Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre Jordan House, Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, 30 Corporate 01803, USA 1975 Reprinted edition I979 Second with Reprinted 1982, 1987, I99 I corrections 1994 edition Reprinted 2001, 2003,2005,2006, 2007 J F Richardson, J R 1991,J M Coulson, Ltd All rights reserved Copyright Backhurst and J H Harker by Elsevier Published The MA 1971 First edition Third is an imprint of Elsevier Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP,UK of J M Coulson, right J as the author of this Designs and Patents Act 1988 identified F Richardson, J R Backhurst and J work has been asserted in accordance H Harker to be with the Copyright No part of or transmitted this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, the prior written permission of the publisher or otherwise without recording Permissions from Elsevier's Science &Technology Rights may be sought directly in Oxford UK: phone: 1865 853333: Department (+a) (0) I865 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to Working libraries in www.elscvier.com of Congress 1003-6 -08 -04 information Library developing I www.bookaid.org grow countries I www.sahre.org publications CONTENTS vi 1.8 Continuous 1.8.1 1.8 1.8.3 1.9 Autothermal 1.8.5 Kinetic operation Reactor output continuous tubular and 44 47 49 50 stirred-tank reactors from data of Comparison 43 reactors methods Graphical 1.8.4 batch, and Batch 1.9.2 Continuous stirred-tank reactor 1.9.3 Comparison of stirred-tank reactors for a single reaction plug-flow reactor tubular 1.9 1.10 Comparison 43 reactors stirred-tank of ideal mixing Residence time Assumption Design equations for continuous stirred-tank reactor 52 reactors 54 of batch, tubular and Reactor yield Types of multiple reactions stirred-tank reactors for multiple reactions 55 1.10.1 56 1.10.2Yield and 57 selectivity 1.10.3 Reactor type 1.10.4 Reactions in in 1.10.5 Reactions 1.10.6 Reactions in in 1.10.7 Reactions and 57 backmixing 58 parallel reactants parallel-two series series-two reactants 61 63 67 1.11 Further I.12 References 68 1.13 Nomenclature 68 68 reading Flow Characteristics 2.1 Non-ideal 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1 2.1.4 2.2 of Reactors-FlowModelling and mixing in chemical reactors of non-ideal flow patterns Types tracer methods Experimental of a stream leaving a vessel-E -curves Age distribution of tracer information to reactors Application flow Tanks-in-series model 2.3 Dispersedplug-flow 2.4 2.5 2.6 References 2.7 Nomenclature Gas-Solid 3.1 3.2 3.3 and Reactors Reactions Mass transfer within solids porous The effective diffusivity 3.2.1 in porous catalyst Chemical reaction in porous 3.3.1 Isothermal reactions diffusion 3.3.3 Non-isothermal reactions in 3.3.4 Criteria for diffusion 71 71 71 73 75 78 control' 80 83 84 88 93 96 98 102 104 105 105 106 108 108 Introduction 3.3.2 Effect of intraparticle 71 80 model Axial dispersion and model development Basic differential equation 2.3.3 of tracer Response to an ideal pulse input 2.3.4 of dispersion coefficient from a pulseinput Experimental determination 2.3.5 Further of tracer injection development theory 2.3.6 Values of dispersion coefficients from and experiment theory 2.3.7 Dispersed plug-flow model with first-order chemical reaction 2.3.8 Applications and limitations of the dispersed plug-flow model Models involving combinations of the basic flow elements Further reading 2.3.1 2.3.2 51 52 111 112 pellets catalyst pellets on experimental parameters Dorous catalvst< Dellets 115 116 122 124 I28 CONTENTS 3.3.5 3.3.6 Mass transfer 3.5 Chemical 3.5.1 Adsorption Surface reaction as the 3.5.4 Rate determining of rate Examples Desorptionof Packed tubular 3.6 Thermal 3.6.3 Fluidised 3.8 Further References determining transfer 129 143 144 146 148 148 148 150 step step determining steps for other mechanisms equations for industrially important reactions 151 151 reactors packedreactors 172 180 181 reactors design of gas-solid reactors unreacted core models and particle of equipment 3.9 and heat 139 as the rate characteristics of bed reactors 3.7 Gas-solid non-catalytic 3.7.1 Modelling Types mass poisoning rate a product calculations Design 3.6 Single by stream to a solid surface of heterogeneous catalytic reactions of a reactant as the rate determining step 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.7.2 3.7.3 influenced a fluid from kinetics 3.5.5 3.6 and de-activation Catalyst 3.4 reactions in catalytic Selectivity effects vii and contacting 182 183 186 patterns 190 190 192 reading 3.10 Nomenclature 4.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 I 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.1.9 4.2 4.2.2 4.2 4.2 Equations for mass with chemical reaction reactor Information for gas-liquid reactor design required of gas-liquid reactors Examples bubble columns and multiple-impeller agitated High aspect-ratio Axial dispersion in bubble columns the kinetics of gas-liquid Laboratory reactors for investigating Choiceof transfer a suitable reactors reactions Gas-liquid-solid 4.4 References 4.5 Nomenclature reading Engineering 5.1 The Biologicalproducts Scalesof and diversity and the Prokaryotic organisms 230 231 235 248 Tolerance of living 257 259 262 physical properties of cells environmental conditions to systems 256 260 organisms Eukaryotic General systems production classification 5.2.2 5.2.5 229 255 ecology operation Classification 5.2.4 223 254 world and biological 5.2.1 5.2.3 218 reactions 252 Cellsas reactors Cellular 216 252 Introduction 5.1.4 tanks 249 I.1 5.I 204 205 248 Reaction Biochemical 202 229 Mass transfer and reaction steps Gas-liquid-solid reactor types: choosinga reactor Combination of mass transfer and reaction steps Further 5.2 reactors of Types 4.3 5.1 reactions Gas-liquid Gas-liquid-solid 4.2.I 196 196 196 196 197 reactors Gas-liquid 4.1 Reactors and Gas-Liquid-Solid Gas-Liquid 265 269 270 CONTENTS viti 5.3 Chemical Elemental 5.3.2 Proteins 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.9 5.4 Protein purification of proteins Stability 277 277 Nucleic acids 278 278 membranes 278 Carbohydrates Biological versus chemical reaction of Properties processes Enzyme kinetics 5.4 5.4.10 285 286 Michaelis-Menten the Enzyme inhibition The kinetics of two-substrate reactions The effects of temperature and pH on de-activation 5.4.11 Enzyme 5.5 5.5 Types of 5.5.3 Energetic 5.5.4 Energy level Photosynthesis 5.8 5.9 and phosphorylation 309 315 316 mutagenesis Genetic recombination Genetic engineering DNA in 318 bacteria 320 320 technology engineered products Genetically 304 315 and 325 their manipulation 326 326 activity 5.7 327 5.7.3 334 The control of metabolic pathways The control of protein synthesis Stoichiometric aspects of biological processes 5.8.1 Microbial Yield growth Phases of 5.9.3 Product Immobilised growth a microbial culture 354 diffusion diffusion limitation limitation 5.11.3 Continuous Estimation of kinetic 5.12 Use 5.12.2 Use of batch of continuous 360 364 of micro-organisms culture of micro-organisms parameters culture 356 364 configurations Enzyme reactors growth 342 352 formation biocatalysts 5.11.2 Batch 339 345 kinetics 5.10.1 Effect of external 5.10.2 Effect of internal 5.1 Reactor 5.1 I.1 337 342 of 5.9.2 Microbialgrowth 5.12 oxidative and methods improvement Mutation 302 304 phosphorylation Cellularcontrol mechanisms 5.7 I The control of enzyme 5.9.1 5.10 294 298 of biological processes respiration 5.6.4 Recombinant 5.7 and enzyme 298 metabolism generation Aerobic 5.6.5 kinetics 295 reactionsin 5.5.7 5.6.3 29I enzyme metabolism 5.5.5 5.5 5.6.2 289 298 of aspects Substrate 287 equation de-activation Metabolism 5.5.1 The roles 5.6 Strain 5.6.1 282 equation The Haldane relationship 5.4.7 Transformationsof 5.4.8 279 281 enzymes 5.4.4 Derivationof the Michaelis-Menten 5.4.5 The significanceof kinetic constants 5.4.6 278 279 279 Cell walls 5.4.1 5.4.3 275 of proteins and separation properties Physical Enzymes 5.4.2 271 273 composition 5.3.7 Lipidsand 5.3 27I cells composition of 5.3.1 experiments culture experiments 365 367 386 386 393 ix CONTENTS 5.13 5.14 state microbial Non-steady 5.13.I Predator-prey 5.13 Structured Further 396 398 models 402 considerations design 5.14.1 396 systems relationships 405 Aseptic operation 405 5.14.2 Aeration 5.14.3 aspects of biological reactors Special 5.15 Appendices 5.1 Appendix 410 410 Proteins Appendix 5.2 Nucleic acids Appendix 5.3 416 of Michaelis-Menten rapid-equilibrium assumption Derivation Appendix 5.4 The Haldane equation using the 418 419 relationship 421 inhibition Appendix 5.5 Enzyme Appendix 5.6 Information 5.16 Further 409 storage and retrieval in the cell 425 431 reading References 431 5.18 Nomenclature 433 5.17 for Measurement and Control Sensors 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.2 Methods 6.2 Further 6.2 The measurement 6.2.4 6.2.5 The measurement Open channel 438 flow on dependent methods of between relationship volumetric measuring pressure flow Classification 6.3.2 Elastic elements of Differential 6.4 Thermoelectric 6.4.2 Thermal 463 466 468 sensors 473 detection of level Simple 6.5 Radioactive 6.5 Other methods of level float The measurement 6.6.I Liquids 465 temperature Techniques using Capacitive sensing 478 479 systems hydrostatic elements methods of density 480 head 481 (nucleonic level sensing) measurement measurement 6.7.2 Off-line Continuous (specific gravity) 484 of viscosity measurement of viscosity on-line measurement of 6.8.2 Electrometric 6.8 The chromatograph The mass Thermal 484 488 6.8 The measurement of composition 6.8 Photometric analysers 6.8 482 484 Gases I 6.8 454 cells devices 6.5 6.5 The 452 454 6.5.1 6.7 452 sensors pressure radiation The measurement 439 449 pressure 6.3 Vacuum sensing The measurement of 438 448 transducers for pressure measurement Electric flowrate 448 flow 6.3.1 drop and 445 mass flow of low flowrates of 6.2.6 Flow profile distortion The measurement of pressure 6.6 6.7 437 of measurement 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.4 437 analysers 489 489 viscosity 495 497 503 as an on-line process spectrometer conductivity 493 sensors for gases analyser 511 515 516 CONTENTS X The detection of water Other methods of gas composition 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.I1 Process sampling 6.9 The sampling systems of 523 523 523 systems single-phase 6.9.2 The sampling of multiphase systems (isokinetic sampling) The static characteristics of sensors 528 535 6.11 I Bridge circuits 6.11.3 Signals and 11 Converters Signal 539 539 (telemetry) 6.12 6.12 Serial digital The transmission 6.12.4 Non-electrical 6.12 Smart 6.14 References 542 546 547 547 effects 6.12 I Multiplexers Further 537 noise transmission 6.13 536 536 6.11.6Loading (time division multiplexing) signals of transmitters 549 analog signals transmission signal associated and 549 hardware protocols-intelligent 553 555 Control Process 7.I Introduction 7.2 Feedback 7.2.1 560 560 control The 560 block 562 diagram 7.3 Fixed parameterfeedback control action Characteristics of different control modes-offset Qualitative approaches to simple feedbackcontrol system 7.3 The heuristic approach of freedom approach 7.3 The degrees 7.4 The 7.2 7.2.3 transfer 564 566 design function Linear systems 7.4.2 Blockdiagram The polesand 7.4 7.5 Transfer functions 7.5 Order of a 7.5 First-order the and of superposition principle a transfer systems of capacity system 579 579 7.5 Second-order systems series 583 589 (dead time) fixed parameter 592 controllers 593 593 Industrial three term controllers Responseof control loop components to 7.8 I Common types of forcing function 7.8 Response to step function 594 7.7 7.8 7.9 and 7.8.3 Initial 7.8 Response to 7.8 7.8 Response Response final 576 579 in systems lag 573 579 function systems First-order Transfer functions of 7.7.1 Ideal controllers 571 577 algebra zeros of 7.5.3 Distance-velocity 570 575 7.4 7.7 552 552 reading 6.15 Nomenclature 7.6 528 conditioning Signal 6.11.4 Filters 528 6.10.1Definitions 6.11.2Amplifiers 6.12 519 measurement value functions 594 594 597 theorems 600 function 600 sinusoidal to pulse of more forcing 603 function complexsystems to forcing Transfer functions of feedback control systems C and 7.9.1 Closed-loop transfer function between functions 605 608 R 608 CONTENTS 7.9.2 Closed-loop 7.9 Calculation 7.9.4 The 7.10.1 characteristic The 7.10 The Routh-Hurwitz 7.10 Destablising 7.10.5 7.10.6 The Nyquist stability The log modulus 7.12 7.13 Cascade 613 614 a feedback loop criterion feedback methods setting parameters 635 638 638 Dead time compensation 638 640 compensation control 645 646 control ratio control Feed-forward 646 651 and systems-interaction 7.15 and the Estimating 7.16Non-linear systems 7.16.1Linearisation 7.16.2 7.17 653 design degree of interaction between 654 control loops The describing 661 series Taylor\342\200\231s function 664 technique time control systems 7.17 Sampled data (discrete time) systems 7.17 Block diagram algebra for sampled data systems 7.17 Sampled data feedback control systems 7.17 Hold elements (filters) 7.17.5 The stability of sampled data systems 7.17.6 Discretetime (digital) fixed parameter feedback controllers 7.18 7.18.2 controllers 7.18.3 The self-tuning regulator Computer control of a simple 7.19.1 Directdigital control Real 7.19.3 System 7.19 7.20 Distributed 7.20.1 7.21 677 679 681 684 686 time computer 689 690 691 (STR) operator plant-the (DDC) interface and supervisory control control 692 692 694 696 interrupts The operator/controller interface control computer systems (DCCS) 696 Hierarchical 698 systems 7.20 Design of distributed control computer systems 7.20.3 DCCS hierarchy 7.20.4 Data highway (DH) configurations 7.20 The DCCS operator station 7.20 System integrity and security 7.20 SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisition) The programmable controller 7.21.1 672 675 688 (programmed) adaptive control reference control (MRAC) adaptive Scheduled 7.19.2 672 686 algorithms control Model 658 660 using Discrete 7.18 Adaptive 7.2 loops their 7.17.7 Tuning discrete time 7.17.8 Responsespecification 7.19 653 decoupling 7.15.1 Interaction between control 7.15.2Decouplers 632 634 7.14.2 Ratio control 7.15 MIMO 619 632 controller compensation Series 617 625 (Nichols) plot methods search 7.14 Feed-forwardand 7.14 612 reaction curve methods 7.1I.3 Direct 609 611 criterion response 7.1 1.2 Process 7.12.1 609 function system equation a stable processwith The Bodestability System C and V transfer criterion 7.11 Common proceduresfor 7.12 closed-loop equation 7.10.4 7.11.1 Frequency the unity feedback the characteristic equivalent and stability 7.10 System between function transfer of offset from xi Programmable controller Programming the PLC design 698 698 700 703 703 708 708 709 709 711 Links Index Terms law I of diffusion I Stefan\342\200\223Boltzmann Stefan's law I radiation Stepforcing 594 function response of first order 597 system second order system 598 72 to reactor input 475 G STEPHANOPOULOS, 579 574 651 686 STEVENS, W.F 583 cell laboratory Stirred model of real modelsof reactors tank, reactors 227 systems 104 78 43 reactors residence time tracer 43 78 flow STOCKWELL, P 522 16 coefficients Stoichiometric Stoichiometry of microbial 337 growth 464 D STOKES, Stokes' law II Stokes' law for P STOOR, 450 G J VI 458 transducer gauge 315 improvement methods Streamline 491 II bubbles Storage Strain 527 I layer boundary I flow I Streamlines This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 652 Index Terms Links I Streamtubes 455 Stroke 724 (lift) of control valve STROUHAL, F Strouhal number Structural 439 439 Structured models of microbial 397 growth 11 Styrene process 602 rule Substitution level 291 inhibition Substrate II Suction potential Supersonicflow and I 692 control data acquisition Surface area of catalyst, 708 (SCADA) effect 123 of 112 diffusion as rate reaction in catalytic step limiting reactors tension of mixtures 148 VI 232 bed reactors Suspended 235 449 Swirl see Nomenclature Symbols Synthesis gas, catalysedreactions System 346 304 phosphorylation Supervisory 335 326 genes 111 638 compensation failure 696 interrupt 708 security and stability Systemsin the characteristic series, Bode 612 equation 622 diagram 184 SZEKELY, J This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links T 402 H TACUCHI, TAIRD, 518 C K 147 K TAMARU, Tank 618 T TAKAHASHI, 43 reactors Tanks in series model 103 TATTERSON, G B 205 Taylor\342\200\223Aris 82 in reactors distribution effect on reactionrate 17 reactor 60 yield 36 in reactors rise in 32 reactors batch 467 scale Tensilestrength Terminal VI falling velocity, P TETER, II particle 723 O boundary I layer 172 characteristics, packed catalytic reactors common conductivities, 518 gases conductivity detector, processchromatograph gas composition hot This wire page 724 144 THALLER, L Thermal 65 466 measurement profile 95 351 G TCHOBANOGLOUS, Temperature 238 561 582 series Taylor's 208 82 dispersion G TAYLOR, 524 pressure has 513 analyser 516 sensor 465 been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Links Index Terms Thermal (Cont.) layer boundary prediction of VI I diffusion 440 flowmeter detector Thermal\342\200\223radiation 473 (TRD) 475 measurement tubular cooled countercurrent sensitivity, catalytic 172 reactors 449 flowmeter volumetric Thermistor 473 Thermocouple 468 reference automatic junction 470 compensation contact potential 468 types and different Thermocouple, 471 Ltd Instruments Thermocouple of intermediate law 471 characteristics 469 metals temperatures 469 equilibrium 10 Thermodynamic 129 factor selectivity 468 scale temperature I of gas compression Thermodynamics 468 sensors Thermoelectric Thermojunction 470 Thermophiles 351 Thermopile 472 Thermowell 470 Th\303\251venin circuit, 472 545 equivalent 544 Th\303\251venin\342\200\231s theorem Thickeners II VI Thickening II VI This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Links Index Terms 116 W E THIELE, 118 121 361 137 138 139 149 125 126 127 180 II Thiele modulus 122 generalised for non-isothermal modified 127 catalytic reaction 121 factor to effectiveness relationship Thiophene, hydro-desulphurisation 246 bed reactors in trickle THODOS,G W J THOMAS, J M THORNTON, Three 144 239 bed reactors fluidised phase 240 example beds 232 232 229 reactors 535 instrument Threshold, Timeconstant 581 636 apparent of reaction for batch reactors isothermal 27 28 operation non-isothermal 31 operation Time-dependentbehaviour TINKLER, I 124 J D Toluenechlorination, 213 example 351 H H TOPIWALA, 230 TOPS\342\210\205E,H TOPS\342\210\205E,N.-Y 230 Torr 465 TORRANCE, K 504 II Tortuosity page 505 510 112 113 calculation of This 31 has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Total Links 501 reflection internal 475 radiation pyrometers Tower II packings Tracer flow 78 tanks stirred in ideal pulse input 84 theory, injection 93 further development two with measurements methods in sampling 95 points 71 reactors response curves, types of II Transcription of DNA 425 336 control Transcriptional Transducer, force balance 551 Transduction 319 Transfer coefficients, absorption II distillation II liquid\342\200\223liquid II extraction 575 functions 579 capacity systems closedloop, fixed feedback parameter control dead time order 585 process 580 system systems in fixed parameter flowing page non-interacting 584 controller 593 587 through a tank 581 583 tanks in series 584 586 has been 583 594 in series non-interacting This 581 587 interacting controller tanks interacting series, feedback industrial PID liquid 608 593 distillation first 75 103 of particles Trajectories VI reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Links Index Terms Transduction (Cont.) loop 609 poles 579 open 593 controller proportional plus derivative (PI) integral (PD) controller 594 594 controller plus derivative (PID)controller 594 pulse 675 second order system 589 586 column stripping 591 thermocouplejunction 581 580 588 with sheath U-tubemanometer 589 579 zeros 187 line reactors 319 Transformation I Transforms, Laplace Transient operation flow Transition of chemical reactors 114 rcgion 425 theorem 593 of gases liquids IV I IV I II solids 196 reactors I Triangular notch This 502 498 Transmittance acid Tricarboxylic page (TCA) has 726 576 26 Translation Transport I II to HETP relation Tray IV II units 197 448 311 cycle been VI reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Links Index Terms 233 reactors bed Trickle combination of 242 steps 246 example 245 state treatment steady Triplepoint 468 664 J G TRUXAL, TSUCHIYA,H M Tubular tubular packed 61 catalytic catalytic reactors, designcalculations 151 reactors 64 reactions consecutive 36 design 35 transfer balances 36 non-isothermal operation 40 output 52 material 35 drop pressure TUFFS,P S discrete Tuning 162 163 37 41 42 data kinetic 34 35 configurations heat 400 Packed see also reactors flow 399 397 692 686 controllers time Turbidimeter, nephelometric 502 (nephelometer) Turbidity 502 Turbidostat 368 Turbine flowmeter 440 445 449 I Turbines Turbulent boundary I layer eddies I flow I This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 164 Links Terms Index Turbulent (Cont.) layer boundary 82 axial dispersion 97 coefficients of dispersion values 724 Turndown 529 instrument 36 JRNER,J.C.R 279 number Turnover Twisted 703 pairs Twoposition 564 control reactants, reactions substrate enzyme kinetics in 67 series 291 293 equation Alberty double displacement constant kinetic 293 reactions 293 determination single displacement reactions Two-film 292 theory absorption with of reaction chemical Whitman diffusion, flow, Two-phase pressure II II I I II II I I I drop, frictional heat transfer II VI coefficient U Ultimate periodic Ultra high Ultra-low 601 response 465 vacuum flow II Ultrasonic agglomeration flowmeter 442 gas analyser 524 time-of-flight has been reformattedby 450 443 440 flowmeter This page 449 448 measurement Knovel to provide easier navigation Links Terms Index instrument Uncertainty, 532 reading Underdamped response 599 Under-specifiedsystem 575 Unit 707 display 51 of reactors output I Units I dimensions and Universal I velocity profile core Unreacted models Unstable(unbounded) 183 of reactors 614 system V I V-notch levels Vacuum, 465 and measurement 465 measurement I IV pumps relief VI vessels VI 719 Valve body 722 719 control 723 coefficient flow positioner 719 electropneumatic 551 723 719 trim IV types VAN DER VAN HEERDEN, BENT, H 448 C 165 VAN KREVELEN, D W SWAAIJ, This page 722 VI design trays, VAN 448 200 W, P M has been I 50 reformatted by Knovel to 198 224 provide easier navigation Links Terms Index 208 K RIET, VAN, VI equilibrium data Vapour-liquid at convex pressure Vapour II equilibrium Vapour\342\200\223liquid II surface predictionof VI 440 I area flowmeters Variable controlled 560 manipulated 560 563 400 401 T VEERMAN, VEGA CONTROLS LTD Velocities, 485 II settling defect Velocity I law profile I propagation of a pressurewave I settling II sonic I terminal II falling I Vena contracta Vent VI design piping VENTRAS, J S 225 I flowmeter Venturi 198 VERSTEEG,G.F high 465 vacuum VI Vessel supports element Vibrating pressure 462 transducer Viscoelastic fluids I Cannon\342\200\223Fenske Viscometer, 490 capillary cone and plate 491 Couettetype 491 falling 440 448 flume Very 402 490 sphere This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Links Index Terms Cannon Viscometer, in-line vibrating on-line (Cont.) 495 element 493 capillary 494 Couette Ostwald U-tubecapillary 489 492 element vibrating Viscometers, rangesof 492 operation I Viscosity I apparent 489 measurement 493 on-line predictionof VI I shear-dependent I Viscous drag Visual unit display loading of Volume von 567 (VDU) screen(display 698 density) 27 of batch reactors Karman vortex 439 street 439 Vortex flowmeter forced I free I II Votator 440 I W WALSH, 495 T M 507 G WALTER, WALTERS, WARDLE, WARNOCK, K 491 492 A P 651 712 710 I G Washout of biomassin 370 CSTFs page has been 373 381 in series This 493 reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Links Index Terms in CSTFs of biomass Washout with (Cont.) 376 recycle 446 R WASSON, VI incinerators Waste 351 water treatment M K WASUNGU, 350 349 I Water cooling I towers for construction I height 519 detection 149 WATSON, K M 92 J F WEHNER, I Weir WEISS,M.D 492 125 WEISZ, P B Welded 95 WEN, C Y R.R WENNER, WEST, II temperature determination I of columns in II absorption II 235 solid II rates, packing This 519 226 distillation Wetting I 226 contactor Wetted-wall 224 50 Wetted sphere cantactor wall 184 531 WESTERTERP,K R humidity 128 150 D M Wet bulb 126 VI design joint 448 497 rheogoniometer Weissenberg 167 VI of vessels Weight 150 I shock Waves, VI page has been reformatted by Knovel to VI provide easier navigation 129 Links Index Terms A WHEELER, WHERRY, T C 134 723 724 VI of shafts Whirling 130 WHITAKER, A 269 WHITE, B A 725 547 D G WHITEHEAD, WHORLOW,R W 492 92 R H WILHELM, 223 C R WILKE, WILLIAMS, T J 585 549 J WILSON, J H 272 loads VI Wind 458 A L WINDOW, 689 B WITTENMARK, WOOD,R.M 138 WOOD,W.B 272 R WORSHAM, 723 E WRIGHT, C 651 724 552 600 C R WYLIE, 345 399 F M WILSON, 167 515 WILLARD, H H WILLIAMS, 271 602 628 681 X Xylene, oxidation of o-, 209 example Y 265 Yeasts elemental 271 composition nucleic acid cantent This page 273 has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 664 Links Terms Index Yeasts(Cont.) 273 content protein Yield and 60 of reactors output 57 selectivity coefficient 339 340 formation biomass for product 340 fonnation 341 overall high 60 overall 59 reactor 65 comparisons I stress true 341 growth YOUNG, R E YOUNG, R 686 455 modulus Young's 724 723 M Z Zero order shift, Zeros Zeroth 679 element hold 535 instrument of transfer law of 579 function 466 thermodynamics ZIEGLER,J G Zirconia 726 673 z-transform 634 510 cell K \307\272STR\303\226M, 134 K \303\230STERGAARD, 689 J This page has been reformattedby Knovel to provide easier navigation ... Temperature Rate Constant A batch reactor for 0 .30 kmol/m3 at 15OC 30 ( \34 2\200\ 234 C)I5 20 25 (K) 2 93 298 30 3 0.00188 0.002 63 0.0 035 1 288 0.00 134 (s- \34 2\200\ 231 ) and pseudo constant with out the hydrolysis... 5.4 .3 275 of proteins and separation properties Physical Enzymes 5.4.2 271 2 73 composition 5 .3. 7 Lipidsand 5 .3 27I cells composition of 5 .3. 1 experiments culture experiments 36 5 36 7 38 6 38 6 39 3... recombination Genetic engineering DNA in 31 8 bacteria 32 0 32 0 technology engineered products Genetically 30 4 31 5 and 32 5 their manipulation 32 6 32 6 activity 5.7 32 7 5.7 .3 334 The control of metabolic pathways