4 AIMS: Accounting ƒ To learn about: types of accounting; financial statements; key vocabulary of financial statements and accounting ƒ To learn how to: say figures in English; talk about financial statements ƒ To practise: presenting financial results Lead in o What is accounting? Why is it necessary for companies and organizations? o Is there is one way of doing a business's accounts, or lots of different possible ways? o What is auditing and why is it necessary? Vocabulary You are going to read a passage of Eric Sharp, a financial director, talking about accounting Before you read, check your understanding of the words and phrases in the box by matching them with their definitions (1-10) assets liabilities bookkeeping financial accounting expenditure income management accounting auditing cost accounting tax accounting anything owned by a company - cash, buildings, machines, etc calculating how much tax an individual or a company should pay - or trying to reduce this figure checking and evaluating financial records Unit 4: Accounting 29 determining the unit cost of a manufactured product, including indirect costs keeping financial records and preparing financial statements money that a company will have to pay to someone else - bills, debts, interest, taxes, etc recording transactions (purchases and sales) in ledgers the money that a company receives from supplying goods or services the money that a company spends 10 the use of a company's accounting data by its managers for planning and control Reading 1: Types of accounting Eric Sharp presents the different branches of the accounting profession What three roles or areas of work does he mention? In general, most of the boring work is done by purchase ledger clerks and sales ledger clerks These are usually bookkeepers who are not qualified to a high level The information they produce - which is basically a summary of transactions - can then be interpreted by management accountants It can then be used by senior accountants at financial controller and director level, both for making decisions on the future of the business, and for advising other parts of the business on how to proceed The company's accountants also an internal audit The aim of this tends to be to ensure that management have sufficient internal control over what is going on The aim of the external audit is to ensure that published financial statements give a true and fair view of the company's profit, and of its assets and liabilities Now read again and match the two parts of the sentences below Bookkeepers Management accountants Senior accountants at financial controller and director level Internal auditing External auditors a is about making sure that the management has sufficient control over what is going on in the company b the boring work - recording transactions in purchase ledgers and sales ledgers c have to verify that a company's published financial statements give a true and fair view of its profit, its assets and its liabilities d interpret the transactions recorded by bookkeepers e use accounting data to make decisions about how the business should proceed Unit 4: Accounting 30 Which branches of accounting defined in Vocabulary are not mentioned by Eric Sharp? Would you be interested in working in these areas of accounting? Reading 2: Financial statements There are three or four different statements that companies include in their Annual Reports, which shareholders can legally expect to see, The key documents are the profit and loss account, the balance sheet, and a funds flow statement of some kind In the USA, and under International Financial Reporting Standards, the profit and loss account is called an income statement This document is fairly self-explanatory: it's income less expenditure The balance sheet is a statement showing what the company has, and what it owes at the end of the year, while the funds flow statement attempts to show whether the company is generating or consuming cash The tax authorities require more detail than is given in these documents; taxable profit is not the same as accounting profit, so they will expect to see reconciliations between the two Vocabulary Investors and many people working in finance need to understand the basic terms in financial statements Decide which of the alternatives (a-c) each definition describes A charge for arranging a transaction (e.g buying or selling securities) a commission b fee c tax A charge for a service performed by a bank a commission b fee c tax Payments for an insurance policy a commissions b premiums c tariffs A reduction in the value of an asset, charged against profits a amortization b loss c waste Adjective meaning after all deductions have been made a gross b net c zero Adjective meaning for a whole group of companies a consolidated b corporate c mutual Adjective meaning one year or less in financial statements a annual b long-term c short-term Part-ownership (less than 50%) of other companies Unit 4: Accounting 31 a conglomeration b liabilities c minority interests Things of value that cannot be physically touched, such as reputation (goodwill), brand names and trademarks a intangible assets b liabilities c tangible assets 10 The net worth of a company - the amount by which assets exceed liabilities a dividends b profit c shareholders' equity Now look at the income statement from Barclays Bank, and complete it using answers from Vocabulary Some words can be used more than once Unit 4: Accounting 32 Financial ratios Unit 4: Accounting 33 Language focus Talking about figures In British English, and is used after hundred when saying figures; in American English it is not Example: 1,234,567,890 (British English) one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety (American English) one billion, two hundred thirty-four million, five hundred sixty-seven thousand, eight hundred ninety Barclays' consolidated statements are expressed in millions of pounds sterling; to get the total figure you need to add six zeros For example, their operating expenses were £10,527,000,000: ten billion, five hundred (and) twenty-seven million pounds These large figures can also be said as decimals: ten point five two seven billion pounds See Unit for more on saying decimal numbers Work in pairs and take turns to test your partner One person finds one of the following figures from the income statement, and reads it out The other person says which figure (1-6) it is Use a calculator if you need to the largest figure the largest negative figure (in brackets] total income over the two years total net profit over the two years total tax paid over the two years the increase in operating expenses since the previous year Work in pairs Ask your partner how much time, in hours or minutes, they think they spend in an average week doing the following things: working sleeping working in English watching television using a computer waiting at red traffic lights eating Calculate how many seconds they spend on each activity per year Read out the figures while your partner writes them down, and then check that you both have the same figures Unit 4: Accounting 34 Reading 3: Barclays' balance sheet Look at the balance sheet below and then read the passage about the bank Make notes on what the passage presents, and fill in the five missing figures Unit 4: Accounting 35 Large banks these days really possess and manage vast sums of money For example, Barclays' tangible assets - the buildings the banks are in, and so on, recorded in the accounts as property, plant and equipment - are only worth two point seven five four billion, but the group's total worth, or their shareholders' equity, is twenty-four point four three billion Their total assets are nine hundred and twenty-four billion, three hundred and fifty-seven million pounds Barclays' customers have deposited two hundred and thirty-eight billion, six hundred and eightyfour million pounds in their accounts, and the bank has advanced or lent its customers two hundred and sixty-eight billion, eight hundred and ninety-six million pounds These really are huge figures Choose the best answer: ………… is an organized market for the issue of new securities and the exchange of the second-hand ones A open market B partnership C stock exchange D corporate ………… is an association of two or more people who come together to run a business A company secretary B ownership C partnership D shareholder ………….is a business formed by a group of people using money provided by all of them A joint stock company B partnership C manufacturing D merchandizing Using all available accounting procedures and tricks to disguise the true financial position of a company is ……………… A creative accounting B bookkeeping C managerial accounting D cost accounting Writing down the details of transactions (debits and credits) is ………… A auditing B bookkeeping C managerial accounting D cost accounting Inspection and evaluation of accounts by a second set of accountants is ……… A auditing B bookkeeping C managerial accounting D cost accounting ………….is all the money received by a company during a given period A Revenue B Shareholder C Overhead D Stock ………….is all the money that a company will have to pay to someone else in the future, including taxes, debts, and interest and mortgage payments A Revenue B Liability C Overhead D Stock Unit 4: Accounting 36 The …………………must set up and understand the entire system of records so that he or she can analyze and interpret business transactions A accountant B bookkeeper C qualified person D controller 10 …………… is chiefly concerned with determining the unit cost of the products the company manufactures and sells A Cost accounting B Managerial accounting C Public accounting D Tax accounting 11 ………… is the review of an organization’s financial records by an accountant A Audit B Purchase C Direction D Institution 12 The duty of the bookkeeper is that he or she simply …………… A sets up a bookkeeping system B interprets the data in the bookkeeping system C performs the routine work D enters the data in the financial records 13 …………….are of course in business for some purpose other than making money A Manufacturing businesses B Non profit organizations C Business enterprises D Service businesses 14 Non profit organizations include …………… A religious groups, symphony orchestras, and charitable societies B dental practice, laundry, and bakery C Cotton mill, toy factory, and bakery D Souvenir shop, clothing store, and department store 15 …………….are things of value that are owned by a company A Assets B Liabilities C Owners’ Equity D Revenues 16 Assets of a business include: ……………… A cash, receivable, property, and owners’ equity B cash, checks, intangible, and proprietorship C money order, receivable, tax and tangible D cash, receivable, property and intangible 17 ……………refer to owner’s equity, or assets minus liabilities A Net assets B Net income C Assets 18 Which of the following is a liability account ? A Accounts receivable B Drawings payable C Rent expense D Revenues D Accounts 19 Decrease in mortgage account should be recorded by ………… A a debit B a credit C footing D trial balance 20 Accounts receivable are ………… A Current assets B Fixed assets C Current liabilities D Capital 21 Income accounts are increased on -A the credit side B the debit side C trial balance D Entry Unit 4: Accounting 37 22 The book that lists all the accounts of an organization is the -A Journal B Ledger C Cash report D Balance sheet 23 Decrease in the telephone (expense) account is recorded as A a debit B a credit C trial balance D Entry 24 Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity is ………… A the accounting equative B the basis accounting formula C the basic accounting equation D the salary basis 25 The left side of an account is referred to as ………… A the balance B a credit C a debit D a footing 26 Although debits may be used to increase assets, they may also be used to ……… A decrease assets B increase OE C increase expenses D increase liabilities 27 The payment of liabilities will…………… A increase both assets and liabilities C decrease assets and increase liabilities B increase assets and decrease liabilities D decrease assets and decrease liabilities 28 An agreement to spend $200 a month on advertising beginning next month requires………… A a debit to advertising expense B a debit to prepaid advertising C no entry D a credit to cash 29 The right side of an account is referred to as ………… A the balance B a credit C a debit D a footing 30 Which of the following is an asset account ? A Office equipment B Purchases C Sales D Drawings 31 Another term used for Capital is ……… A abbreviate B mortgage C proprietorship D fixture 32 The investment in an organization or business by the owner or owners is called …………… A transaction B capital C loan D purchase 33 ……………is an obligation that is owed by an organization A Capital B Account C Liability D Debit 34 The resulting profit or loss is posted to _ A A capital account B An asset account C A liability account D An Income account 35 is done by accountants who are not employees of the organization whose books they examine A independent auditing B internal auditing C audit standard D internal auditor Unit 4: Accounting 38 36 Economics events that affect the financial position of a business are called ………… A separate entities B money measures C business transactions D financial actions 37 The ability to earn enough income to attract and hold investment capital is known as ……… A owner’s investment B profitability C owner’s withdrawals D revenues 38 ………….means having enough funds on hand to pay debts when they are due A Liquidity B Money measure C Financial position D Due care New words: ƒ settle (v) : giải quyết, toán, kết toán, trả dứt ƒ settlement (n) : việc giải quyết, việc toán ƒ restate (v) : tuyên bố lại ƒ to accuse of : tố cáo ƒ bankrupt (adj/v) , bankruptcy (n) : phá sản, vỡ nợ ƒ dive (v) : lặn ƒ audit (v) : kiểm toán ƒ auditor (n) : kiểm toán viên ƒ auditing (n) : việc kiểm toán ƒ internal auditing : kiểm toán nội ƒ external auditing= independent auditing : kiểm toán ngoại ƒ definition (n) : định nghĩa ƒ expenditure (n) : việc chi tiêu ƒ cost accounting : kế toán giá thành ƒ management accounting : kế toán quản trị ƒ reduce (v) : giảm bớt ƒ evaluate (v) : đánh giá ƒ unit cost : giá thành đơn vị ƒ manufacture (v) : sản xuất, chế tạo ƒ direct cost (n) : chi phí trực tiếp ƒ indirect cost (n) : chi phí gián tiếp ƒ debt (n) : nợ ƒ purchase : (v) mua hàng ,(n) hàng mua ƒ ledger (n) : sổ Unit 4: Accounting 39 ƒ senior accountant (n) : kế toán viên cao cấp ƒ bookkeeper (n) : người giữ sổ sách, nhân viên kế toán ƒ financial controller (n) : kiểm sốt viên tài ƒ sufficient (adj) : đầy đủ ƒ verify (v) : xác minh, thẩm tra ƒ interpret (v) : diễn giải ƒ transaction (n) : giao dịch ƒ proceed (v) : tiếp tục, tiến lên ƒ explain (v) : giải thích ƒ explanatory (adj) : giải thích ƒ fair (adj) Ỉ fairly (adv) : hợp lý, công ƒ balance sheet (n) : bảng cân đối ƒ funds flow statement (n) : bảng vốn sử dụng vốn ƒ shareholder (n) : cổ đông ƒ consume (v) : tiêu thụ ƒ attempt (v) : cố gắng ƒ taxable profit (n) : lợi nhuận chịu thuế ƒ reconcile (v) : làm cho phú hợp ƒ reconciliation (n) : điều chỉnh, đối chiếu ƒ premium (n) : phí bảo hiểm, tiền thưởng ƒ amortization (n) : việc trả dần, việc khấu hao dần ƒ deduct (v) : trừ , deduction (n) ƒ corporate (adj) : (thuộc về) công ty ƒ tangible assets : tài sản hữu hình ƒ intangible assets : tài sản vơ hình ƒ goodwill (n) = reputation : uy tín kinh doanh, danh tiếng sở KD ƒ consolidated (adj) : hợp ƒ impairment (n) : sút kém, hư hỏng ƒ joint venture (n) : liên doanh ƒ derivative (adj) : phát sinh ƒ eligible bill : phiếu khoán ngân hàng hợp thức ƒ senior (adj) : cấp trên, cao cấp ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Unit 4: Accounting 40 ... ty ƒ tangible assets : tài sản hữu hình ƒ intangible assets : tài sản vơ hình ƒ goodwill (n) = reputation : uy tín kinh doanh, danh tiếng sở KD ƒ consolidated (adj) : hợp ƒ impairment (n) : sút... complete it using answers from Vocabulary Some words can be used more than once Unit 4: Accounting 32 Financial ratios Unit 4: Accounting 33 Language focus Talking about figures In British English,... loss account is called an income statement This document is fairly self-explanatory: it''s income less expenditure The balance sheet is a statement showing what the company has, and what it owes