and, 604 evidence-based treatment for, 595 eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for, 586 learned helplessness and, 209 virtual reality therapy for, 607 Poverty, stress and, 441 Power distance, culture and, 524 Power needs, 356–357 Practical intelligence, 276 Practicum, B3 Pragmatics, 295 Prebyopia, 97 Preconventional morality, 337 Prediction, 5, 21 Preferential looking, 317 Prefrontal cortex emotions and, 373 memory and, 249 Prefrontal lobotomy, 603–604 Pregnancy, alcohol and, 163 Prejudice defined, 476 discrimination and, 476–477 equal status contact, 480 how people learn, 477–479 in-groups, 477, 478 intergroup contact and, 480 "jigsaw classroom," 480–481 out-groups, 477, 478 overcoming, 479–481 realistic conflict theory of, 477–478 scapegoating, 477 social cognitive theory and, 477 social identity theory of, 478–479 stereotype vulnerability, 479 types of, 476–477 Premarital sex, 403 SI-15 Premature (early) ejaculation, 411 Prenatal development, 312–316 chromosomes, 308 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 308 embryonic period, 314–315 fertilization, 312 fetal period, 315 genes, 308–309 genetic and chromosome problems, 309–310 germinal period, 313–314 twinning, 312–313 zygote, 312 Preoperational stage of cognitive development, 321, 322–323 Pressure, 425–426 perception of, 113–114 Presynaptic terminals, 47 Preterm baby, 315 Price, Jill, 245 Primacy effect, 471 Primary appraisal, 435 Primary auditory cortex, 78 Primary drives, 355 Primary effect, 238 Primary reinforcer, 188 Primary sex characteristics, 335, 388 Primary visual cortex, 78 Priming, 230, 235 The Princess Bride (film), 346 Principles of Psychology ( James), Prison guard experiment, 488–489 PRK See Photoreactive keratectomy (PRK) Proactive interference, 248 Problem-focused coping, 445 Problem solving, 266–268 algorithms, 267 confirmation bias, 270–271 creativity, 271–273 decision making and, 266 defined, 266 difficulties in, 270–273 functional fixedness, 270 heuristics, 267–268 insight, 268, 270 mental sets, 270 trial and error (mechanical solutions), 266–267 Procedural memory, 230, 249 Procrastination, strategies to defeat, PIA5–PIA6 Prognosis, 539 Progressive muscle relaxation, 446–447 Projection, 506 Projective tests, 525, 526–527 Proprioceptors, 116 Prosocial behavior, 490–493 altruism, 490–491 bystander effect, 491–492 decision points in helping behavior, 492–493 diffusion of responsibility, 492 Prosser, Inez Beverly, Prostate gland, 388 Protected setting, 595 Proteins, memory formation and, 249 Prototypes, 265–266 www.downloadslide.com SI-16 subject index Proximity, 119, 482 Psychiatric social workers, 18, B3 Psychiatrists, 18, B3 Psychoactive drugs, 158–167 alcohol, 162–163 defined, 158 depressants, 159, 162–165, 167 drug tolerance, 158 hallucinogens, 159, 165–167 marijuana, 166–167 narcotics, 164–165 physical dependence, 158–159 psychological dependence, 158, 159 stimulants, 159, 160–162, 167 withdrawal, 158 Psychoanalysis, 10–11, 508, 577–579 evaluation of, 578–579 Psychobiology, 15 Psychodynamic perspective, 14, 502, 503–510 on abnormality, 541 criticism of, 509–510 evaluation of, 578–579 Psychodynamic therapy, 579 characteristics of, 590 Psychogenic sexual dysfunction, 410 Psychological aging, 344 Psychological defense mechanisms, 506 Psychological dependence, on drugs, 158, 159 Psychological disorders, 536–573 abnormality, defined, 539–540 abnormality, models of, 541–543 anxiety disorders, 547–552 biomedical therapy, 577, 598–605 brief history of, 538–539 common, 544 defined, 540 diagnosing and classifying, 543–545 dissociative disorders, 559–560 eating disorders, 556–558 in DSM-5, 544 mood disorders, 522–555 occurrence in U.S., 545 personality disorders, 565–567 psychoanalysis, 577–579 psychotherapy, 577–598 schizophrenia, 562–565 therapy, 576–577 virtual reality therapies, 606–607 Psychological factors, in sexual dysfunction, 410 Psychological models of abnormality, 541–542 Psychological needs, 356–358 Psychological professionals, types of, B3–B4 Psychological research See also Scientific method ethics of, 33–37 Psychological sexual problems, 409–410 Psychological side of human sexuality See Gender Psychological stressors, 425–429 conflict, 428–429 frustration, 426–427 pressure, 425–426 uncontrollability, 426 Psychological therapies, 574–611 behavior therapies, 584–588 cognitive therapies, 588–590 cultural, ethnic and gender concerns in, 596–598 cybertherapy, 598 early days of, 576–577 effectiveness of, 593–596 group therapies, 590–592 humanistic therapy, 579–582 psychoanalysis, 577–579 virtual reality therapies, 606–607 Psychologists, 17–18, B3–B4 Psychology African-American roots, 8–9 applied, B1–B14 areas of specialization, B5–B6 biological, 46 as career, B2–B6 clinical, B5 cognitive, 10, 12 community, B8–B9 comparative, B6 consumer, 458 counseling, B5 cultural, 15 defined, developmental, B5 educational, B7 education and, B7 environmental, B9 experimental, B5 field of, forensic, B1, B8 Gestalt, 9–10 goals of, 4–6 health, B7 history of, 6–12 human factors, B9–B10 industrial/organization (I/O), B9 interaction with other fields, B6–B9 law and, B8 military and, B8 modern perspectives, 13–17 neuropsychology, B6 personality, B6 physiological, B6 positive, 207–209 school, B7 science of, 2–43 scientific method, 4, 20–33 social, 15, B6 sports, B7–B8, B12 work and, B9–B11 work settings/subfields of, 17–18 Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (Munsterberg), B10 Psychology student’s syndrome, 545 Psychoneuroimmunology, 430–431 Psychopathology, 538 personality and, 523 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (Freud), 503 Psychopharmacology, 598–602 antianxiety drugs, 599, 600 antidepressant drugs, 599, 600–601 antimanic drugs, 599, 600 antipsychotic drugs, 599–600 types of drugs used in, 599 Psychosexual stages of personality development, 506–508 Psychosocial development, 364, 509 adolescence, 337–338 adulthood, 341–343 infancy and childhood development, 328–334 Psychosurgery, 603–604 Psychotherapy, 11, 577 characteristics of, 590 cultural, ethnic and gender concerns in, 596–598 cybertherapy, 598 effectiveness, studies of, 593–594 effective therapy, characteristics of, 594–595 Psychotic disorder, 562 Psy.D degree, B3 Ptolemy, 125 PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Puberty, 335, 388, 389, 508 Punishment, 194–199 by application, 195 consistent, 198 defining, 194 making more effective, 198 problems with, 196–197 by removal, 195–196, 197, 202–203 Pupil, 97 Puzzle box, 186–187 Pygmalion in the Classroom (Rosenthal & Jacobson), 32 Q Quillian, M Ross, 232 R Raccoons, operating conditioning used on, 200–201 Race, 292 See also Prejudice electroconvulsive therapy and, 603 helping behavior and, 493 Ramachandran, V S., 81 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 46 Ramsey, Charles, 452, 490 Random assignment, 30–31 Randomization, 30–31 Range, A7 Rapid eye movement See under REM (rapid eye movement) Rapid-smoking technique, 585 RAS See Reticular activating system (RAS) Rat brain, 77 Ratey, John, 300 Rating scale, 528 Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), 589 characteristics of, 590 Rational emotive therapy, 574 Rationalization, 506 Rational therapy, 574 Ratio schedule, 191, 192 Rats, latent learning in, 205–206, 207 Rayner, Rosalie, 11 Reaction formation, 506 Realistic conflict theory of prejudice, 477–478 Reality principle, 505 Real self, 515, 580 www.downloadslide.com subject index REBT See Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) Recall, 236–238 Recency effect, 238 Receptive-productive lag, 325 Receptor sites, 51 Recessive genes, 102–103, 308–309 Reciprocal determinism, 512–513 Reciprocity of liking, 483 Recognition, 236, 238–240 Red-green color deficiency, 102 Reflection, 581 Reflex, 11, 177, 317, 318 Reflex arc, 57 Refractory period, 400 Regression, 506 Reilly, David, 394 Reinforcement, 174, 187–189, 587 contingency contracting, 587 schedules of, 190–194 token economies, 587 Reinforcement value, 514 Reinforcers, 180, 188 primary, 188 secondary, 188 Relatedness, 363 Relationships forming, 341 between men and women, 16–17 Relative size, 120, 121 Relaxation, 446–447 Relaxation training, B12 Reliability of assessment, 279, 527 of memory, 241–245 Religion coping and, 447–448 sexual dysfunction and, 410 REM (rapid eye movement) behavior disorder, 146 REM (rapid eye movement) myth, 145 REM (rapid eye movement) rebound, 145 REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 141–144, 145–146 dreams and, 145 purpose of, 145–146 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 68, 604 Replicating research, 22 Reporting results, 21–22 Representativeness heuristic, 267 Representative sample, 25 Repression, 10, 250, 506, 541 Rescorla, Robert, 185 Research See also Scientific method applied, 18 basic, 18 crosscultural, 15 Internet and, PIA14 psychological, 33–37 split-brain, 82–84 Research designs, 306, 307 cross-sectional design, 306, 307 cross-sequential design, 306, 307 longitudinal design, 306, 307 Research studies, sources of, 58–59 Resistance, 578 Resistance stage, 430, 431 Resolution phase, 400 Response, 177 Resting potential, 49 Restorative theory of sleep, 141 Reticular activating system (RAS), 73 Reticular formation (RF), 72, 73 Retina, 97 division of, 99–100 parts of, 98 Retrieval, 220, 235–241 constructive processing view of, 242 reconstructive nature of, 241–245 Retrieval cues, 235–236 Retrieval problems, 237, 242–244 Retroactive interference, 248 Retrograde amnesia, 250–251 Reuptake, 54–55 Reversible figures, 119 Reward pathway, 159 RF See Reticular formation (RF) Rice, Janet, 198 Right hemisphere, 82–84 Rioting, 477 Rituals/rites, 448 Road rage, 441 "Robber’s Cave" study, 480 Robinson, F P., PIA7 Rods, 98–99 Rogers, Carl, 14, 514–516, 574, 580–581 Rohypnol, 162 Romantic love, 485 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 516 Rooting reflex, 318 Rorschach, Hermann, 526 Rorschach inkblots, 525, 526–527 Rosch-Heider, Eleanor, 296 Rosenhan, David, 544 Rosenman, Ray, 437 Rosenthal, Robert, 32 Rotating Snakes illusion, 125–126 Rote learning, 229 Rotter, Julian, 513–514 Rouge test, 332 rTMS See Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) Russia, AIDS epidemic in, 414–415 Rutherford, Ernest, 107 Ryan, Richard, 363–364 S Sacks, Oliver, 78 SAD See Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Safety needs, 362 Salovey, Peter, 289 Sample, A2 representative, 25 Sanchez, George ( Jorge), Sapir, Edward, 296 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 296 SARIs See Serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) Saturation, 96 SI-17 Scaffolding, 324 Scapegoating/scapegoats, 427, 477 Scatterplots, 28 Schachter, Stanley, 377, 378 Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory of emotion, 377, 380 Schedules of reinforcement, 190–194 Schema, 266, 294, 472 Schemes, 321 gender schema theory and, 396–397 Schizophrenia, 562–565 brain imaging and, 69 catatonic, 563 categorization of, 544 causes of, 563–565 cognitive exercises and, 299–300 defined, 562 delusions, 562 drug treatment of, 595, 599–600 electroconvulsive therapy for, 602 genetics and, 16, 564–565 glial cells and, 47 hallucinations, 563 negative symptoms, 563 occurrence of, 545 positive symptoms, 563 psychotherapy for, 602 stress-vulnerability model, 565 symptoms, 562–563 School psychology, B7 School shootings, 490 Schwann cells, 48 Science, sex differences in, 394 Scientific method, 4, 20–33 correlations, 27–28 descriptive methods, 22–26 experiment, 29–33 five steps of, 20–22 Scott, Walter D., B10 Scripts, 266 Scrotum, 388 SD See Standard deviation (SD) SDT See Self-determination theory (SDT) Sears, Robert, 288 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 553 Secondary appraisal, 435–436 Secondary drives, 355 Secondary reinforcer, 188 Secondary sex characteristics, 335, 389–390 Secular trend, 389 Secure attachment, 329–330 Seeing See also Sight defined science of, 96–103 Segall, Marshall, 124–125 Selection, for experiment, 29 Selective attention, 225–226 Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), 601 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 55, 558, 601 Selective thinking, 588 Self, 515 ideal and real, in Roger’s theory, 515 intelligence and sense of, 287, 288 www.downloadslide.com SI-18 subject index Self-actualization, 14, 361–363 Self-actualizing tendency, 515–516 Self-concept, 332, 515–516 Self-consciousness, adolescence and, 336 Self-determination theory (SDT), 363–364 Self-efficacy, 512–513 Self-esteem, 358, 513 Self-fulfilling prophecy, 479 Self-help groups, 591 Self-perception theory, 469–470 Self-theory of motivation, 357–358 Seligman, Martin, 205, 207–209, 439–440, 449–450 Selye, Hans, 421 Semantic memory, 231 brain and, 249 Semantic network model, 233 Semantics, 295 Semicircular canals, 116 Semipermeable membrane, 48 Senile dementia, 251 Sensate focus, 411 Sensation absolute threshold, 93 chemical senses, 109–113 defined, 92 difference threshold, 92–93 habituation, 94 hearing, 104–108 just noticeable differences (jnd), 92–93 olfaction, 109, 112–113 sensory adaptation, 94–95 sight, 96–103 somesthetic senses, 113–116 subliminal perception, 94 synesthesia, 90 taste, 109–111 transduction, 92 Sensation seeker, 360 Sensing/intution (S/N), 529 Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, 321, 322 Sensory adaptation, 94–95 Sensory conflict theory, 116 Sensory development, infancy and childhood development, 317–320 Sensory memory, 222–225 echoic, 224–225 iconic, 223–224 Sensory pathway, 60 Sensory receptors, 92 Sensory thresholds, 92–94 Separation, 442–443 Separation anxiety, 329 September 11, 2001 attacks, 421–422, 432, 447, 456 Serial position effect, 237–238 Serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitors (SARIs), 601 Serotonin (5-HT), 52, 53, 300 aggression and, 488 drugs and, 54–55 mood disorders and, 554–555 sleep and, 139 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 601 Serotonin partial agonist/reuptake inhibitors (SPARIs), 601 Sertraline (Zoloft), 601 Sex chromosomes, 308 Sex differences, in science and math, 394 Sexism, 397 Sex-linked inheritance, 102–103 Sexual behavior, types of, 402–404 Sexual behavior surveys explaining findings, 404 Janus, 403–404 Kinsey, 402–403 Sexual characteristics development of, 390 primary, 388 secondary, 389–390 Sexual content, in dreams, 153 Sexual desire/arousal disorders, 410 Sexual dysfunction/problems, 409–411 causes and influences, 410–411 paraphilias, 410 prevalence of, 411 Sexuality female primary sex characteristics, 388 female secondary sex characteristics, 389 male primary sex characteristics, 388 male seconary sex characteristics, 389–390 physical side of, 388–390 primary sex characteristics, 388 psychological side of, 390–398 secondary sex characteristics, 389–390 sexual dysfunction, 409–411 sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 411–415 sexual orientation, 404–409 sexual response, 399–401 types of sexual behavior, 402–404 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 411–415 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 411–413, 414–415 chlamydia, 411, 412 genital herpes, 412 genital warts, 412 gonorrhea, 412 syphilis, 412 Sexual orientation, 16, 404–409 bisexual, 405, 406 defined, 404 development of, 406–408 heterosexual, 402, 405, 406 homosexual, 402, 405, 406 Sexual response, 399–401 excitement, 399 observational study of, 401 orgasm, 400 plateau, 399–400 resolution, 400 s factor (specific intelligence), 274 SfN See Society for Neuroscience (SfN) Shadow, 509 Shape constancy, 118 Shaping, 199–200, 212–213 Sheep brain, 77 Sherif, Muzafer, 454 Sherlin, Leslie, B12 Shock experiment, Milgram’s, 461–463 Shorey, George, 15 Short-term memory (STM), 223, 225–228 brain and, 249 capacity, 226–227 chunking, 227 defined, 225 encoding, 226 interference in, 228 maintenance rehearsal, 228 selective attention, 225–226 Shy personality, 512 Sickle-cell anemia, 309 SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 149 Siegel, Jerry, 139 Sight, 93, 96–103 brightness, 96 color, 96, 100–103 dark adaptation, 100 how the eye works, 99–100 light, perceptual properties of, 96 light adaptation, 100 night blindness, 100 saturation, 96 structure of the eye, 96–99 visible spectrum, 96 Sigma, A5 Signature wounds, 283 Significant difference, A10 Similarity, 482 Similiarity, 119 Simon, Théodore, 277 Simple cells, 123 Singer, Jerome, 377, 378 Single-blind study, 32 Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 71 Situational cause of behavior, 473 Situational context, 539 The Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire, 519, 525, 529 Size constancy, 118 Skewed distribution, A3–A4, A6 Skinner, B F., 14, 187 Skinner box, 188 Skin senses, 113–115 defined, 113 Sleep, 138–149 See also Dreams adaptive theory of, 141 biology of, 138–141 body temperature and, 139 circadian rhythms, 138 deep, 144–145 delta waves, 144–145 lack of, 140–141 length required, 139 light, 144 melatonin and, 138–139 memory and, 254–255 memory and learning and, PIA13–PIA14 microsleeps, 140 REM sleep, 142–144, 145–146 requirements, 139 www.downloadslide.com subject index restorative theory of, 141 sleep disorders, 146–149 sleep spindles, 144 sleep-wake cycles, 138 stages of, 142–146 typical night’s sleep, 144 Sleep apnea, 149 Sleep deprivation, 140–141 Sleep disorders, 146–149 circadian rhythm disorders, 149 enuresis, 149 hypersomnia, 149 insomnia, 148 narcolepsy, 149 nightmares, 146–147 night terrors, 146–147, 149 nocturnal leg cramps, 149 REM behavior disorder, 146 restless leg syndrome, 149 sleep apnea, 149 sleepwalking, 147–148, 149 Sleep paralysis, 145 Sleep spindles, 144 Sleep-wake cycle, 138 Sleepwalking (somnabulism), 147–148, 149 Slow to warm up temperament, 328 Slow-wave sleep, 144–145 Smell, 93, 109, 112–113 development of, 318 SMS See Space motion sickness (SMS) SNRIs See Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Social anxiety disorder (social phobia), 547, 586 group therapy for, 592 therapy for, 595 Social browsing, 484 Social categorization, 471, 478–479 Social cognition, 465–475 attitude change, 467–468 attitude formation, 467 attitudes, 465–468 attribution, 473–475 cognitive dissonance, 468–470 defined, 465 implicit personality theories, 472–473 impression formation, 471 social categorization, 471 Social cognitive learning theorists, 512 Social cognitive theorists, 512 Social cognitive theory on hypnosis, 157 on personality, 512–514 on prejudice, 477 Social comparison, 477, 479 Social components of hunger, 367–368 Social differences, gender and, 398 Social facilitation, 457–458 Social factors in stress, 441–443 Social identity, 479 Social identity theory, 478–479 Social impairment, 458 Social influence, 454–464 compliance, 458–461 conformity, 454–457 defined, 454 deindividuation, 458 group behavior, 457–458 group polarization, 457 groupthink, 456–457 informational, 456, 457 normative, 456, 457 obedience, 461–464 social facilitation, 457–458 social impairment, 458 social loafing, 457–458 Social interaction, 476–481 prejudice and discrimination, 476–481 prosocial behavior, 490–493 scapegoating, 477 Social learning theory, 513–514 gender and, 396 Social loafing, 457–458 Social neuroscience, 494–495 Social norm deviance, 539 Social psychologists, 359, B8 Social psychology, 15, 452–499, B6 aggression, 487–490 interpersonal attraction, 482–486 prosocial behavior, 490–493 social cognition, 465–475 social influence, 454–464 social interaction, 476–481 social neuroscience, 494–495 Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), 422, 423, 424 Social role-playing, hypnosis as, 157 Social roles, aggression and, 488–489 Social searching, 484 Social support, religion and, 447–448 Social-support system, 443 Society for Neuroscience (SfN), 58, 59 Sociobiologists, on altruism, 491 Sociocultural factors, in sexual dysfunction, 410 Sociocultural perspective, 15 on abnormality, 542 Soma, 46 Somatic nervous system, 60–61 Somatic pain, 113–114 Somatosensory cortex, 77, 78, 79 Somesthetic senses, 113–116 defined, 113 Somnabulism, 147–148, 149 Sonogram, 315 Sound, perception of, 104–105 Sound waves, 104, 105 Source traits, 518 Space motion sickness (SMS), 116 Spanking, 197, 198–199 SPARIs See Serotonin partial agonist/reuptake inhibitors (SPARIs) Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain (Ratey & Hagerman), 300 Spatial neglect, 81 Spearman, Charles, 274 Specific phobia, 547 SPECT See Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Sperling, George, 223–224 Sperling’s test, 223–224 SI-19 Sperm, 389 Spermarche, 389 Sperry, Roger, 82–84 Spinal cord, 57 Spinal cord reflex, 57 Spinocerebellar degeneration, 73 Split-brain research, 82–84 Spontaneous abortion, 315 Spontaneous recovery, 180, 181, 200 Sports psychologists, 359, B12 Sports psychology, B7–B8, B12 Springer, James Arthur, 500, 522 SQ3R method, PIA1, PIA7–PIA8, PIA13 SRRS See Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) SSRIs See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Stagnation, 341 Standard deviation (SD), 280, A7–A9 Standardization of tests, 279 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 277 Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, 155 Stanford prison experiment, 458, 488–489 Startle reflex, 318 State-dependent learning, 236 Statistical deviance, 539 Statistical significance, A10 Statistics, A1–A13 analysis of variance, A10 bell curve, A3 bimodal distributions, A4, A6 central tendency, measures of, A2, A5–A6 chi-square tests, A10 correlation, defined, A10 correlation coefficient, A11–A12 defined, A2 descriptive, A2–A9 frequency distribution, A2–A3 frequency polygon, A3 F-test, A10 histogram, A2 inferential, A9–A12 negatively skewed distribution, A3 normal curve, A3–A4, A8 polygon, A3, A4 positively skewed distribution, A3, A7 sample, A2 sigma, A5 significant difference, A10 skewed distributions, A3–A4, A6 statistic, defined, A1–A2 statistical significance, A10 t-test, A10 variability, measures of, A2, A6–A9 z-score, A9 Stem cells, 59–60, 314 STEM (science, technology, engineering and math), sex differences and, 394 Stepping reflex, 318 Stereotype, 32–33, 397, 471 gender, 397 Stereotype threat, 292, 479 Stereotype vulnerability, 479 Stern, William, 277 Sternberg, Robert, 276, 484–486 www.downloadslide.com SI-20 subject index Stimulants, 159, 160–162, 167 amphetamines, 160, 167 caffeine, 161–162, 167 cocaine, 160–161, 167 nicotine, 161, 167 Stimulatory hallucinogens, 166 Stimulus, 177 Stimulus control, 199 Stimulus discrimination, 180 Stimulus generalization, 179–180 Stimulus motive, 359 Stimulus substitution, 185 Stirrup (stapes), 105–106 STIs See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Storage, memory, 220 Stranger anxiety, 329 Stress acculturative, 442 acute stress disorder, 547 burnout, 442 cancer and, 433–434, 438 coping with, 444–448 coronary heart disease and, 432–433, 437–438 culture and, 442–443 defined, 420 diabetes and, 433 duration of illness and, 432 eating and, 368 emotion-focused coping, 445–446 general adaptation syndrome (GAS), 430, 431 health and, 430–444 heart disease and, 432–433 immune system and, 430–435 influence of cognition and personality on, 435–440 job, 441–442 laughter and, 418 Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach and, 435–436 meditation, as coping mechanism, 446–447 optimists and, 439–440, 449–450 personality factors in, 436–439 pessimists and, 439–440 posttraumatic stress disorder, 547 poverty and, 441 primary appraisal, 435 problem-focused coping, 445 secondary appraisal, 435–436 social factors in, 441–443 social-support system, 443 Stress disorders acute stress disorder (ASD), 547, 550–551 causes of, 550–551 posttraumatic stress disorder (See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)) Stress hormones, 62 Stressors, 420–421 distress, 420 environmental, 421–424 eustress, 420–421 primary appraisal, 435 responses to, 436 secondary appraisal, 435–436 Stress-vulnerability model of schizophrenia, 565 String problem, 270, 272 Stroboscopic motion, 125 Structuralism, Study methods, PIA4–PIA5 action methods, PIA5 auditory methods, PIA5 note taking, PIA9 questions, PIA& reading, PIA7–PIA8 recall/review, PIA8 reciting, PIA8 reflection, PIA8 surveying, PIA7 textbooks, reading, PIA6–PIA8 verbal methods, PIA5 visual methods, PIA5 Subgoals, 268 Subjective discomfort, 540 Subjective experience, 375 Subjective tests, 527, PIA12 Subject mapping, 272 Sublimation, 506 Subliminal perception, 94, 510 Subliminal stimuli, 94 Substance P, 115 Substitution (compensation), 506, 509 Successive approximation, 200 Sucking reflex, 318 Suggestibility, hypnotic, 154–155 Suicide, 553 antidepressants and, 602 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 579 Sumner, Francis Cecil, Superego, 504, 505, 506 Supernatural visitations, 169 Supertasker, 271 Support groups, 591 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 138 Surface traits, 518 Surveys, 24–26 Sympathetic division, of the autonomic nervous system, 61–62 emotion and, 371–373, 376 stress and, 430 Synapse (synaptic gap), 51–52 Synaptic knobs, 47 Synaptic pruning, 317 Synaptic vesicles, 51 Synesthesia, 90, 165 Syntax, 294–295, 298 Syphilis, 412 Systematic desensitization, 585 T Taijin kyofusho, 552 Tardive dyskinesia, 599 Target audience, 468 Tarrier, Nick, 607 Task-management systems, 382–383 Taste, 93, 109–111 children’s preferences, 369–370 conditioned taste aversions, 184–185 development of, 318 Taste buds, 110 TAT See Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Taylor, Catherine, 198 Tay-Sachs disorder, 309 TBI See Traumatic brain injury (TBI) tDCS See Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) Telegraphic speech, 325 Television, aggression and violence on, 489–490 Telomeres, 344 Temperament, 328–329, 502 Temperature, perception of, 113–114 Temporal lobes, 77, 78 memory and, 249 mental images and, 263–264 Temporoparietal junction (TPJ) altruism and, 491, 495 competitive behavior and, 495 Teratogens, 314–315 Terman, Lewis M., 277, 287, 288 Terman’s Termites, 287, 288 Terminal buttons, 47 Test anxiety, 568–569 Test construction, 278–280 Testes, 64, 65, 388 Testicles, 388 Testosterone, 390 aggression and, 488 Test performance, athletes and, 32–33 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 166 Text anxiety, 547 Texture gradient, 121 Thalamus, 72, 74–75 dreams and, 152 emotions and, 372 THC See Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 525, 527 Theory, The Theory and Practice of Advertising (Scott), B10 Theory X workers, B10 Theory Y workers, B10 Therapeutic alliance, 595 Therapy See also Biomedical therapies; Psychological therapies defined, 587 Thesis, PIA15 Theta waves, 142 Thinking See also Cognition; Critical thinking convergent, 271–272 divergent, 272, 273 language and, 295–298 Thinking/feeling (T/F), 529 Thirst, 356 Thompson, Charles Henry, Thorndike, Edward L., 186–187 Thought stopping, B12 "Three Approaches to Psychotherapy" (films), 574 Thyroid gland, 64, 65 Thyroxin, 65 Timbre, 104 Time management, PIA5–PIA6 test-taking and, PIA14 Time-management systems, 382–383 Time-outs, 202–203, 587 Time pressure, 425–426 Tinnitus, 107 Tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon, 237 www.downloadslide.com subject index Titchener, Edward, TMS See Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Token economy, 202, 587 Tolman, Edward, 205–206 Tomboys, 391–393 Tongue, taste buds, 110 Top-down processing, 127 Topic, paper, PIA14 TOT See Tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon Touch, 93, 113–114 development of, 318 Tower of Hanoi, 231 TPJ See Temporoparietal junction (TPJ) Tracts, 48 Trait perspective, 502–503, 518–520 Traits defined, 518 source, 518 surface, 518 Trait-situation interaction, 520 Transcendence needs, 362 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), 68, 604 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 67–68 Transduction, 92, 220 Transference, 578 Transgender, 406 Transgendered, 391 Transorbital lobotomy, 604 Transsexuals, 391 Tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate), 601 Trauma- and stressor-related disorders, 547, 549, Trauma-related disorders, 545 causes of, 551–552 posttraumatic stress disorder (See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)) Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 282 Treisman, Anne M., 225 Trephining, 538 Trial and error (mechanical solutions), 266–267 Triarchic theory of intelligence, 276 Trichromatic (three colors) theory, 100–101 Tricyclic antidepressants, 601 Trivers, Robert, 404 Truths, testing, 38 Trypanophobia, 547 Tsarnaev, Dzhokhar, 307 t-test, A10 Turner’s syndrome, 310 Twinning, 312–313 Twin studies, 290–291, 307 on depressive disorders, 555 on personality, 500, 522, 523 on schizophrenia, 564, 565 on sexual orientation, 407 Two-factor theory, 377 Tympanic membrane (eardrum), 105, 106 Type A Behavior and Your Heart (Freidman & Rosenman), 437 Type A personality, 437, 439 Type B personality, 437, 439 Type C personality, 438, 439 Type diabetes, stress and, 433 Type H personality, 438–439 Typical antipsychotics, 599 U UCR See Unconditioned response (UCR) UCS See Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Ulcers, stress and, 430 Umami, 111 Umbilical cord, 313 Uncertainty avoidance, culture and, 524 Unconditional positive regard, 515, 580 Unconditioned response (UCR), 177, 178, 179 Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185 Unconscious mind, 10, 504, 510 collective, 508–509 personal, 508 Uncontrollability, 426 Unification Church, 460 Unipolar disorder, 553 Unpredictability, stress and, 426 Uterus, 313, 388 V Vagina, 388 Vagus nerve, 377, 431 Validity, 279, 527 Validity scales, 529–530 Valium, 600 Valproic acid (Depakote), 600 Variability, measures of, A2, A5–A6 range, A7 standard of deviation, A7–A9 Variable interval schedule, 191, 192 Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement, 192, 193–194 Variables, 27, 29–30 confounding, 30 dependent, 30 independent, 29 Vasopressin, 64 Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), 366 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), 208 Verbal/rhythmic organization, PIA18 Vestibular senses, 113, 116 defined, 113 Vicarious conditioning, 183 attitude formation and, 467 Vicary, James, 94 Video games, aggression and violent, 490 Violence aggression and media, 489–490 workplace, B11 Virtual exposure therapies, 586 Virtual reality, 606 Virtual reality therapies, 606–607 Visceral pain, 113 Visible spectrum, 96 Vision development of, 318–319 persistence of, 129 Visual accommodation, 97 Visual association cortex, 78 Visual cliff experiment, 319–320 Visual cortex, 77 Visualization, 447, B12 Vitreous humor, 97 VMH See Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) SI-21 vmPFC See Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) Volley principle, 107 Volume, 104 Voluntary muscles, 60 von Békésy, Georg, 107 von Helmholtz, Hermann, 6, 100, 107 Vygotsky, Lev, 15, 295, 296, 324–325 W WAIS-IV See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Wakefield, Andrew, 326 Waking consciousness, 136 Wald, George, 101 Walk, Michael, 319 Wall, Patrick, 114 Washburn, Margaret F., Watson, Jessica, 304 Watson, John B., 11, 14, 183 Watts, James W., 604 Wear-and-tear theory of aging, 344 Weber, Ernst, 92 Weber’s Law, 93 Wechsler, David, 278 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV), 278 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), 278 Wechsler Intelligence Tests, 277, 278, 280 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV), 278 Weight set point, 366–367 Wernicke, Carl, 80 Wernicke’s aphasia, 81 Wernicke’s area, 77, 80–81 Wertheimer, Max, 9–10 Western Collaborative Group Study, 437 Western Electric Company, B10 Wever, Ernest, 107 White, Shaun, 62 White matter, 69 Whitman, Charles, 487 WHO See World Health Organization (WHO) Whole sentences, 325 Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 296 Wiesel, Torsten, 123 Williams, Brad, 218, 221, 245 Williams, Rose, 604 Winkte, 391 WISC-IV See Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) Withdrawal, 158, 427 Womb envy, 509 Women See also under Female; Gender depression and, 553 eating disorders and, 558 effect of alcohol on, 163 panic attacks and, 549 in psychology, sexual behavior of, 404 stereotype threat and, 479 Word salad, 562 Working backward, 268 Working memory, 226, 300 www.downloadslide.com uploaded by [stormrg] SI-22 subject index Workplace violence, B11 Work settings, 17 World Health Organization (WHO), 412 WPPSI-IV See Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) Wundt, Wilhelm, 6–7, B10 Y X Zimbardo, Philip, 488–489 Zone of proximal development (ZPD), 324–325 z score, A9 Xanax, 600 Xanga, 483 Yerkes, Robert, B10 Yerkes-Dodson law, 359 Young, Thomas, 100 Young adulthood, 339 Z Zucker, Ken, 408 Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, 360 Zygote, 312 ... Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Strategies for Improving Your Memory PIA-17 psychology in action summary PIA-18 Test Yourself 1 the science of psychology 2 What Is Psychology? Psychology s... levels Ciccarelli/ White, 4e Content Ch 1: 1.13 Ch 5: 5.8 and Issues in Psychology: The Link Between Spanking and Aggression in Young Children Ch 7: 7.10 and Psychology in the News: Neuropsychology... Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ciccarelli, Saundra K Psychology / Saundra K Ciccarelli, Gulf Coast Community College, J Noland White, Georgia College and State University.— Fourth