Chapter Database Processing “No, Drew, You Don’t Know Anything About Creating Queries." • AllRoad Parts operational database used to determine which parts to consider for 3D printing • If Addison and Drew depend on Lucas (or IT dept) to produce reports, they will (a) wait a long time and (b) probably not get what they want • Once they get data, Addison create queries and reports without help from Lucas • Relying on own skills gives more freedom and better results • Relational database technology not appropriate for 3D parts files or graphics used for query-by-graphics MongoDB a better choice Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-2 Study Questions Q1: What is the purpose of a database? Q2: What is a database? Q3: What is a database management system? Q4: How database applications make databases more useful? Q5: How are data models used for database development? Q6: How is a data model transformed into a database design? Q7: What is the users’ role in the development of databases? Q8: 2024? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-3 Q1: What Is the Purpose of a Database? • • • Organize and keep track of things Keep track of multiple themes General rule:   Single theme - store in a spreadsheet Multiple themes - use a database Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-4 A List of Student Grades Presented in a Spreadsheet – Single Theme Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-5 Student Data Form With Multiple Themes Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-6 Q2: What Is a Database? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-7 Hierarchy of Data Elements Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-8 Components of a Database Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-9 Example of Relationships Among Rows Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-10 Two Normalized Tables Single Themes Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-39 Summary of Normalization Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-40 Representing 1:N Relationships Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-41 Representing an N:M Relationship: Strategy for Foreign Keys Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-42 Q7: What Is the Users’ Role in the Development of Databases? • Users are the final judges of: – – What data database should contain How tables should be related • Users review data model to ensure it accurately reflects users’ view of the business  Mistakes will come back to haunt them Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-43 Q8: 2024? • • • • Volume of database data will continue to grow, probably exponentially Cheap, unlimited storage space and greater processing speeds in relational databases Relational model is not needed, not natural fit with business documents Store new types of data such as images, audios, and videos Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-44 Q8: 2024? (cont'd) • • • More reliance on open source community Many NoSQL databases will exist New opportunities and career paths will develop around NoSQL databases 5-45 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc Q8: 2024? (cont'd) NoSQL DBMS (Not Relational DBMS)  Supports very high transaction rates  Relatively simple data structures  Replicated on many servers in the cloud • Examples  Dynamo (Amazon)  Bigtable (Google)  Cassandra (Facebook) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-46 Q8: 2024? (cont'd) • Will NoSQL Replace Relational DBMS Products? – Conversion very expensive and disruptive – Very technical, limited to those with a deep background in computer science – Requires years of training to use – Organization may choose NoSQL products for specialized applications Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-47 Guide: No, Thanks, I’ll Use a Spreadsheet Construct a data model and have users validate it • • • • • • Design database Implement database, and fill it with data Design, build, and test database applications Write procedures Train users Maintain system Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-48 Guide: No, Thanks, I’ll Use a Spreadsheet (cont'd) • • • • • Databases take time to build Complicated to operate Need IS people to create and keep them running Salesman doesn’t want to share data Spreadsheets sometimes better option, especially if data needs are simple Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-49 Guide: Immanuel Kant, Data Modeler • • • • Perception of reality is based on our perceptive apparatus Brain processes perceptions into something meaningful Human’s model what appears to be Users must determine if a data model fits their perception of reality Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-50 Active Review Q1: What is the purpose of a database? Q2: What is a database? Q3: What is a database management system? Q4: How database applications make databases more useful? Q5: How are data models used for database development? Q6: How is a data model transformed into a database design? Q7: What is the users’ role in the development of databases? Q8: 2024? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-51 Case Study 5: Fail Away with Dynamo, Bigtable, and Cassandra • • • • • • Current relational DBMS products not designed for large, multi-server systems NoSQL databases – Dynamo, Bigtable, Cassandra Amazon: Dynamo Google: Bigtable processes petabytes of data on hundreds of thousands of servers Both created to be elastic Cassandra used by Facebook, Twitter, Digg, Reddit Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 5-52 5-53 ... a Database Management System (DBMS)? • • • • Program used to create, process, and administer a database Licensed from vendors such as IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and others DB2 from IBM, Access and... is a database management system? Q4: How database applications make databases more useful? Q5: How are data models used for database development? Q6: How is a data model transformed into a database... security system involving user accounts, passwords, permissions, and limits for processing • • Permissions can be limited in very specific ways Backing up database data, adding structures to improve