Comparative Politics Today  A World View For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version Eleventh edition Powell Dalton Strøm This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author Pearson Global Edition Global edition Global edition Global edition C   omparative Politics Today  A World View  Eleventh edition G   Bingham Powell, Jr • Russell J Dalton • Kaare W Strøm Comparative Politics Today A World View A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd 24/07/14 7:43 AM Contributors Oladimeji Aborisade Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria G Bingham Powell, Jr University of Rochester Houchang E Chehabi Boston University Timothy J Power St Anthony’s College, Oxford Wayne A Cornelius University of California, San Diego Austin Ranney Late, University of California, Berkeley Russell J Dalton University of California, Irvine Thomas F Remington Emory University Frances Hagopian Harvard University Richard Rose University of Strathclyde Glasgow Arang Keshavarzian New York University Frances Rosenbluth Yale University Thad Kousser University of California, San Diego Martin A Schain New York University A Carl LeVan American University Kaare W Strøm University of California, San Diego Melanie Manion University of Wisconsin, Madison Michael F Thies University of California, Los Angeles Subrata K Mitra Universitat Heidelberg, Germany Jeffrey A Weldon Instituto Tecnologico Autónomo de Mexico A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd 24/07/14 7:44 AM Comparative Politics Today A World View GLOBAL EDITION E lev en th E d ition G Bingham Powell, Jr University of Rochester Russell J Dalton University of California, Irvine Kaare W Strøm University of California, San Diego Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd 24/07/14 7:44 AM Editorial Director: Dickson Musslewhite Publisher: Charlyce Jones Owen Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Edition: Laura Dent Program Manager: LeeAnn Doherty Editorial Assistant: Maureen Diana Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Media Production Manager, Global Edition: M Vikram Kumar Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition: Trudy Kimber Director of Media and Assessment: Brian Hyland Media Production Manager: Peggy Bliss Media Project Manager: Claudine Bellanton Marketing Manager: Wendy Gordon Project Manager: Mirella Signoretto Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Lumina Datamatics, Inc Senior Project Manager, Lumina Datamatics: Melissa Sacco Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics, Inc Procurement Manager: Mary Fischer Procurement Specialist: Mary Ann Gloriande Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of G Bingham Powell, Jr.; Russell J Dalton; and Kaare W Strøm to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Comparative Politics Today: A World View, 11th edition, ISBN 978-0-13-380772-1, by G Bingham Powell, Jr.; Russell J Dalton; and Kaare W Strøm, published by Pearson Education © 2015 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN 10: 1-292-07695-X ISBN 13: 978-1-292-07695-9 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in Minion Pro Regular by Lumina Datamatics Printed and bound by CPI Digital in the United Kingdom A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd 24/07/14 7:44 AM The editors of the eleventh edition of Comparative Politics Today wish to dedicate this edition to Richard Rose, whose chapter on Britain (or England) has been an important part of every edition of CPT for 40 years A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd 24/07/14 7:44 AM Brief Contents Detailed Contents  A Guide to Comparing Nations  12 A Brief Guide to Analyzing Visuals  14 Preface 21 P art O n e Introduction Governance in the Era of Globalization 25 Comparative Political Systems 46 P art T w o System, Process, and Policy Political Culture and Political Socialization 63 Interest Articulation 80 Interest Aggregation: Political Party Systems 99 The Art of Governance 120 Public Policy 146 P art T hree Country Studies Politics in Britain by Richard Rose 172 Politics in France by Martin A Schain 218 10 Politics in Germany by Russell J Dalton 268 11 Politics in Japan by Frances Rosenbluth and Michael F Thies 318 12 Politics in Russia by Thomas F Remington 360 13 Politics in China by Melanie Manion 408 14 Politics in Mexico by Wayne A Cornelius and Jeffrey A Weldon 456 15 Politics in Brazil by Frances Hagopian and Timothy J Power 506 16 Politics in Iran by H E Chehabi and Arang Keshavarzian 556 17 Politics in India by Subrata K Mitra 606 18 Politics in Nigeria by A Carl LeVan and Oladimeji Aborisade 654 19 Politics in the United States by Thad Kousser and Austin Ranney 702 Credits 750 Index 755 A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd 24/07/14 7:44 AM Detailed Contents A Guide to Comparing Nations  12 A Brief Guide to Analyzing Visuals  14 Preface 21 P art O n e Introduction Chapter The Policy Level: Performance, Outcome, and Evaluation 60 Review Questions 61 Key Terms 61 Suggested Readings 62 Endnotes 62 P art T W O System, Process, and Policy Governance in the Era of Globalization  25 Chapter What Is Comparative Politics? 26 Challenges: Building Community 27 Fostering Economic Development 30 Fostering Democracy, Human Rights, and Civil Liberties 35 The Contribution of Globalization 38 What Governments Do 39 When Does Government Become the Problem? 41 Looking Forward 43 Review Questions 44 Key Terms 44 Suggested Readings 44 Endnotes 45 Mapping the Three Levels of Political Culture 64 Why Culture Matters 69 Political Socialization 71 Agents of Political Socialization 72 Trends Shaping Contemporary Political Cultures 76 Review Questions 77 Key Terms 78 Suggested Readings 78 Endnotes 78 Chapter Comparative Political Systems  46 Why We Compare 46 How We Compare 47 How We Explain and Predict 47 Political Systems: Environment and Interdependence 50 Political Systems: Structures and Functions 53 An Illustrative Comparison: Regime Change in Russia 57 Political Culture and Political Socialization  63 Chapter Interest Articulation  80 Citizen Action 81 How Citizens Participate 82 Interest Groups 84 Civil Society 88 Interest Group Systems 89 Access to the Influential 91 Interest Group Development 95 Review Questions 96 Key Terms 96 Suggested Readings 96 Endnotes 97 A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd 24/07/14 7:44 AM 8 Detailed Contents Chapter Interest Aggregation: Political Party Systems  99 Personal Interest Aggregation 100 Institutional Interest Aggregation 101 Competitive Party Systems and Interest Aggregation 102 Authoritarian Party Systems 112 The Military and Interest Aggregation 114 Trends in Interest Aggregation 115 Significance of Interest Aggregation 116 Review Questions 117 Key Terms 118 Suggested Readings 118 Endnotes 118 Chapter The Art of Governance  120 Constitutions and Decision Rules 121 Democracy and Authoritarianism 122 Separation of Government Powers 123 Geographic Distribution of Government Power 126 Limitations on Government Power 127 Checking the Top Policymakers 129 Assemblies 130 Political Executives 133 The Bureaucracy 140 Review Questions 143 Key Terms 143 Suggested Readings 144 Endnotes 144 Chapter Public Policy  146 Government and What It Does 146 Public Policy Outputs 149 Domestic Policy Outcomes 157 International Outcomes 167 The Complexity of Policy Choice 169 Review Questions 169 Key Terms 170 Suggested Readings 170 Endnotes 170 A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd P art T H R E E Country Studies Chapter Politics in Britain  172   by Richard Rose Current Policy Challenges 174 The Legacy of History 176 The Environment of Politics: One Crown but Five Nations 180 The Structure of Government 183 Political Culture and Legitimacy 194 Political Socialization and Participation 196 Political Participation 198 Political Recruitment 198 Organizing Group Interests 200 Party System and Electoral Choice 203 Centralized Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies 207 Policy Performance 212 Policy Challenges in a World of Interdependence 213 Review Questions 215 Internet Resources  216 Key Terms 216 Suggested Readings 216 Endnotes 217 Chapter Politics in France  218   by Martin A Schain Current Policy Challenges 220 A Historical Perspective 221 Economy and Society 222 The Constitutional Tradition 223 Political Culture 224 Political Socialization 228 Recruitment and Style of Elites 232 Interest Groups 234 Political Parties 239 Patterns of Voting 247 Policy Processes 251 The State and Territorial Relations 257 Performance and Prospects 259 Review Questions 264 Key Terms 264 Suggested Readings 265 24/07/14 7:44 AM Detailed Contents Internet Resources 265 Endnotes 265 Chapter 10 Politics in Germany  268   by Russell J Dalton Current Policy Challenges 270 The Historical Legacy 271 Following Two Paths 273 Social Forces 276 The Institutions and Structure of Government 279 Remaking Political Cultures 284 Political Learning and Political Communication 288 Citizen Participation 290 Politics at the Elite Level 292 Interest Groups 293 Party Government 296 The Party System 297 The Policymaking Process 304 Policy Performance 308 Addressing the Policy Challenges 312 After the Revolution 314 Review Questions 314 Key Terms 314 Suggested Readings 315 Internet Sources 315 Endnotes 316 Chapter 11 Politics in Japan  318   by Frances Rosenbluth and Michael F Thies Current Policy Challenges 320 Historical Origins of the Modern Japanese State 322 The Occupation 323 Social Conditions 324 Political Institutions 325 Political Culture and Issue Cleavages 329 Political Socialization 333 Political Participation and Voting Behavior 335 Electoral Systems and Electoral Competition 337 The Japanese Party System 339 Interest Groups 345 The Policymaking Process 347 Policy Performance 350 Concluding Thoughts about Japanese Politics 354 A01_POWE6959_11_SE_FM.indd 9 Review Questions 356 Key Terms 356 Suggested Readings 356 Internet Resources 357 Endnotes 357 Chapter 12 Politics in Russia  360   by Thomas F Remington Ensuring Continuity of Leadership 361 Current Policy Challenges 363 Historical Legacies 364 The Contemporary Constitutional Order 368 Russian Political Culture in the Post-Soviet Period 378 Political Participation 382 Interest Articulation: Statism, Corporatism, and Pluralism 385 The Dominant Party Regime 390 Russia and the Resource Curse 396 Toward the Rule of Law? 402 Russia and the International Community 403 Review Questions 404 Key Terms 404 Suggested Readings 405 Internet Resources 405 Endnotes 405 Chapter 13 Politics in China  408   by Melanie Manion Current Policy Challenges 410 Historical Setting 411 Social Conditions 416 Structure of the Party-State 417 Political Socialization 427 Political Culture 429 Political Participation 431 Interest Articulation and Aggregation 436 Policymaking and Implementation 438 Policy Performance 443 Hong Kong 449 China and the World 450 China’s Political Future 450 Review Questions 451 Key Terms 451 Suggested Readings 452 Internet Resources 452 Endnotes 452 24/07/14 7:44 AM www.downloadslide.com 754 Credits Crimes Commission (EFCC) Establishment Act; p 681: Wole Soyinka, You Must Set Forth at Dawn (New York: Random House, 2006), 421; p 683: Richard A Joseph, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 133–34; p 684: Based on Richard Sklar and C S Whitaker, Jr., “Nigeria,” in Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa, ed James S Coleman and Carl Rosberg (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964); p 685: Based on The Independent National Electoral Commission, results, www.inecnigeria.org; p 691: Diamond, Larry Class, Ethnicity, and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1988 53; p 691: Based on United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 2009; Diamond, Larry Class, Ethnicity, and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1988 69; p 694: Obiora Chinedu Okafor, “Between Elite Interests and Pro-Poor Resistance: The Nigerian Courts and Labour-Led Anti-Fuel Hike Struggles (1999–2007),” Journal of African Law 54 (2010), 95–118; p 696: Air Chief Marshal Paul Dike, Preface to Winning Hearts and Minds: A Community Relations Approach for the Nigerian Military, ed Ebere Onwudiwe and Eghosa Osaghae (Ibadan, Nigeria: John Archers, 2010); p 697: The Blood of Peace and Other Poems, Tanure Ojaide, Pearson Education Limited (London: Heinemann, 1991) Chapter 19 p 703: Rudyard Kipling “The English Flag,” in Barrack-Room Ballads and Other Verses (London: Methuen, 1892), stanza 1; p 707: 14th Amendment, Constitution of the United States of America; p 709: H G Nicholas, The Nature of American Politics, 2nd ed (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 4; p 710: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, 2012), Table 42; p 713: 14th Amendment, Constitution of the United States of America; p 713: Article VI, Constitution of the United States of America; p 713: Article I, Constitution of the United States of America; p 714: The United States Government Manual 2005/2006 (Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 2005), 21; p 719: Russell J Dalton, Citizen Politics in Z01_POWE6959_11_SE_CRE.indd 754 Western Democracies, 5th ed (Washington, D.C.: C.Q Press, 2008), 37; p 721: Based on figures from Russell J Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies, 5th ed (Washington, D.C.: C.Q Press, 2008) Campaign activity figures are taken from pp 44–46, communal activity from p 49 and p 68, and protest activity from p 68; p 725: Federal Elections Commission, “Top 50 PACs by Disbursements, January 1, 2013–June 30, 2013,” accessed at http:// www.fec.gov/press/summaries/2014/ElectionCycle/6m_PAC.shtml, January 16, 2014; p 727: Benjamin Ginsberg and Martin Shefter Politics by Other Means: The Declining Importance of Elections in America; p 728: PAC’s Hear, and Make, Calls for Their Abolition from The New York Times November 21, 1988; p 728: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2010 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, 2010), Table 385, and Federal Elections Commission for 2012; p 731: Based on Harold W Stanley and Richard G Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics, 2009–2010 (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2010), Table 3–2, 119; p 731: Nolan McCarty, Keith T Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2006), 12; p 732: Based on Congressional Quarterly Reports, 1993–2003; p 736: American National Election Studies, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan, compiled by Gary Jacobson Data points are the percentage reporting a different vote for the presidential and House of Representatives elections; third-party candidates are excluded from the calculations; p 740: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, 2012), Table 1361 These figures combine federal, state, and local taxes; p 741: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, 2012), Table 473; p 743: The Addresses and Messages of Presidents of the United States, vol 1, compiled by Edwin Williams (New York: Edward Walker, 1846), 32; p 743: Address to Congress, December 1, 1862, in Roy P Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol 5, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 537; p 746: James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, vol 1, 2nd ed (London: Macmillan, 1889), 300–301 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com Index Abacha military dictatorship, 128 Abacha, Sani, 115, 671, 675–77, 681, 683 Abe, Shinzo, 320, 321, 327, 341, 345, 350, 354, 355 Abiola, Moshood, 675, 677, 687 Abubakar, Abdulsalami, 675, 696 Abubakar, Atiku, 671, 685, 689 Abuja, Nigeria, 662 Adenauer, Konrad, 274, 297, 298 AFDC (Aid for Families with Dependent Children), 741 Affordable Care Act, 704, 715 Afghanistan, 61, 73, 165, 183, 271, 300, 388 AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations), 724 Africa Nigeria, 695–97 Age of migration, 28 Aging population, 53, 155, 175, 320, 331, 459 Agrarian parties, 102–103 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 560, 561, 566–68, 573, 575–78, 580, 582, 584, 586, 587, 591, 593, 595, 598–600 Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 741 Alemán, Miguel, 462, 493 Algeria, 222, 229 Allied Occupation of Japan, 323 All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP), 685 Alternative for Germany (AfD), 269, 271, 298 Alternative vote, 205 American exceptionalism, 743–46 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 724 Amnesty International, 87, 201 Anarchism, 41 Angola, 165 ANPP (All Nigeria People’s Party), 685 Antigua, 176 Argentina, 115, 132, 177, 469, 502, 512, 531, 539, 543, 550 Aristotle, 47 Armenia, 597 Artificial legislative majorities, 109 Aso, Taro, 327 Associational groups Nigeria, 682 Attlee, Clement, 186, 187 Australia, 39, 174, 176, 182 Austria, 89, 90, 111, 275 Authoritarian rule, 36, 66, 69, 75, 81, 122–23, 125, 128–30, 133, 136, 141, 142, 151, 410, 440, 451, 519, 520, 600 Ayodhya, 616, 622, 627, 634 Ayrault, Jean-Marc, 253 Azerbaijan, 597, 599 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 669, 675, 680, 684 Babangida, Ibrahim, 669, 675, 694 Bachmann, Michelle, 722 Bagehot, Walter, 188 Balewa, Tafawa, 675, 684 Bandaranaike, Sirimavo, 132 Bangladesh, 132, 161, 168, 183 Banisadr, Abolhasan, 574 Basic rights, violations of, 42 Basques, 28 Bayrou, Franỗois, 243 Belarus, 367, 385 Belgium, 138 Bennett, Andrew, 48 Berlin Wall, 275–76, 277, 286, 287 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 611, 615, 616, 623, 634–36, 644, 648 Biafra, Nigeria, 664 Bicameral legislature, 130, 284, 517 Bicameral national diet, 325–28 Bill of Rights, United States, 707 Bin Laden, Osama, 704 Bismarck, Otto von, 272 Black Block, 85 Blair, Tony, 110, 176, 178, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 196, 199, 201, 206, 211, 215 Blanket primary, 723 Blocked vote, 254 Boehner, John, 706 Boko Haram, 665–66 Bolivia, 469, 494, 549, 550, 598 Bolshevik Revolution, 365 Bonaparte, Napoléon, 221, 230 Bono, 33 Bosnia, 69 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 166, 169 Botswana, 31 Brandt, Willy, 281, 298, 299 Brazil, 31, 33, 34, 66, 68, 70, 73, 82, 83, 90, 101, 108, 109, 114, 115, 124–29, 132, 136, 143, 152, 153, 157–64, 167, 469, 493, 494, 502, 506–52, 542, 598, 642 afrodescendants, 509, 515, 519, 521, 522, 526, 527, 547 Bolsa Família, 153, 515, 539, 544, 546 Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), 511, 533, 536 Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), 536 bureaucracy, 519, 540, 542 Cabinet, 526, 529, 542 Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT), 529 Chamber of Deputies, 517, 530, 535, 539, 540 College of Leaders, 540 Congress, 508, 510–12, 516–19, 521, 523, 525, 526, 530, 533–36, 538–43, 547, 551 constitution, 512, 515–18, 521, 527, 529, 530, 531, 540, 542, 545 coronelismo, 533 Democratic Labor Party (PDT), 536 Democrats (DEM), 535, 536 Departamento Intersindical de Assessoria Parlamentar (DIAP), 529 direct action of unconstitutionality (ADIN), 518 ecclesial base communities (CEB), 520 755 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 755 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com 756 Index Brazil (continued) elections, 532–39 Estado Novo, 510 Federation of Industries of the State of São Paolo (FIESP), 530 Fiscal Responsibility Law, 517 import-substituting industrialization, 513 Institute for the Defense of the Consumer (IDEC), 530 international relations, 549–50 Legislative Assembly (state level), 517, 524 local governments, 516–17 Mesa Diretora, 540 Ministério Público (Public Prosecution), 519 Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST), 527 Parliamentary Commissions of Inquiry (CPIs), 517 participatory budgeting, 528 Party of Brazilian Social Democracy (PSDB), 534, 536, 538 Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), 533, 536 party system, 533–34 political culture, 519–524 political participation, 524–32 Progressive Party (PP), 536 Racial Equality Statute, 547 Real Plan, 513, 543 Senate, 512, 517, 534–36, 540, 547 Social Democratic Party (PSD), 533, 534, 536 Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal; STF), 518, 519, 526, 531, 540 transitional justice, 531, 532 Tribunal de Contas, 519 Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), 518 Workers’ Party (PT), 510, 533 Brezhnev, Leonid, 366 BRICS, 609 British Empire, 174, 175, 182, 612 Brown, Gordon, 178, 179, 185, 186, 187, 199, 202, 204 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 132 Buchanan, Pat, 728 Buhari, Muhammed, 675, 685–87 Bulgaria, 65, 68 Bureaucracy, 81, 86, 88, 90, 92, 95, 102, 112, 113, 115, 131, 139, 140–43 Bush, George W., 179, 403, 704–5, 708, 726, 728, 732–35, 739–40 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 756 Cabinet, 121, 124–25, 130–33, 137–39 See also entries under individual countries in Brazil, 542 in Britain, 199 in France, 252 in Germany, 281–82 in India, 622, 625, 626 Cable, Vince, 189 Cain, Herman, 722 Calderón, Felipe, 459, 464, 465, 467, 468, 476, 482, 483, 489, 491, 492, 494, 495 Callaghan, James, 177, 185, 186, 187 Cambodia, 42 Cameron, David, 174, 176, 177, 179, 184, 185, 186, 188, 195, 199, 204, 206, 214, 215 Canada, 64, 65, 68, 89, 105, 174, 182, 192, 197 Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc, 463, 490 Cárdenas, Lázaro, 114, 461–62, 463, 468, 488, 490 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 514, 517, 524, 526, 531, 532, 536, 543, 544, 547, 548, 549, 551 Carter, Jimmy, 565 Case study, 49 Census issue, 694–95 Centralization, 207, 257, 366, 374, 377–78, 476 Channels of political access, 91–94 Chávez, Hugo, 549 Chechnia, 362, 374–76, 388, 403, 404 Checks and balances, 111 Chief executive, 124, 129, 132, 133–37, 139–40 Chile, 65, 68, 115, 132, 469, 493, 494, 502, 512, 531, 550 China, 1, 26, 28, 31–34, 36–39, 42, 49, 50, 54, 55, 57, 65–66, 70, 75, 82, 83, 85, 90, 95, 101, 109, 112, 116, 125–28, 131, 132, 134, 136, 141, 143, 152, 156, 157–61, 164, 167, 168, 264, 321, 323, 324, 333, 334, 343, 351, 379, 400, 409–51, 458, 484, 514, 531, 547, 549, 551, 560, 594, 595, 598, 599, 600, 609, 611, 614, 615, 618, 619, 635, 642, 644, 645 Central Committee, 421–22, 437 Central Military Commission, 420, 423, 425 Communist Party, 55, 134, 136, 137, 410–12, 414, 415, 417, 418, 420–425, 427, 431–37, 439, 442, 443, 450, 451 Cultural Revolution, 415–16, 419, 421, 423, 425, 426, 428, 432, 434, 436 Democracy Movement, 435 education system, 428 government-organized nongovernmental organization (GONGO), 437–38 Great Leap Forward, 414, 432, 438, 448 Leading small groups (LSG), 439, 440 Nationalist Party, 412 National People’s Congress (NPC), 55, 131, 418–20 NGOs, 437–38 one-child family policy, 447–49 party-state, 417–27 Politburo, 55, 421–23 political culture, 429–31 political participation, 431–36 “socialist market economy,” 410, 411, 435, 444 State Council, 55, 418, 420, 439–41, 446 state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 445 Supreme People’s Court, 420–21 Tiananmen massacre, 436, 449 village committee, 434 Chirac, Jacques, 224, 238, 240, 242, 243, 245, 249, 251, 253 Churchill, Winston, 157, 176, 177, 185, 187, 196 Citizenship, 41, 67 Civil liberties, 35–38 Civil service, 140, 189–90 Civil society, 88, 519–22 Civil War, 28, 165, 166, 168, 169 Nigeria, 670 United States, 707–8 Class in Britain, 197 in France, 228 in India, 618–19 Clean Air Act of 1970, 743 Clean Government Party (Komeito), 341–42 Clegg, Nick, 174, 179, 188, 199 Clientelism, 683 Clinton, Bill, 129, 178, 179 Clinton, Hillary, 709 Closed primary, 722 Coalition cabinet, 138 Coalitions, 110–12, 137–39, 637 Cold War, 1, 27, 122, 166, 169, 222 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com Index 757 Collective action problem, 86 College of Leaders, 540 Collor de Mello, Fernando, 129, 511, 524, 531 Colombia, 550 Colonialism, 113, 459–60, 578, 608, 614, 618, 619, 627, 629, 631, 638, 640, 642 Colosio, Luis Donaldo, 463 Commercial courts (arbitrazhnye sudy), 374 Commonwealth of Nations, 175, 176, 182, 189, 680 Communes, 247, 248 Communist Party, 104, 112, 368, 374, 393–94 France (PCF), 223, 232, 236, 244, 246–47 in India, 635 Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), 392 Community building, 28, 70, 157, 321 Community, destruction of, 41–42 Comparative method, 46–47 Composite dialogue, 611 Conceptual framework, 47 Confederal system, 126 Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), 236 Confidence relationship, 124 Conflictual political culture, 68–69 Congruence theory, 69 Consensual political culture, 68–69 Conservative groups, 727 Conservative Party, Britain, 174, 176, 177, 182, 197, 201, 204, 206 Constitution, 121–22, 127–29, 133–34, 137, 223, 322, 364, 369–70 See also entries under individual countries Nigeria, 677 United States, 711–15 Constitutional Council, France, 254, 256, 257, 262 Constitutional Court, 374, 403 Constitutional tradition, France, 223–224 Corruption, 43, 142, 149, 164, 245, 377, 382, 385, 400, 402–3, 411, 443, 468–69, 559, 565, 580, 589, 595, 596 Nigeria, 671 Costa Rica, 132, 469, 493, 497, 502 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 275 Crosland, Anthony, 199 Crown, England, 180–83 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 757 Cuba, 66, 69, 112, 116, 549 Culture matters, 69–70 Daley, Richard, Sr., 100 Da Silva, Marina, 508, 511 Decision rules, 121–22 De Gaulle, Charles, 103, 221, 222, 225, 239, 240, 242, 249, 253, 256 De la Madrid, Miguel, 462, 463, 476, 483, 490 De Maiziere, Lothar, 276 Democracy, 26, 35–38, 47, 48, 65–66, 70, 74, 77, 104, 105, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 122–23, 142, 148, 151, 156, 157, 646–49 representative, 292, 296, 532 Third Wave of, Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), 319, 341 Democratic presidential regime, 123 Democratization, 1, 36, 37, 49, 76, 84, 88, 90, 95, 115, 116, 125, 127, 163, 173, 366, 397 Third Wave of, 36, 125, 429 Democrats (DEM), 535, 536 Demonstrations of May through June 1968, 240 Deng, Xiaoping, 413–23, 426, 435, 436, 439 Denmark, 103, 128, 140, 223, 232 Departamento Intersindical de Assessoria Parlamentar (DIAP), 529 Departments, France, 257 De Soto, Hernando, 156 De Tocqueville, Alexis, 46, 48, 82–83, 174 Deve Gowda, H.D., 623 Devolution England, 178, 208 Dharma, 617 Dharna, 629, 631 Díaz Ordaz, Gustavo, 462 Díaz, Porfirio, 460–61 Die Linke, 298, 301, 303, 304 Diet, bicameral legislative body, 322 Direct primary, 722 Direct socialization, 71 Direct taxes, 150 Disease Mexico, 460 Nigeria, 661 Russia, 401 United States, 709 Dismissal power, 124 Dissolution power, 124 Distribution, policy purposes, 150, 153–55 Distributive performance Nigeria, 690–93 United States, 740–41 Divided government, 124, 125, 126, 474–76, 477, 480, 481, 482, 502 Divided party control, 734–36 Dohnanyi, Klaus von, 271 Domestic policy outcomes, 157–66 Domestic security outcomes, 164–66 Douglas-Home, Alec, 185, 186, 187 Downing Street, 184, 185, 186, 199, 211 See also Great Britain Downs, Anthony, 106 Duma, 369–72, 390–94, 397 Duverger, Maurice, 106 Duverger’s Law, 106, 108 East Germany (German Democratic Republic; GDR), 71 Ebadi, Shirin, 588, 597 École Nationale d’Administration (ENA), 233 École Polytechnique, 233 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), 671 Economic and social decisions, 26 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 695–96 Economic development, 30–35 efficiency and growth, 40–41 problems of, 33–35 Economic inefficiency, 42 Economic liberalization, Japan, 354 Economy in Brazil, 513–16 in France, 222–23 in Germany, 277 in India, 642–45 ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States), 695–96 Ecuador, 129, 549, 550, 598 Eden, Sir Anthony, 177, 185, 186, 187 Education system in Brazil, 544–45 in Britain, 196–97 in France, 230–31 in Germany, 289–90 in Iran, 581–82 EFCC (Economic and Financial Crimes Commission), 671 Effective number of parties, 108, 109 Egypt, 65, 72, 76, 565, 582, 583, 594 Electioneering United States, 729–30 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com 758 Index Elections, 36, 64, 75, 81, 104–9, 115, 116, 122, 130, 133, 137, 138 See also entries under individual countries in Brazil, 532–39 in Britain, 203–7 in Germany, 301–4 in India, 639–40 in Iran, 574–77 Nigeria, 684–89 primary, 106, 249 Russia, 390–96 Electoral authoritarianism, 113, 116 Electoral history in Germany, 298–301 Electoral systems, 104–8, 138 majority runoff, 105, 108, 109, 250, 538 mixed, 302, 477 proportional representation (PR), 105–6, 138, 204–5, 301, 338, 371, 477, 488, 489, 538 single-member district plurality (SMDP), 105, 106, 108, 109, 301, 337–38 Elías Calles, Plutarco, 481, 485 Elizabeth II, 185 Energy policy, Japan, 352–54 England, 173–76 Environmental protection United States, 742–43 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 743 EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 743 Erhard, Ludwig, 298 Ethnic groups, 28 Ethnic identity Nigeria, 666–68 Ethnicity, 28–29 Ethnic solidarity Nigeria, 686–89 European Convention of Human Rights, 185, 193 European Court of Justice, 193, 304, 308 European Union (EU), 26, 36, 220, 261, 264, 271, 550, 599 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 223, 237, 263 European Union (EU), 121, 122, 125 Exclusive governing party, 112–13 Externality, 155 Extractive performance Nigeria, 690 Fairness, 149 Fairness outcomes, 161–63 Family, 72 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 758 in Britain, 196 in France, 229 in Germany, 288–89 in Iran, 585 in Japan, 333 in Nigeria, 671–72 Fatherland party, 393 FCC See Federal Communications Commission Federal character, Nigeria, 676 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) United States, 718 Federal Election Campaign Act, 724 Federalism Nigeria, 677–80 United States, 712–13 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 273–74 Federal Security Service (FSB), 362, 369, 402 Federal structure, in India, 628–29 Federal system, 126, 127, 130, 279–80, 516, 628–29 Federation Council, 370–74, 376 Fédération de l’Education Nationale (FEN), 236 Fédération nationale des syndicates d’exploitants agricoles (FNSEA), 237 Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FITUR), 386, 389 Ferraro, Geraldine, 709 Figueiredo, Joóo, 542 Fiji, 116 Fillon, Franỗois, 253 Financial crisis, India, 645 Finland, 89 First-past-the-post electoral system, Britain, 180 FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act), 739 Flatto-Sharon, Shmuel, 103 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 739 Fourth Republic, 624 Fox, Vicente, 464, 482, 483, 489, 494, 495 Fragmented authoritarianism, 440 France, 28, 29, 33, 48, 49, 53, 65, 68, 70, 74, 83, 84, 89, 101, 103, 105, 108, 109, 124–28, 130, 131, 134, 136, 140, 143, 151–54, 156, 160–62, 164, 167, 173, 174, 176, 214, 219–64, 273, 550, 599 baccalauréat, 230, 231 bureaucracy, 233, 259 Cabinet (Council of Ministers), 252 Cohabitation (divided government), 220, 245, 252, 253 Communist Party, 111, 223, 232, 236, 244, 24647 Confộdộration Franỗaise Dộmocratique du Travail (CFDT), 236 Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), 236 constitution, 223–24, 226, 234, 251–53, 256 Constitutional Council, 254, 256, 257, 262 Council of State, 256 Cumul des mandats, 258 decentralization, 258–59 departments, 257 École Nationale d’Administration (ENA), 233 École Polytechnique, 233 elections, 242, 243, 248–49 and European Union (EU), 262–64 Fédération de l’Education Nationale (FEN), 236 Fédération nationale des syndicates d’exploitants agricoles (FNSEA), 237 Fifth Republic, 219, 220, 223, 226, 230, 232, 237, 238, 239, 242, 244–48, 249, 251, 253, 255, 256, 263 Force Ouvrière (FO), 236 Fourth Republic, 111, 222, 232, 234, 237, 239, 244, 251, 256 French Council of the Muslim Religion (CFCM), 228 French Revolution, 221, 225 grandes écoles, 231, 233 grands corps, 233, 234 immigration, 220, 244, 260, 262, 263 Mouvement Démocrate (MoDem), 243 Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF), 236 National Assembly, 223, 225, 232, 233, 234, 239, 240, 243, 246, 247, 248, 253, 255, 256 National Front, 103, 108, 236, 243–44 new immigrants, 228 party system, 239–47 political class, 232 political culture, 224–28 prefect, 257 president of the Republic, 234 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com Index 759 prime minister, 224, 233, 242, 245, 251, 252, 253 Rally for the Republic (RPR), 240 referendums, 249, 250 secularism, 224, 228 Senate, 130, 255–56 Socialist Party, 219, 228, 244, 246, 247, 251 Third Republic, 221, 227, 232, 248 Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), 239–41, 242, 246 Union for French Democracy (UDF), 241–44 Franco, Itamar, 511, 543 Franco-Prussian War, 221 Fréchette, Louise, 38 Freedom House, 156 Freedom of speech, 40, 149, 163 Free riders, 86 Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 550 French Communist Party (PCF), 223, 246–47 Frente Parlamentar da Agropecuária (FPA), 530 Freyre, Gilberto, 521 Fukuda, Yasuo, 327 Fundamentalism, 29–30 Fund for the Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and Teaching (FUNDEF), 545 G8, 85 G-34, 236 Gandhi, Indira, 132, 614, 615, 617, 621, 622, 627, 631, 633 Gandhi, Mahatma, 103, 613, 614, 640, 643 Gandhi, Rahul, 622, 634 Gandhi, Rajiv, 615, 621, 622, 633 Gandhi, Sonia, 614, 615, 622, 623, 634, 643 Geisel, Ernesto, 511, 512 Gender, 72–73, 77, 103 Gender roles, 38 in Brazil, 270–71 in Britain, 196 in France, 233–34 in Germany, 278 in Iran, 596–97 George, Alexander, 48 Georgia, 403, 404 German unemployment benefits, 309 Germany, 26, 28, 33, 36, 64, 65, 68, 70, 83, 85, 90, 92, 101, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111, 121, 125–32, 136, 137, 139, Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 759 142, 143, 151–54, 156, 159–61, 167, 168, 176, 182, 214, 232, 260, 269, 329, 347, 352, 550, 560, 599, 600 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 273, 278–83, 296, 297, 305–8, 313 Bundesrat (Federal Council), 280–81, 283, 305–7 Bundestag (Federal Diet), 280 Cabinet, 281–82, 292, 304–5 Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 269, 274–76, 292, 293, 297–304, 313 Christian Social Union (CSU), 297–303, 313 codetermination (Mitbestimmung), 294 Confederation of German Employers’ Associations (BDA), 294 Constitutional Court, 128, 278, 280, 283, 284, 308, 313 constructive vote of no confidence, 283 East Germany (German Democratic Republic; GDR), 270, 273, 275–77, 287, 291, 292, 297 Economic Miracle (Wirtschaftswunder), 274–75, 277, 284, 285, 294, 308–10 elections, 301–4 and European Union (EU), 270, 271, 276, 277, 298, 304, 308, 310 federal chancellor (Bundeskanzler), 281–82 Federal Court of Justice, 283 federal president (Bundespräsident), 282–83 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 273–74 Federation of German Industry (BDI), 294 Free Democratic Party (FDP), 275, 276, 298, 301, 304, 313 German Federation of Trade Unions (DGB), 294 Grand Coalition, 276, 298, 300, 301 Greens (die Grünen), 104, 276, 298, 299, 301, 302, 304 guest workers (Gastarbeiter), 278 immigration, 271, 278 Länder (states), 279, 280 Linke Party, 269 Nazi (National Socialist German Workers’ Party), 36, 42, 221, 272, 273, 280, 297 neocorporatism, 293 new politics, 287 Ostpolitik, 275 Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), 298, 300 (See also Linke Party) party system, 297–304 political culture, 284–88 political participation, 290–92 Social Democratic Party (SPD), 275, 276, 293, 294, 297–304 Socialist Party, 105 Socialist Unity Party (SED), 273, 276, 298, 300 unification, 270, 275–78, 279, 284–85, 290, 297, 301, 309, 311, 312–13 Weimar Republic, 111, 272, 279, 283, 284, 298, 302 West Germany, 270, 273–77, 279, 284–86, 287, 291, 297, 298 Gherao, 631 Gingrich, Newt, 722 Ginsberg, Benjamin, 727 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 240, 241, 242, 243, 256 Glasnost, 275, 366, 385 Globalization, 26, 27, 29, 38–39, 51, 69, 77, 85, 95, 155, 167, 174, 175, 213, 262–64 contribution of, 38–39 Global recession (2008), Godse, Nathuram, 613 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 65, 136, 275, 365, 366–67, 368, 378, 388, 402, 403 Gore, Al, 49 Goulart, João, 511 Government functions, 39–41, 50 for private gain, 42–43 problems, 41–43 Gowon, Yakubu, 671, 674–75, 684, 690–91, 695 Grameen Bank, 161 Grandes écoles, 231, 233 Grands corps, 233, 234 Great Britain, 27, 28, 29, 43, 55, 65, 68, 70, 72, 75, 77, 83, 89, 101, 102, 105, 106, 108–11, 121–23, 125–28, 131, 132, 135, 136, 140, 142, 143, 152, 156, 157, 159–61, 164, 167, 173–215, 222, 223, 224, 233, 239, 249, 252, 273, 284, 449, 550, 563, 577, 612, 618 British National Party (BNP), 204 bureaucracy, 189 Cabinet, 54, 55, 199 coalition government, 174–76, 179, 181, 185, 188, 190, 193, 194, 207, 211 collectivist theory of government, 195 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com 760 Index Great Britain (continued) Confederation of British Industries, 201 Conservative Party, 55, 75, 109, 138, 174, 176, 177, 182, 197, 201, 204, 206 constitution, 185 devolution, 178, 181, 184, 208–9 and European Union (EU), 175, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 188, 211, 212, 214 first-past-the-post electoral system, 180, 203 Green Party, 204 House of Commons, 55, 109, 121, 131, 174–77, 179, 184, 186, 188–90, 192–94, 196, 197, 199, 203–5, 281 House of Lords, 43, 184, 188, 192, 193, 199 immigration, 179, 183, 210 individualist theory of government, 195 insider interest groups, 202 Labour Party, 55, 75, 101, 109, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 189, 201, 204, 206, 210, 214, 215, 244 Liberal Democrats, 55, 106, 138, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 185, 188, 195, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 214, 302 National Health Service, 179, 209, 212, 213 official secrecy, parliaments, 193 parliament, 54, 173–76, 178, 184, 185, 187, 190–93 party system, 203–7 Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales), 181, 204 political culture, 194–96 political participation, 198 prime minister, 174, 186 quasi-autonomous non government organizations (quangos), 210 Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP), 181, 214, 215 Scottish Parliament, 180, 181, 205 Supreme Court, 184, 193 Trades Union Congress (TUC), 201 UK Independence Party (UKIP), 204 Welsh Assembly, 181, 205 Westminster, 184, 193, 205, 207 Great Depression, 153, 157, 272, 276–77, 499 Great Firewall of China, 75 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 760 Greece, 153, 314 Green parties, 103 Greenpeace, 81, 87, 94 Griffith, J.A.G., 184 Gross domestic product (GDP), 151, 152, 501, 514, 515 Gross national happiness (GNH), 30 Gross national income (GNI), 32, 37 Gujral, Inder Kumar, 621, 623 Gurr, Ted Robert, 93 Hamilton, Alexander, 123 Harff, Barbara, 166 Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ali-Akbar, 560, 564, 574, 576, 587, 591, 595, 597, 599 Hatoyama, Yukio, 319, 327, 341, 344, 345, 349, 350 Haugaard, Jacob, 103 Hausa-Fulani, Nigeria, 657, 660, 667, 675, 684 Health care, Japan, 352 Health care reform United States, 705–6 Heath, Edward, 177, 186, 187 Helena, Heloísa, 534 Henry, Patrick, 149 Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 460 Higher civil service, 140 Hindenburg, Paul von, 272 Hindutva, 627 Historical perspective in Brazil, 510–12 in Britain, 176–80 in France, 221–22 in Germany, 271–73 in India, 611–15 in Iran, 560–66 in Japan, 322–23 in Mexico, 459–67 Hitler, Adolf, 168, 272, 273, 285 Hobbes, Thomas, 128, 150, 164 Hollande, Franỗois, 219, 221, 229, 233, 234, 238, 246, 253 Hong Kong, 75, 183, 427, 428, 430, 449–50, 642 House of Councillors, 325 House of Representatives, 325 Nigeria, 670 United States, 704, 706, 713, 720, 726, 735–36, 746 Hua, Guofeng, 423 Hu, Jintao, 423 Human Development Index (HDI), 31 Human rights, 35–38, 39, 42, 43, 77, 185, 193, 646 Hungary, 275 Hung parliament, 179 Huntington, Samuel P., 70, 151, 646 Huntsman, Jon, Jr., 722 Hussein, Saddam, 564, 566, 594, 598, 599, 705, 739 Hu, Yaobang, 423 Ideological political action committees, 725 Igbo, Nigeria, 658–60, 664, 666–70, 673–75, 681, 683–84 Immigration, 104 Impeachment, 129 Inclusive governing party, 113 Income inequality, 163, 259, 493, 494, 495, 498, 509, 546 Independent National Election Commission (INEC), 685 India, 26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 65, 68, 70, 83, 90, 94, 101, 103, 105, 108, 109, 122, 125–28, 132, 134, 136, 137, 139, 143, 152, 154–56, 158–65, 167, 168, 174, 176, 182, 183, 416, 450, 531, 607–649 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 611, 615, 616, 623, 634–35, 644, 648 bureaucracy, 612, 627 Cabinet (Council of Ministers), 622, 625, 626 castes, 617–18 Communist Party, 635, 636, 648 Congress Party, 75, 103, 611, 612, 613, 615, 619, 623, 624, 626, 629, 632–34 constitution, 608, 612, 613, 620–23, 626, 628, 629, 632, 635, 638 dalits, 617, 618 emergency, 620, 621, 622 Hindu nationalism, 616, 634, 639 Janata Party, 631, 633, 634 Lok Sabha, 620, 621, 623, 624–626, 633–35, 639–41 Muslims, 610, 612, 613, 616, 634, 641 National Democratic Alliance (NDA), 611, 634 nuclear test, 611, 646 parliament, 620, 621, 623–624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 639, 641 political culture, 637–39 political participation, 608, 613, 636, 639, 640, 646 Rayja Sabha, 614, 623, 624, 625, 626, 628 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com Index 761 regional governments, 609, 620, 628, 631, 632 satyagraha (nonviolent resistance), 613, 629, 638, 640 Sikhs, 610, 616, 633 Supreme Court, 128, 619, 626, 627, 648 Swadeshi movement, 642, 643, 644 Tribals (aborigines), 617, 618, 623, 635, 641 United Progressive Alliance (UPA), 611, 634 zamindars, 612 Indian national congress, 632–34 Indirect socialization, 71 Indirect taxes, 151 Individualist theory of government, Britain, 195 INEC (Independent National Election Commission), 685 Inertia and vested interests, 43 Inglehart, Ronald, 287 Inputs of political system, 50 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), 457 Interdependence, 50–53, 95 Interest aggregation, 55, 99–117, 131, 390 Interest articulation, 55, 80–96, 131 Interest groups, 50, 74, 80, 83, 101–2, 120, 139, 141, 142 See also entries under individual countries anomic, 84–85, 94 associational, 86–87, 88, 90, 94, 101 institutional, 86, 87, 94, 101–2 non-associational, 85–86, 94 Interest group systems, 44, 234–38, 293–96 controlled, 90 corporatism, 528 corporatist, 89–90, 101, 202, 484 pluralist, 89, 385 International Atomic Energy Agency, 600 International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, 596 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 177, 398, 514, 558, 593, 644, 645 International outcomes, 167–69 Internet, 75–76, 157, 160, 167, 197, 231, 232, 281, 290, 427–28, 514, 585 Internet censorship, China, 428 Intersubjective concepts, 47 Inukai, Tsuyoshi, 323 Iran, 26, 27, 29, 54, 57, 64, 65, 68, 70, 75, 83, 125, 126, 127, 132, 133, 136, Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 761 143, 151, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 167, 450, 525, 550, 557–601 Assembly of Experts, 567, 568 Basij, 568, 575, 582, 588 constitution, 563, 565, 566, 568, 569–71, 577, 584, 589–92 Council of Guardians, 54, 567, 568, 569–70, 576, 577, 586, 590, 591 elections, 571–77 Expediency Council, 568, 570, 591 Green Movement, 560, 561, 572, 576 Islamic Republican Party (IRP), 572 Islamic Revolution, 560, 565, 578, 581, 586, 589, 597 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), 560, 567, 568, 570, 571, 575, 576, 582, 584, 586, 588, 589, 597, 600 Leader, 560, 561, 562, 564, 568–72, 574, 576, 584, 587, 590–92, 598, 601 Majles See parliament minorities, 559, 562, 571, 579, 580, 595 multiple power centers, 566, 571 National Security Council, 576, 591, 592 parliament, 559, 560, 563, 564, 565, 568–69, 570, 572, 574, 576–77, 584, 591, 592 political culture, 577–81 Qajar dynasty, 562, 563 Tudeh Party, 564, 571 Twelver Shiism, 559, 561–62, 580 ulema, 557, 560, 562–65, 569, 570, 571, 572, 574, 579, 584, 589, 590, 595, 601 Iran–Iraq war (1980–1988), 566 Iraq, 27, 179, 190, 211, 221, 271, 300, 323, 350, 560, 561, 562, 564, 565, 566, 581, 582, 586, 589, 595, 598, 599 Ireland, 173, 180–82 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 181, 193 Iron law of oligarchy, 105 Ironsi, Agusi, 675 Islamic Revolution, 167 Islamists, 560, 565, 566 Israel, 29, 51, 94, 103, 105, 132, 565, 577, 578, 579, 581, 600 Italy, 65, 68, 85, 86, 103, 110, 111, 139, 220, 222, 264, 429, 507, 528 Jackson, Andrew, 707, 717 Jackson, Jesse, 716 Jajmani system, India, 617, 636 Japan, 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 51, 64, 65, 68, 70, 77, 83, 89, 91, 92, 100, 101, 108, 109, 125–28, 130, 131, 136, 143, 153, 154–56, 159, 160, 164, 168, 264, 319–56, 410, 413, 550, 560, 563, 599, 642 Article 33, 323, 324, 329, 341–42 bureaucracy, 322, 326, 347–48 Cabinet, 326, 347 Clean Government Party (Komeito), 339, 341–42 Constitution, 319, 322–326, 329, 342, 348 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), 319, 336, 338–45, 347, 349, 352, 354–55 Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), 339, 347 Diet, 322, 323, 325–28, 338, 347–50 education, 333–34 elections, 337–39 ethnic homogeneity versus immigration, 332–33 family, 333 Historical Origins, 322–23 House of Councillors (Upper House), 325, 326, 337, 338–39 House of Representatives (Lower House), 325, 328, 329, 337–38 immigration, 321, 324, 332–33 Japan Communist Party, 339, 342, 343 Japan Socialist Party (JSP), 339, 342, 347 Keiretsu, 346 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 319, 325–29, 339–46, 349, 352–55 malapportionment, 329 mass media, 334 Meiji Restoration, 322 New Frontier Party (NFP), 339 Nokyo (agricultural cooperative), 346–47 Occupation, 323–324 party system, 339–45 People’s New Party (PNP), 327, 344 policy performance, 350–54 political culture, 329–33 political participation, 335–37 Self-Defense Forces, 329, 342 single non-transferable vote (SNTV), 338 Social Conditions, 324–325 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com 762 Index Japan (continued) Soka Gakkai, 341 Supreme Court, 329, 348 Taisho Democracy, 323 Trade Union Confederation (Rengo), 347 U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty, 324 Japan Communist Party, 339, 342, 343 Japan Socialist Party (JSP), 339, 342, 347 Jatis, caste system, 617 Jefferson, Thomas, 40, 122 Jiang, Zemin, 423, 425 Johnson, Gary, 722 Jolie, Angelina, 33 Jonathan, Goodluck, 656, 676, 685, 686, 688–89, 694, 697 Jordan, 579, 582 Joseph, Richard, 682 Jospin, Lionel, 245 Judicial review, 57, 127–28, 256–57, 308 United States, 714–15 Judicial system in Brazil, 518 in Germany, 283 in India, 626–27 in Nigeria, 681 Juppé, Alain, 242 Kaduna Mafia, 682–83 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 375 Kagan, Robert, 717 Kaiser, 272, 284 Kan, Naoto, 319, 327, 341, 345 Karroubi, Mehdi, 561, 584 Karzai, Hamid, 705 Kashmir, 65, 609, 610, 611, 612, 615, 618, 627, 632, 634, 639 Kenya, 113 Khamenei, Ali, 560, 568, 570, 571, 572, 574, 576, 577, 583, 591, 592, 593, 601 Khatami, Mohammad, 560, 564, 570, 572, 575, 576, 580, 584, 587 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 387–88 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 557, 560, 564, 566, 590 Khrushchev, Nikita, 136, 366 King, Reverend Martin Luther, 708 Kipling, Rudyard, 703 Kohl, Helmut, 129, 275–76, 282, 284, 299 Koizumi, Junichiro, 327, 328, 335, 344, 350, 351, 354, 355 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 762 Korea, North, 26, 36, 112, 113, 321, 324, 351, 352, 450 Korea, South, 31, 34, 39, 51, 129, 351, 430, 642 Kosovo, 104, 166, 169, 271, 300–1 Kurds, 28, 559, 562, 563, 578, 599 Labastida, Francisco, 486 Labor movement, French, 234–36 Labor unions, 72, 80, 84, 87, 89, 101, 103, 131, 200–3, 230, 234–37, 239, 244, 293, 294, 346, 347, 389, 470, 484, 486, 529, 629, 631 Labour Party Britain, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 189, 201, 204, 206, 210, 214, 215 Lafontaine, Oskar, 300, 301 Lagos, Nigeria, 662 Language, in India, 618 Latin America, 27 Law-governed state (pravovoe gosudarstvo), 402 Leaders, college of, 540 League of Committees of Soldiers’ Mothers, 386 Lebanon, 69, 111, 598 Lee, Robert E., 707 Legislating policy in Germany, 305–7 Legislative assemblies, 130–33 Legislative committees, 131, 139, 142, 188, 253, 255, 281, 296, 372, 540, 629, 631 Legitimacy, 64–65, 67–68, 76, 112, 113, 115, 116, 122, 136, 157, 560, 564, 578, 607 Britain, 194–96 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 365, 417 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 240, 243, 244, 247 Leviathan, 128 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 319, 325–29, 339–46, 349, 352–55 See also Japan Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 392–93, 395 Liberal Democrats Britain, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 185, 188, 195, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 214 Liberalization of economy, 642–45 Liberation theology, 29, 520 Libertarianism, 41 Libertarians, 149 Liberty and freedom outcomes, 163–64 Lieberman, Joe, 733 Lijphart, Arend, 128 Li, Keqiang, 411, 420, 423, 425 Lincoln, Abraham, 743 Linguistic divisions, 29 Linke Party See entry under Germany Li, Peng, 423 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 27 Lisbon Treaty, 314 Litigation, 727 Litigiousness, 717 Loans for shares, 399 Lobbying, 92, 725–28 Locke, John, 40, 123 López Obrador, Andrés Manuel, 464–68, 491, 492 Lula, Luiz Inácio da Silva, 153, 508, 511, 514, 517, 522, 524–526, 529–31, 534, 536, 542–45, 548–51 Luxembourg, 223 Maastricht Treaty, 125, 249, 262 MacArthur, Douglas, 323 Macmillan, Harold, 177, 185, 186, 187 Madero, Francisco I., 461 Madison, James, 42, 123, 712 Madrazo, Roberto, 464, 465, 491 Major, John, 125, 178, 185, 186, 187 Mandela, Nelson, 681 Mandelson, Peter, 178 Manufactured legislative majorities, 109 Mao Zedong, 112, 409, 412, 415, 416, 423, 439 Marinho, Roberto, 524 Marketization, 77 Markets, 34, 40, 41, 77, 157, 458, 494 Marx, Karl, 295 Mass media, 75–76, 427–28 Nigeria, 673–74 United States, 718 Mass mobilization campaign, 432 Mayhew, David, 736 McCotter, Thaddeus, 722 McGuinness, Martin, 181 Media, 67, 75–76, 91, 122, 142, 197–98, 290, 524, 584–85 Median voter, 106 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 137, 361–63, 365, 379, 384, 393, 395 Meiji Restoration (Japan), 322 Meir, Golda, 132 MEND (Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta), 664 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com Index 763 Mercosur, 550 Merkel, Angela, 132, 269–71, 276, 278, 279, 282, 290–92, 301, 302 Mesa Diretora, 540 Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad-Taqi, 586 Mexico, 32, 34, 65, 66, 68, 70, 83, 90, 93, 125–27, 129, 132, 136, 143, 153, 160, 162, 163, 164, 457–502, 521, 535, 547, 550 caciques, 461, 490 Chamber of Deputies, 464, 467, 477–82, 487 Chiapas rebellion, 463 Civic Alliance, 470 Confederación de Trabajadores de México (CTM), 484 Confederación Nacional Campesina (CNC), 484 Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares (CNOP), 484 Congress, 457, 459, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 470, 475, 478, 480 Constitution, 460, 461, 467, 477 historical perspectives, 459–67 indigenous population, 460 migrants, 473, 500, 501 Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), 464, 488–89 Partido Communista Mexicano (PCM), 490 Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), 464–65, 468, 482, 485, 490–91 Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), 127, 136, 457, 459, 463–67, 485–88 Partido Verde Ecologista de México (PVEM), 465 party system, 485–92 policy challenges, 458–59 political culture, 467–69 political participation, 472–74 political socialization, 469–72 presidencialismo, 480 Senate, 464, 467, 474, 477, 478 Supreme Court, 474, 480, 482, 483, 489, 496 Mexico, 101, 108, 109, 113, 114, 429 National Action Party (PAN), 114 Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), 113–14 Michels, Robert, 105 Migration, age of, 28 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 763 Miliband, Ed, 179 Military coup, 114, 116, 525, 526, 667, 670, 685, 687 Military government, 114–16, 137, 513, 526, 543, 665 Minorities in Germany, 278–79 Iran’s ethnic minorities, 559 at Risk Project, 162 Minority cabinet, 138 Mirroring (descriptive representation), 13133 Mitterrand, Franỗois, 224, 24447, 249, 263 Mixed economy, 608, 614, 642 Mixed electoral system See entry under Electoral systems Modernization, 67, 76, 84, 95, 608, 616, 617 Moldova, 64, 65, 68 Monarchy, 134–35, 195 Monopoly, 42 Montesquieu, Baron de, 123 Morelos y Pavón, José María, 460 MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People), 681 Mossadegh, Mohammad, 564, 571, 579 Motion of censure, 252, 253, 255 Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 560, 561, 573, 578 Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF), 236 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), 664 Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), 681 Mugabe, Robert, 42, 176 Multinational states, 28 Multiparty system, 106, 108, 110–12, 137, 203, 205, 391–96 Multiple power centers islamic republic, 566, 571 Multiracial Britain, 182–83 Murayama, Tomiichi, 327, 342 Myanmar, 26 NADECO See National Democratic Coalition Na’ini, Muhammad Husayn, 563 Naipaul, V.S., 640 Naira, 693 Napoléon Bonaparte, 221, 230 Napoléon III, 221 Narayanan, K.R., 621, 622 Narrow material interest political action committees, 724–25 Nateq Nuri, Ali-Akbar, 574, 587 Nation, 28 National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), 682 National Health Service (NHS), 209 National identity, 27, 29, 40, 64, 69 Nationalization, 236, 245, 261, 262 Nigeria, 669–70 National Organization for Women (NOW), 727 National Security Agency, 739 National Union of Petroleum and Gas Workers (NUPENG), 682 Nation building See also Community building Nation building, 40 Nazis See entry under Germany Nehru, Jawaharlal, 103, 608, 614, 615, 621, 642 Neocolonial economics, Nigeria, 664 Neocorporatism, 237 Germany, 293 Netherlands, 65, 68, 105, 110, 111, 138, 249, 284 Neves, Tancredo, 512 New Frontier Party (NFP), 339 New Zealand, 89 Nicholas, H.G., 709 Nicholas II, 365 Niger, 116 Nigeria, 27, 28, 30, 32, 36, 37, 38, 43, 65, 66, 70, 83, 87, 101, 109, 114, 115, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 132, 136, 137, 143, 151, 154, 158–61, 163, 164, 165, 167, 654–98 in Africa, 695–97 agricultural production conditions, 660–61 All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP), 685 associational groups, 682 bureaucracy, 676 Civil War, 670 colonial interlude, 658–60 constitution, 677 current policy challenges, 656–57 debt adjustment, 693–94 democratic norms and values, 670 disease, 661 distributive performance, 690–93 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), 671 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com 764 Index Nigeria (continued) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 695–96 elections, 684–89 ethnic association, 681–82 ethnic identity, 666–68 ethnic solidarity, 686–89 extractive performance, 690 family, 671–72 federalism, 677–80 Hausa-Fulani, 657, 660, 667, 675, 684 House of Representatives, 670 Igbo, 658–60, 664, 666–70, 673–75, 681, 683–84 independence, 660 Independent National Election Commission (INEC), 685 interest articulation, 681–83 international environment, 664–66 judicial system, 681 Kaduna Mafia, 682–83 local government, 668, 670, 674–75, 677–78, 680, 685, 693, 698 mass media, 673–74 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), 664 Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), 681 National Assembly, 656, 671, 676, 678, 680, 686, 695 National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), 682 nationalism, 669–70 National Union of Petroleum and Gas Workers (NUPENG), 682 natural resources, geographic distribution, 664 Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), 682 nonassociational groups, 682–83 parliamentary vs presidential government, 681–82 party loyalty, 686–89 party system, 684–89 patron-client networks, 683 People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 685 petroleum, 662–63 policy formation and implementation, 690–95 political corruption, 671 political culture, 666–71 political participation, 683–84 political recruitment, 674–76 political role of women, 670 political socialization, 671–74 political structure, 676–81 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 764 population growth, 661–62 prospects for development, 697–98 regulative performance, 694–95 religion, 668–69 religious association, 681–82 schools, 672–73 structural adjustment, 693–94 Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), 690 Supreme Court, 680–81, 685 Transition Monitoring Group (TMG), 682 urbanization, 662 in World, 695–97 Yoruba, 657–60, 666–68, 670, 672–73, 675, 677, 681–84, 686–88 Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), 682 Nixon, Richard, 129 NLC (Nigeria Labour Congress), 682 Noda, Yoshihiko, 319 Nomenklatura, 141, 384, 424, 425 Nonalignment, 608 See also Panchasheela Nonassociational groups Nigeria, 682–83 Nonelected institutions, 209–10 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 458 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 51, 165, 271, 274, 310, 313, 403 Northern Ireland, 63, 65, 69, 94, 125, 174, 178, 180, 189, 193, 197, 203–5, 207, 215 Northern Ireland Assembly, 184, 205 party system, 203 Sinn Fein, 181 Norway, 89, 132, 140, 151, 155, 176, 214, 232 NOW (National Organization for Women), 727 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), 599, 646 NUPENG (National Union of Petroleum and Gas Workers), 682 Obama, Barack, 704–6, 708, 715–16, 722, 726, 728–30, 735, 737, 743 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 115, 656, 661, 665, 671, 674–76, 685, 687–88, 693, 696 Okigbo, Pius, 692 Oligarchs, 36, 378, 385, 399 Ombudsman, 142, 191 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 663 Open primary, 722 Oportunidades program, 495 Ordinances, 254 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 152, 645 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 513, 663 Outputs of political system, 50, 146 Outsider interest groups, 202 Oxfam, 198 Ozawa, Ichiro, 345 PACs (Political action committees), 723–28 Pacto por México, 474 Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza Shah, 557, 563, 564, 568, 580, 581, 596, 598, 600 Pakistan, 28, 29, 132, 165, 166, 168, 176, 182–83, 586, 594, 598, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 619, 628, 646 Palin, Sarah, 709 Panama, 469, 494 Panchasheela, 608 Panchayati raj, 620 Paraguay, 129, 550 Parastatal economic foundations, 568 Paris Commune, 221 Parliamentary democracy, 713 Parliamentary system, 124, 125, 129–31, 133, 135, 136–39, 326, 328, 337, 348, 491 See also entries under individual countries in Britain, 190–93 in France, 253–55 in Germany, 280–84 in India, 623–24 in Iran, 568–69 in Nigeria, 681–82 Participatory values, 67, 69–70 Partisan polarization, 730 Partisan Support, Japan, 343–44 Partition of India, 612 Party discipline, 124, 533, 538, 588, 626 Party family, 103, 104 Party loyalty Nigeria, 686–89 Party of power, 390, 393 Russia, 390, 393 Party of the Republic (PR), 535, 536 Party platform, 106 Party system, 102–4, 390–96 authoritarian, 112–13 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com Index 765 in Brazil, 533–34 in Britain, 203–7 competitive, 102–12 conflictual, 111 consensual, 110–11 consociational or accommodative, 111 in France, 239–47 in Germany, 297–304 in India, 632–37 in Nigeria, 684–89 in Northern Ireland, 203 personalistic, 103 in Russia, 390–96 Patron-client network, 100–1, 485, 587, 601, 683 Patten, Christopher, 449 Paul, Ron, 722 Pawlenty, Tim, 722 PDP (People’s Democratic Party), 685 Peak association, 89, 294 See also Corporatist interest group system Peer groups, 73 Pelosi, Nancy, 706 Pensions, Japan, 352 People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 685 Perestroika, 275 Perot, H Ross, 728 Perry, Commodore Matthew C., 322 Perry, Rick, 722 Peru, 94, 156, 531, 543, 550 Pétain, Marshal Philippe, 221 Petroleum Nigeria, 662–63 Pew Global Values Survey, 77 Philippines, 93, 100, 129, 132 Poland, 29, 64, 65, 68, 91, 275 Policy adjudication, 55 Policy administration, in Germany, 307 Policy challenges See also entries under individual countries in Brazil, 508–10 in Britain, 174–76 in france, 220–21 in Germany, 270–71 in India, 608–11 in Iran, 548–60 in world of interdependence, 213–15 Policy choice, complexity of, 169 Policy goods, 148 Policy implementation, 55 Policy initiation, 304–5 Policy level political culture, 67–68 Policymaking process, 55, 70, 76, 120–43 in Brazil, 540–42 in India, 619–27 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 765 in Iran, 590–93 Policy outcomes, 146, 157–66 in Iran, 593–600 Policy outputs, 149–57 Policy performance in Brazil, 542–48 Britain, 212–13 Political action committees (PACs), 723–28 Political class, 232 Political communication, 57, 140, 157 Political culture, 37, 40, 48, 53, 63–77, 99, 116, 117, 194–96, 378–82 in Brazil, 519–24 in Britain, 194–96 in China, 429–31 in France, 224–28 in Germany, 284–88 in India, 635–39 in Iran, 577–81 in Japan, 335 in Nigeria, 666–71 in Russia, 378–82 subculture, 68, 69, 72 in United States, 715–18 Political goals, 147–49 Political goods, 146, 147–49 Political learning in Brazil, 523–24 Political participation Nigeria, 683–84 United States, 719–21 Political participation Britain, 198 Political parties, 36, 44, 50, 54, 74–75, 99–117, 122, 125, 133, 136 Political recruitment, 57, 73, 131, 135–36 Britain, 198–200 in India, 640–41 Nigeria, 674–76 United States, 719–23 Political socialization, 57, 63, 71–76, 288 agents of, 72–76 China, 427–28 in France, 228–32 in Iran, 581–85 Japan, 333–35 Nigeria, 671–74 United States, 717–18 Political system, 26, 27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 43, 50–60, 63, 64, 69, 72, 73, 76, 147 functions of, 53–57 structures, 53–57 Politicides, 166 Pompidou, Georges, 241, 242, 249, 256 Popular referendum, 720 Population Nigeria, 661–62 United States, 709–10 Populist right party, 103 Portugal, 29, 510 Powell, Colin, 708 Power shift, 688 Prasad, Rajendra, 621 Pre-election coalition, 138, 139 Presidential democracy, 713 Presidential system, 124–26, 129–31, 133, 136, 137, 139, 329, 474 Nigeria, 681–82 Private gain, government for, 42–43 Privatization, 210, 212, 223, 232, 233, 240, 261, 372, 398–400, 444, 445, 458, 470, 495, 513, 514, 543, 643, 644, 645 Process level political culture, 65–67 Procuracy, 373 Property rights, 40, 157 Proportional representation See entry under electoral systems closed-list, 106, 338, 477 open-list, 106, 338, 538 Protecting rights, 40 Protests, 81, 82, 83, 84, 91–94, 238, 434, 435–36, 589–90 Provisional measures, 540 Przeworski, Adam, 50 Public Chamber Russia, 370 Public debt, 704 Public goods, 40, 163 Public policy, 146–69 Punjab, 610, 616, 617, 618, 632, 639 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 103, 134, 137, 361–63, 365, 368, 370– 72, 374–87, 390, 392, 393, 394–96, 398–404 Qualified majority, 121 Quebec, 29 Queen Victoria, 174 Racial Equality Statute, 547 Raffarin, Jean-Pierre, 242 Rafsanjani, Ali-Akbar Hashemi, 560, 564, 571, 572, 574, 575, 576, 587, 591, 593, 595, 597, 599 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com 766 Index Rally for the Republic (RPR) See entry under France Rama, Ayodhya, 634 Rao, Narasimha, 622, 643 Reagan, Ronald, 77, 177, 717 Redistribution, 41, 151, 153, 593 Regionalism in Germany, 279 Regions, France, 257 Regulation, 57, 155–57 Relative deprivation, 93 Religion in Brazil, 519–20 in Germany, 277–78 in Iran, 582–84 in Nigeria, 668–69 Religious fundamentalism, 29–30 Rentier states, 151, 564 Rent-seeking, 103, 105, 113, 142 Resource distribution, 150, 542 Resource extraction, 57, 150 Revolution, in Germany, 314 Rice, Condoleezza, 708 Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI), India, 627 Robinson, Peter, 181 Roemer, Buddy, 722 Romney, Mitt, 722 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 157, 734–35, 738 Roosevelt, Theodore, 708 Rouhani, Hassan, 557, 560, 576 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 42 Rousseff, Dilma, 508, 509, 511, 521, 522, 525, 532, 536, 537, 551 Royal, Ségolène, 234, 245 Russia, 28–31, 34, 38, 49, 50, 57–60, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 83, 90, 101, 103, 105, 109, 122, 125–27, 129, 136, 137, 143, 151, 152, 156, 159–62, 164, 167–69, 313, 361–404, 417, 531, 563, 577, 599 Bolshevik Revolution, 365 bureaucracy, 58–60 Communist Party, 59, 368, 374, 393–94 Constitution, 369–70 Constitutional Court, 374, 403 Duma, 369–72, 390–94, 397 elections, 390–96 Fatherland party, 393 Federal Security Service (FSB), 362, 369, 402 Federation Council, 130, 370–74, 376 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 766 Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FITUR), 386, 389 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 392–93, 395 oligarchs, 378, 385, 399 Parliament, 58–60 party of power, 390, 393 party system, 390–96 political culture, 378–82 political participation, 382–85 Public Chamber, 370 Regional governments, 59, 362, 374–78 Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RUIE), 386 Security Council, 370 shock therapy, 398 State Council, 370, 400 Supreme Court, 372–74 United Russia Party, 372, 382, 390, 396 Yabloko, 392 Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RUIE), 386 Rwanda, 28, 42 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 463, 464, 470, 476, 489, 490 Santorum, Rick, 722 SAP (Structural Adjustment Program), 690 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 219, 221, 231, 233–36, 240, 241, 244–46, 253 Sarney, José, 511, 512, 532 Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 681 Satyagraha (Gandhi), 613, 629, 638 Saudi Arabia, 51, 135, 350, 595, 598 Schmidt, Helmut, 129, 275, 284, 299 Schools, 73 Nigeria, 672–73 Schröder, Gerhard, 276, 282, 286, 300–1, 313, 314 Schumpeter, Joseph A., 104 Scientific process, 47, 49 Scotland, 69, 173, 176, 178, 180, 181, 182, 184, 193, 203, 204, 207 Security and foreign policy, Japan, 350–52 Security and order, function of governments, 40 Security Council, Russia, 370 Semipresidential, democracies, 124 Semi-presidential system, 124 Sen, Amartya, 66 Separation of powers, 123–26 United States, 713–14 Serra, José, 537, 546 Shagari, Shehu, 675 Shangfang system, 82 Shari’a law, 557, 681 Shefter, Martin, 727 Shock therapy, 398 Shonekan, Ernest, 675 Sierra Leone, 166 Singapore, 642 Singh, Manmohan, 621, 622, 623, 634, 643, 644, 645 Single European Act, 212 Single, nonmaterial interest political action committees, 725 Skocpol, Theda, 49 Small-N study, 49 Social decisions, 26 Social Democratic Party (PSD), 533, 534, 536 Social forces, in Germany, 276–79 Social groups, 72–73 Social identities, 72–73 Social insurance United States, 741 Socialist Party (SP), France, 219, 228, 244, 246, 247, 251 Socializing values, 71 Social justice, 41 Social Security Act of 1935, 741 Society in Brazil, 513–16 in France, 222–23 in India, 615–19 Socioeconomic modernization, Soka Gakkai, 341 Somalia, 116, 165 South Africa, 36, 63, 95, 111, 609, 613 South Korea, 51 Sovereignty, 149 Soviet Union, 28, 36, 42, 57, 58, 65, 76, 77, 104, 112, 113, 122, 127, 136–37, 141, 149, 167, 168, 169, 273–75, 366–67, 374, 375, 398, 402, 413–14, 417, 444, 450, 571, 572, 592, 597, 599, 614–15 Communist Party, 58, 65, 104, 112, 343, 365–67, 384, 402, 635 Spain, 29, 65, 68, 460, 499 Sri Lanka, 132, 615, 618 Stalin, Joseph, 36, 42, 168, 366, 385, 398 State Council Russia, 370, 400 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com Index 767 State Duma, 369, 370 Statistical method, 48–49 Stein, Burton, 612 Stoiber, Edmund, 300 Strategic voting, 106 Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), 690 Structural-functional approach, 56–57 Sudan, 27, 28, 116 Sunnis, 561, 562 Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), 323 Supreme court Nigeria, 680–81, 685 Russia, 372–74 United States, 706, 708, 713–15, 718, 723–24, 727, 738–39 Suu Kyi, Aung San, 132 Swaziland, 31 Sweden, 28, 89, 102, 132, 140, 142, 152, 155, 232, 260, 284 Symbolic outputs, 150, 157 Syria, 565, 598 System level political culture, 64–65 Third Reich, 271, 272–73, 284, 285, 288, 296 Third Way, 178 Thompson, Doug, 727 Ticket splitting, 735 TMG (Transition Monitoring Group), 682 Tokugawa clan, 322 Totalitarianism, 112, 410 Totalitarian systems, 36 Trades Union Congress (TUC) Britain, 201 Trade unions See labor unions Transitional justice, 531, 532 Transition Monitoring Group (TMG), 682 Treaty of Versailles, 272, 273 Trusteeship theory of government, 195 Tunisia, 72 Turkey, 64, 65, 68, 278, 508, 510, 559, 579, 586, 598 Two-nation theory, 610 Two-party system, 106, 108, 110, 137, 138, 196, 203, 208, 339 Taisho Democracy, 323 Taiwan, 31, 34, 324, 343, 413, 414, 430, 450, 642 Taliban, 73 See entry under Afghanistan Tamils, 28 Tanzania, 113 Taxation, 150, 151, 162, 209, 212, 259, 311, 542–44, 628 direct, 150 indirect, 151, 259, 311 Tax on the Circulation of Goods and Services (ICMS), 544 Tax policies United States, 739–40 Territorial justice, 207 Terrorism, 30, 51, 94, 375–76, 402, 403 Terrorist attacks Bali, 30, 94 London, 30, 40, 94, 183, 194 Madrid, 30, 40, 94 September 35, 30, 40, 221, 376, 403, 599 Thailand, 116 Thatcherism, 177 Thatcher, Margaret, 77, 109, 132, 177, 184, 186, 187, 194, 195, 213 Theocracy, 64, 557 “Third Force” Parties, 342 Ukraine, 65, 93, 364, 367, 385 Unicameral legislature, 130 Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), 239–41, 242, 246 Union for French Democracy (UDF), 241–44 Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), 550 Unitary system, 126, 127, 130, 180, 329 United Kingdom, 173, 180, 181, 182, 183, 193 See also Great Britain United Nations (UN), 28, 31–34, 38, 148, 158, 548, 609, 612, 614, 619, 624, 626–28, 642, 645 Commission on the Status of, 38 Millennium Development Goals, 148, 158, 159, 160 Security Council, 550, 560 Senate, 623–625 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 31 United Russia Party, 372, 382, 390, 396 United States, 28, 33, 34, 38, 39, 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 61, 64, 65, 68, 73–74, 77, 82–83, 84, 86, 100–2, 106, 108–11, 121, 123, 124–31, 136, 140, 143, 146, 147, 152–54, 156, 158–65, 167, 175–76, 179, 181, 182, 187, 193, Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 767 197, 211, 214, 220–23, 257, 260, 263, 264, 271, 272, 286, 289, 295, 301, 303, 308, 311, 321–25, 329, 330, 334, 338, 346, 348, 350, 352, 373, 374, 376, 400, 401, 403, 411, 414, 429, 444, 450, 458–61, 474, 499, 527, 530, 550, 558, 565, 581, 595, 598, 599, 600, 702–46 American exceptionalism, 743–46 Articles of Confederation, 126, 707, 712, 736 Bill of Rights, 707, 711 bureaucracy, 709 Civil War, 707–8 Congress, 121, 130, 191, 540, 704–6, 708, 710–11, 713–15, 724–26, 730–41, 743, 745 constitution, 126, 128, 184–85, 296, 711–15 current policy challenges, 704–6 decentralized organization, 732–33 Declaration of Independence, 148, 706 Democratic Party, 108, 707 direct primaries, 722–23 distributive performance, 740–41 divided party control, 734–36 economy, 710–11 education, 742 electioneering, 729–30 electoral college, 714 environmental protection, 742–43 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 743 Federal Communications Commission, 718 Federal Election Campaign Act, 724 federalism, 712–13 geography, 709 health care reform, 705–6 House of Representatives, 704, 706, 713, 720, 726, 735–36, 746 immigration, 709 judicial review, 714–15 lobbying, 725–28 mass communications media, 718 minorities, 708 National Security Agency, 739 partisan polarization, 730 party cohesion, 733–34 party system, 728–29 policymaking process, 736–39 political action committees (PACs), 723–728 political culture, 715–18 24/07/14 9:13 AM www.downloadslide.com 768 Index United States (continued) political participation, 719–21 political recruitment, 719–23 political socialization, 717–18 population, 709–10 pressure groups, 723–28 privileges and immunities, 712 Reform Party, 728 regulatory performance, 741–43 Republican Party, 108 scarcity doctrine, 718 Senate, 128, 137, 712–14, 716, 720, 723–24, 726–28, 732–35, 737 separation of powers, 713–14 social conditions, 709–11 social insurance, 741 Supreme Court, 128, 132, 256, 257, 329, 706, 708, 713–15, 718, 723–24, 727, 738–39 tax policies, 739–40 Tea Party, 726, 728–29 twentieth century, 708 voting participation, 719–20 vs other nations, 744 war on terror, 704, 740 welfare reform, 741 Unwritten constitution, Britain, 184 Uppsala Conflict Data Project, 165 Urbanization, 31, 35, 67, 153, 155, 156, 164, 222, 245, 325, 340, 341, 347 Nigeria, 662 Uruguay, 115, 512, 550 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 623 Value-added tax, 311 Van Buren, Martin, 707 Vargas, Getúlio, 510, 511, 528, 533 Varnas, jatis in India, 617 Vatican, 103, 228 Z02_POWE6959_11_SE_IDX.indd 768 Velayat-e faqih, 565, 566, 568, 572, 576, 579, 584, 590 Velázquez, Fidel, 485 Venezuela, 129, 469, 493, 497, 502, 531, 549, 550, 598 Veto power, 57, 139 Vietnam, 64, 74, 112, 450 Vietnam War, 61, 642 Villa, Pancho, 461 Vote buying, 468 Vote of no confidence, 129, 248, 569 Voting, 81, 82–84, 104–6 Voting participation United States, 719–20 World Bank, 493, 494, 527, 593, 610, 635, 643, 644 World Trade Organization (WTO), 237, 264, 387, 403, 450, 550 World Values Survey, 66, 582, 596 World War I, 122, 168, 182, 221, 272, 563, 708 World War II, 36, 39, 64, 70, 111, 120, 122, 139, 157, 165, 168, 175, 179, 196, 202, 213, 221, 222, 227, 229, 231, 236, 246, 247, 260, 261, 272, 273, 284, 285, 287, 288, 297, 320, 321, 323, 337, 350, 365–66, 500, 708, 742 Wales, 173, 178, 180, 182, 184, 189, 193, 203, 204, 207, 215 Walesa, Lech, 91 War Powers Act of 1974, 739 Washington, George, 743 Weber, Max, 28, 141 Wei, Jinsheng, 435, 436 Welfare outcomes, 158–61 Welfare reform, 741 Welfare state, 153–55, 163, 176, 177, 259–61, 313, 320, 325, 331, 350, 352, 354 Wen, Jiabao, 423 Westminster, Britain, 184, 193, 205, 207 Whitehall, friction in, 191, 207–8 Wilson, Harold, 177, 186, 187 Women as chief executives, 132 and informal economy, 162 Nigeria, political role of, 670 and political development, 38 Workers’ Party (PT), 102, 510, 533, 534, 535 See entry under Brazil Working class, 72, 84, 87, 102, 103, 132, 197, 228, 230, 240, 244, 247, 261, 289, 462, 488, 491, 511, 529, 561, 618 Xi, Jinping, 411, 420, 421, 422, 423, 425 Yabloko, 392 Yar’Adua, Umar Musa, 656, 671, 675–76, 683, 685–86, 688–89, 696, 698 Yeltsin, Boris, 137, 362, 365, 367–70, 372, 374, 377, 378, 384, 385, 392, 393, 399, 403 Yoruba, Nigeria, 657–60, 666–68, 670, 672–73, 675, 677, 681–84, 686–88 Yugoslavia, 27, 28, 69, 169, 278, 314 Yunus, Muhammad, 161 Zambia, 176 Zapata, Emiliano, 461, 468 Zedillo, Ernesto, 462, 463, 476, 482, 490, 496 Zhao, Ziyang, 423, 425, 435, 436 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 392, 395 Zhou, Enlai, 423 Zhu, Rongji, 423 Zimbabwe, 36, 42, 116, 176 24/07/14 9:13 AM ... Turkmenistan Caspian Sea Azarbayjan-e Sharqi Iraq 200 kilometers 100 Ardabil Orumiyeh Azarbayjan-e Gharbi 100 19 Lorestan Esfahan Ilam Khorramabad Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Birjand Esfahan Khuzestan... Shahr-e Kord Khorasan-e Jonubi Yazd Yazd Ahvaz Khorramshahr Yasuj Abadan Kerman Kohglluyeh va Bowyer Ahmad KUWAIT Kerman Shiraz Bandar-e Bushehr Saudi Arabia Afghanistan Zahedan Pakistan Fars... Semnan Hamadan Qom Kermanshah Ilam Khorasan-e Shomali Sari Zanjan Kordestan Qazvin Qazvin Sanandaj Kermanshah ASHGABAT Bojnurd Rasht Zanjan Gilan Khorasan-e Razavi Qom Arak Uzbekistan 200 Miles