Lecture Presentation Chapter Matter and Energy Karen C Timberlake General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Matter and Energy Dietitians specialize in helping others learn about nutrition and the need for a balanced diet General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Readiness Key Math Skills • Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations (1.4B) • • • • Solving Equations (1.4D) Interpreting Graphs (1.4E) Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation (1.4F) Rounding Off (2.3) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Readiness Core Chemistry Skills • • • • Counting Significant Figures (2.2) Using Significant Figures in Calculations (2.3) Writing Conversion Factors from Equalities (2.5) Using Conversion Factors (2.6) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 3.1 Classification of Matter Matter • is the material that makes up all things • is anything that has mass and occupies space Learning Goal Classify examples of matter as pure substances or mixtures General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Matter: Pure Substances or Mixtures Matter is classified according to its composition • Pure substances have a fixed or definite composition • Mixtures contain two or more different substances that are physically mixed but not chemically combined Core Chemistry Skill Classifying Matter General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Pure Substances:Elements and Compounds A pure substance is classified as • a type of matter with a fixed or definite composition • an element that is composed of one type of atom • a compound that is composed of two or more elements always combined in the same proportion An aluminum can consists of many atoms of aluminum General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Elements Elements are pure substances that contain only one type of material, such as the following: • • • copper, Cu lead, Pb aluminum, Al The element copper consists of copper atoms General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Compounds A compound contains two or more elements in a definite ratio, such as the following: • hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) • table salt (NaCl) • sugar (C12H22O11) • water (H2O) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Elements in a Compounds “Table salt” is a compound that contains the elements sodium and chlorine The decomposition of salt, NaCl, produces the elements sodium and chlorine General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution Use the cooling curve for water to answer each of the following: Water condenses at a temperature of C 100 °C At a temperature of °C, liquid water A freezes At 40 °C, water is a B liquid When water freezes, heat is A removed General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Steps on a Cooling Curve A cooling curve for water illustrates the change in temperature and changes of state as heat is removed General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Combining Heat Calculations Calculate the total heat, in joules, needed to convert 15.0 g of liquid ethanol at 25.0 °C to gas at its boiling point of 78.0 °C Ethanol has a specific heat of 2.46 J/g °C and a heat of vaporization of 841 J/g STEP State the given and needed quantities ANALYZE THE PROBLEM Given Need 15.0 g ethanol Tinitial = 25.0 °C Tfinal = 78.0 °C heat vaporization, 841 J/g kilojoules released specific heat, 2.46 J/ g °C General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Combined Heat Calculations STEP Write a plan to convert the given quantity to the needed quantity Total heat = joules needed to warm ethanol (25.0 °C to 78.0 °C) + joules to change liquid to gas at 78.0 °C General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Combined Heat Calculations STEP Write the heat conversion factor and any metric factor  General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Combined Heat Calculations STEP Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity Calculate the temperature change of the liquid ΔT = 78.0 °C − 25.0 °C = 53.0 °C Calculate heat needed to warm ethanol × × General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake × © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Combined Heat Calculations STEP Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity Calculate the heat needed to vaporize ethanol × Calculate the total energy needed Heating ethanol (25.0 °C to 78.0 °C) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake Changing liquid to gas = 960 J = 12 600 J © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Study Check When a volcano erupts, 175 g of steam at 100.0 °C is released How many kilojoules are lost when the steam condenses, then freezes, at 0.0 °C? A 396 kJ B 528 kJ C 133 kJ General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution When a volcano erupts, 175 g of steam at 100.0 °C is released How many kilojoules are lost when the steam condenses, then freezes, at 0.0 °C? STEP State the given and needed quantities ANALYZE THE PROBLEM Given Need 175 g steam at 100.0 °C ice, at 0.0 °C heat vaporization, 2260 J/g kilojoules released specific heat, 4.184 J/ g °C heat fusion, 334 J/g General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution STEP Write a plan to convert the given quantity to the needed quantity Use the cooling curve to determine kilojoules released Steam at 100.0 °C condenses to liquid 100.0 °C Liquid cools to 0.0 °C 0.0 °C Liquid turns to solid at 0.0 °C General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution STEP Write the heat conversion factor and any metric factor   General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution STEP Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity Calculate the heat released as steam is condensed × Calculate the temperature change of the liquid General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake ΔT = 100.0 °C − 0.0 °C = 100.0 °C © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution STEP Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity Calculate the heat released as the liquid is cooled × × Calculate the heat released as ×the liquid freezes General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution STEP Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity Calculate the total energy needed Heat released as steam is condensed = 396 000 J Heat released as liquid is cooled = 73 200 J Heat released as liquid freezes Total heat needed General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake × = 58 500 J = 528 000 J Answer is B © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Concept Map General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc ... mixture General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e... old car General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e... metal and water form a heterogeneous mixture General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Classification of Matter General,