Thank you for purchasing this e-book To receive special offers and news about our latest products, sign up below Sign Up Or visit LWW.com NEUROSCIENCE EXPLORING THE BRAIN 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd i 12/20/14 7:38 AM 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd ii 12/20/14 7:38 AM NEUROSCIENCE EXPLORING THE BRAIN FOURTH EDITION MARK F BEAR, Ph.D Picower Professor of Neuroscience The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts BARRY W CONNORS, Ph.D L Herbert Ballou University Professor Professor of Neuroscience and Chair Department of Neuroscience Brown University Providence, Rhode Island MICHAEL A PARADISO, Ph.D Sidney A Fox and Dorothea Doctors Fox Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Department of Neuroscience Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd iii 12/20/14 7:38 AM Acquisitions Editor: Jonathan Joyce Product Development Editor: Linda G Francis Development Editor: Tom Lochhaas Editorial Assistant: Tish Rogers Production Project Manager: Alicia Jackson Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt Illustration Coordinator: Jennifer Clements Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech Marketing Manager: Shauna Kelley Prepress Vendor: Absolute Service, Inc Fourth Edition Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright © 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright © 1996 Williams & Wilkins All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at lww.com (products and services) Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bear, Mark F., author Neuroscience : exploring the brain / Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradiso — Fourth edition p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-7817-7817-6 (hardback : alk paper) I Connors, Barry W., author II Paradiso, Michael A., author III Title [DNLM: Brain Neurosciences Spinal Cord WL 300] QP355.2 612.8—dc23 2014047026 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work LWW.com 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd iv 12/20/14 7:38 AM DEDICATION Anne, David, and Daniel Ashley, Justin, and Kendall Brian and Jeffrey Wendy, Bear, and Boo 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd v 12/20/14 7:38 AM 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd vi 12/20/14 7:38 AM PREFACE THE O ORIGINS RIGINS OF NEUROSCIE NEUROSCIENCE: ENCE: EXPLORING THE B RAIN N BRAIN For over 30 years, we have taught a course called Neuroscience 1: An Introduction to the Nervous System “Neuro 1” has been remarkably successful At Brown University, where the course originated, approximately one out of every four undergraduates takes it For a few students, this is the beginning of a career in neuroscience; for others, it is the only science course they take in college The success of introductory neuroscience reflects the fascination and curiosity everyone has for how we sense, move, feel, and think However, the success of our course also derives from the way it is taught and what is emphasized First, there are no prerequisites, so the elements of biology, chemistry, and physics required for understanding neuroscience are covered as the course progresses This approach ensures that no students are left behind Second, liberal use of commonsense metaphors, realworld examples, humor, and anecdotes remind students that science is interesting, approachable, exciting, and fun Third, the course does not survey all of neurobiology Instead, the focus is on mammalian brains and, whenever possible, the human brain In this sense, the course closely resembles what is taught to most beginning medical students Similar courses are now offered at many colleges and universities by psychology, biology, and neuroscience departments The first edition of Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain was written to provide a suitable textbook for Neuro 1, incorporating the subject matter and philosophy that made this course successful Based on feedback from our students and colleagues at other universities, we expanded the second edition to include more topics in behavioral neuroscience and some new features to help students understand the structure of the brain In the third edition, we shortened chapters when possible by emphasizing principles more and details less and made the book even more user-friendly by improving the layout and clarity of the illustrations We must have gotten it right because the book now ranks as one of the most popular introductory neuroscience books in the world It has been particularly gratifying to see our book used as a catalyst for the creation of new courses in introductory neuroscience NEW IN TH THE HE FOURTH EDITION The advances in neuroscience since publication of the third edition have been nothing short of breathtaking The elucidation of the human genome has lived up to its promise to “change everything” we know about our brains We now have insight into how neurons differ at the molecular level, and this knowledge has been exploited to develop revolutionary technologies to trace their connections and interrogate their functions The genetic basis for many neurological and psychiatric diseases has been revealed The methods of genetic engineering have made it possible to create animal models to examine how genes and genetically defined circuits contribute to brain function Skin cells derived from patients have vii 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd vii 12/20/14 7:38 AM viii PREFACE been transformed into stem cells, and these have been transformed into neurons that reveal how cellular functions go awry in diseases and how the brain might be repaired New imaging and computational methods now put within reach the dream of creating a “wiring diagram” for the entire brain A goal for the fourth edition was to make these and other exciting new developments accessible to the first-time neuroscience student We authors are all active neuroscientists, and we want our readers to understand the allure of brain research A unique feature of our book is the Path of Discovery boxes, in which famous neuroscientists tell stories about their own research These essays serve several purposes: to give a flavor of the thrill of discovery; to show the importance of hard work and patience, as well as serendipity and intuition; to reveal the human side of science; and to entertain and amuse We have continued this tradition in the fourth edition, with contributions from 26 esteemed scientists Included in this illustrious group are Nobel laureates Mario Capecchi, Eric Kandel, Leon Cooper, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard Moser AN OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK K Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain surveys the organization and function of the human nervous system We present material at the cutting edge of neuroscience in a way that is accessible to both science and nonscience students alike The level of the material is comparable to an introductory college text in general biology The book is divided into four parts: Part I, Foundations; Part II, Sensory and Motor Systems; Part III, The Brain and Behavior; and Part IV, The Changing Brain We begin Part I by introducing the modern field of neuroscience and tracing some of its historical antecedents Then we take a close look at the structure and function of individual neurons, how they communicate chemically, and how these building blocks are arranged to form a nervous system In Part II, we go inside the brain to examine the structure and function of the systems that serve the senses and command voluntary movements In Part III, we explore the neurobiology of human behavior, including motivation, sex, emotion, sleep, language, attention, and mental illness Finally, in Part IV, we look at how the environment modifies the brain, both during development and in adult learning and memory The human nervous system is examined at several different scales, ranging from the molecules that determine the functional properties of neurons to the large systems in the brain that underlie cognition and behavior Many disorders of the human nervous system are introduced as the book progresses, usually within the context of the specific neural system under discussion Indeed, many insights into the normal functions of neural systems have come from the study of diseases that cause specific malfunctions of these systems In addition, we discuss the actions of drugs and toxins on the brain using this information to illustrate how different brain systems contribute to behavior and how drugs may alter brain function Organization of Part I: Foundations (Chapters 1–7) The goal of Part I is to build a strong base of general knowledge in neurobiology The chapters should be covered sequentially, although Chapters and can be skipped without a loss of continuity In Chapter 1, we use an historical approach to review some basic principles of nervous system function and then turn to the topic of how neuroscience research is conducted today We directly confront the ethics of neuroscience research, particularly that which involves animals 000i-0xlii_Bear_FM_revised_final.indd viii 12/20/14 7:38 AM INDEX pulvinar nucleus and, 735 receptors of, 151t SCN and, 679 for taste, 270 Gamma band, 744b Gamma motor neurons, 473–474, 474 Gamma rhythms, 652, 652 Ganglion cell layer, of retina, 305, 306 Ganglion cells, 304, 305 action potentials by, 319 center-surround receptive fields and, 363 LGN and, 339, 339–340 photoreceptors of, 327–328 receptive fields of, 323–327 retinotopy and, 342 Gap junctions, 111–113, 112 Garcia, John, 276b Gardner, Allen, 689 Gardner, Beatrix, 689 Gardner, Howard, 699–700 Gardner, Randy, 664b Gastric phase, 562 Gate theory of pain, 446, 447 Gating, 63 Gazzaniga, Michael, 707, 708–709 GDP See Guanosine diphosphate Gelatinous cap, 403 Geminus, 428 Gender behavior and, 580 brain and, differences of, 595–612 sex and, 580–584 Gender identity, 581, 604b Gene copy number variations, 32, 755 Gene expression, 29, 33b, 48–49 Generalized anxiety disorder, 756t Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, 96 Generalized seizure, 655 General paresis of the insane, 753–754 Generator potential, 83–84 Genes, 32, 96 Gene targeting, 34b–35b Genetic engineering, 32–33 Genetics ASD and, 803b behavior and, 603–606 brain and, 603–606 of color vision, 316b dyslexia and, 693–694 language and, 692–694 schizophrenia and, 774, 774–775 of sex, 581–583, 603–606 sleep and, 672–673 wakefulness and, 672–673 Genetic sex, 581, 602–603 Gene transcription, 29–31, 31 Genome, 32, 33b, 96 Genotype, 581–582 Georgopoulos, Apostolos, 507–508 Geschwind, Norman, 701–704, 709–710 Gesner, Johann, 694–695 GFP See Green fluorescent protein GH See Growth hormone Ghrelin, 564 Gigaohm seal, 95b Girdle muscles, 456 Glabrous skin, 416, 417 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 961 Glaucoma, 300b Glia, 49–53 astrocytes and, 49 potassium ions and, 76 Global aphasia, 697t, 705 Globus pallidus, 233, 233, 498, 499 Glomeruli, 285, 286 Glossopharyngeal nerve, 246, 247, 274, 428 Glottis, 687, 687 Glu See Glutamate Glucocorticoid receptors, 761 GluR1, 885 Glutamate (Glu), 121, 121t, 122 ALS and, 463b ATP and, 160 GABA from, 159, 159 glutamatergic system and, 145 as G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor, 170t hyperplasia and, 439 pain and, 442 as poison, 167b receptors of, 151t for taste, 270 Glutamate-gated channels, 165–167, 166, 814, 815 Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, 777, 777–778, 778 Glutamate receptors calcium and, 877 LTD and, 884–885 LTP and, 884–885 potassium channels and, 164 as tetramers, 164 Glutamatergic system, 145, 150, 150 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), 159 Glycine (Gly), 121, 121t, 122, 159–160, 168 mutation and, 137b Glycine-gated channels, 168–169 Glycine receptors, 168 Glycogen, 553 GnRH See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gold, Geoffrey, 283, 284b Golding, Nace, 394b Goldman equation, 72, 73b, 75 Golgi, Camillo, 26, 26, 27, 36 Golgi apparatus, 36, 37 Golgi stain, 25–27, 26, 47b, 118b Golgi tendon organ, 474–477, 476 Golgi type I neurons, 48 Golgi type II neurons, 48 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 585 Gonadotropins, 585 Gonads See Reproductive organs Gorgan, Philip, 700–701 Gould, Elizabeth, 607–608 GPe, 498 GPi, 498, 500, 504b G-protein-coupled receptors, 126–128, 129, 139, 169, 169–175, 170t ATP and, 160 bitterness and, 273 CB and, 161b diffuse modulatory system and, 539 effectors and, 170–176 961 EPSP and, 537 rod photoreceptors and, 312, 313 second messenger cascade of, 175, 175 signal amplification by, 175, 175 for smell, 282–283 G-proteins, 127, 170, 171 adenylyl cyclase and, 173 shortcut pathway for, 171–172, 172 Graceful degradation, 870 Grandmother cells, 363 Gray, Charlie, 744b Gray matter, 7, 7, 192t, 203, 242, 242, 426 Gray’s type I synapses, 117, 119 Gray’s type II synapses, 119, 119, 138 Greece, ancient, brain in, Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 48, 187, 187 Grenness, Carl-Erik, 850b Grid cells, 847–852, 852 Grillner, Sten, 479 Growth cone, 796, 796 Growth hormone (GH), 337b, 528t Grundfest, Harry, 871b GTP See Guanosine triphosphate Guanosine diphosphate (GDP), 170, 171 Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 170, 171 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 103b Gustation See Taste Gustatory nucleus, 240, 240 Gynandromorph, 603, 605 Gyri, 7, 205, 223, 223 H H2S See Hydrogen sulfide Habits, learning, 861–862 Habituation, 827 Hair cells, 380–388, 381, 388 antibiotics and, 388 axons of auditory nerve and, 386, 386 depolarization of, 385, 385 receptor potential of, 384, 384, 386 spiral ganglion and, 386, 386 transduction of, 382–386 Hairs, follicles of, 419 Hairy skin, 416, 417 Hallucinogens, 546, 742 Haloperidol, 779 Hämäläinen, Matti, 650b Happiness, 626, 627, 627, 628 Hard problem of consciousness, 743 Harlow, John, 624b–625b Harris, Kristen M., 118b Hartline, Keffer, 319 Haxby, Jim, 360b HDAC2 See Histone deacetylase Hearing loss, 402b Heart, 245 ANS and, 454 Heart muscle, 149 Heath, Robert, 567b Hebb, Donald, 836–837, 866, 878b Hebbian modifications, 807 Hebb synapses, 807, 807 Hegemann, Peter, 86b Helicotrema, 379, 379 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 316 Hemiballismus, 504 12/20/14 7:41 AM 962 INDEX Hemispheres of cerebellum, 513–514 of cerebrum, 183, 206, 229, 229, 230, 233, 233 language and, 696, 696b, 706–710, 708 visual hemifield and, 334, 335 Hemophilia, 581 Henneman, Elwood, 459 Hermunculus, 432 Herpes, 426b Hertz (Hz), 371 Hess, W R., 638–639 Hetherington, A W., 556 5-HIAA See 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid Hillarp, Nils-Åke, 539 Hindbrain, differentiation of, 200–203, 202 Hippocampus, 209, 226, 237, 237, 838, 838 anatomy of, 874–877 estrous cycle and, 608, 610 HPA and, 760, 760–761, 761 LTD in, 882 memory and, 226, 609, 845, 846–853 microcircuits of, 874 neurogenesis and, 787b neurons of, 840, 840–841 NMDA receptors in, 609 place cells in, 848, 848–849 retrograde amnesia and, 854 Hippocrates, Histamine, 121t, 439, 440, 442, 667 Histology, 25 Histone deacetylase (HDAC2), 859b Hitzig, Eduard, 10–11, 492 HIV/AIDS, 754 HLA See Human leucocyte antigen Hobaiter, Catherine, 689 Hobson, Allan, 665 Hodgkin, Alan, 92, 97–98, 101 Hoffer, Barry, 542b Hofmann, Albert, 546 Homeostasis hypothalamus and, 524, 552–553, 639 motivated behavior and, 552–553 synaptic, 889–891 Homunculus, 432, 432 Horizontal cells, 305, 305 Horizontal connections, of LGN, 345, 345 Horizontal plane, 182, 182 Hormones, of anterior pituitary, 528t Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 45b Horsley, Victor, 504b Horvitz, Robert, 804 Hounsfields, Godfrey, 188 HPA See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HRP See Horseradish peroxidase 5-HT See Serotonin 5-HTP See 5-Hydroxytryptophan Hubel, David, 345, 349, 356, 431, 806, 809 Hudspeth, A J., 384 Hughes, John, 152b Human Genome Project, 33b Human leucocyte antigen (HLA), 669b Humoral response, 552, 557–558 Humors, Huntington disease, 502b–503b, 503, 503–504 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 962 Huxley, Andrew, 92, 97–98, 101, 468 Huxley, Hugh, 468 Hydrocephalus, 187b Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 162 Hydrophilic, 59, 62 Hydrophobic, 59 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 641 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 158 Hyperalgesia, 439–441, 441 Hyperekplexia, 137b Hyperkinesia, 501, 504 Hyperopia, 302b, 303 Hyperplasia, 439, 440, 603 Hyperpolarization, 312, 314, 320, 321, 385 Hyperreflexia, 488b Hyperthymesia, 826b Hypertonia, 488b Hypertrophy, 463 pituitary, 337b Hypocretin, 561, 667, 669b Hypoglossal nerve, 246, 247 Hypokinesia, 501 Hypomania, 764 Hypophysiotropic hormones, 528 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 759, 759–761 amygdala and, 760, 760–761, 761 antidepressants and, 769 hippocampus and, 760, 760–761, 761 Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation, 528, 667 Hypothalamus, 197, 198–199, 225, 225, 228, 232, 234, 235, 235 aggression and, 638–639 anger and, 638–639 anterior pituitary and, 528–531 body fat and, 554–556 estradiol and, 585, 608–609 feeding behavior and, 554–556, 557, 558 homeostasis and, 524, 552–553, 639 leptin and, 557–560, 559 location of, 524 motivated behavior and, 552–553, 576t neurites in, 608, 608 pituitary gland and, 525–531 posterior pituitary and, 525–528 responses of, 576t retina and, 585 sex hormones and, 585–587, 586 stress response and, 759, 759 zones of, 524–525, 525 Hypotonia, 488b Hypovolemia, 573 Hz See Hertz I Ia axons, 469, 470, 472b, 474 IACUC See Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Ib axons, 475–476 Iba-Zizen, Marie-Thérèse, 698b Immediate early genes, 673 Immunocytochemistry, 145–147, 146 Implicit memory, 825 Imprinting, 810b IN-1 See Anti-nogo antibody INAH See Interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus Indirect pathways, through basal ganglia, 498–500, 501 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), 756 Inferior colliculus, 200, 230, 230, 238, 238, 389 Inferior olive, 239, 239 Infiltration anesthesia, 102b Inflammation, hyperalgesia and, 439–441, 441 Inflammatory soup, 439 Infrasound, 372b Inhibition lateral, 429b reciprocal, 477, 477 shunting, 136–137, 138 of synaptic transmission, 136–138, 138 Inhibitors, 130 SSRIs, 159, 762–763, 768, 769, 769 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), 126, 129, 136–137, 138, 168 Inner ear, 373, 374, 376, 377–388 Inner hair cells, 381 Inner nuclear layer, of retina, 305, 306 Inner plexiform layer, of retina, 305–306, 306 Innervation, 42 Inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3), 173, 420 Input specificity, 876 Insel, Thomas, 591, 592b Inside-out assembly, of cerebral cortex, 789, 790 In situ hybridization, 146–147, 147, 148 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), 17 Instruction stimulus, 494 Instrumental conditioning, 827–828 Insula, 223, 223, 232, 234, 710, 711 Insulin, feeding behavior and, 564–565, 566 Insulin shock, diabetes mellitus and, 565, 565b Intellect, Descartes and, Intellectual disability, dendritic spines and, 47b Intelligence quotient (IQ) dendritic spines and, 47b verbal dyspraxia and, 693 Intensity, of sound, 371, 371–372, 391–393 Interblobs, 347, 353, 354–355, 355 Intercellular recording, of action potential, 83b Interleukin-1, 672 Intermediate filaments, 39 Intermediate zone, 203, 426 Internal capsule, 198, 233, 235, 487 Internal carotid artery, 248, 248 Internal mentation hypothesis, 722 Internal resistance, 135 Interneurons, 48, 460, 476–480, 480 Interoceptive awareness, 619 Interpretation, in neuroscience scientific process, 15–16 Interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH), 597, 611, 611–612 Intralaminar nuclei, 445 12/20/14 7:41 AM INDEX Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), 327–328, 328 Intrinsic signal imaging, 350b–351b Involuntary movements, 512b Ion channels, 63, 63 See also specific channels for smell, 284b thermoreceptors and, 449 Ionic driving force, 68 Ionic equilibrium potential See Equilibrium potentials Ion pumps, 63, 70–72, 72, 154b Ions, 58–59 diffusion of, 64, 64 electricity and, 64–66, 65 movement of, 64–66 protein and, 59 resting membrane potential and, 66–77 Ion selectivity, 63 IP3 See Inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate IpRGCs See Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells IPSCs See Induced pluripotent stem cells Ipsilateral anatomical reference, 182 IPSP See Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IQ See Intelligence quotient Iris, 296, 296 Isoleucine, 540b Itch, 441–442 Itti, Laurent, 736 IVB layer, 354–355, 355, 358 IVC layer, 345, 348, 349, 354–355, 355 J Jackson, John Hughlings, 657–658 Jacobsen, Carlyle, 637b Jaffe, Jerome, 152b James, William, 617 James–Lange theory, 617, 618 Jamison, Kay Redfield, 765b Joints, proprioception from, 476–477 Jones, Stephanie R., 650b Jordan, Michael, 840 Julesz, Bela, 364b Julius David, 440b Junzhong Liang, 308b K Kainate receptors, 150, 150, 165–166, 166 Kandel, Eric, 866, 870, 870b–872b Kanwisher, Nancy, 360b–361b Kapp, Bruce, 633–634 Karni, Avi, 665 Katz, Bernard, 110 Kauer, Julie, 572b–573b Keats, John, 765b Kennedy, Gordon, 555 Kennedy, John F., 530 Ketamine, 777 Kevorkian, Jack, 78b KIAA0319 gene, 694 Kidney, 245 ANS and, 533 brain and, 527, 527 Kinesin, 43–44 Kinetics, amino acid-gated channels and, 164 Kininogen, nociceptors and, 438 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 963 Kinocilium, 403, 406 Kleitman, Nathaniel, 659 Klinefelter syndrome, 582 Klüver, Heinrich, 630–631, 637b Klüver–Bucy syndrome, 630–631 Knee-jerk reflex, 471, 471 Knock-in mice, 33 Knockout mice, 33 Koch, Christof, 736, 744b–745b, 747 Koniocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 Konorski, Jerzy, 872b Kopell, Nancy, 650b–651b Korsakoff’s syndrome, 845b Kosterlitz, Hans, 152b Krause end bulbs, 417 Krebs, Hans, 38 Krebs cycle, 38 Kreiman, Gabriel, 747 Kuffler, Stephen, 319, 348–349 Kuypers, Hans, 487 L Labeled line hypothesis, 277 Labia, 587 Labyrinth See Vestibular labyrinth Lactation DA and, 607 somatosensory cortex and, 606–607, 607 Lactic acid, 439 Laminar organization, of retina, 305–306, 306 Lamination, of striate cortex, 343–344, 344 Laminin, 797, 797 Lange, Carl, 617 Language, 685–718 anatomical asymmetry of, 709, 709–710, 710 in animals, 688–690, 690 aphasia and, 697–705 ASL, 689, 705, 705, 715b in brain, 694–697, 697, 698b, 711–712, 712 cerebral hemispheres and, 696, 696b, 706–710, 708 cognitive neuroscience and, 14 electrical stimulation of brain and, 711–712, 712 fMRI for, 713, 713–717 genetics and, 692–694 PET for, 713–717, 716 split-brain studies and, 707, 707 thinking in different languages, 688b Language acquisition, 690–691, 691, 692 Large intestine, ANS and, 533 Larynx, 687, 687 Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 302b, 303 Lashley, Karl, 835–836, 837 LASIK See Laser in situ keratomileusis Lateral anatomical reference, 182 Lateral columns, 203, 242, 242 Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 237, 237, 332–333, 784, 784, 795–796 area 17 and, 791 autoradiography for, 345, 346 eyes and, 339, 339–340 963 ganglion cells and, 339, 339–340 horizontal connections of, 345, 345 koniocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 layer IV and, 809 magnocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 nonretinal inputs to, 341 ocular dominance columns and, 346 ocular dominance columns in, 345–347, 346 parvocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 radial connections of, 345, 345 receptive field and, 340–341 retina and, synaptic segregation and, 806–807 striate cortex and, synaptic segregation and, 808–809, 808b, 809 vision and, 294 Lateral hypothalamic area, 560–561 Lateral hypothalamic syndrome, 556 Lateral inhibition, 429b Lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP), 737 priority maps in, 736, 737–740, 739, 740 working memory and, 833–835, 835 Lateral line organs, 403 Lateral pathway, 243, 243, 486–488, 487, 499 Lateral ventricles, 196, 205t, 227, 227, 232, 232, 234, 236, 236 schizophrenia and, 775, 775 Lateral zone, of hypothalamus, 524, 525 Lawrence, Donald, 487 Layer I, 209 Layer IV, LGN and, 809 Layer of photoreceptor outer segments, of retina, 306, 306 Layer V, 506–507 Layer VI, 786, 788 L-Dopa, 504b Learned fear, 633–635, 634 Learning See also Memory associative, 827–828 flavor aversion learning, 276b forebrain and, 545 habits, 861–862 LTP in CA1 and, 887, 887 memory and, 824 NMDA receptors and, 887 nonassociative, 827, 827 sleep-learning, 666 synapses and, 43, 897 Leary, Timothy, 546 LeDoux, Joseph, 634 Left visual hemifield, 334, 335 Length constant, 134–135 Lens, 298, 299, 301, 301–302 Leptin AgRP and, 561 hypothalamus and, 557–560, 559 NPY and, 561 obesity and, 555, 555, 556, 556b pregnancy and, 606 Lethal injection, 78b Leucine, 540b LeVay, Simon, 611 12/20/14 7:41 AM 964 INDEX Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 804 Levitsky, Walter, 709–710 Lewis, Donald, 856 LGN See Lateral geniculate nucleus LH See Luteinizing hormone Lidocaine, 102b Ligand-binding method, 151–152 Light melatonin and, 585 properties of, 294–295 Light adaptation, 316–319, 318, 319 Lily, John, 689 Limbic lobe, 622, 622 Limbic system, 621, 621–625, 637b Lindstrom, Jon, 464b Lipid, 59 Lipostatic hypothesis, 555 Lithium, 770–771, 771 Lobectomy, 630–631, 841–843, 842 Lobes, of cerebrum, 7, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223 See also Frontal lobe; Parietal lobe; Temporal lobe limbic, 622, 622 occipital, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223 Local anesthesia, 102b Localization in brain, 10–11, 11, 12, 12 in cerebrum, 16 sleep and, 666 of sound, 394–399 Locus coeruleus, 539–541, 540, 541, 667 Loewi, Otto, 110, 111b, 144, 148 Logothetis, Nikos, 743–746, 744b Long, Michael, 113 Longitudinal cerebral fissure, 229 Long-term depression (LTD), 881–888 in CA1, 882–884 calcium and, 884 glutamate receptors and, 884–885 in hippocampus, 882 memory and, 886–889 NMDA receptors and, 882–884 synaptic scaling and, 891 synaptic transmission and, 881 Long-term memory, 828, 867 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 572b–573b, 874–879 AMPA receptors and, 878–879 of CA1, 875, 875–879, 879 learning and, 887, 887 calcium and, 884 EPSP and, 875–876, 876 glutamate receptors and, 884–885 memory and, 886–889 NMDA receptors and, 877, 877–879, 878b synaptic scaling and, 891 Lorenz, Konrad, 810, 810b Loudness See Intensity Lou Gehrig disease See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Love, brain and, 594, 594–595 Lowell, Robert, 765b Lowenstein, Werner, 420 Lower motor neurons, 456–463, 457, 458, 459 LSD See Lysergic acid diethylamide 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 964 LTD See Long-term depression LTP See Long-term potentiation Lumbar puncture, 425 Lumbar vertebrae, 240, 241, 423–426, 424 Luria, Alexander, 826b Luteinizing hormone (LH), 528t, 585–586 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 546 M MMM1 See Primary motor cortex MAChR See Muscarinic ACh receptors MacKinnon, Roderick, 73–74 MacLeod, Don, 308b Macula, 297, 297, 406 Macular degeneration, 300b Magendie, Franỗois, 9, 17 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 103b, 188, 189b Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 648–650, 649, 650b–651b Magnocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 Magnocellular neurosecretory cells, 525, 526 Magnocellular pathway, 354–355, 355 Mairan, Jean Jacques d’Ortous de, 675 Major depression, 763–764 Malleable motor map, 509, 509–510 Malleus, 374, 375 Mammillary body, 228, 235, 235, 845 Mania, 764 Manic-depressive disorder, 764 MAO See Monamine oxidase MAPs See Microtubule-associated proteins Marginal zone (MZ), 785, 793 Marijuana, appetite and, 563, 563b Masashi Yanagisawa, 669b Masculinization, of brain, 600–601 Mast cells, 439 Materialism, 742 Mating strategies, sex and, 590 Matrix, 36, 114 extracellular, 797 Mayberg, Helen, 771, 772b MC4 receptor, 560, 560ϩ McCarley, Robert, 665 McCarthy, Greg, 361, 361b McClintock, Martha, 279b McDermott, Josh, 360b McEwen, Bruce, 531b, 608 McGinley, Matthew, 394b MCH See Melanin-concentrating hormone McIlwain, James, 508–509, 510b–511b Mechanical nociceptors, 439 Mechanoreceptors frequency and, 419, 419 receptive fields of, 418 of skin, 417, 417–422, 418, 428 Mechanosensitive ion channels, 420, 421 Medial anatomical reference, 182, 225, 225 Medial forebrain bundle, 639 Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), 237, 237, 374, 380, 389 Medial lemniscal pathway, 426, 427 Medial lemniscus, 240, 240, 428 Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 408, 409 Medial prefrontal cortex, sadness and, 626 Medial superior temporal (MST), 358–359 Medial temporal lobe, 829 declarative memory and, 837–841, 838 engrams in, 840 sexual arousal and, 588–589 Medial zone, of hypothalamus, 524, 525 Medulla, adrenal, 528 Medulla oblongata, 200, 225, 225, 228, 228, 444 rostral anatomical reference for, 239, 239 spinal cord and, 240, 240 white matter and, 202 Medullary pyramids, 200, 239, 239, 240, 486, 487 Medullary reticular formation, 240 Medullary reticulospinal tract, 243, 490, 491 MEG See Magnetoencephalography Meissner’s corpuscles, 417, 417, 418, 419 Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), 561 Melanopsin, 678 Melatonin, 230, 585, 672 Melzack, Ronald, 446, 447 Membrane differentiation, 115 Membrane potential, 66 See also Resting membrane potential depolarization of, 75, 75 potassium ions and, 75–77 relative ionic permeability and, 90, 91 Membrane resistance, 135 Membrane trafficking, 125b Memory, 823–863 See also specific types acquisition of, 867–891 amygdala and, 633–635, 635, 845 basal ganglia and, 861 cerebrum and, CREB and, 894–896, 896 emotion and, 633–635, 635 estrogen and, 608–610 extraordinary examples of, 826b forebrain and, 545 hippocampus and, 226, 609, 845, 846–853 Korsakoff’s syndrome and, 845b learning and, 824 LTD and, 886–889 LTP and, 886–889 mammillary body and, 845 midline and, 845 molecular mechanisms of, 865–898 neurons and, 867–870 proteins and, 888b reconsolidation of, 856–857, 858b–859b REM sleep and, 665 structural plasticity and, 896–897 in synapses, 43, 870, 870b–872b, 871, 872, 894, 895, 897 taste and, 276b types of, 824–829 vision and, area IT and, 868, 868–869 Memory consolidation, 828, 828, 867, 891–897 CaMK and, 892, 892–893 engrams and, 853–857, 855 models for, 854–856, 855 protein kinases and, 892–893 protein synthesis and, 893–897 Memory traces See Engrams 12/20/14 7:41 AM INDEX Mendell, Lorne, 469, 472b Meninges, 185–186, 186 Menstrual cycle, 586 Mental illness, 751–780 See also specific illnesses biological approaches to, 753–756 brain and, 752–756 psychosocial approaches to, 753 synapse and, 43 Mental imagery, cognitive neuroscience and, 14 Merkel cells, 420 Merkel’s disk, 417, 417, 418, 420 Merzenich, Michael, 435 Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, 544, 775, 776 Mesoderm, 192 Mesopic conditions, 309 Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), 29–32, 33b, 146–147, 147, 148, 157 Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), 882 Metabotropic receptors, 127 Metaplasticity, 889–891, 890 Metencephalon, 200 Metric system, 25t MGluRs See Metabotropic glutamate receptors MGN See Medial geniculate nucleus Microelectrode, 66 Microfilaments, 39, 39 Microglia, 52 Microiontophoresis, 148, 149 Microscopy, 28, 304–312 electron, 28, 28, 52, 116, 213 Microtome, 25 Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), 39 Microtubules, of cytoskeleton, 38–39, 39, 43, 44 Microvilli, 269 Midbrain, 225, 225, 228, 228, 230, 230, 487 aggression and, 639–640 caudal anatomical reference for, 238, 238 DA and, 543–544 differentiation of, 199, 199–200 estradiol in, 585 rostral anatomical reference for, 238, 238 sleep and, 667 spinothalamic pain pathway and, 444 thalamus and, 236, 236–237, 237 Middle cerebral artery, 248, 248, 249, 249 Middle ear, 373, 374–377, 375, 376 Midline, 182, 845 Mid-medulla, cross section of, 240, 240 Midsagittal plane, 182, 182 Mignot, Emmanuel, 669b Miller, Chris, 73–74, 76 Miller, Don, 308b Miller, Ralph, 856 Milner, Brenda, 841 Milner, Peter, 566 Mind, map of, 792b–793b Mind–brain problem, The Mind of a Mnemonist (Luria), 826b Miniature postsynaptic potential, 133 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 965 Mirror neurons, 495–498, 497 Misanin, James, 856 Mitochondria, 42 ATP and, 38, 38 calcium pump and, 71 MAO on, 158 in soma, 36–37, 38 Modiolus, 381 Modulation See also Diffuse modulatory system LGN and, 341 of NE, 139 by peptides, 537–538 of synapses, 812–813, 813 of synaptic transmission, 138–140, 139 Molaison, Henry, 841 Molarity, 65 Molecular medicine, 754–756, 755 Molecular neurobiologists, 15, 15t Molecular neuroscience, 13 Molecular switch hypothesis, 893 Moles, 65 Monamine hypothesis of mood disorders, 764–766 Monamine oxidase (MAO), 158, 764–766, 768, 769 Money, John, 604b Moniz, Egas, 637b Monochromats, 316b Monocular deprivation, 809, 809 Monogamy, 590 Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 267 Monosynaptic pathway, 533 Monosynaptic stretch reflex arc, 470 Monovalent, 59 Mood See also Affective disorders behavioral neuroscience and, 14 depression and, 19 Moore, Chris, 650b Morris, Richard, 847, 887, 894 Morris water maze, 847, 847 Moruzzi, Giuseppe, 667–668 Moscovitch, Morris, 854 Moser, Edvard, 850, 850b–851b Moser, May-Britt, 850, 850b–851b Motion perception, MST and, 359 Motion processing, in central visual system, 358–359 Motivated behavior, 551–578 See also Feeding behavior DA and, 568–571, 569b for drinking, 573–575 homeostasis and, 552–553 hypothalamus and, 552–553, 576t temperature regulation, 575–576 Motor areas, 212, 224, 224 Motor cortex, 486, 488, 492–493 Motor end-plate, 119, 120 Motor loop, 498–499, 499, 514–515, 515 Motor nerves, 9–10 Motor neuron pool, 459, 460 Motor neurons, 48, 56 alpha, 458–461, 460, 461, 469, 474, 477 cholinergic, 49 corticospinal tract and, 506, 506 gamma, 473–474, 474 965 lower, 456–463, 457, 458, 459 neurotransmitters and, 49 in ventral horn, 459, 459–460 Motor programs, 454, 478–481, 479 Motor proteins, 386 Motor strip, 505 Motor system brain and, 483–516 control hierarchy for, 484, 484, 484t excitation-contraction coupling and, 464–468 lower motor neurons and, 456–463, 457, 458 somatic motor system and, 454–456 spinal cord and, 453–481 in systems neuroscience, 13 Motor units, 458, 460 spinal cord and, 469–481 types of, 461–463, 462 Mouth, anatomy of, 267 Movement field, 510b MPP, 502b MPTP, 502b MRI See Magnetic resonance imaging MRNA See Messenger ribonucleic acid MS See Multiple sclerosis MSG See Monosodium glutamate ␣MSH See Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone MST See Medial superior temporal M-type ganglion cells, 325, 325, 326, 354–355, 355 Mucus, 279 Müllerian duct, 583–584, 603 Müllerian-inhibiting factor, 584, 603 Multinucleated muscle fiber, 464 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 19t, 103b, 610 Multiple trace model of consolidation, 854–856, 855 Multipolar neurons, 46 Munk, Hermann, 11 Munro, Paul, 880, 880b–881b Mu rhythms, 651–652 Muscarine, 150, 150 Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR), 150, 537 Muscle contraction, 459–461, 460 EPSP and, 472b–473b excitation-contraction coupling and, 464–468 molecular basis of, 466–468, 467 nerve regeneration and, 472b–473b sliding-filament model of, 466, 466–467 Muscle fibers CNS and, 454 structure of, 464–465, 465 Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), 801 Muscle spindles, 460, 469, 469–471 MuSK See Muscle-specific kinase Mutation, 32 ALS and, 463b of amino acids, 96 GABA, epilepsy and, 656 Gly and, 137b poisons and, 137b Myasthenia gravis, 464b Myelencephalon, 200 12/20/14 7:41 AM 966 INDEX Myelin, 49, 52 action potential and, 103–104 MS and, 103b saltatory conduction and, 103–104, 103b, 104 Myelin sheath, 49, 103, 104b Schwann cells and, 103 Myenteric plexus, 536 Myofibrils, 465, 465, 466 Myopia, 302b, 303 Myosin, 386, 467 Myotatic reflex See Stretch reflex MZ See Marginal zone N NA See Nucleus accumbens N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), 121t NAChR See Nicotinic ACh receptors Nadel, Lynn, 854 Naloxone, 448 Napoleon Bonaparte, 279b Narcolepsy, 667, 669b Nasal passages, anatomy of, 267 Nasal retina, 297, 297 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 20 Natural selection, 11, 11 Navigation, MST and, 359 NCC See Neural correlates of consciousness NE See Norepinephrine Necrosis, 804 Negative symptoms, for schizophrenia, 773 Neglect syndrome, 437, 437, 737, 738, 738b Neher, Erwin, 95b Neocortex, 209–214, 492, 791 declarative memory and, 835–837 Korsakoff’s syndrome and, 845b Nernst equation, 69–70, 70b Nerve cells, 12–13 Nerve deafness, 402b Nerve fibers, Nerve growth factor (NGF), 804 Nerve impulse, 41 Nerves See also specific nerves as wires, 9–10 Nervous system See also Autonomic nervous system; Central nervous system; Peripheral nervous system anatomical references for, 180–183, 182 anatomical subdivisions of, communication in, 523 evolution of, 11–12 major disorders of, 19–20, 19t Renaissance and, structure of, 179–215 Netrin, 797–798 Neural coding, 350b–351b of taste, 277–279 Neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), 743–749, 745 Neural crest, 193, 194 Neural folds, 194 Neural groove, 192 Neural plate, 193 Neural precursor cells, 786, 786, 788, 790, 790, 793 pyramidal cells and, 790, 790 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 966 Neural space, 288 Neural tube, 193, 193–195, 194b, 195, 231 Neuraxis, 231, 236 Neuregulin, 801 Neurites, 26, 26, 28, 213 estrogen and, 608, 608 gap junctions and, 112 in hypothalamus, 608, 608 neuron classification by, 46, 48 Neuroanatomists, 14 Neurofibrillary tangles, 40b Neurofilaments, of cytoskeleton, 39, 39 Neurogenesis, 769 in brain, 785–795, 787b cell differentiation in, 789–790 cell migration in, 788–789, 789 cell proliferation in, 785–788, 787 cerebral cortex differentiation in, 791–792, 795 Neurohormones, 525 Neuroleptic drugs, 776, 776–777 Neurologists, 14t Neuromuscular junction, 119, 120 ACh and, 130 myasthenia gravis and, 464b synapses and elimination of, 804–805 formation of, 801 Neuronal membrane, 29, 59, 60 concentration gradient and, 70–72, 71 cytoplasm and, 38 ion channels in, 63 selective permeability of, 72, 73b Neuronal membrane transporter, 154b Neuron doctrine, 27 Neurons, 12–13, 23–49 in Alzheimer’s disease, 41b axons of, 26, 26, 39–44, 42, 56–57 in brain, 24, 783–820 in cerebral cortex, 106b classification of, 46–49, 48 collections of, 192t cytoarchitecture of, 25 cytoskeleton of, 38–39, 39, 40b, 59 dendrites of, 26, 26–27, 44–46 electrical behavior of, 106b electrical current into, 85 genes in, 32 of hippocampus, 840, 840–841 internal structure of, 30 memory and, 867–870 neurotransmitters and, 48–49 parts of, 26, 26 reduction of, 802–805 rough ER in, 36, 36 smooth ER in, 36 soma of, 26, 26, 29–38 in systems neuroscience, 13 Neuropathologists, 14t Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 121t, 537, 558, 560, 561 Neuropharmacologists, 14–15 Neuropharmacology, 50, 130–132, 150–151 Neurophysiologists, 14 Neuroscience current state of, 13–20 origins of, 4–13 scientific process in, 15–16 Neuroscience research, animals in, 16–18, 18 rights of, 17–18 welfare of, 17 Neuroscientists, 14–15 Neurosecretory neurons, 525 Neuroses, frontal lobotomy for, 637b Neurosteroids, 170 Neurosurgeons, 14t Neurotransmitter receptors, 151t ligand-binding method for, 151–152 molecular analysis of, 152–153 neuropharmacology and, 150–151 for opiates, 152b Neurotransmitters, 121t See also specific neurotransmitters amino acids and, 159–160 amino acids as, 120, 121, 144, 159, 159–160 ANS and, 537–538 chemical synapses and, 120–130 chemistry of, 153–163 in CNS, 148, 523 depolarization and, 148 diffusion of, 130 effectors for, 124–130 enzymes and, 145–147 hyperplasia and, 439 ion pumps and, 154b motor neurons and, 49 neuromuscular junction and, 120 neurons and, 48–49 peptides as, 120 photoreceptors and, 320 postganglionic neurons and, 538 receptors for, 59, 124–130, 149–153 recovery and degradation of, 130 release of, 122–123, 126, 148 steroids and, 599, 600 synapse and, 43 synthesis and storage of, 122, 123 for taste, 270 transporters of, 155 Neurotransmitter systems, 143–177, 144 convergence of, 176, 176–177 divergence of, 176, 176–177 Neurotrophins, 804 hyperplasia and, 439 Neurulation, 194, 194–195, 194b Newsome, William, 358 Newton, Isaac, 295 NGF See Nerve growth factor Niacin, 754 Nicotine, in tobacco, 149–150 Nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR), 132, 150 ANS and, 537 ethanol and, 168 excitation-contraction coupling and, 467 GABA receptors and, 168 glycine receptors and, 168 as transmitter-gated ion channel, 163–164, 164 Niemann, Albert, 102b Night terrors, 661b NIMH See National Institute of Mental Health 12/20/14 7:41 AM INDEX Nineteenth century, brain in, 8–13 Nissl, Franz, 25 Nissl bodies, 25 Nissl stain, 25, 25 of cerebral cortex, 209 of striate cortex, 343 Nitric oxide (NO), 162–163, 588 for sleep, 672 NMDA See N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA-gated channels, 165–167, 166, 167 NMDA receptors, 150, 150, 777, 777–778, 778, 815, 815–818, 816, 817, 818 glutamate-gated channels, 165–167, 166 in hippocampus, 609 learning and, 887 LTD and, 882–884 LTP and, 877, 877–879, 878b spinal interneurons and, 479–480, 480 synaptic plasticity and, 882–884, 884 synaptic scaling and, 891 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 168 NO See Nitric oxide Nociception, 437–438 Nociceptors, 438–441 convergence of, 443 Node of Ranvier, 49 myelin sheath and, 103, 104b Nonassociative learning, 827, 827 Nondeclarative memory, 824–825, 825 NonM–nonP ganglion cells, 325 Nonpolar covalent bonds, 59 Non-REM sleep, 658–659, 659t, 660, 668 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 440 Noradrenergic system, 144 Norepinephrine (NE), 121, 121t, 139, 157, 538 diffuse modulatory system and, 539 falling asleep and, 668 as G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor, 170t locus coeruleus and, 539–541, 540, 541 modulation of, 139 noradrenergic system and, 144 Purkinje cells and, 542b–543b receptors of, 151t second messenger cascade and, 172–173 sleep and, 666, 667 stimulants and, 547 Nottebohm, Fernando, 787b NPY See Neuropeptide Y NT-3, 804 NT-4, 804 Nuclear envelope, 29 Nucleus, 192t of soma, 29–32 Nucleus accumbens (NA), 607 Nucleus of the solitary tract, 537 appetite and, 564 Nutrition diffuse modulatory system and, 540b Korsakoff’s syndrome from, 845b neural tube and, 194b O Obesity, 553 DNA and, 555 leptin and, 555, 555, 556, 556b Ob gene, 555 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 967 Observation, in neuroscience scientific process, 15 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 757 Occipital face area (FFA), 362 Occipital face area (OFA), 361 Occipital lobe, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223 OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder Ocular dominance columns, 350, 350b, 803, 808–809, 808b, 809 binocular receptive fields and, 348 binocular vision and, 809 in cortical modules, 356–357, 357 in LGN, 345–347, 346 plasticity of, 809 Ocular dominance shift, 810–811, 811 Oculomotor nerve, 246, 247 Odorants, 279 Oertel, Donata, 394b OFA See Occipital face area OFF bipolar cells, 322–323 OFF-center ganglion cells, 323–324, 324 directional selectivity and, 352 Öhman, Arne, 619 Ohms, 65 Ohm’s law, 65, 88 Ojemann, George, 712 O’Keefe, John, 848, 852 Olds, James, 566 O’Leary, Dennis, 794 Olfaction See Smell Olfactory bulb, 196, 198, 226, 228, 279b, 280, 285, 286 estradiol in, 585 olfactory maps and, 288 Olfactory cortex, 209 Olfactory epithelium, 278, 278–280 Olfactory maps, 288–290 olfactory bulb and, 288 Olfactory nerve, 246, 247, 280 Olfactory receptor cells, 278–279, 283 Olfactory receptor neurons, 280–284, 286 Olfactory receptor proteins, 282–283 Olfactory system, 220, 279b Oligodendroglial cells, 49, 52 Olson, Lars, 542b–543b Olton, David, 846, 852 ON bipolar cells, 322 ON-center ganglion cells, 323–324 directional selectivity and, 352 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 11 Onuf’s nucleus, 596 Ophthalmoscope, of eyes, 297, 297 Opiates ligand-binding method for, 151, 151 neurotransmitter receptors for, 152b Opioid receptors, 448 Opioids, 151, 448 Opsin, 313, 315–316 Optic chiasm, 226, 228, 333–334, 799 Optic disc, 297, 297 Optic nerve, 196, 228, 246, 247, 296, 297, 299, 333–334 Optic radiation, 339 Optics, 295–296 Optic tectum, 338 Optic tract, 228, 333–334 targets of, 335–338 967 Optogenetics, 86–88, 88, 148 Orexigenic peptides, 560 Orexin, 561, 667 Organelles, 29 Organizational effects, of steroid hormones, 599 The Organization of Behavior (Hebb), 836 Organ of Corti, 377, 377, 380–382, 381 Orgasm, in sexual response cycle, 587, 588–589 Orientation columns, 349, 358 Orientation selectivity, 348–350, 349 Oscilloscope, 82, 84 Osmometric thirst, 574, 575 Ossicles, 373, 373, 375 sound amplification by, 375–377 Otoacoustic emissions, 387b Otolith organs, 403, 403 Outer ear, 373, 374 Outer hair cells, 381 sound amplification by, 386–388, 388 Outer nuclear layer, of retina, 305, 306 Outer plexiform layer, of retina, 306, 306 Oval window, 373, 373, 375, 379, 379 Overshoot, of action potential, 82, 98 OVLT See Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis Oxytocin, 526 sex and, 591–594, 592b, 593 P P2 gene, 285, 286 Pacemaker, 653 Pacinian corpuscle, 417, 417, 418 vibration and, 419, 419–420 PAG See Periaqueductal gray matter Pain, 438–448 ascending pathways for, 443–446, 445 congenital insensitivity to, 438b descending pathways for, 446–447, 447 first pain, 442, 442 gate theory of, 446, 447 placebo effect and, 448b referred, 443 regulation of, 446–448 second pain, 442, 442 spinothalamic pathway for, 444, 444–445 threshold for, 439 transduction of, 438–441 trigeminal pathway for, 445 Palate, 267 Panic disorder, 756t, 757, 758b, 762 Papez, James, 622–624, 623 Papez circuit, 622–624, 623, 845b Papillae, on tongue, 267–269, 269 Pappenheimer, John, 672 Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), 640 Parahippocampal cortex, 838–839 Parahippocampal place area (PPA), 361b Parallel pathways, 354–355, 355 Parallel processing, 328 visual perception and, 363–364 Paralysis, 488b Paraphasic errors, 699, 705 Parasympathetic division, of ANS, 245, 245, 532, 532, 533–534, 534 erection and, 588 12/20/14 7:41 AM 968 INDEX Paraventricular nucleus, 558 Paresis, 488b Parietal lobe, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223, 234, 234, 236, 493 attention and, 731, 731–733, 732 central visual system and, 358–359 conduction aphasia and, 704–705 neglect syndrome and, 738b Parkinson’s disease, 19, 19t, 502b–503b, 503 amnesia and, 861–862, 862 basal ganglia and, 501–503 DBS for, 504b–505b dopa for, 158 estrogen replacement therapy and, 610 substantia nigra and, 235, 543 Partial seizure, 655, 657–658 Parvocellular LGN layers, 340, 340, 345, 354–355, 355 Parvocellular neurosecretory cells, 528–529, 529 Parvo-interblob pathway, 354–355, 355 Patch clamp, 94, 95b, 132, 132 Pathophysiology, 754–756 Pathway formation, in brain, 795–802, 796 Pathway selection, 796 Patrick, Jim, 464b Pavlov, Ivan, 827 Pax6, 791 PCP See Phencyclidine PCPA See Parachlorophenylalanine PDE See Phosphodiesterase Penfield, Wilder, 431–432, 492, 711–712, 839 Penis, 535, 587–588, 660 Peptide bonds, 60, 62 Peptidergic system, 145 Peptides See also Polypeptides AgRP, 558, 560 anorectic peptides, 558 hyperplasia and, 439 modulation by, 537–538 as neurotransmitters, 120, 144 NPY, 121t, 558, 560 leptin and, 561 orexigenic peptides, 560 peptidergic system and, 145 Perceptual illusions, 332, 333 Perforant path, 874 Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), 238, 447–448, 640 Perikaryon, 26 Perilymph, 379 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 8, 184–185 ATP in, 160 Schwann cells in, 49–51 spinal nerves in, 240 Perirhinal cortex, 838 Periventricular zone, of hypothalamus, 524–525, 525 Pert, Candace, 151 PET See Positron emission tomography Peters, Alan, 49 Phantom limb sensations, 436 Pharmacology, 164 See also Drugs Pharynx, 267, 687, 687 Phase locking, 392–393, 394b 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 968 Phelps, M E., 190b Phencyclidine (PCP), 777, 777–778 Phenelzine, 768 Phenobarbital, 168 Phenotype, 462 Phentolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), 158 Phenylalanine, 540b Phenylketonuria (PKU), 47b Pheromones, 279b Phobias, 756t Phonemes, 687 Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), 173, 174 Phosphodiesterase (PDE), 313, 315, 315 Phospholipase C (PLC), 173 Phospholipid bilayers electrical current and, 65 potassium channels and, 67–68 resting membrane potential and, 59, 60 Phospholipids, 59 Phosphorylation, 139, 174, 174 Photomap hypothesis, 792b–793b Photopic conditions, 309 Photopigments, 306, 316, 316, 318, 678 Photoreceptors, 294, 304, 305 See also Cone photoreceptors; Rod photoreceptors of ganglion cells, 327–328 hyperpolarization of, 312, 314, 320 layer of photoreceptor outer segments, of retina, 306, 306 neurotransmitters and, 320 receptive field and, 363 SCN and, 678 structure of, 306–309 Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), 302b Phototransduction, 312–319, 313 Phrenology, 10, 10 Pia mater, 186, 186, 242, 344 Pineal body, 225, 225, 230, 230 Pineal gland, 7, 585 Pinna, 373 Pioneer axons, 797 PIP2 See Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate Pitch, 372, 394b Pitcher, David, 361b Pituitary gland, 528t See also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis estradiol in, 585 hypothalamus and, 525–531 location of, 524 sex hormones and, 585–587, 586 Pituitary hypertrophy, 337b PKA See Protein kinase A PKC See Protein kinase C PKM␨ See Protein kinase M zeta PKU See Phenylketonuria Placebo effect, 448b Place cells, 847–852, 848, 848–849, 852 Place code, 380 Planum temporale, 710, 710 Plasticity of cerebral cortex, 435, 435–436 synapses of, 814–818 metaplasticity, 889–891, 890 of ocular dominance columns, 809 spike timing-dependent plasticity, 882, 882 structural, memory and, 896–897 synaptic, 878b synaptic, NMDA receptors and, 882–884, 884 Plateau, in sexual response cycle, 587 PLC See Phospholipase C PMA See Premotor area PNMT See Phentolamine N-methyltransferase PNS See Peripheral nervous system Poe, Edgar Allan, 765b Poisons, 137b, 267 glutamate as, 167b Polar covalent bonds, 58 Polar solvent, water as, 57–59, 58 Polyandry, 590 Polygamy, 590 Polygyny, 590 Polymerization, 38 Polymers, 38 Polymodal nociceptors, 439 Polypeptides, 60, 62, 98 VIP, 121t, 537, 588 Polyribosomes, 36, 36, 46, 46 Polysynaptic alpha motor neurons, 477 Pons, 200, 202, 225, 225, 228, 228, 230, 230 cross-section of, 239, 239 spinothalamic pain pathway and, 444 Pontine nuclei, 239, 239, 515 Pontine reticular formation, 239, 239 Pontine reticulospinal tract, 490, 490–491 Pontomesencephalotegmental complex, 545 Pop outs, 725, 725 Population coding, 507 for smell, 287–288 for taste, 277–278 Population vector, 508, 508, 509 Pore loop, of calcium channels, 73, 74 Positive symptoms, for schizophrenia, 772 Positron emission tomography (PET), 565, 190, 190b, 191, 494 for attention, 730–731, 731 for behavioral neurophysiology, 495b for emotions, 626 for face recognition, 360b for language, 713–717, 716 MEG and, 650 for resting state activity, 720–721 of sleep, 670 for spatial memory, 849 for unconscious emotion, 619 of wakefulness, 670 for working memory, 832–833 Postcentral gyrus, 235, 235, 430 Posterior anatomical reference, 180 Posterior cerebral artery, 248, 248, 249, 249 Posterior communicating artery, 248, 248, 249 Posterior parietal cortex, 430, 431, 437–438, 492, 493–494 Posterior pituitary, 525–528 Postganglionic neurons, 532, 533 neurotransmitters and, 538 12/20/14 7:41 AM INDEX Postsynaptic axon terminal, 43 polyribosomes and, 46, 46 Postsynaptic density, 115 Postsynaptic membranes of chemical synapses, 114 neuromuscular junction and, 120 Postsynaptic potential (PSP), 112–113 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 757, 859b Potassium channel, 73–74, 74, 75 action potential and, 88 glutamate receptors and, 164 phospholipid bilayers and, 67–68 voltage-gated, 97–98, 136 Potassium chloride, for lethal injection, 78b Potassium ions, 75–77 Potassium spatial buffering, 76, 77 Potter, David, 110 PPA See Parahippocampal place area Prandial state, 553 Predatory aggression, 636, 639, 639 Prednisone, 529–530 Prefrontal cortex, 492, 493–494 medial, sadness and, 626 neglect syndrome and, 738b working memory and, 831, 831–833, 833 Preganglionic neurons, 532, 533, 537–538 Pregnancy, leptin and, 606 Premotor area (PMA), 492, 493, 494–495, 496 mirror neurons and, 496, 497 Preoptic area, 585, 596–597 Presbyopia, 302b Prestin, 386, 388 Presynaptic action potential, 134 Presynaptic axon terminal, 42, 43 Presynaptic element, of chemical synapses, 114 Presynaptic membranes, of chemical synapses, 114 Pribram, Karl, 636 Primary afferent axons, 422–423, 423, 442–443 Primary auditory cortex (A1), 374, 399, 399 Primary gustatory cortex, 276 Primary hyperplasia, 439 Primary motor cortex (M1), 492, 505–510, 507 Primary sensory areas, 211 Primary sensory neurons, 48 Primary somatosensory cortex (S1), 428, 431, 431–432 MEG and, 650b–651b receptive fields of, 432–433 Primary structure, of proteins, 60–61, 62 Primary visual cortex, 333, 341, 342 LGN and, 341 surface vasculature of, 350, 350b Priority maps, 736, 736, 737–740, 739, 740 PRK See Photorefractive keratectomy Procedural memory, 825–828 striatum and, 857–862, 860 temporal lobectomy and, 842 Progesterone, 585, 599 Progestins, 585 Programmed cell death, 502b–503b, 803–804, 804 Prolactin, 528t Promoters, 31 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 969 Propranolol, 538, 859b Proprioception from Golgi tendon organ, 474–477, 476 from joints, 476–477 from muscle spindles, 469–471 Proprioceptors, 469 Prosencephalon, 196 Prosopagnosia, 362, 869 Prostaglandins, 439, 440, 602 Prostate gland, 245 Proteases, 438, 439 Protein kinase A (PKA), 172 Protein kinase C (PKC), 173, 878 Protein kinase M zeta (PKM␨), 893 Protein kinases, 139, 892–893 Protein phosphatases, 174, 884 Proteins See also specific proteins amino acids and, 163 levels of, 60–61, 62 memory and, 888b microtubules and, 38–39 resting membrane potential and, 59–63 in rough ER, 36, 36 in voltage-gated potassium channels, 98 Protein synthesis, 29 dendrites and, 46 on free ribosomes, 37 memory consolidation and, 893–897 on rough ER, 37 Proximal muscles, 456 Prozac See Fluoxetine Psilocybe mushrooms, 546 PSP See Postsynaptic potential Psychiatrists, 14t Psychoactive drugs, 43, 546–548, 547 Psychoanalysis, 753 Psychological constructionist theories of emotion, 628 Psychosis, 637b, 775 Psychosurgery, 636 Psychotherapy, 753, 761, 768 PTSD See Post-traumatic stress disorder P-type ganglion cells, 325, 325, 326, 354–355, 355 Publish or perish, 16 Puce, Aina, 361, 361b Pulvinar nucleus, 237, 734, 734–735 Pupil, 296, 296 Pupillary light reflex, 303–304 Purinergic receptors, 160, 164 Purkinje cells, 513, 542b–543b Putamen, 233, 233, 235, 498, 499 Pyramidal cells, 46, 786–788 dendritic spines on, 608 EEG and, 647, 648, 651b of layer V, 506–507 in layer VI, 786 neural precursor cells and, 790, 790 in striate cortex, 344, 344 Pyramidal decussation, 202, 202, 487 Pyramidal tract, 486 Q Quantal analysis, of EPSP, 132–133 Quaternary structure, of proteins, 61–62, 62 969 R Radial connections, of LGN, 345, 345 Radial glial cells, 785, 791 Radial keratotomy, 302b Radial unit hypothesis, 791 Rakic, Pasko, 792b–793b Ramachandran, V S., 744b Ranson, S W., 556 Raphe nuclei, 239, 239, 448 LSD and, 546 with serotonergic neurons, 541–542 sleep and, 667 Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), 658, 659t functions of, 664–666 mechanisms of, 670–671, 671 physiology of, 659–660, 660 Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors, 418 Rate-limiting step, 156 Rays, 295–296 Reaction time, 727–728, 728 Receptive field center, 323 Receptive fields, 320–321, 321 in area V4, attention and, 733, 734 binocular, 348 of bipolar cells, 321–323, 322 blobs and, 353–354 center-surround, 323, 363 complex cells and, 352–354, 353 of ganglion cells, 323–327 hierarchy of, 363, 366 LGN and, 340–341 of mechanoreceptors, 418 retinotopy and, 342 of S1, 432–433 simple cells and, 352–354, 353 of somatic sensory receptors, 418, 418 striate cortex and, 348, 363 Receptive field surround, 323 Receptor agonists, 132, 149–150 Receptor antagonists, 130 Receptor potential, 270, 384, 384, 386 Receptors See also specific receptors neuromuscular junction and, 120 for neurotransmitters, 59, 124–130, 149–153 Receptor subtypes, 149–150, 153 Reciprocal inhibition, 477, 477 Recognition memory, 843, 843–844 Reconsolidation, of memory, 856–857, 858b–859b Recurrent collaterals, 40 Red nucleus, 238, 486, 487, 499 Reductionist approach, 13 Referred pain, 443 Reflection, of light, 296, 296 Refraction, of light, 296, 296 by cornea, 299–300, 300 Reimer, David, 604, 604b Reinforcement, of feeding behavior, 566–567 Reissner’s membrane, 377, 377, 379 Relative ionic permeability, membrane potential and, 90, 91 Relative refractory period, 86, 98 Relay nuclei, 428 REM rebound, 665 12/20/14 7:41 AM 970 INDEX REM sleep See Rapid eye movement sleep REM sleep behavior disorder, 671 Renaissance, brain in, 6–7 Renin, 527 Replication, in neuroscience scientific process, 15 Reproductive organs brain and, 586 control of, 587–589, 589 development of, 584–587, 603 sex hormones and, 599 Reserpine, 764 Resolution, in sexual response cycle, 587, 589 Resting membrane potential, 57–63 cytosol and, 57–59 extracellular fluid and, 57–59 ion pumps and, 72 ions and, 66–77 measurement of, 66, 66 phospholipid bilayer and, 59, 60 protein and, 59–63 Resting state activity, in brain, 720–723, 723 Restoration, sleep and, 663 Reticular formation, 239, 239, 240 Retina, 196, 294, 297, 297, 299 detached, 300b duplex, 309 hypothalamus and, 585 laminar organization of, 305–306, 306 LGN and, synaptic segregation and, 806–807 microscopy of, 304–312 processing and output of, 319–328 pupillary light reflex and, 303 regional differences in, 310, 310–312 SCN and, 678 Retinal, 313 Retinitis pigmentosa, 300b Retinofugal projection, 333–338, 334, 336 Retinogeniculocortical pathway, 784, 809, 813 Retinotectal projection, 338 Retinotopy, 342–343, 343, 348, 799, 801 Retrograde amnesia, 829, 830, 845b, 854 Retrograde messengers, 160 Retrograde signaling, 160, 162 Retrograde transport, 44, 45b Reward, for feeding behavior, 566–567 R group, 60–61, 63 Rhinal fissure, 209 Rhode, Bill, 394b Rhodopsin, 313, 314, 315 Ribosomes, 36, 36, 60 Rich, Nola, 387 Rigidity, 501 Rigor mortis, 468 Riluzole, 463b Ripples, 651, 652 Rising phase, of action potential, 82, 98 Ritalin, 724b Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 495 RNA polymerase, 31 RNA splicing, 31–32 Rod photoreceptors, 306–309, 307 distribution of, 310–311, 311 phototransduction in, 312–315 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 970 Rods of Corti, 381, 382 Roland, Per, 494 Roman Empire, brain in, 5–6 Rostral anatomical reference, 180, 238, 238, 239, 239 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER), 36, 36, 37 Round window, 377, 377, 379 Rubrospinal tract, 243, 486, 487 Ruffini’s endings, 417, 417, 418 Ruggero, Mario, 387 S S1 See Primary somatosensory cortex Saccule, 403, 403 Sacks, Oliver, 437 Sacral spinal nerves, 245, 245 Sacral vertebrae, 423–426, 424 Sadness, 626, 627, 628 Saffran, Jenny, 691 Sagittal plane, 182, 182 Sagvolden, Terje, 850b Sakmann, Bert, 95b Salience maps, 736, 737 Saltatory conduction, myelin and, 103–104, 103b, 104 Saltiness, 267 serotonin and, 270 transduction of, 271–272, 272 Sanes, Jerome, 509 Sapolsky, Robert, 531b Sarcolemma, 464, 465 Sarcomere, 466 Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), 36, 465, 465, 467 Satiety signals, 562 Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 689 Saxe, Rebecca, 361b Saxitoxin, 97 Scala media, 377, 377 Scala tympani, 377, 377, 379, 379 Scala vestibuli, 377, 377, 379, 379 Scarpa’s ganglion, 403 Schaffer collateral, 874 Scharrer, Berta, 525 Scharrer, Ernst, 525 Schizophrenia, 19–20, 19t, 771–779 DA and, 775, 775–777, 776 genetics and, 774, 774–775 glutamate and, 777, 777–778, 778 lateral ventricles and, 775, 775 treatment for, 779 Schlaggar, Brad, 794 Schultz, Wolfram, 568 Schwab, Martin, 800f Schwann, Theodor, 12 Schwann cells, 49, 103, 800f Scientific process, in neuroscience, 15–16 Sclera, 296, 296, 299 SCN See Suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN9A gene, 438b Scotopic conditions, 309 SDN See Sexually dimorphic nucleus Secondary hyperplasia, 439 Secondary sensory areas, 212 Secondary structure, of proteins, 60, 62 Second messenger cascade, 172–174, 173 of G-protein-coupled receptors, 175, 175 Second messengers, 127, 174 Second-order sensory neurons, 426 Second pain, 442, 442 Secretory granules, of chemical synapses, 114 Secretory hypothalamus, 522 Seiji Nishino, 669b Seizures of epilepsy, EEG for, 655–658, 657 generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, 96 transient global amnesia from, 830 Selective-attention experiments, 730, 730 Selective permeability, of neuronal membrane, 72, 73b Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 159, 762–763, 768, 769, 769 Selectivity amino acid-gated channels and, 165 direction, 351, 352 ion, 63 orientation, 348–350, 349 stimulus, 869 Selectivity filter, sodium channel and, 92, 94 Self-awareness, 14 Self-stimulation for feeding behavior, 566–567, 567b of septal area, 567, 567b Semantic memory, 824 Semaphorin 3A, 790, 790 Semen, 588 Semicircular canals, 403, 403, 406–408, 407 Sensitization, 827 Sensorimotor system, 485 Sensory areas, of cerebral cortex, 224, 224 Sensory maps, 288 Sensory nerves, 9–10 Sentinel hypothesis, 722 Septal area, 233, 233, 567, 567b Serotonergic neurons, 158–159 diffuse modulatory system and, 544 raphe nuclei with, 541–542 sleep and, 667 Serotonin (5-HT), 121t aggression and, 640–641 anger and, 640–641 diffuse modulatory system and, 539 falling asleep and, 668 feeding behavior and, 571, 572 as G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor, 170t hyperplasia and, 439 raphe nuclei and, 448 saltiness and, 270 sleep and, 666 sourness and, 270 from tryptophan, 158, 159, 540b Serotonin deficiency hypothesis, 641 Serotonin receptors, ethanol and, 168 Seung, Sebastian, 212b–213b Sex ANS and, 533 behavior and, 587–595 brain and, 579–612 chromosomes and, 581, 581–583 12/20/14 7:41 AM INDEX development and differentiation of, 583–584, 584 DNA and, 581–583 dreams and, 665 gender and, 580–584 genetics of, 581–583, 603–606 mating strategies and, 590 neurochemistry of, 590–594 oxytocin and, 591–594, 592b, 593 pineal body and, 230 transient global amnesia from, 830 vasopressin and, 591–594, 592b, 593 Sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY), 582, 582 Sex hormones, 584–587, 586 activational effects of, 606–610, 607, 608, 609, 610 aggression and, 635 behavior and, 599–603 brain and, 599–603 genetic sex and, 602–603 multiple sclerosis and, 610 Sexual arousal cycle, 587–588 Sexual dimorphisms, 595–599, 596 of brain, 597–598 CNS and, 596–598, 597 of cognition, 598, 598 Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN), 597, 597, 611 Sexual orientation, 610–612 Sham rage, 638, 638 Shatz, Carla, 807 Sheinberg, David, 743–746 Sherrington, Charles, 110, 454, 470, 492 Shingles, 426, 426b Shortcut pathway, for G-proteins, 171–172, 172 Short-term memory, 828 Shunting inhibition, IPSP and, 136–137, 138 Siggins, George, 542b Signal amplification, by G-protein-coupled receptors, 175, 175 Sildenafil (Viagra), 588 Silent-biting attack, 639 Silva, Alcino, 888, 888b Simantov, Rabi, 152b Simple cells, receptive field and, 352–354, 353 Simple reflex, 56, 56, 204 Simultagnosia, 722 Singer, Wolf, 744b Single nucleotide polymorphisms, 32 Size principle, 459 Skeletal muscle, 454, 455 alpha motor neurons and, 459 receptor subtypes in, 149 somatic motor nerves and, 195 Skin mechanoreceptors of, 417, 417–422, 418, 428 somatic sensory receptors in, 416, 417 Skinner, B F., 753 Sleep brain rhythms and, 658–673, 659t circadian rhythm of, 675 diffuse modulatory system and, 666, 667, 672–673 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 971 EEG of, 658–673, 662 falling into, 668 genetics and, 672–673 neural mechanisms of, 666–673 non-REM sleep, 658–659, 659t, 660, 668 PET of, 670 pineal body and, 230 promoting factors for, 671–672 purpose of, 662–664 REM sleep, 658, 659t functions of, 664–666 mechanisms of, 670–671, 671 physiology of, 659–660, 660 reticular formation and, 239 thalamus and, 668 Sleep cycle, 660–662, 662 Sleep deprivation, 664b Sleep-learning, 666 Sleep paralysis, 669b Sleep spindle, 661 falling asleep and, 668 Sleep talking, 661b Sleep terrors, 661b Sleep walking, 661b SLI See specific language impairment Sliding-filament model, of muscle contraction, 466, 466–467 Slot proteins, 884 Slow axoplasmic transport, 43 Slow fibers, 461, 462 Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors, 418 Slow motor units, 461 SMA See Supplementary motor area Small intestine, 245 Smell, 266, 278–291 adaptation to, 282 cAMP-gated channels for, 283–284 central pathways for, 284–287, 287 G-protein-coupled receptors for, 282–283 ion channels for, 284b organs of, 278, 278–280 population coding for, 287–288 spatial representations from, 287–290 temporal coding in, 290, 290–291 transduction of, 280–282, 281 Smith, Phil, 394b Smithies, Oliver, 33 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER), 36 Smooth muscle, 454 SNARE, 125b, 131b Snyder, Solomon, 151, 152b Social phobias, 756t Society for Neuroscience, Sodium channel depolarization and, 92, 94, 96 excitable dendrites and, 136 genes and, 96 rod photoreceptors and, 315 selectivity filter and, 92, 94 toxins and, 96–97, 97 voltage-gated, 92–97, 93, 136, 464, 467 Sodium-potassium pump, 71, 72 Solitary nucleus, 240, 240 Soma, 26, 26, 29–38 mitochondria in, 36–37, 38 nucleus of, 29–32 971 rough ER in, 36, 36 smooth ER in, 36 Somatic motor nerves, 195 Somatic motor response, 553, 558 Somatic motor system, 454–456, 532 aggression and, 636 ANS and, 532 Somatic PNS, 184–185 Somatic sensation, 416 Somatic sensory receptors receptive fields of, 418, 418 in skin, 416, 417 of thalamus, 445–446, 446 Somatic sensory system, 415–451 pain, 438–448 temperature and, 448–450 touch, 416–437 Somatosensory cortex, 430–437, 431 lactation and, 606–607, 607 reproductive organs and, 588 Somatostatin, 121t Somatotopy, of cerebral cortex, 431–433, 433, 434 Somites, 193 Somnambulism, 661b SOR See Starfire Optical Range Soul, Descartes and, Sound, 370–372 See also Auditory system amplification of, 375–376, 386–388, 388 basilar membrane and, 379, 379–380, 380 frequency of, 371, 371, 391–393 intensity of, 371, 371–372, 391–393 localization of, 394–399 speech and, 686–687, 687 temporal code for, 394b Sourness, 267 serotonin and, 270 transduction of, 272, 272–273 Spalding, Kirsty, 787b Sparks, David, 508–509 Spasticity, 488b Spatial memory, 847–852 Spatial summation, 133 Specific language impairment (SLI), 693–694 Specific phobias, 756t Speech frontal lobe and, 15 sound and, 686–687, 687 tongue and, 694 Spemann, Hans, 810b Spencer, Alden, 871b Sperry, Roger, 706, 799 Spheres of hydration, 58 Spicy food, 440b Spike-initiation zone, 105, 105, 133 Spike timing–dependent plasticity, 882, 882 Spinal accessory nerve, 246, 247 Spinal arachnoid, 242 Spinal canal, 203, 227, 227, 240, 240, 242, 242 Spinal cord, 183–184, 184, 230, 422, 423–426 in CNS, cross-sectional anatomy of, 243, 243 descending tracts of, 485–491, 486, 491 12/20/14 7:41 AM 972 INDEX differentiation of, 203, 203–204 dorsal anatomical reference for, 240, 241 emotion and, 619 excitation-contraction coupling and, 464–468 interneurons in, 460 interneurons of, 476–480, 480 itch and, 442 lower motor neurons, 456–463, 457, 458 medulla oblongata and, 240, 240 motor system and, 453–481 motor units and, 469–481 somatic motor system and, 454–456 substance P in, 443 ventral-lateral anatomic reference for, 242, 242 Spinal nerves, 9, 9–10, 184, 245, 245 dorsal anatomical reference for, 240, 241 Spinal paralysis, 19t Spinal segments, 423–426, 424 Spindles, 652, 652 Spinothalamic pain pathway, 444, 444–445 Spinothalamic tract, 243, 243, 444 Spiny neurons, 46 Spiny stellate cells, in striate cortex, 344 Spiral ganglion, 381, 382, 386, 386 Spirituality, Descartes and, Split-brain studies, 706, 707, 707 Spontaneous cognition, 722 Spotlight of attention, 728, 729 SR See Sarcoplasmic reticulum SRY See Sex-determining region of the Y chromosome SSRIs See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Standard model of memory consolidation, 854–856, 855 Stapes, 374, 375, 379, 379 Starch, taste of, 268b Starfire Optical Range (SOR), 308b Starvation, 554 Stellate cells, 46 Stem cells, 756 Stereocilia, 382–383, 383, 384 Stereogram, 364, 364b, 365 Stern, Kathleen, 279b Steroids, 529–530, 584, 584 aggression and, 635–636 neurotransmitters and, 599, 600 Stimulants, 546–548, 547 Stimulus intensity, 391 Stimulus selectivity, 869 Stomach, 245 Stop sequence, 31 Strabismus, 300b, 811–812 Strategy, 484, 485, 485t Stress response, 528, 530, 531b, 760 anxiety and, 758, 759 transient global amnesia from, 830 Stretch reflex, 470, 470–471 Striate cortex (area V1), 333 anatomy of, 341–347 apical dendrites in, 344 cytoarchitecture of, 343, 344 inputs and outputs of, 344–347, 345 lamination of, 343–344, 344 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 972 LGN and, synaptic segregation and, 808–809, 808b, 809 physiology of, 347–356 pia mater and, 344 pyramidal cells in, 344, 344 receptive fields and, 348, 363 retinotopy and, 342–343, 343 spiny stellate cells in, 344 Wernicke–Geschwind model and, 702 Striated muscle, 454 Stria terminalis, 632 Striatum, 498, 499 procedural memory and, 857–862, 860 Stria vascularis, 379 Stroke, 19t, 20 amnesia from, 829 conduction aphasia and, 705 estradiol and, 610 motor cortex and, 488 neglect syndrome and, 738, 738b Wernicke–Geschwind model and, 703 Structural plasticity, memory and, 896–897 Strychnine, 137b Subarachnoid space, 186 Subdural hematoma, 185 Subfornical organ, 527, 527 Submucous plexus, 536 Subplate, 788 Substance P, 121, 121t hyperplasia and, 439, 440 pain and, 442–443 in spinal cord, 443 Substantia, 192t Substantia gelatinosa, 442, 442, 443 temperature and, 451 Substantia nigra, 235, 238, 498, 499, 500 DA and, 543, 544 Parkinson’s disease and, 235, 543 Substrate phase, 562 Subthalamic nucleus, 498, 499 Subthalamus, 235, 235, 500 Subunits, 62 Subventricular zone (SVZ), 788, 792b, 793 Suicide, depression and, 20 Sulci, 7, 8, 205, 207, 207, 223, 223, 229, 430, 431 Superior cerebellar artery, 248, 248 Superior colliculus, 200, 230, 230, 238, 238, 499 distributed coding by, 510b–511b optic tract and, 337, 337–338 Superior olive, 239, 239, 389 Superoxide dismutase, 463b Supplementary motor area (SMA), 492, 493, 494–495 Huntington disease and, 504 Parkinson’s disease and, 501–502 VL and, 500 Supporting cells, 279 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 525 circadian rhythms and, 676–681, 677, 678b, 681 photoreceptors and, 678 retina and, 678 TTX and, 679, 680 Supraoptic nucleus, 525 Surprise, 626, 627 Susumu Tonegawa, 888, 888b SVZ See Subventricular zone Sweetness, 267 ATP and, 270 transduction of, 273–274, 274 Sylvian fissure, 8, 232, 232, 234 asymmetry of, 709 Symmetrical cell division, 785 Symmetrical synapses, 117–119, 119 Sympathetic chain, 533 Sympathetic division, of ANS, 245, 245, 532, 532, 533–534, 534 sexual response cycle and, 588 Synapses, 42, 42, 43 in area IT, 886, 886 astrocytes and, 52 asymmetrical, 117, 119 axoaxonic, 115, 116 axodendritic, 115, 116 axosomatic, 115, 116 axospinous, 115 of cerebral cortex, plasticity of, 814–818 chemical, 110, 113–119, 115 of CNS, 115, 115–119, 116 neurotransmitters and, 120–130 synaptic transmission of, 119–132 for taste, 269 in CNS chemical, 115, 115–119, 116 formation of, 801–802, 802 convergence of, 809–811 of dendrites, 44–46, 46, 115–117 integration of, 134–136 dendrodendritic synapses, 117 electrical, 110, 111–113, 113, 114 in brain, 113 in CNS, 112, 113 for taste, 269 Gray’s type I, 117, 119 Gray’s type II, 119, 119, 138 Hebb, 807, 807 learning and, 43, 897 memory in, 43, 870, 870b–872b, 871, 872, 894, 895, 897 modulation of, 812–813, 813 reduction of, 802–805 strengthening, 874–879 symmetrical synapses, 117–119, 119 types of, 111–119 voltage of, EEG and, 647 weakening, 880–885 Synaptic capacity, 804–805, 805 Synaptic cleft, 43 of chemical synapses, 114 NE in, 139 Synaptic competition, 811–812 Synaptic consolidation, 854 Synaptic homeostasis, 889–891 Synaptic integration, 132–140 Synaptic mimicry, 148–149 Synaptic modification threshold, 889–891, 890 Synaptic plasticity, 878b NMDA receptors and, 882–884, 884 Synaptic rearrangement, 805–806, 806 Synaptic scaling, 891 12/20/14 7:41 AM INDEX Synaptic segregation, 806–809 LGN and retina and, 806–807 striate cortex and, 808–809, 808b, 809 Synaptic transmission, 43, 109–141 of chemical synapses, 119–132 dendrites and, 46 inhibition of, 136–138, 138 LTD and, 881 modulation of, 138–140, 139 with transmitter-gated channels, 174–175 Synaptic vesicles, 42, 42 ATP in, 160 of chemical synapses, 114 EPSP and, 132–133 SNARE and, 125b Synaptotagmin, 125b Synchronous activity, EEG and, 647, 649 Synchronous rhythms, in brain, 653, 653–654 Synergist muscle, 456 Synesthesia, 826b Systems consolidation, 854 Systems neuroscience, 13 T T1R, 273–274 T2R, 273–274 Tactics, 484, 485, 485t Tadashi Nakamura, 283, 284b Takahashi, Joseph, 679 Tamoxifen, 610 Tank, David, 212b–213b Tardive dyskinesia, 779 Target selection, 796 Taste, 266–278 afferent axons for, 269 basic four, 267 central pathways for, 274–276 chemical synapses for, 269 cranial nerves and, 274–276 electrical synapses for, 269 gustatory nucleus for, 240 memory and, 276b neural coding of, 277–279 neurotransmitters for, 270 new types of, 268b organs of, 267–269 population coding for, 277–278 threshold for, 269 transduction of, 271–274, 272, 273, 274 Taste buds, 269, 269 Taste pore, 269 Taste receptor cells, 269–271, 270 Tau, 39 Alzheimer’s disease and, 41b TDF See Testis-determining factor Tears, 294 Tectorial membrane, 378, 381, 382 Tectospinal tract, 489–490 Tectum, 199, 200, 225, 225, 238, 238 Tegmentum, 200, 225, 225 sleep and, 667 Telencephalon, 196–198, 197, 212, 234, 234, 235, 235, 527 thalamus and, 232, 232–233, 233 Temperature, 448–450 regulation of, 575–576 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 973 Temporal coding for smell, 290, 290–291 for sound, 394b Temporal lobe, 8, 207, 207, 223, 223, 232, 232, 234, 234, 236 amnesia and, 841–843, 842 antegrade amnesia and, 841–843, 842 conduction aphasia and, 704–705 electrical stimulation of, 839–840 lobectomy of, 630–631, 841–843, 842 medial, 829 declarative memory and, 837–841, 838 engrams in, 840 sexual arousal and, 588–589 Temporal retina, 297, 297 Temporal summation, 133 Terminal arbor, 42 Terminal bouton See Axon terminal Terminator, 31 Ter-Pogossian, M M., 190b Tertiary structure, of proteins, 60–61, 62 Testis-determining factor (TDF), 599 Testosterone, 584–585, 635 Tetanus, 875 Tetrad, of calcium channels, 465, 465 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 161b, 563b Tetramers, glutamate receptors as, 164 Tetrodotoxin (TTX), 96–97, 97, 806 SCN and, 679, 680 synaptic scaling and, 891 Teyler, Timothy, 118b TH See Tyrosine hydroxylase Thalamus, 197, 198, 198, 225, 225, 230, 230, 234, 240, 240, 333 brain rhythms and, 655 emotion and, 618 LGN and, 341 memory and, 845 midbrain and, 236, 236–237, 237 sleep and, 668 somatic sensory receptors of, 445–446, 446 telencephalon and, 232, 232–233, 233 Wernicke–Geschwind model and, 703 THC See Tetrahydrocannabinol Theophylline, 671 Theoretical neuroscientists, 14 Thermoreceptors, 449–450, 450 Theta rhythms, 651, 652 Thick filaments, 466 Thin filaments, 466 Third ventricle, 196, 205t, 227, 227, 232, 232, 234, 234, 236 Thirst, 527, 527–528 Thoracic vertebrae, 240, 241, 423–426, 424 Threat attack, 639 3D, visual perception in, 364, 364b–365b, 365 Three-dimensional electron microscopy (3DEM), 118b Threshold of action potential, 84, 98 for pain, 439 for taste, 269 Throat, anatomy of, 267 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 528t humoral response and, 557–558 NPY and, 560 973 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 121t Tinnitus, 387b, 402b Tip link, 384, 386 TMC See Transmembrane protein-like Tobacco, 132 nicotine in, 149–150 Tongue, 267 papillae on, 267–269, 269 speech and, 694 trigeminal nerves and, 428 Tonic bonds, 58 Tononi, Giulio, 673, 744b Tonotopy, 380, 391–392 Top-down attention, 725 Topical anesthesia, 102b Topographic maps, 799–801 Toran-Allerand, Dominique, 608 Touch, 416–437 dorsal column nuclei and, 240, 240, 428, 431 dorsal columns and, 203, 242, 242, 243, 243, 428 skin and, mechanoreceptors of, 417, 417–422, 418, 428 somatosensory cortex and, 430–437 spinal cord and, 422 trigeminal nerve and, 428–430 Toxins See also Poisons sodium channel and, 96–97, 97 synapse and, 43 Tract, 192t Transcortical motor area aphasia, 697t Transcortical sensory aphasia, 697t Transcription, 29–31, 31 Transcription factors, 31, 786 in cerebral cortex, 791, 794 Transducin, 313, 315, 315 Transduction of bitterness, 273, 274 of hair cells, 382–386 of pain, 438–441 phototransduction, 312–319 of saltiness, 271–272, 272 of smell, 280–282, 281 of sourness, 272, 272–273 of sweetness, 273–274, 274 of taste, 271–274, 272, 273, 274 of umami, 274, 274 Transgenes, 33 Transient global amnesia, 830 Transient receptor potential (TRP), 273, 440b thermoreceptors and, 449, 450 Translation, mRNA and, 32 Transmembrane protein-like (TMC), 384 Transmitter-gated ion channels, 124–126, 126, 163–169, 165, 174–175 nAChR as, 163–164, 164 patch clamp and, 132, 132 Transporters, 122 of ACh, 154 of neurotransmitters, 155 Trepanation, 4–5, Treponema pallidum, 754 Trichromats, 316b Tricyclic antidepressants, 669b, 768 Trigeminal lemniscus, 445 12/20/14 7:41 AM 974 INDEX Trigeminal nerve, 246, 247, 428–430, 430 Trigeminal pain pathway, 445 Trigger stimulus, 494 Trk receptors, 804 Trochlear nerve, 246, 247 Trophic factors, 803 Tropomyosin, 467 Troponin, 467 TRP See Transient receptor potential TRPV1, 440b itch and, 442 thermoreceptors and, 449, 450 Tryptophan, 158, 159, 540b Tryptophan hydroxylase, 158 TSH See Thyroid-stimulating hormone T tubules, 465, 465 depolarization of, excitation-contraction coupling and, 467 TTX See Tetrodotoxin Tubulin, 38 Tumors, of brain, amnesia from, 829 Tunnel vision, 300b, 337b Turner syndrome, 582 Turnover rate, 640 Turrigiano, Gina, 891 Two-point discrimination, 420–422, 421 Tyler, Christopher, 365b Tympanic membrane, 373, 373 Tyrosine, 540b catecholamines from, 157, 157 Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 157 U Ultradian rhythms, 661 Ultrasound, 372b Umami, 267 ATP and, 270 transduction of, 274, 274 Unconditioned stimulus (US), 827, 838 Unconscious emotion, 619–621, 621 Undershoot, of action potential, 82, 98 Ungerleider, Leslie, 360b Unipolar neurons, 46 Urbach–Wiethe disease, 632–633 Urethra, 588 Urinary bladder, 245 ANS and, 533 US See Unconditioned stimulus Utricles, 403, 403, 406 V Vagus nerve, 245, 245, 246, 247, 428 appetite and, 564 taste and, 274 Valence, 627 Valine, 540b Valium See Diazepam Vallate papillae, 267, 269 Vallbo, Åke, 417–418 Van der Loos, H., 434b Varicella zoster, 426b Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), 574, 575 Vas deferens, 588 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), 121t, 537, 588 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 974 Vasopressin, 526–527, 527 sex and, 591–594, 592b, 593 volumetric thirst and, 573 VCRs See Vocal control regions Ventral amygdalofugal pathway, 632 Ventral anatomical reference, 180, 228, 228 Ventral cochlear nucleus, 239, 239, 389 Ventral columns, 203, 242, 242 Ventral horn, 203, 242, 242, 426 alpha motor neurons of, 469 motor neurons and, 459–460 motor neurons in, 459, 459–460 Ventral-lateral anatomic reference, for spinal cord, 242, 242 Ventral lateral nucleus (VL), 498, 499 SMA and, 500 Ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM), 276 Ventral posterior nucleus (VP), 235, 235, 408, 409, 428 area and, 791, 794 visual cortex and, 794 Ventral roots, 15, 184 Ventral stream, 359–362, 868–869 Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 543–544, 572b–573b aggression and, 639 DA in, 569, 569b, 570, 607 Ventricles, 6, fourth, 200, 205, 205t, 227, 227, 230, 230, 239, 239 lateral, 196, 205t, 227, 227, 232, 232, 234, 236, 236 schizophrenia and, 775, 775 third, 196, 205t, 227, 227, 232, 232, 234, 234, 236 Ventricular system, 186, 186 of brain, 204–205, 205t, 207 Ventricular zone (VZ), 785, 786, 791, 792b, 793 Ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome, 556 Ventromedial pathway, 243, 243, 488–491, 489, 499 Verbal dyspraxia, 692, 692–694 Verification, in neuroscience scientific process, 16 Vermis, 230, 513 Vertebrae, 240, 241 Vertebral arteries, 248, 248 Vertebral column, 245 Vesalius, Andreas, 6, Vesicles, of brain, 195, 195–196 Vestibular labyrinth, 377, 403–404, 404, 489 Vestibular nerve, 403, 403 Vestibular nuclei, 240, 240, 408–409, 489 Vestibular system, 370, 403–411 pathology of, 410–411 vestibular labyrinth in, 377, 403–404, 404, 489 Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), 409–410, 410 Vestibulospinal tract, 243, 243, 408, 408–409, 489 Viagra See Sildenafil Vibration CNS and, 420 Pacinian corpuscle and, 419, 419–420 Vibrissae, 418, 433, 433 Vilain, Eric, 605 VIP See Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide Visceral PNS, 185 Visceromotor response, 553, 558 Vision, 294 consciousness and, 746–747, 748 correction of, 302, 302b memory and, area IT and, 868, 868–869 Visual acuity, 304 Visual angle, 304, 304 Visual cortex, 211–212, 237 engrams in, 868 LGN and, 341 VP and, 794 Visual field, 304, 304 retinofugal projection and, 335, 336 retinotopy and, 342 Visual hemifields, 334, 335 Visual perception, 362–364 in 3D, 364, 364b–365b, 365 Visual sensitivity, attention and, 725–727, 726, 727 Visual system, 220, 238 See also Central visual system auditory system and, 374 in systems neuroscience, 13 Vitreous humor, 298, 299 VL See Ventral lateral nucleus Vocal control regions (VCRs), 601b Vocal folds, 687, 687 Vocal tract, 687 Volley principle, 393 Volta, Alessandro, 382b Voltage, 64 NMDA and, 167 of synapses, EEG and, 647 Voltage clamp, 92 Voltage-gated calcium channels, 122–124, 136 Voltage-gated potassium channels, 97–98, 136 Voltage-gated sodium channel, 92–97, 93, 136, 464, 467 Voltmeter, 66, 66 Volumetric thirst, 573–574, 574 Vomeronasal organ, 279b, 282 Von Békésy, Georg, 379 VOR See Vestibulo-ocular reflex VP See Ventral posterior nucleus VPM See Ventral posterior medial nucleus VTA See Ventral tegmental area VZ See Ventricular zone W Wada, Juhn, 696b Wada procedure, 695, 696b, 709 Wakefulness ascending reticular activating system and, 667–668 circadian rhythm of, 675 consciousness and, 742 genetics and, 672–673 PET of, 670 reticular formation and, 239 Walking motor programs for, 478–481, 479 sleep, 661b Wall, Patrick, 446, 447 12/20/14 7:41 AM 975 INDEX Waller, Augustus, 43 Wallerian degeneration, 43 Watanabe, Akira, 110 Water phospholipid bilayer and, 59 as polar solvent, 57–59, 58 taste of, 268b Wavelength color vision and, 316 in electromagnetic radiation, 295, 295 Weinrich, Michael, 494 Weiss, Paul, 43 Werblin, Frank, 320 Wernicke, Karl, 695 Wernicke–Geschwind model, of aphasia, 701–704, 702, 703, 704 Wernicke’s aphasia, 697t, 700–701 Wernicke’s area, 695 conduction aphasia and, 704–705 Wernicke–Geschwind model and, 702 White matter, 7, 7, 192t, 233, 237 of cerebral cortex, 197–198 medulla oblongata and, 202 Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 688b 955–978_Bear_Index_revised_final.indd 975 Wiesel, Torsten, 345, 349, 356, 431, 806, 809 Williams, David, 308b–309b, 309 Wiltshire, Stephen, 826b Wires axons as, 56–57 nerves as, 9–10 Wisconsin card-sorting test, 831–832, 832 Wise, Steven, 494 Wolf, Marina, 572b Wolffian duct, 583–584 Woolf, Virginia, 765b Woolley, Catherine, 608, 609 Woolsey, Thomas, 434b Working memory, 829, 830–835 area LIP and, 833–835, 835 brain and, 833–834, 834, 835 frontal lobe and, 833, 834 PET for, 832–833 prefrontal cortex and, 831, 831–833, 833 temporal lobectomy and, 842 Wurtman, Judith, 540b Wurtman, Richard, 540b X X-linked disease, 581 XO genotype, 582 Y Yakovlev, Paul, 792b Yeasts, 125b Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), 87b Yoichi Sugita, 361b Young, J Z., 101 Young, Larry, 592b Young, Thomas, 308b, 316 Young-Helmholtz trichromacy theory, 316 Z Zeitgebers, 675–676 Zeki, Semir, 594 Zihl, Josef, 359 Z lines, 466 Zombie systems, 744b Zone of Lissauer, 442, 442, 443 Zonule fibers, 299 Zuoxin Wang, 592b 12/20/14 7:41 AM ... tool Views of the Brain in Ancient Greece Views of the Brain During the Roman Empire Views of the Brain from the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century Nineteenth-Century Views of the Brain Nerves... of the Brain The Evolution of Nervous Systems The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain NEUROSCIENCE TODAY Levels of Analysis Molecular Neuroscience Cellular Neuroscience Systems Neuroscience. .. ONE Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future INTRODUCTION THE ORIGINS OF NEUROSCIENCE Views of the Brain in Ancient Greece Views of the Brain During the Roman Empire Views of the Brain from the