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Comprehensive nuclear materials 5 05 corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels Comprehensive nuclear materials 5 05 corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels Comprehensive nuclear materials 5 05 corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels Comprehensive nuclear materials 5 05 corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels Comprehensive nuclear materials 5 05 corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels
r temporarily because of startups, for example Different systems during shutdown may be filled with air, and this may cause air pockets during startup The oxygen from air will then dissolve into the primary water and local oxidizing conditions temporarily emerge until the oxygen is consumed by the oxidation of metal surfaces The risk of pitting corrosion (and TGSCC) is, however, highest in auxiliary systems, for example, at outer surfaces, where the temperature is low enough for condensation to occur Thus, pitting corrosion can occur at nominally dry locations Accumulation of aggressive local conditions is enhanced by crevices The sources of chlorides were listed earlier Sulfate sources have been introduced earlier, for example, in molybdenum disulfide greases, but since the harmful influence of this material was identified, it is not an allowed expendable material Again, copper can enter the system from copper-containing structural components Pitting corrosion is seldom considered to pose a safety problem, as the wall thicknesses of pressure boundary components are usually large enough to sustain pitting corrosion for long times without leakage However, pitting corrosion is always an indication of a harmful environment existing at the location and is often associated with the risk of TGSCC, which can cause wall cracking in short time periods Pitting corrosion enhances the risk of SCC as the pits increase the local stress concentration and thus act as crack initiators Observation of pitting corrosion shall therefore not be omitted as insignificant 5.05.3 Pitting Corrosion Pitting corrosion occurrence has several similarities to TGSCC, that is, it requires oxidizing conditions and presence of water with harmful ions, such as chlorides, fluorides, sulfates, and/or copper, but no stress is needed The Type 304 stainless steel is more prone to pitting corrosion than Type 316 stainless steel Pitting corrosion 5.05.4 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion A rather rare corrosion mode is microbiologically induced corrosion, or nowadays, microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) MIC is normal Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels electrochemical corrosion where the microorganisms either chemically or physically change the conditions on the metal surface to be favorable to corrosion.59 MIC appears as localized corrosion rather than as uniform corrosion, and in welds rather than in base materials Pitting corrosion in the weld metal can cause preferential attack of either the austenite or the ferrite phase of the weld metal The microorganisms of interest in MIC are mostly bacteria and fungi The highest risk of MIC is at temperatures from 15 to 45 C and near neutral pH, that is, in the range from to MIC has been observed in fire-fighting systems, for example MIC is stopped with great difficulty once it is established due to the high sustainability of the microorganisms involved The quality of the water in all phases of the lifetime of the equipment is, thus, very important at locations with risk of MIC Water of high quality must be used, not only during normal operation, but also during hydrotesting of the system, for example 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 References 10 11 12 Peckner, D.; 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