Unit 4: Economic Reports Page 38 Report on poverty in Vietnam Widespread poverty: The most urgent human development challenge in Vietnam Human development is the process of widening the opportunity for people to improve their quality of life in a sustainable way The poor in all societies often have the least opportunity of choice for a variety of economic, social, cultural and political reasons There are reasons for this: There is not enough income to pay for food, nutrition and housing in a decent way; not have full access to child health and education services; isolated from social and cultural life; no skills, knowledge and employment; as well as many other difficult and restrictive Although Vietnam has made significant progress over the past 12 years, widespread poverty and near-poverty remains the most pressing human development challenge in Vietnam, particularly in rural areas, where 80% of the population and 90% of the poorest people live Vietnam's per capita income is the lowest in the world, at about $ 310 a year nationwide in general and less than $ 200 a year in rural areas in particular Therefore, most Vietnamese people are living in poverty This report suggests several frameworks for human development and broadening the selection opportunities for the poorest and most vulnerable groups, especially in rural areas Many achievements have been made in human development during the renovation process The renovation process that began in 1986 has so far made significant progress in expanding the opportunities of choice and improving the quality of life for the Vietnamese people According to recent preliminary statistics of the living standard survey currently underway with the support of Sweden, the World Bank and UNDP, today hunger has declined from more than 70 percent in the middle the 1980s were down to approximately 30 percent The average life expectancy was 66 years Adult literacy rates are maintained at over 90 percent Per capita income has nearly doubled Infant mortality has dropped to 45/1,000 Actual spending on the social sector now exceeds the highest levels previously More and more people have access to clean water supply, sanitation and health care services In summary, all the statistics and evidence available now show that the change has significantly improved the quality of life for the vast majority of the people of Vietnam Innovation: A successful process of expanding opportunities for people to choose Most of the innovations are based on the expansion of people's choices and participation opportunities in many areas, especially in the non-state sector Land management innovations in the latter half of the 1980s increased the opportunities for rural families to use and manage agricultural land most effectively As a result, rice production has skyrocketed and Vietnam has moved from a large rice importer in the mid-1980s into the world's second largest rice exporter In addition, farmers have diversified into higher value crops such as tea, coffee, rubber and other crops Similarly, market and price liberalization have expanded the range of choices in the areas of production, employment and consumption Open door policy in the process of innovation has enhanced international trade and the opportunity to choose the type and quantity of goods and services to improve the quality of life for all Vietnamese people Foreign investment has expanded the choice of technology and employment opportunities These innovations and other policy reforms have greatly enhanced the opportunity for people to choose and help many poor families escape poverty and improve their lives significantly Human development in interim period: Many challenges still exist However, conditions of poverty and poverty threshold are still common in Vietnam The per capita income is one of the lowest in the world and most of Vietnamese live in conditions of poverty or almost such The weaknesses is immanent in economic structure still haven't surmounted yet while negative effects of area crisis correctly are became more seriously In such a situation, to maintain and promote recent achievements in the field of hunger eradication and poverty alleviation and human development, obviously, it is still necessary to proceed economic - society reform measures in the coming years Apart from income, many other indicators of human development such as infant mortality rates, nutrition, lifespan, family planning measures, male-female equality and other indicators clearly need to be improved more based on the global human development index calculated on the basis of national performance on life, education and income, Vietnam ranks 122nd out of 174 countries in the world Continue proceed economic-society reform is an important factor in achieving the government's society's-economic goals The government expects poverty alleviation in the next few years and the current poverty situation in 2010, while also striving to increase real income per capita income by to 10 times by 2020, Equality, stability and sovereignty These targets are high but can be implemented in an effective policy environment and with poverty reduction measures It is necessary to continue to innovate to further expand the opportunities for people to get out of poverty Lessons learned from the process of implementing the reform in Vietnam in the past 12 years and impressive achievements in poverty reduction show that further expansion of selection opportunities for the district Non-state sector is very necessary Continuing to strengthen the innovation process in both depth and breadth will create enormous potential for sustainable human development and poverty reduction It is particularly important to increase the accessibility of rural poor households to knowledge and information as well as their participation in public spending and local decision-making In the countryside, timely information on the market volatility of agricultural and non-agricultural products will facilitate better production planning, marketing and consumption product Increasing publicity in local government decisionmaking and budget spending will encourage more efficient investments in rural infrastructure construction, while significantly reducing wasteful state It is important to improve rural infrastructure, especially roads, in order to reduce establishment and increase access to markets, employment opportunities and social services It is necessary to apply a more liberal interest rate policy in small-scale credit to the poor to increase the accessibility of the poor Improving family planning measures will also extend many opportunities for women to better protect their health and prevent unwanted child or child poverty It is important to strengthen the stability of laws and regulations to reduce uncertainties, enabling people to more accurately predict the results they will gain from their choice and reduce anxiety as the risks in deciding on those choices More direct measures are needed for poverty reduction and human development As a low-income country, it is unrealistic to expect Vietnam to build a solid social welfare and welfare system soon However, there is a need to redistribute the current social spending target to focus more on health and education in the poorest communities and districts The social security system like this will grow and grow with the economy in general The central government needs to manage very closely to ensure that state allocations to provinces for distribution to the social sector are distributed to the poorest communes by the provincial government and easier to influence The plan to support 1,715 of Viet Nam's poorest communes recently published by the Government will create great potential for improving the living standards of the poorest of Vietnam  ... liberalization have expanded the range of choices in the areas of production, employment and consumption Open door policy in the process of innovation has enhanced international trade and the opportunity... development in interim period: Many challenges still exist However, conditions of poverty and poverty threshold are still common in Vietnam The per capita income is one of the lowest in the world... from the process of implementing the reform in Vietnam in the past 12 years and impressive achievements in poverty reduction show that further expansion of selection opportunities for the district